← Departments
Divinity School
The oldest question — and the traditions that have lived with it longest.
Who is Who in this Department ☞
Early Christian Studies
Converse with
Ignatius of Antioch Simulacrum
Patristics · Martyrdom · Church Unity · Epistles
1st–2nd century
Converse with
Irenaeus of Lyons Simulacrum
Patristics · Against Heresies · Recapitulation · Goodness of Creation
2nd–3rd century
Converse with
Clement of Alexandria Simulacrum
Alexandrian Theology · Philosophy as Preparation · The True Gnostic
2nd–3rd century
Converse with
Tertullian Simulacrum
Latin Theology · Trinitas · Apologetics · Athens vs Jerusalem
2nd–3rd century
Converse with
Origen of Alexandria Simulacrum
Biblical Exegesis · Three Senses of Scripture · Apokatastasis
2nd–3rd century
Converse with
Lactantius Simulacrum
Apologetics · Divine Institutes · Rhetoric · Providence
3rd–4th century
Converse with
Athanasius of Alexandria Simulacrum
Nicene Orthodoxy · Theosis · Contra Mundum
3rd–4th century
Converse with
Gregory of Nazianzus Simulacrum
The Theologian · Five Orations · Poetry · The Contemplative Life
4th century
Converse with
Basil of Caesarea Simulacrum
Cappadocian Theology · Monastic Rule · Practical Charity
4th century
Converse with
Gregory of Nyssa Simulacrum
Epektasis · Apophatic Theology · Infinite Progress toward God
4th century
Converse with
Ambrose of Milan Simulacrum
Church vs Empire · Pastoral Leadership · Latin Liturgy
4th century
Converse with
Jerome Simulacrum
The Vulgate · Biblical Scholarship · Hebraica Veritas
4th–5th century
Converse with
John Chrysostom Simulacrum
Preaching · Poverty & Wealth · The Golden-Mouthed
4th–5th century
Converse with
Augustine of Hippo Simulacrum
Theology · Confession · Grace · The Restless Heart
4th–5th century
Converse with
Pseudo-Dionysius Simulacrum
Apophatic Mysticism · Celestial Hierarchy · The Divine Darkness
c. 5th–6th century
Converse with
Gregory the Great Simulacrum
Pastoral Rule · Servant of Servants · Mission to England
6th–7th century
Converse with
John of Damascus Simulacrum
Systematic Theology · Icon Defence · The Last Father
7th–8th century
Jewish Studies
Converse with
The Haham Simulacrum
Sephardic Theology · Halakha · Kuzari · Spinoza Controversy
17th century
Converse with
The Rebbe Simulacrum
Chassidut · Kabbalah · Jewish Leadership · Teshuvah
20th century
Buddhist Studies
Converse with
The Buddha (Pali Canon) Simulacrum
The oldest voice — the Pali Canon
5th century BCE
Converse with
Nāgārjuna (Madhyamaka) Simulacrum
The Buddha thinking through emptiness
2nd–3rd century
Converse with
The Buddha (Śāntideva) Simulacrum
The Buddha as compassion in action
8th century
Converse with
The Buddha (Padmasambhava) Simulacrum
The Lotus-Born — dharma comes to Tibet
8th century
Converse with
The Buddha (Huangbo) Simulacrum
The Buddha as direct transmission — Chan
9th century
Converse with
The Buddha (Milarepa) Simulacrum
The Buddha singing in a cave
11th–12th century
Converse with
The Buddha (Dōgen) Simulacrum
The Buddha sitting — Sōtō Zen
13th century
Converse with
The Buddha (Longchenpa) Simulacrum
The Buddha as natural perfection — Dzogchen
14th century
Converse with
The Buddha (Siddhartha · Hesse) Simulacrum
The Buddha beside the river — Hesse's meditation
20th century (literary)
Converse with
The Buddha (Thích Nhất Hạnh) Simulacrum
The Buddha walking on the green earth
20th–21st century
Hindu Studies — Deity Wing
Converse with
Śiva (Naṭarāja) Simulacrum
The cosmic dancer — creation and destruction in one gesture
Eternal
Converse with
Śiva (Mahāyogin) Simulacrum
The great ascetic on Kailāsa — tapas as concentrated power
Eternal
Converse with
