Indome zimanitse ku murongo

Muri iki cigwa uzokwiga kwandika urutonde rworoshe rw'indome zicapuwe. Rwagenewe umuntu wese bigora kuyobora ikaramu. Iyo ni ingorane ikunze kuboneka, kandi umuti wayo ni ugukora ibihushanye n'ivyo bisanzwe vyigishwa.

Iyo abanyeshure biga kwandika, bama bigishwa kwicaza indome zabo ku murongo, kugira ngo indome ziduge ziwuvuyeko. Ingaruka yavyo ni uko bibagora cane kuyobora ibice vyo hejuru vy'indome zabo.

Ng'aha twebwe dukora ibihushanye n'ivyo. Indome zacu tuzimanika ku murongo.

Iyumvire ko umurongo ari umugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, kandi ko indome yose ifashwe kuri wo n'utuntu dufata impuzu ku mugozi. Hejuru y'indome yose hakora ku murongo, maze indome ikamanuka munsi yawo imanitse, nk'uko ishati imanitse ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu.

Iyo indome zimanitse ku murongo, umwandiko wama usa n'uringaniye. Ijisho ryawe rikwegwa n'umurongo, ni co gituma ntaco bitwaye cane nimba hasi h'indome hatangana hose. Imwe mu ngorane nkuru z'umwandiko w'ukuboko, ari yo gutondeka vyose ku murongo umwe, iba ivuyeho.

Uru rutonde rw'indome ni uburyo bworoshejwe cane bw'umwandiko witwa Chancery. Chancery yakoreshwa mu kwandika n'ukuboko mu Bwongereza mu gihe c'Umwami Henry VIII n'ica Elizabeth I. Ni umwandiko ufise inguni nyinshi: ugizwe ahanini n'imirongo igororotse, ukagira imirongo igoramye mike cane, kandi umurongo ugororotse woroshe cane ku kuboko kuwuyobora kuruta umurongo ugoramye. Ni co gituma twigisha Chancery mbere, imbere y'indome zicapuwe canke umwandiko w'indome zizengurutse (roundhand). Uru rutonde rw'indome nararugeneye umunyeshure wanje atashobora kuyobora imirongo igoramye.

Indome yose yo muri iki cigwa ishobora kwandikwa n'imirongo igororotse gusa. Nimba ushobora gukora imirongo igoramye, urashobora kugonda inguni zimwezimwe. Nimba utarabishobora, imirongo igororotse irahagije: indome yawe izosa n'iyidatunganye neza, mugabo izoguma isomeka neza, kandi ntishobora kuba iyindi ndome. Hanyuma, uko ugenda urushiriza kwiyizera, urashobora kwinjizamwo umurongo ugoramye.

Icitonderwa ku bigisha. Nimba umunyeshure bimugora gutahura ko indome zimanitse, shushanya utuntu tubiri dufata impuzu ku mugozi hejuru y'indome, nk'aho ifashwe ku murongo. Urashobora mbere no gushushanya umupira muto umanitse ku murongo, ufise utuntu twawo tuwufata. Ico gihe umunyeshure azotahura ko indome imanitse ku murongo, nk'uko ishati imanitse.

Raba iki cigwa kuri videwo (mu Congereza): Indome zimanitse ku murongo

Indome a

Ibuka: indome itangurira ku murongo, maze ikamanuka imanitse kuri wo.

1. Genda utambitse, gutya, hanyuma umanuke, gutya.
2. Hanyuma ico usigaje gukora kugira wandike indome a ni iki: terura ikaramu yawe, subira inyuma, maze ukore umurongo ugoramye umanuka hanyuma ukaduga, ugashika ku nguni ngororotse iri hasi.

Nguko rero indome a yacu. Nimba ubishaka vy'ukuri, urashobora kuyongerako akarongo gato kagoramye hasi, ukayitaka kurushiriza nimba ubishaka, mugabo iyo ni indome a yoroshe cane.

Indome b

Banza wandike indome a. Izoba igipimo c'ukumanuka, ikwereke aho umurongo muremure wa b ukwiye gushika hasi.

