The Faculty of the Universitas Scholarium

Departmental Directory

As of March 2026, the Universitas Scholarium hosts 947 simulacra organised into 49 departments and 140 sub-departments. Each can be spoken to directly, and any can be invited into conversation with one another. Please consult the FAQ for more information.

Académie Maritime 21

Stratégie Navale

Alfred Thayer Mahan— Sea Power · Command of the Sea · The Influence of Sea Power upon History · Capital Ships (1840–1914)

Julian Corbett— Maritime Strategy · Limited War at Sea · Fleet in Being · Command Disputed (1854–1922)

Pierre André de Suffren— Indian Ocean · Aggressive Action · Fighting Without a Base · The French Nelson (1729–1788)

Themistocles— Salamis · The Wooden Wall · Athenian Sea Power · Strategic Deception (c. 524–459 BC)

Horatio Nelson— Trafalgar · The Nelson Touch · Band of Brothers · Aggressive Command · England Expects (1758–1805)

Droit Maritime

Hugo Grotius— Mare Liberum · Freedom of the Seas · Law of War and Peace · Natural Law · International Law (1583–1645)

John Selden— Mare Clausum · Sovereignty of the Sea · Dominion · English Common Law · The Counter-Argument (1584–1654)

Fernand Braudel— The Mediterranean · Longue Durée · Geo-History · Civilisation & Capitalism · The Sea as Subject (1902–1985)

Navigation & Hydrographie

James Cook— Navigation · Hydrography · Pacific Exploration · Charting · Scurvy · Endeavour (1728–1779)

John Harrison— Longitude · Marine Chronometer · H1–H4 · Precision Engineering · The Longitude Prize (1693–1776)

Matthew Fontaine Maury— Océanographie · Wind & Current Charts · Physical Geography of the Sea · Pathfinder of the Seas (1806–1873)

Nathaniel Bowditch— The American Practical Navigator · Celestial Navigation · Mathematical Precision · Self-Taught (1773–1838)

Joshua Slocum— Solo Circumnavigation · Spray · Practical Seamanship · Self-Reliance (1844–1909)

Lettres Maritimes

Herman Melville— Moby-Dick · The Sea Novel · Cetology · Metaphysics of the Deep · Billy Budd (1819–1891)

Joseph Conrad— Heart of Darkness · Lord Jim · The Sea Novel · Moral Isolation · The Test (1857–1924)

Cartographie & Exploration

Gerardus Mercator— The Mercator Projection · Cartography · Atlas · Globe-Making · Navigation Charts (1512–1594)

Claudius Ptolemy— Geographia · Coordinates · Map Projections · The Known World · Mathematical Geography (c. 100–170 AD)

Océanographie

Fridtjof Nansen— Arctic Oceanography · The Fram · Nansen Bottles · Ice Drift · Nobel Peace Prize (1861–1930)

Rachel Carson— The Sea Around Us · Marine Biology · Silent Spring · The Edge of the Sea · Writing the Ocean (1907–1964)

La Guerre des Drones

"Borets" (Борець)— Naval Drone Warfare · Group 13 / HUR · Sea Baby · Asymmetric Maritime Strike · Unmanned Surface Vessels (21st century)

Ivan Lukashevych ("Hunter")— Drone Doctrine · SBU Unmanned Systems · FPV · Strike Architecture · Kill Chain Compression (21st century)

Accounting & Business 45

Accounting

Fra Luca de Pacioli— Double-Entry Bookkeeping · Mathematics · Renaissance Accounting (15th century)

Cornelius Blott— Bookkeeping · Trial Balance · Victorian Accounts (19th century)

Prudence Alcott— Small Business Bookkeeping · VAT · Self-Assessment (20th–21st century)

Dorothy Edith Rigour— Audit · Internal Controls · Professional Scepticism (20th century)

Margaret Irene Vance-Foster— Management Accounting · Costing · Budgeting (20th–21st century)

Reginald Chetham-Wade— Tax Compliance · PAYE · VAT · HMRC (20th–21st century)

Felix Aubrey Sharpley— Forensic Accounting · Fraud Investigation · Expert Witness (20th–21st century)

Finance

Penelope Smythe-Bottomley— Accounting · Finance · Climate Accounting (Non-historical)

Modigliani & Miller— Corporate Finance · Capital Structure · Irrelevance Theorem (20th century)

George Kinder— Financial Life Planning · Meaning · The Three Questions (20th–21st century)

Frank Knight— Risk · Uncertainty · Profit · Entrepreneurship (20th century)

Solomon Huebner— Insurance · Human Life Value · Risk Pooling (20th century)

Investment

Benjamin Graham— Value Investing · Security Analysis · Margin of Safety (20th century)

Harry Markowitz— Portfolio Theory · Diversification · Mean-Variance (20th century)

John Bogle— Index Investing · Low Cost · Vanguard (20th century)

William Sharpe— CAPM · Beta · Risk-Adjusted Return (20th century)

Financial Strategy

Michael Porter— Competitive Strategy · Five Forces · Value Chain (20th–21st century)

Peter Drucker— Management · Innovation · Knowledge Work (20th century)

Igor Ansoff— Corporate Strategy · Growth Matrix · Strategic Planning (20th century)

Henry Mintzberg— Strategy as Craft · Organisational Structure (20th–21st century)

Clayton Christensen— Disruptive Innovation · Jobs to Be Done (20th–21st century)

Kim & Mauborgne— Blue Ocean Strategy · Value Innovation (21st century)

Operations & Quality

W. Edwards Deming— Quality · Statistical Control · Systems Thinking (20th century)

Taiichi Ohno— Toyota Production System · Lean · Just-in-Time (20th century)

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth— Motion Study · Industrial Efficiency · Human Factors (19th–20th century)