Śiva (Bhairava) Simulacrum
The terrible — transgression as the path through, not around
Eternal
Converse with
Kālī (Mahākālī) Simulacrum
The Kālī of the Devī Māhātmya — terror as structural necessity
Eternal
Converse with
Kālī (Dakṣiṇā) Simulacrum
Ramakrishna's Kālī — the dark mother who is also the intimate mother
Eternal
Converse with
Sarasvatī (Vāk) Simulacrum
The cosmic Vāk of Ṛgveda 10.125 — speech before it becomes words
Eternal
Converse with
Sarasvatī (Purāṇic) Simulacrum
The white-robed patroness — vīṇā, swan, book
Eternal
Converse with
Gaṇeśa Simulacrum
Remover and creator of obstacles — the threshold intelligence
Eternal
Converse with
Viṣṇu Simulacrum
The preserver — became fish, tortoise, boar, man-lion, dwarf
Eternal
Converse with
Krishna (Mahābhārata) Simulacrum
Vāsudeva · The Sūtradhāra · Keshava · Kingmaker and Charioteer · The War Entire
Eternal
Converse with
Krishna (Rādhā) Simulacrum
Rādhā · Divine Love · The Dark One · The Absent Beloved · Viraha
Eternal
Converse with
Krishna (Bhagavad Gītā) Simulacrum
The Charioteer · The Gītā · Dharma on the Battlefield · The Universal Form
Eternal
Converse with
Krishna (Vrindavan) Simulacrum
Divine Love · The Flute · Rādhā · The Beloved
Eternal
Hindu Studies — Philosophical Wing
Converse with
Patañjali Simulacrum
Yoga Sūtras — citta vṛtti nirodha in five Sanskrit words
c. 2nd century BCE
Converse with
Śaṅkara Simulacrum
Advaita — Brahman alone is real, the world is appearance
8th century
Converse with
Abhinavagupta Simulacrum
Kashmir Shaivism — the world as Śiva's self-expression
10th–11th century
Converse with
Rāmānuja Simulacrum
Viśiṣṭādvaita — the world is the body of God
11th–12th century
Converse with
Madhva Simulacrum
Dvaita — God, soul, and world are permanently distinct
13th century
Converse with
Kabir Simulacrum
Neither Hindu nor Muslim — the weaver-saint of Varanasi
15th century
Converse with
Mirabai Simulacrum
Bhakti — the princess who bought the Dark One at the cost of everything
16th century
Converse with
Ramakrishna Simulacrum
As many faiths, so many paths — an empirical finding, not a position
19th century
Converse with
Vivekananda Simulacrum
Practical Vedanta — arise, awake, and build hospitals
19th–20th century
Islamic Studies
Converse with
Al-Kindī Simulacrum
First Philosopher of the Arabs · Greek Synthesis · Intellect · Optics · De Radiis
9th century
Converse with
Al-Fārābī Simulacrum
The Second Teacher · Aristotle in Arabic · The Virtuous City · Reason and Revelation
9th–10th century
Converse with
Avicenna / Ibn Sīnā Simulacrum
The Flying Man · Kitāb al-Shifāʾ · Essence and Existence · The Soul Without a Body
10th–11th century
Converse with
Al-Ghazālī (Algazel) Simulacrum
Incoherence of the Philosophers · Occasionalism · Deliverance from Error · Ihyāʾ · Sufism
11th–12th century
Converse with
Averroes / Ibn Rushd Simulacrum
The Commentator · Aristotle Restored · Incoherence of the Incoherence · Active Intellect
12th century
Converse with
Al-Bīrūnī Simulacrum
Comparative Religion · Kitāb al-Hind · Geodesy · Universal Scholarship
10th–11th century
Converse with
Ibn Khaldun Simulacrum
Muqaddimah · Asabiyyah · Cyclical History · The Science of Civilisation
14th century
Christianity and Politics
Converse with
Torbanism Christian Nationalism Simulacrum
Christian Nationalism · Parallel Infrastructure · Dominionism · Digital Theocracy · Cypherpunk Theocracy
Living (b. 1988)
The Reformation
Converse with
The Complutensian Polyglot Simulacrum
An object, not a person · Alcalá de Henares, printed 1514–1517 · The layout as an argument · The first Greek New Testament in type
Printed 1514–1517, published 1522
Converse with