1. Ca umurongo uhagaze. Utangurira gatoyi hejuru y'umurongo, kandi umanuka gushika hasi ku ndome a.
2. Hanyuma ca akarongo gato gasohoka kerekeza iburyo.
3. Hanyuma uhuze ako karongo n'umurongo muremure uhagaze hasi yawo, ukoresheje umurongo ugoramye.

Nguko rero ingene b imeze.

Indome c

Imbere y'uko twandika indome c, tugiye kwandika indome a, kuko izotwereka neza aho c imanuka gushika munsi y'umurongo. Rero, andika indome a yawe.

1. Iruhande y'indome a, ca akarongo gato gatambitse, utangurira iburyo werekeza ibubamfu, hanyuma umanuke. Gutyo uca inguni ngororotse, ifise impfuruka ityaye ibubamfu.
2. Hanyuma ujana ikaramu yawe imbere hasi, ukora umurongo muto ugoramye, nk'uko ubibona ku gishushanyo.

Gutyo uba wanditse indome c yawe.

Indome d

Ng'iyi indome d. Indome d mu vy'ukuri ni imwe n'indome a, kiretse ko umurongo wo iburyo ari muremure cane. Mugabo tuyandika mu buryo butandukanye gatoyi.

Imbere y'uko dutangura, twandika indome a, kugira ngo tumenye aho umurongo umanuka gushika munsi y'umurongo tumanikako indome, nk'impuzu ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu.

1. Ubwa mbere, duca umurongo muremure uhagaze, tumanuka.
2. Hanyuma uterura ikaramu yawe maze ugaca umurongo werekeza ibubamfu. Hanyuma uwumanura ugoramye, ugakora hasi ku murongo uhagaze.

Gutyo uba ufise indome d.

Indome e

Indome ikurikira ni indome e. Ubwa mbere, twandika indome a. Hanyuma, iruhande y'indome a, andika indome c. Uzobona ko indome e isa cane n'indome c, kandi mu vy'ukuri, tuyandika mu buryo bumwe.

1. Duca umurongo utambitse, dutangurira iburyo twerekeza ibubamfu, hanyuma tukamanuka. Gutyo duca inguni ngororotse.
2. Hanyuma dukora akarongo gato kagoramye, canke umurongo ugoramye gatoyi, hasi, nk'uko nyene twabigize igihe twandika c.
3. Hanyuma uterura ikaramu yawe, maze hagati y'umurongo uhagaze, ukaca umurongo uhuza uduga uhengamye, ugakora ku mpera y'akarongo gatambitse ko hejuru.

Gutyo uba ufise indome e.

Indome f

Indome ikurikira ni indome f. Iyi ndome iragora abenshi mu batangura, kuko iduga kure hejuru, nka roketi, kandi ikamanuka kure hasi, nk'ubwato bugenda munsi y'amazi. Rero ico dukora ni iki.

Ubwa mbere, wandika indome a. Izokwereka aho utegerezwa gutangurira hejuru, kuko iyi ndome tuyitangurira hejuru. Yandikwa mu mirongo ibiri.

1. Ubwa mbere, uca akarongo gato gahengamye gatoyi, hanyuma ukamanuka ugororotse gushika ku murongo, hanyuma ukamanuka kandi uburebure bungana n'ubwo munsi y'umurongo, hanyuma ugaca akarongo gato kerekeza ibubamfu. Gutyo isa n'umurongo muremure cane, ufise akarongo gato kerekeye iburyo hejuru n'akarongo gato kerekeye ibubamfu hasi.
2. Hanyuma urarondera umugozi w'impuzu, nk'uko ngiye kuwita, ni ukuvuga umurongo tumanikako indome, maze ugaca akarongo gato gatambitse aho.

Iyo rero ni indome f.

Indome g

Ubu dushitse ku ndome g. Indome g igizwe n'indome a ifatanye n'igice co hasi c'indome f.

Kandi ingene tuyandika ni uku. Ubwa mbere, twandika indome a, kuko itwereka aho igice c'indome g kimeze nk'ubwato bugenda munsi y'amazi gitegerezwa gushika munsi y'umurongo.

1. Rero dutangura gutya. Duca umurongo utambitse, hanyuma tukamanuka tugororotse. Twibiza ubwato bwacu munsi y'amazi y'inyanja, hanyuma tukagonda umurongo gatoyi twerekeza ibubamfu hasi.
2. Hanyuma duterura ikaramu yacu maze tukaja ku mpera y'umurongo utambitse, tugakora ishusho imwe n'iyo twakoze twandika indome a, ari yo iyi: turamanuka, tugakora umurongo ugoramye gatoyi, tukaduga, tugashika ku murongo twaciye mbere.