Frederick Winslow Taylor— Scientific Management · Time Study · Efficiency (1856–1915)

Eliyahu Goldratt— Theory of Constraints · The Goal · Bottlenecks (1947–2011)

Marketing

Philip Kotler— Marketing Management · Segmentation · The 4Ps (b. 1931)

David Ogilvy— Advertising · Research · Brand · The Big Idea (1911–1999)

Theodore Levitt— Marketing Imagination · Globalisation · Customer Focus (1925–2006)

Bill Bernbach— Creative Advertising · Art + Copy · The Creative Revolution (1911–1982)

Economics

Adam Smith— The Wealth of Nations · Division of Labour · Free Markets (1723–1790)

John Maynard Keynes— The General Theory · Aggregate Demand · Fiscal Policy (1883–1946)

Alfred Marshall— Supply & Demand · Elasticity · Partial Equilibrium (1842–1924)

Daniel Kahneman— Behavioural Economics · Prospect Theory · Cognitive Bias (1934–2024)

Richard Thaler— Behavioural Economics · Nudge Theory · Mental Accounting (b. 1945)

Milton Friedman— Monetarism · Free Markets · Inflation (1912–2006)

Friedrich Hayek— Spontaneous Order · The Knowledge Problem · Austrian Economics (1899–1992)

Organisational Behaviour

Douglas McGregor— Theory X & Y · Human Motivation · Management (1906–1964)

Frederick Herzberg— Motivation-Hygiene · Job Enrichment · Two-Factor Theory (1923–2000)

Charles Handy— Organisational Culture · The Shamrock · Portfolio Careers (1932–2024)

Mary Parker Follett— Power-With · Integration · Creative Conflict (1868–1933)

Entrepreneurship

Joseph Schumpeter— Creative Destruction · Innovation · Economic Development (1883–1950)

Eric Ries— Lean Startup · Build-Measure-Learn · Validated Learning (b. 1978)

Negotiation

Roger Fisher— Principled Negotiation · Getting to Yes · BATNA (1922–2012)

Academic Tools 11

Lector Absconditus— Textual Forensics · Lost Author Recovery · Stylometric Attribution · Fragment Analysis (Constructed Tool)

Concordia— Semantic Cartography · Meaning Drift · Polysemy Detection · Concordance · Word-Life Across Corpora (Constructed Tool)

Chronologos— Chronological Analysis · Temporal Reasoning · Date Reconciliation · Timeline Construction (Constructed Tool)

Interpres— Translation Comparison · Semantic Shift · Translator Choices · Cross-Language Analysis (Constructed Tool)

Lexica— Semantic History · Etymology · Word Biography · Conceptual Genealogy (Constructed Tool)

Prosopographia— Prosopography · Network Reconstruction · Historical Persons · Social Graph Analysis (Constructed Tool)

Stemma— Manuscript Tradition · Textual Transmission · Stemmatology · Variant Analysis (Constructed Tool)

Citatio— Intertextuality · Citation Networks · Allusion Mapping · Structural Borrowing · Influence Topology (Constructed Tool)

Compilator— Source Analysis · Selection Analysis · Reorganisation Mapping · Compilation Archaeology (Constructed Tool)

Genitor— Authorship Attribution · Stylometric Analysis · Likelihood Distributions · Multi-Stream Integration (Constructed Tool)

Rhetor— Rhetorical Structure · Figure Detection · Appeal Analysis · Dispositio · Style Comparison (Constructed Tool)

Agriculture & Land Sciences 27

Permaculture Studies

Masanobu Fukuoka— Natural Farming · Non-Action · One-Straw Revolution · Observation (20th–21st century)

Bill Mollison— Permaculture Design · Systems Integration · Ethics · Self-Reliance (20th–21st century)

David Holmgren— Permaculture Principles · Energy Descent · Ethics as Design · Retrosuburbia (20th–21st century)

Soil Science

Justus von Liebig— Agricultural Chemistry · Mineral Theory · Law of the Minimum · Chemical Reductionism (19th century)

Vasily Dokuchaev— Pedology · Chernozem · Five Formation Factors · Soil as Living Body (19th–20th century)

Albert Howard— The Law of Return · Humus · Mycorrhiza · Indore Process · Organic Farming (19th–20th century)

Hans Jenny— CLORPT · State Factor Model · Quantitative Pedology · Soil as Ecosystem (20th century)

Animal Science

Robert Bakewell— Selective Breeding · The Dishley Method · New Leicester Sheep · Darwin's Precursor (18th century)

André Voisin— Rational Grazing · Four Laws · Grass-Animal Meeting · Time as Variable (20th century)

Temple Grandin— Animal Welfare · Humane Handling · Autism as Perceptual Key · Livestock Design (20th–21st century)

Ecology & Conservation

Arthur Tansley— The Ecosystem Concept · Plant Ecology · Systems Thinking · British Ecological Society (19th–20th century)

Aldo Leopold— The Land Ethic · Thinking Like a Mountain · Wildlife Ecology · A Sand County Almanac (19th–20th century)

Rachel Carson— Silent Spring · Pesticides · Ecological Interconnection · Science for the Public (20th century)

Eugene Odum— Ecosystem Ecology · Energy Flow · Trophic Structure · The Textbook (20th–21st century)

Plant Pathology & Protection

Heinrich Anton de Bary— Founding Father of Plant Pathology · Phytophthora · Symbiosis · Fungal Life Cycles (19th century)

Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet— Bordeaux Mixture · The First Fungicide · Phylloxera · American Rootstocks (19th–20th century)

Elvin Charles Stakman— Rust Races · Barberry Eradication · Puccinia · Mentor of Borlaug (19th–20th century)