Erasmus of Rotterdam Simulacrum
The Greek New Testament of 1516 · Collation and the Annotations · Reform without rupture · The refusal to assert
c. 1466–1536
Converse with
Martin Luther Simulacrum
Reducing a practice to the propositions it assumes · The theology of the cross · Translating by ear · The catechism · What assertion costs
1483–1546
Converse with
William Tyndale Simulacrum
Translating from Greek and Hebrew · Passover, scapegoat, atonement · Elder, repent, congregation · Obedience and its limit
c. 1494–1536
Converse with
Thomas Cranmer Simulacrum
The Book of Common Prayer · Compressing a Latin collect into English · Writing for the ear · Obedience to the prince, and its limit
1489–1556
Converse with
Benito Arias Montano Simulacrum
The Antwerp Polyglot, 1569–72 · The interlinear — Latin above the word · Moving the Vulgate out of the centre · Scholarship inside an imperial monument
1527–1598
Converse with
Richard Hooker Simulacrum
Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity · The kinds of law and their proper objects · Things indifferent · Attacking the premise rather than the conclusion
c. 1554–1600
Converse with
John Calvin Simulacrum
Brevitas et facilitas · Moving the doctrine out of the commentary · The Institutes as an order for learners · Geneva, the ordinances, and Servetus
1509–1564
Converse with
John Foxe Simulacrum
Actes and Monuments · Taking the deposition · Correlating with the persecutor’s own register · A documentary method inside a polemical frame
1516/17–1587
Converse with
Ignatius of Loyola Simulacrum
The Spiritual Exercises as an operator’s manual · The Rules for Discernment of Spirits · The Election · Composition of place
c. 1491–1556
The Latin Middle Ages
Converse with
Boethius Simulacrum
The Opuscula sacra · Logic applied to doctrine · Divide the word before you defend the position · Carrying the Greek across before it is lost
c. 477–524
Converse with
Anselm of Canterbury Simulacrum
Fides quaerens intellectum · Arguing with the authorities suspended · The single argument · Binding the objection into the book
1033/34–1109
Converse with
Peter Abelard Simulacrum
Sic et Non · Setting the authorities against one another · Dialectic applied to doctrine · Intention and the moral act
12th century
Converse with
Bernard of Clairvaux Simulacrum
Sermons on the Song of Songs · Knowledge by experience against the schools · The four degrees of love · De Consideratione · Sens, and the Second Crusade
c. 1090–1153
Converse with
Hildegard of Bingen Simulacrum
Scivias and the visionary books · The reflection of the living light · Viriditas · Logging the conditions of a claim nobody can check
1098–1179
Converse with
Bonaventure Simulacrum
Itinerarium mentis in Deum · Reductio — leading a craft back to its source · Vestige, image and likeness · The ladder built by reason and laid down at the top
c. 1217–1274
Converse with
Thomas Aquinas Simulacrum
Scholastic theology · The disputed question · Natural law · Grace perfects nature · The Summa as an order of teaching
13th century
Converse with
John Duns Scotus Simulacrum
The formal distinction — a three-valued calculus · Univocity of being · Haecceitas as a residue · The primacy of the will
c. 1265/66–1308
Converse with
William of Ockham Simulacrum
Parsimony · Nominalism and the status of universals · The absolute power of God · Poverty, and the quarrel with the papacy
14th century
Post-Reformation
Converse with
John Henry Newman Simulacrum
The illative sense — how probabilities converge into certitude · The seven notes of a true development · Notional and real assent · Conscience and its duties
1801–1890