Indome h

Indome ikurikira ni indome h, yandikwa mu buryo busa cane n'ubw'indome b. Ubwa mbere, twandika indome a, kandi itwereka aho indome yacu itegerezwa gushika munsi y'umurongo.

1. Hanyuma duca umurongo uhagaze. Uyu murongo, ivyo birumvikana, utangurira hejuru cane, n'imiburiburi hejuru y'umurongo nk'uburebure bw'indome a. Kandi tuwumanura gushika hasi ku ndome a, aho nyene indome a iri.
2. Hanyuma duca akarongo gato gatambitse tuvuye hagati, ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, hanyuma tukakamanura kagoramye gatoyi. Mugabo ntidukora, nta na gato, ku murongo uhagaze.

Indome i

Indome ikurikira ni indome i, ari yo yoroshe kuruta izindi zose. Ni akarongo gato gusa. Dutangurira ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, turamanuka, kandi tumanuka gusa gushika ku burebure bw'indome a. Rero, ubwa mbere, twandika indome a.

1. Hanyuma, iruhande y'indome a, duca akarongo gato kagororotse.
2. Maze tukagashirako akadomo, canke akarongo gato kagufi, nimba ubishaka, kerekeye imbere.

Iyo rero ni indome i.

Indome j

Indome ikurikira ni indome j, isa n'iyoroshe, mugabo mu vy'ukuri igora gatoyi kuko imanuka nk'ubwato bugenda munsi y'amazi. Ubwa mbere, andika indome a yawe.

1. Hanyuma tangura kwandika indome i, utangurira ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, umanuka. Manuka urenze indome a, ubandanye umanuka, n'imiburiburi nk'uburebure bw'indome a, munsi kuruta, maze uyigonde gatoyi hasi werekeza ibubamfu.
2. Hanyuma uyishireko akadomo canke akarongo gato kagufi.

Iyo rero ni indome j.

Indome k

Indome k ifise umurongo muremure uhagaze, nk'uko nyene indome h twanditse mbere iwufise. Rero dutangura nk'aho twandika h.

1. Turamanuka tugororotse.
2. Hanyuma tukagenda dutambitse, nk'uko twabigize kuri h. Inkoni zibiri za mbere ni zimwe, mugabo ubu, duhereye ku mpera y'umurongo utambitse uri ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, tumanura umurongo tugashika ku murongo uhagaze, tukaba duciye mpandeshatu.
3. Hanyuma duterura ikaramu yacu, maze ahagana hagati kuri uwo murongo, tugaca uwundi murongo uhengamye werekeza imbere.

Urashobora kandi kuyandika mu nkoni zibiri. Umanuka ugororotse, hanyuma ukagenda utambitse, ukamanura umurongo wawe, ugakora ku murongo uhagaze, hanyuma ukawusohora kandi werekeza iburyo utaterura ikaramu yawe. Ivyo ntibisa neza nk'iyo umanuka, ukagenda utambitse, ukawugarura, ugakora akanguni kawe gato, katageze neza hasi ku murongo uhagaze, ubimenye, hanyuma ukaterura ikaramu yawe ugaca inkoni nto yerekeza iburyo.

Indome l

Ubu tugeze ku ndome l. Ubwa mbere, twandika indome a. Indome l ni indome ushobora kwandika ngufi cane utabigambiriye, maze igasa n'indome i. Rero ukeneye kwibuka ko iyi iduga nka roketi.

1. Rero dutangurira hejuru y'umurongo, n'imiburiburi nk'uburebure bw'indome a hejuru y'umurongo, maze tukamanuka tugororotse gushika hasi ku ndome a.

Ni ivyo gusa. Iyo ni indome l.

Indome n

Ubu tugiye ku ndome n. Turayandika imbere y'indome m, naho atari ko zikurikirana mu rutonde rw'indome. Ushushanya rero indome a, hanyuma iruhande yayo ugakora indome i. Hanyuma hafi y'impera yo hejuru y'indome i, ukagonda, maze ukamanuka, ugakora iyindi ndome i. Ni ko iyo ndome iri koko. Ni indome i zibiri zegeranye, zifatanijwe n'umurongo ugoramye.