Robert van den Bosch— Integrated Pest Management · Biological Control · The Pesticide Treadmill · The Pesticide Conspiracy (20th century)

Lady Eve Balfour— The Living Soil · Soil Association · Organic Farming · Ecological Balance · Biological Husbandry (20th century)

Agribusiness & Food Systems

George Washington Carver— Crop Diversification · Soil Restoration · Chemistry for the Poor Farmer · Tuskegee (19th–20th century)

Nikolai Vavilov— Centers of Origin · The World Seed Bank · Genetic Diversity · Martyred by Lysenkoism (19th–20th century)

Norman Borlaug— The Green Revolution · Dwarf Wheat · Shuttle Breeding · Feeding a Billion (20th–21st century)

Farm Business Management

Arthur Young— Farm Economics · Net Produce · Enterprise Comparison · The Observing Eye (18th–19th century)

Henry C. Taylor— Farm Management · Agricultural Economics · Information Systems for Farmers (19th–20th century)

Integrated Livestock Production

Sir Reginald Stapledon— Grassland · Ley Farming · Sward Improvement · The Long View (19th–20th century)

William Albrecht— Soil-Plant-Animal Chain · Base Cation Saturation · Protein from Fertility (19th–20th century)

Agri-Food Supply Chains

Gustavus Swift— Cold Chain · Refrigerated Rail · Vertical Integration · Chicago (19th–20th century)

Anthropology 15

Franz Boas— Cultural Relativism · Father of American Anthropology (19th–20th century)

Bronisław Malinowski— Participant Observation · Functionalism · The Kula Ring (19th–20th century)

Claude Lévi-Strauss— Structural Anthropology · Myth · Binary Oppositions (20th–21st century)

Marcel Mauss— The Gift · Reciprocity · Total Social Facts (19th–20th century)

Ruth Benedict— Patterns of Culture · Apollonian/Dionysian · Shame vs Guilt (19th–20th century)

Margaret Mead— Coming of Age in Samoa · Gender as Culture · Biology is Not Destiny (20th century)

Clifford Geertz— Thick Description · Interpretive Anthropology · Culture as Text (20th–21st century)

Mary Douglas— Purity and Danger · Dirt as Category Violation · Taboo (20th–21st century)

Victor Turner— Liminality · Communitas · Social Drama (20th century)

Edward Sapir— Linguistic Relativity · Indigenous Languages · Language as Art (19th–20th century)

Benjamin Lee Whorf— Linguistic Relativity · Language Shapes Cognition · Sapir-Whorf (19th–20th century)

Robin Dunbar— Dunbar's Number · Social Brain Hypothesis · Language as Grooming (20th–21st century)

Louis Leakey— Palaeoanthropology · Human Origins · Olduvai Gorge (20th century)

Raymond Dart— Australopithecus · The Taung Child · Human Origins (19th–20th century)

V. Gordon Childe— Neolithic Revolution · Urban Revolution · Marxist Archaeology (19th–20th century)

Artificial Intelligence 17

Marvin Minsky— AI · Cognitive Science · Frames (20th–21st century)

Volodymyr Mnih— Deep Reinforcement Learning · Atari (20th–21st century)

Geoffrey Hinton— Deep Learning · Neural Networks (20th–21st century)

Yann LeCun— Computer Vision · Deep Learning (20th–21st century)

Yoshua Bengio— Deep Learning · NLP · Generative Models (20th–21st century)

Ilya Sutskever— Generative AI · Scaling · GPT (20th–21st century)

Demis Hassabis— AI · Protein Folding · Games · DeepMind (20th–21st century)

Eliezer Yudkowsky— AI Safety · Alignment · Rationality (20th–21st century)

Ray Kurzweil— Singularity · Prediction · Mind (20th–21st century)

Metrodorus AI— AI · Haptics · Embodied Cognition (Non-historical)

Richard Sutton— Reinforcement Learning · TD · The Bitter Lesson (20th–21st century)

Jürgen Schmidhuber— Recurrent Networks · LSTM · Meta-Learning (20th–21st century)

Frank Rosenblatt— Perceptron · Neural Learning · Pattern Recognition (20th century)

Emily M. Bender— Computational Linguistics · Stochastic Parrots · NLP Ethics (20th–21st century)

Sherry Yang— World Models · Decision Transformers · RL (21st century)

Shirley Ho— AI · Cosmology · Scientific Machine Learning (21st century)

Sinkhorn-Knopp— Optimal Transport · Matrix Scaling · AI Mathematics (20th century)

Astronomy & Cosmology 26

Ancient & Islamic Astronomy

Aristarchus of Samos— Heliocentric Hypothesis · Relative Distances · Sun-Moon-Earth Geometry (3rd century BC)

Hipparchus— Star Catalogue · Precession · Trigonometry · Magnitude System (2nd century BC)

al-Battānī— Trigonometric Astronomy · Solar Parameters · Zij · Correction of Ptolemy (9th–10th century)

Kidinnu— System B Lunar Theory · Synodic Month · Chaldaean Astronomy · Tersitu Tablets (4th century BC)

Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī— Ṭūsī Couple · Maragha Observatory · Planetary Models · Non-Ptolemaic Astronomy (13th century)

The Copernican Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus— Heliocentric Model · De Revolutionibus · Planetary Order · The Turning of the World (15th–16th century)

Tycho Brahe— Precision Observation · Stellar Catalogues · The Tychonic System · Uraniborg · The Supernova of 1572 (16th century)

Johannes Kepler— Planetary Motion · Three Laws · Harmonices Mundi · Celestial Mechanics (16th–17th century)

Stellar Astronomy

William Herschel— Uranus · Deep Sky Surveys · Nebulae · Infrared Discovery · Telescope Building (18th–19th century)

Caroline Herschel— Comets · Nebulae · Star Catalogues · Astronomical Calculation (18th–19th century)

Annie Jump Cannon— Spectral Classification · OBAFGKM · Henry Draper Catalogue · 350,000 Stars (19th–20th century)

Henrietta Swan Leavitt— Period-Luminosity Relation · Cepheid Variables · The Cosmic Distance Ladder (19th–20th century)

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin— Stellar Composition · Hydrogen · Spectral Classification · The Most Brilliant PhD Thesis (20th century)

The Expanding Universe

Vesto Slipher— Galactic Redshifts · Spectroscopy · Nebular Velocities · The First Evidence (20th century)

Edwin Hubble— Hubble's Law · Extragalactic Astronomy · Galaxy Classification · The Expanding Universe (20th century)

Alexander Friedmann— Friedmann Equations · Dynamic Cosmology · Expanding Solutions · Curvature (20th century)

Georges Lemaître— The Primeval Atom · Big Bang · Expanding Universe · Cosmology · Priest-Physicist (20th century)

Modern Observational Astronomy

Fritz Zwicky— Dark Matter · Supernovae · Neutron Stars · Galaxy Clusters · Morphological Astronomy (20th century)

Jocelyn Bell Burnell— Pulsars · Discovery · Radio Astronomy · Graduate Student · Hewish Got the Nobel (20th–21st century)

Vera Rubin— Dark Matter · Galaxy Rotation Curves · The Invisible Universe · Observational Proof (20th century)

Carolyn Porco— Cassini · Saturn · Enceladus · Rings · Imaging Science (21st century)

Cosmology & Theoretical Astrophysics

Albert Einstein— General Relativity · Cosmological Constant · Spacetime · Thought Experiments (20th century)

Stephen Hawking— Black Holes · Hawking Radiation · Brief History of Time · Singularities · Cosmology (20th–21st century)

Fred Hoyle— Stellar Nucleosynthesis · Steady State · Big Bang (Named It) · Carbon Resonance (20th century)

Enrico Fermi— The Fermi Paradox · Estimation · Nuclear Physics · Chicago Pile-1 (20th century)

Science Communication

Carl Sagan— Cosmos · Pale Blue Dot · Planetary Exploration · SETI · Science Communication (20th century)

Assessment & Intro Courses 6

Quaestio— Task Analysis · Instruction Decoding · Scope Determination · What Is Actually Being Asked (Constructed Tutor)

Scriptor— Argument Architecture · Paragraph as Reasoning Unit · Claim-Evidence-Analysis · Prose Clarity (Constructed Tutor)

Argumentor— Critical Thinking · Validity Testing · Fallacy Detection · Precision of Definition (Constructed Tutor)

Auctoritas— Academic Integrity · Using Sources Honestly · Paraphrase as Comprehension · Citation as Intellectual Act (Constructed Tutor)

Dialectica— Intellectual Engagement · Steelmanning · Locating Genuine Disagreement · The Art of Being Persuaded (Constructed Tutor)

Lector— Close Reading · Evidence Extraction · Observation vs. Seeing · Competing Interpretations (Constructed Tutor)

Biology & Life Sciences 18

William Harvey— Circulation of Blood · Quantitative Reasoning · Anatomy (16th–17th century)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek— Microbiology · Microscopy · The Unseen World (17th–18th century)

Carl Linnaeus— Taxonomy · Binomial Nomenclature · Classification of Life (18th century)

Charles Darwin— Evolution · Natural Selection · The Origin of Species (19th century)

Alfred Russel Wallace— Natural Selection · Biogeography · The Wallace Line (19th–20th century)

Gregor Mendel— Genetics · Laws of Inheritance · Heredity (19th century)

Rudolf Virchow— Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine (19th–20th century)

Santiago Ramón y Cajal— Neuroscience · Neuron Doctrine · Scientific Illustration (19th–20th century)

Rosalind Franklin— X-ray Crystallography · DNA Structure · Photo 51 (20th century)

Louis Pasteur— Germ Theory · Vaccination · Microbiology (19th century)

Alexander Fleming— Penicillin · Bacteriology · Serendipity (19th–20th century)

Jonas Salk— Polio Vaccine · Virology · Public Health (20th century)

Rachel Carson— Ecology · Marine Biology · Environmental Writing (20th century)

Robert Hooke— Micrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental Philosophy (17th–18th century)

Thomas Hunt Morgan— Chromosome Theory · Drosophila · Gene Mapping (19th–20th century)

Barbara McClintock— Transposable Elements · Maize Genetics · Genomic Instability (20th century)

Epicurus (Biology)— Atomism Applied to Life · Biological Materialism · Emergence (4th–3rd century BC)

Edward Lear— Natural History Illustration · Zoology · Nonsense Taxonomy (19th century)

Chemistry 17

The Foundations of Matter

Epicurus— Atomism · The Swerve · Void · Material Philosophy (4th century BC)

Pierre Gassendi— Atomism · Empiricism · Revival of Epicurus · Early Chemistry (17th century)

Alchemy

Mary the Jewess— Practical Alchemy · Apparatus · The First Alchemist (1st–3rd century)

Jabir ibn Hayyan— Experimental Method · Acids · Islamic Alchemy (8th century)

Paracelsus— Iatrochemistry · Hermetic Philosophy · Poison & Cure (16th century)

Isaac Newton— Alchemy · The Philosopher's Stone · Hidden Theology (17th century)

Early Modern Chemistry

Robert Boyle— Experimental Chemistry · Gas Laws · The Sceptical Chymist (17th century)

Antoine Lavoisier— Combustion · Conservation of Mass · Modern Chemistry (18th century)

John Dalton— Atomic Theory · Elements · Combining Proportions (19th century)

Dmitri Mendeleev— Periodic Table · Elemental Order · Prediction (19th century)