1. Ukora rero indome i ya mbere,
2. hanyuma ukaterura ikaramu yawe, ukagonda gato, nk'aho ugiye gukora indome r, hanyuma ukabandanya gusa ukamanuka.

Uburyo bumwe bwo kwiyumvira iyi ndome ni ukubona ko imeze nk'indome h. Itandukanye gusa n'uko itagira igice cayo kirekire kiduga hejuru mu kirere.

Indome m

Ubu tugeze ku ndome m. Dutangura n'indome a yacu nk'uko bisanzwe,

1. (inkoni ya 1 n'iya 2) hanyuma iruhande yayo, tugashushanya indome n tumaze gukora.
2. (inkoni ya 3) Hanyuma tukaterura ikaramu yacu, tukayifatanya n'iyindi n.

Indome o

Indome o ni yo igoye kuruta izindi ndome zose. Bavuga ko umuhanzi Raphael yashushanije inziga ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, agerageza gushushanya uruziga rutagira inenge. Twebwe ntituzobigira. Tugiye kuvyoroshya.

1. Duhereye rero ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, dukora agakubo, nk'ako ukoresha mu vyigwa vy'imibare. Dukora agakubo ko hanze,
2. hanyuma tukaterura ikaramu yacu, tugakora agakubo ko ku rundi ruhande.

Utwo dukubo tubiri, iyo dukoranako, tuvamwo ishusho y'indome o. Iyo shusho ya o ni ndende kandi ni nto mu bugari. Ingana n'indome a yacu mu burebure.

Dushobora gutuma agakubo kagoramye gato kuruta, maze tukabona o izengurutse gato kuruta. Canke, nimba wiyumvamwo ubutwari, urashobora gutangurira ku murongo, ugashushanya uruziga, ukamanuka gushika hasi, hanyuma ukarugarura aho watanguriye.

Indome p

Indome ikurikira ni indome p. Iyi ndome isa cane n'indome b, kiretse ko umurongo wayo, aho kuba hejuru y'umugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, uri munsi yawo.

1. Dutangurira rero ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, canke hejuru yawo gato cane, tukamanuka uburebure bw'indome a, hanyuma tugasubira tukamanuka ubundi burebure nk'ubwo. Gutyo imanuka incuro zibiri kuruta indome a.
2. Hanyuma tukaterura ikaramu yacu, tugaca umurongo utambitse ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, hanyuma tukawumanura tugonda, gushika ukoze ku murongo uhagaze, neza neza aho indome a yoshika hasi.

Gutyo iyi ndome imeze neza neza nka b, kiretse ko ifise umurongo umanuka aho kugira umurongo uduga.

Indome q

Indome ikurikira ni indome q, iri nk'ubwoko bw'indome a. Isa cane n'indome a. Dushushanya rero indome a yacu, hanyuma iruhande yayo, tugakora ibi bikurikira.

1. Duca umurongo utambitse, hanyuma tukamanuka, nk'uko twobigira ku ndome a, mugabo tukabandanya tumanuka, gushika hasi ubundi burebure bwose, hanyuma tugakora akarongo gato kerekeza imbere, nk'akarongo gato kagoramye.
2. Hanyuma tukaterura ikaramu yacu, tukaja ku mpera y'umurongo utambitse uri ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, tugakora umurongo wugara, nk'uko twobigira ku ndome a.

Indome r

Indome ikurikira ni indome r. Ubwa mbere, dushushanya indome a yacu.

1. Hanyuma dukora indome i, mugabo dutangurira hejuru y'umurongo gato, atari kure cane, gato gusa. Tugakora indome i.
2. Hanyuma tukaterura ikaramu yacu, maze nk'aho tugiye gutangura gukora indome n, tugatangura umurongo ugoramye w'indome n, mugabo ntitugende gushika ku mpera. Turahagarara.

Indome s

Indome ikurikira ni indome s. Ingana n'indome a mu burebure. Ikigoye kuruta ibindi muri yo ni uko ukeneye kuyobora ikaramu yawe kugira ngo ukore imirongo ibiri igoramye.