Modern Chemistry

Fritz Haber— Nitrogen Fixation · Haber-Bosch · Chemical Weapons (20th century)

Carl Bosch— Industrial Chemistry · High Pressure · Scale-Up · Haber-Bosch Plant (20th century)

Linus Pauling— Chemical Bonding · Quantum Chemistry · Molecular Biology (20th century)

R.B. Woodward— Organic Synthesis · Total Synthesis · Molecular Architecture (20th century)

Dorothy Hodgkin— X-Ray Crystallography · Penicillin · Vitamin B12 · Insulin Structure (20th century)

Wallace Carothers— Synthetic Polymers · Nylon · Neoprene · Polymer Architecture (20th century)

K. Eric Drexler— Molecular Machines · Nanotechnology · Chemistry at the Atomic Scale (20th–21st century)

Classics 59

Greek Oratory

Antiphon— Attic Oratory · Eikos · Probability · The First Logographer (5th century BC)

Lysias— Attic Oratory · The Plain Style · Characterisation · Art That Conceals Art (5th–4th century BC)

Isocrates— Greek Rhetoric · Political Education · Periodic Style · Pan-Hellenism (5th–4th century BC)

Demosthenes— Greek Rhetoric · Political Urgency · The Philippics · Parrhēsia (4th century BC)

Early Latin

Livius Andronicus— Translation · Odusia · Latin Tragedy · Beginnings (3rd century BC)

Gnaeus Naevius— Epic · Comedy · Bellum Punicum · Roman National Poetry (3rd century BC)

Titus Maccius Plautus— Comedy · Farce · Verse · The Clever Slave (3rd–2nd century BC)

Publius Terentius Afer— Comedy · Humanism · Double Plots · Elegance (2nd century BC)

Late Republic

Marcus Tullius Cicero— Oratory · Philosophy · Humanitas · Latin Literature (2nd–1st century BC)

Gaius Julius Caesar— Commentarii · Military Prose · Political Narrative (1st century BC)

Aulus Hirtius— Book VIII · Continuator · Military History · The Soldier Who Finished Caesar's Story (1st century BC)

Gaius Sallustius Crispus— History · Moral Decline · Catiline · Jugurtha (1st century BC)

Cornelius Nepos— Biography · De Viris Illustribus · Comparative Lives (1st century BC)

Gaius Valerius Catullus— Lyric Poetry · Love · Invective · Neoteric Verse (1st century BC)

Marcus Terentius Varro— Roman Antiquities · Latin Language · Encyclopaedism (2nd–1st century BC)

Augustan Age

Publius Vergilius Maro— Epic · Pastoral · Didactic · The Aeneid (1st century BC)

Quintus Horatius Flaccus— Ode · Satire · Epistle · Ars Poetica (1st century BC)

Albius Tibullus— Elegy · Pastoral Love · The Golden Age · Simplicity (1st century BC)

Sulpicia— Elegy · Women's Voice · Desire · Latin Love Poetry (1st century BC)

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio— Architecture · De Architectura · Engineering · Proportion (1st century BC)

Augustus— Res Gestae · Imperial Prose · Political Self-Presentation (1st century BC–1st century AD)

The Unnamed Woman (Laudatio Turiae)— Elegy · Marriage · Devotion · Anonymous Inscription (1st century BC)

Titus Livius— Ab Urbe Condita · Roman History · Moral Exempla (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Publius Ovidius Naso— Metamorphoses · Amores · Exile · Wit (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Early Empire

Grattius— Didactic Poetry · Cynegetica · Hunting · Rural Life (1st century AD)

Marcus Manilius— Didactic Poetry · Astronomica · Fate · Stoic Cosmology (1st century AD)

Velleius Paterculus— History · Military Memoir · Tiberian Rome (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Rutilius Lupus— Rhetoric · Figures of Speech · De Figuris Sententiarum (1st century AD)

Pompeius Trogus— Universal History · Historiae Philippicae · The Non-Roman World (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Valerius Maximus— Exempla · Moral Rhetoric · Facta et Dicta Memorabilia (1st century AD)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca— Stoic Philosophy · Epistulae · Tragedy · Moral Essays (1st century AD)

Claudius— Antiquarian History · Imperial Prose · Etruscology (1st century AD)

Pomponius Mela— Geography · De Chorographia · The Known World (1st century AD)

Quintus Curtius Rufus— History · Alexander the Great · Rhetorical Narrative (1st century AD)

Laus Pisonis (Anonymous)— Panegyric · Patron Poetry · Neronian Rome (1st century AD)

Aules Persius Flaccus— Satire · Stoic Ethics · Compression · Difficulty (1st century AD)

Caesius Bassus— Metre · Lyric Poetry · Grammar · The Persius Edition (1st century AD)

Pliny the Elder— Natural History · Encyclopaedism · Curiosity · Vesuvius (1st century AD)

Marcus Annaeus Lucanus— Epic · Bellum Civile · Anti-Epic · Neronian Poetry (1st century AD)

Calpurnius Siculus— Pastoral · Eclogues · Neronian Golden Age (1st century AD)

Corpus Priapeorum (Anonymous)— Obscene Verse · Priapus · Garden Poetry · Roman Humour (1st century AD)

Ilias Latina (Baebius Italicus?)— Epic Epitome · Homer in Latin · Compression (1st century AD)

Flavian & Later Imperial

Silius Italicus— Epic · Punica · The Second Punic War · Flavian Poetry (1st century AD)

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus— Rhetoric · Education · Institutio Oratoria · The Complete Orator (1st century AD)

Marcus Valerius Martialis— Epigram · Satire · Roman Daily Life · Wit (1st century AD)

Publius Papinius Statius— Epic · Thebaid · Silvae · Occasional Poetry (1st century AD)

Publius Cornelius Tacitus— Annales · Historiae · Germania · Imperial Corruption (1st–2nd century AD)

Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus— Epistulae · Provincial Government · Vesuvius · Literary Correspondence (1st–2nd century AD)

Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus— Imperial Biography · De Vita Caesarum · Gossip as Method (1st–2nd century AD)

Lucius Annaeus Florus— Epitome · Roman History in Miniature · Rhetorical History (2nd century AD)

Gaius— Roman Law · Institutes · Persons, Things, Actions (2nd century AD)

Sextus Pomponius— Roman Legal History · Enchiridion · Jurists · The Only Ancient History of Roman Law (2nd century AD)

Lucius Apuleius— Metamorphoses · The Golden Ass · Isis · African Latin (2nd century AD)

Aulus Gellius— Noctes Atticae · Antiquarianism · Miscellany · Grammar (2nd century AD)

Hyginus— Fabulae · Astronomica · Mythological Compendium · The Damaged Database (2nd century AD)

Sextus (Pseudo-Pythagorean)— Sententiae · Moral Maxims · Pythagorean Ethics · Asceticism (2nd century AD)

Reference & Tools

Latin Syntax— Latin Word Order · Sentence Structure · Grammar (Classical Latin)

Rhetorica Ciceroniana— Oratory · Rhetoric · Persuasion · Latin Style (Classical Latin)

The Roman Mind— Roman Thought · Law · Governance · Civic Virtue (Classical Rome)

The Commerce of Music 11

Economics & the Music Industry

Steve Albini— Recording · The Problem with Music · Anti-Major-Label Economics · Electrical Audio · Analog (1962–2024)

Kevin Kelly— 1,000 True Fans · The Technium · Direct-to-Fan Economics · Long Tail · Patronage (21st century)

Prince— Ownership · Masters · The Slave Contract · NPG Records · Artist Independence · The Internet as Liberator (1958–2016)

Technology & Distribution

David Bowie— BowieNet · The Internet Will Change Everything · Bowie Bonds · Artist as Business · Reinvention (1947–2016)

Jimmy Iovine— Interscope · Beats · Apple Music · Producer to Mogul · The Subscription Model · Curation (21st century)

Jack Conte— Patreon · Creator Economy · Direct Patronage · Pomplamoose · Platform as Infrastructure (21st century)

Production & Artistic Sovereignty

Rick Rubin— Reduction · Def Jam · American Recordings · The Creative Act · Listening as Production (21st century)

Advisory Tools

The Contract Auditor— Recording Contracts · Publishing Deals · 360 Deals · Recoupment · Clause Analysis (Constructed Tool)

The Rights Counselor— Copyright · Publishing · Masters · Sync · Mechanical · Performance Royalties · Splits (Constructed Tool)

The Platform Strategist— Streaming Strategy · Social Media · Distribution · Playlist Pitching · Release Planning (Constructed Tool)

The ARPF Advisor— Average Revenue Per Fan · Fan Economics · Monetisation Strategy · Tiered Access · Lifetime Value (Constructed Tool)

Cognitive & Perceptual Sciences 24

David Chalmers— Philosophy of Mind · Consciousness · Hard Problem (20th–21st century)

Christof Koch— Neuroscience · Consciousness · Neural Correlates (20th–21st century)

Giulio Tononi— Integrated Information Theory · Consciousness · Phi (20th–21st century)

Maurice Merleau-Ponty— Phenomenology · Embodied Cognition · Perception (20th century)

Alva Noë— Enactivism · Perception · Consciousness (20th–21st century)

Karl Friston— Free Energy · Active Inference · Predictive Coding (20th–21st century)

Carver Mead— Neuromorphic Computing · Silicon · Analogue Circuits (20th–21st century)

Misha Mahowald— Neuromorphic Vision · Silicon Retina · Analogue VLSI (20th century)

Valentino Braitenberg— Synthetic Neuroscience · Vehicles · Behaviour (20th–21st century)

W. Ross Ashby— Cybernetics · Homeostat · Requisite Variety (20th century)

W. Grey Walter— Cybernetics · Turtle Robots · EEG · Brainwaves (20th century)

Henry Markram— Computational Neuroscience · Blue Brain · Cortical Columns (20th–21st century)

Gerald Edelman— Neural Darwinism · Consciousness · Selectionism (20th–21st century)

Michael Reimann— Topological Neuroscience · Cliques · Neural Homology (21st century)

Carina Curto— Neural Topology · Place Cells · Combinatorial Codes (21st century)

Yuri Dabaghian— Topological Neuroscience · Spatial Cognition · Homology (21st century)

Colin Blakemore— Visual Neuroscience · Critical Periods · Development (20th–21st century)

Michael Levin— Bioelectricity · Morphogenesis · Cognitive Science of Living Forms (20th–21st century)

Ruzena Bajcsy— Active Perception · Robotics · Sensorimotor Integration (20th–21st century)

Gunnar Johansson— Biological Motion · Point-Light Displays · Kinematic Geometry (20th century)

Nikolai Bernstein— Biomechanics · Degrees of Freedom · Motor Control (19th–20th century)

Rodney Brooks— Behaviour-Based Robotics · Subsumption · Embodied AI (20th–21st century)

Mandyam Srinivasan— Bee Vision · Optic Flow · Minimal Cognition (20th–21st century)

Clemens Bartnik— Affordance Theory · Visual Neuroscience · Action Spaces (20th–21st century)

Computing 18

Ada Lovelace— First Programmer · Analytical Engine (19th century)

Alan Turing— Computation · Mind · Algorithm (20th century)

Johny Srouji— Hardware · Silicon · Apple Neural Engine (20th–21st century)