1. Utangurira rero hejuru, ku murongo, ugakora umurongo uhindagurika ufise inguni. Ukamanuka rero, ukagenda utambitse, hanyuma ugasubira ukamanuka.

Uwo murongo urashobora kugorama gato, nk'ishusho ya s nyakuri.

Indome t

Indome t ni indome utegerezwa kwitondera cane, naho yoroshe cane, kuko ari indome ndende gato, mugabo itari ndende nka l.

1. Dutangurira rero hejuru y'umurongo, mugabo atari kure nk'uko twobigira kuri l, tukamanuka gushika aho indome a ishikira hasi, hanyuma tukagonda gato imbere hasi.
2. Hanyuma tugasubira inyuma, maze ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, tugaca akarongo gatambitse kuri t.

Raba rero ko t ifise agace kaduga hejuru y'akarongo gaca, kandi ako gace karashobora kuduga kure cane.

Indome u

Indome u ikurikira neza cane indome t.

1. Utangurira rero ku murongo, ukamanuka nk'uko womanuka ku ndome a, hanyuma ukagonda gato imbere.
2. Hanyuma ukaterura ikaramu yawe, ugakora uwundi murongo nk'indome i, kandi iyo ndome i itegerezwa gukora ku mpera y'ako karongo gato kagoramye.

Canke nimba ubikunze, urashobora kubigira uhereye ku rundi ruhande. Urashobora gutangura n'indome i iri iburyo, hanyuma ugashushanya iri ibubamfu, ukamanuka ukaduga, n'akarongo gato kagoramye gakora kuri ya ndome i.

Gutyo urashobora kuyandika mu buryo bumwe muri bubiri. Urashobora gutangurira ibubamfu, canke ugatangurira iburyo. Ni wewe uhitamwo.

Indome v

Indome ikurikira ni indome v, kandi tuyandika mu nkoni imwe.

1. Dutangurira ku murongo, tukamanuka duhengamye, hanyuma tugasubira tukaduga gushika dukoze ku murongo, tugakora iyi nguni ityaye, ari yo v.

Indome w

Indome yacu ikurikira ni indome w, iyindi ndome yoroshe. Dutangura n'indome a,

1. hanyuma iruhande yayo, tugakora v, ya yindi tumaze gukora. Kandi ushitse hejuru ya v, uramanuka ugakora iyindi iruhande yayo neza.

Gutyo ni v imwe ikurikiwe n'iyindi v, kandi ntuterura ikaramu yawe.

Indome x

Indome ikurikira ni indome x.

1. Dutangurira ku murongo mu ruhande rw'iburyo, tugaca umurongo uhengamye umanuka werekeza ibubamfu.
2. Hanyuma tukaterura ikaramu yacu tukaja ibubamfu, hejuru y'aho uwundi murongo warangiriye, tugatangura tugaca uwundi murongo uhengamye umanuka, gutyo imirongo yompi igahurira hagati ikabisikana, tugakora ikimenyetso c'umusaraba canke x.

Indome y

Ikurikira ni indome y. Ubu rero, iyi ndome imeze nk'ubwoko bwa v, mugabo ifise umurongo muremure uhengamye umanuka hasi nka bwa bwato bugenda munsi y'amazi.

1. Dutangura n'umurongo muremure uhengamye wa y, duhereye mu ruhande rw'iburyo, tukamanura umurongo uhengamye uca munsi y'indome a, gushika hasi ku burebure bungana n'uburebure bw'indome a. Ntugire uwo murongo uhagaze cane, mugabo kandi ntuwugire uhagaze. Gutyo uwo murongo urahengamye, werekeza ibubamfu.
2. Hanyuma tukaterura ikaramu yacu, tukaja ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, tugaca umurongo umanuka ugakora kuri wa murongo uhengamye, hafi y'aho indome a yoshika hasi.

Indome z

Indome yacu ikurikira ni indome z, canke "zedi", nk'uko bamwe bayita. Iyi ndome nta ngorane ifise.

1. Dutangurira mu ruhande rw'ibubamfu. Duca umurongo utambitse ku mugozi wo kwanikako impuzu, hanyuma tukamanuka duhengamye gushika ku burebure bw'indome a, hanyuma tugaca umurongo utambitse hasi.

Iyo ni yo z yacu.