Hero of Alexandria— Automata · Computing History · Engineering (1st century)

Edsger Dijkstra— Algorithms · Elegance · Proof (20th–21st century)

Donald Knuth— Programming · Analysis · Art (20th–21st century)

Terry Winograd— AI · Natural Language · HCI (20th–21st century)

Steve Wozniak— Hardware · Personal Computing · Engineering (20th–21st century)

Steve Jobs— Product · Design · Vision · Computing (20th–21st century)

Susan Kare— Icon Design · Visual Language · HCI (20th–21st century)

John Carmack— Graphics · Systems · AI · Speed (20th–21st century)

Chris Lattner— Compilers · Swift · LLVM (20th–21st century)

Stephen Wolfram— Computation · Cellular Automata · Science (20th–21st century)

Warren Weaver— Communication Theory · Information · AI (19th–20th century)

James Gibson— Vision · Affordances · Ecological Perception (20th century)

Andrew Zisserman— Computer Vision · Deep Learning (20th–21st century)

Norbert Wiener— Cybernetics · Control Systems · Feedback (19th–20th century)

Grace Hopper— Compilers · COBOL · Naval Computing (20th century)

Design 5

Christopher Alexander— Architecture · Patterns · Life (20th–21st century)

Jonathan Ive— Industrial Design · Simplicity (20th–21st century)

Dieter Rams— Product Design · Less but Better (20th–21st century)

Cory Doctorow— Enshittification · Platform Design · Adversarial Interoperability · Digital Rights (20th–21st century)

Fumito Ueda— Game Design · Minimalism · Emotion (20th–21st century)

Earth Sciences 7

Jule Charney— Dynamic Meteorology · Numerical Prediction (20th century)

Vladimir Keilis-Borok— Seismology · Chaos · Earthquake Prediction (20th–21st century)

Edward Lorenz— Chaos Theory · Atmospheric Dynamics (20th–21st century)

James Lovelock— Gaia · Earth Systems · Climate (20th–21st century)

Carl-Gustaf Rossby— Atmospheric Waves · Fluid Dynamics (19th–20th century)

Gilbert Walker— Global Teleconnections · ENSO · Statistics (19th–20th century)

Zephyrus Climate Model— Climate · Complex Systems · Modelling (Non-historical)

Economics 7

John Maynard Keynes— Macroeconomics · Demand · Policy (19th–20th century)

Elinor Ostrom— Commons · Collective Action · Institutions (20th–21st century)

Amartya Sen— Development · Capability · Justice (20th–21st century)

Adam Smith— Political Economy · Markets · Moral Philosophy (18th century)

Milton Friedman— Monetarism · Chicago School · Free Markets (20th–21st century)

Ha-Joon Chang— Development Economics · Industrial Policy · Heterodox (20th–21st century)

Mariana Mazzucato— Mission Economy · Public Value · Innovation (20th–21st century)

Education 6

John Amos Comenius— Education · Early Childhood · Didactics (16th–17th century)

Lev Vygotsky— Learning · Zone of Proximal Development (19th–20th century)

John Dewey— Pragmatism · Experience · Democratic Education (19th–20th century)

Maria Montessori— Child Development · Self-Directed Learning (19th–20th century)

Paulo Freire— Critical Pedagogy · Liberation · Dialogue (20th century)

Paul Goodman— Anarchist Education · Community · Compulsory Miseducation (20th century)

Engineering 11

I.K. Brunel— Civil Engineering · Bridges · Railways (19th century)

Elon Musk— First Principles · Space · Electric · Scale (20th–21st century)

K. Eric Drexler— Nanotechnology · Molecular Machines · Futures (20th–21st century)

Donald Knuth— Algorithms · The Art of Computer Programming · Precision (20th–21st century)

Nikola Tesla— Electromagnetism · Energy · Invention (19th–20th century)

Steve Wozniak— Hardware · Elegant Engineering · Personal Computing (20th–21st century)

Buckminster Fuller— Systems Thinking · Geodesics · Ephemeralization (20th century)

Hero of Alexandria— Mechanics · Pneumatics · Automata · Steam (1st century)

Mechanical & Industrial

James Watt— Steam Power · Industrial Revolution · Thermodynamics (18th century)

George Stephenson— Railways · Locomotives · Infrastructure (19th century)

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth— Motion Study · Industrial Efficiency · Human Factors (19th–20th century)

Fine Art 1

Vincent van Gogh— Art Theory · Post-Impressionism · Colour · Painting (19th century)

Game Design 7

Joseph Campbell— Mythology · The Hero's Journey · Narrative (20th century)

Shigeru Miyamoto— Play · Worlds · Wonder (20th–21st century)

Will Wright— Simulation · Emergence · Systems (20th–21st century)

Hideo Kojima— Narrative · Auteur Design · Cinema (20th–21st century)

Sid Meier— Strategy · Meaningful Choice (20th–21st century)

Markus Persson— Indie Dev · Minecraft · Procedural (20th–21st century)

Jenova Chen— Emotional Games · Flow · Journey (20th–21st century)

History 1

William Robertson— Philosophical History · Impartiality · Progress · The Science of the Past · Scottish Enlightenment (18th century)

Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums 17

Gründung & Wissenschaft des Judentums

Abraham Geiger— Wissenschaft des Judentums · Biblical Criticism · Reform · Urschrift (1810–1874)

Talmud

Eduard Ezekiel Baneth— Talmud · Mishnah Commentary · Textual Transmission · Berakhot (1855–1930)

Hanoch Albeck— Talmud · Mishnah · Critical Editions · Source Analysis (1890–1972)

Israel Lewy— Talmud · Founding Faculty · Palestinian Talmud · Textual Criticism (1841–1917)

Philosophy

Hermann Cohen— Neo-Kantianism · Religion of Reason · Ethics · Marburg School (1842–1918)

Julius Guttmann— Philosophy of Judaism · Medieval & Modern · Die Philosophie des Judentums (1880–1950)

Max Wiener— Philosophy of Religion · Liberal Judaism · Modernity · Jüdische Religion im Zeitalter der Emanzipation (1882–1950)

Theology & Homiletics

Leo Baeck— Theology · The Essence of Judaism · Midrash · Theresienstadt (1873–1956)

Abraham Joshua Heschel— Theology · Prophetic Consciousness · Divine Pathos · The Sabbath · Civil Rights (1907–1972)

Sigmund Maybaum— Homiletics · Preaching · Rhetorical History · The Jewish Sermon (1844–1919)

History

Ismar Elbogen— Jewish History · Liturgy · Der jüdische Gottesdienst · Community History (1874–1943)

Linguistics & Psychology

Hermann Steinthal— Linguistics · Völkerpsychologie · Psychology of Language · Humboldt (1823–1899)

Moritz Lazarus— Ethics · Völkerpsychologie · Die Ethik des Judentums · Collective Psychology (1824–1903)

Bible & Hebrew

Harry Torczyner (Tur-Sinai)— Bible · Hebrew Language · Lachish Letters · Philology (1886–1973)

Occasional Lecturers & Students

Martin Buber— I and Thou · Dialogue · Hasidism · Zionism · Biblical Translation (1878–1965)

Franz Rosenzweig— The Star of Redemption · New Thinking · Creation-Revelation-Redemption · The Lehrhaus (1886–1929)

Gershom Scholem— Kabbalah · Jewish Mysticism · Sabbatai Zevi · Major Trends · The Other Side of Judaism (1897–1982)

Institute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous Systems 26

Strategic Doctrine

Thomas Schelling— Deterrence · Coercion · Bargaining · Focal Points · The Strategy of Conflict · Arms and Influence (1921–2016)

Lawrence Freedman— Strategy · The Future of War · Nuclear Deterrence · Command · A Choice of Enemies (21st century)

Hassan Abbasi— Asymmetric Doctrine · IRGC Strategy · Hybrid Warfare · Iranian Strategic Thought · The Passive Defence (21st century)

Hossein Salami— IRGC Doctrine · Drone Proliferation · Proxy Networks · Asymmetric Escalation · Strategic Patience (21st century)

Robert "Madyar" Brovdi— Drone-Centric Doctrine · Kill Zone · Asymmetric Mass · Ukraine (21st century)

Dmytro Prodanyuk— Drone Engineering · Cost Asymmetry · AI Catastrophe Threshold · Apartment-to-Battlefield Pipeline (21st century)

Technology & Autonomy

Paul Scharre— Autonomous Weapons · Human-Machine Teaming · Army of None · Kill Chain · Centaur Warfighting (21st century)

Ronald C. Arkin— Ethical Governor · Robot Ethics · Autonomous Lethal Systems · Behaviour-Based Robotics (21st century)

Stuart Russell— AI Safety · Human Compatible · Slaughterbots · The Case Against Autonomous Weapons (21st century)

Robert Sparrow— Responsibility Gap · Robot Ethics · Just War Theory · The Moral Status of Autonomous Weapons (21st century)

Ethics & Philosophy of Remote War

Grégoire Chamayou— Drone Theory · Manhunting · Necro-Ethics · The Ethics of Distance · Philosophy of Remote War (21st century)

Bradley Jay Strawser— The Moral Obligation to Use Drones · Just War Theory · Risk Transfer · The Ethics of Remote Warfare (21st century)

Geopolitics & Proliferation

Richard K. Betts— Surprise Attack · Intelligence Failure · Military Readiness · Nuclear Strategy · The Fog of Peace (21st century)

Andrea & Mauro Gilli— Military-Technological Imitation · Why Drones Have Not Proliferated · Complexity and Diffusion (21st century)

Thomas Rid— Cyber War · Active Measures · Disinformation · Rise of the Machines · Information Operations (21st century)

P.W. Singer— Wired for War · Robotics Revolution · LikeWar · The Militarisation of Social Media · Child Soldiers (21st century)

Xiao Tianliang (肖天亮)— PLA Strategy · Informatised Warfare · Chinese Military Thought · Systems Destruction · AI-Enabled War (21st century)

Law of Armed Conflict

Michael N. Schmitt— International Humanitarian Law · Tallinn Manual · Cyber Operations · Autonomous Weapons Law · Targeting (21st century)

Bonnie Docherty— Killer Robots · Campaign to Stop · Meaningful Human Control · Arms Control · Humanitarian Disarmament (21st century)

Psychology & Human Factors

Dave Grossman— On Killing · Killology · The Psychology of Lethal Combat · Resistance to Killing · Distance (21st century)

Brandon Bryant— Drone Operator Testimony · Moral Injury · Remote Killing · The View from the Ground Control Station (21st century)

David Wood— What Have We Done · Moral Injury · The Invisible Wounds · Veterans · War and the Soul (21st century)

Field Operations & Drone Warfare

"Borets" (Борець)— Naval Drone Warfare · Group 13 / HUR · Sea Baby · Unmanned Surface Vessels (21st century)

Ivan Lukashevych ("Hunter")— Drone Doctrine · SBU Unmanned Systems · FPV · Strike Architecture · Kill Chain Compression (21st century)

Robert "Madyar" Brovdi— Drone-Centric Doctrine · Kill Zone · Asymmetric Mass · Ukraine (21st century)

Dmytro Prodanyuk— Drone Engineering · Cost Asymmetry · AI Catastrophe Threshold · Apartment-to-Battlefield Pipeline (21st century)

Institut für Sexualwissenschaft 9

Die Abteilungen

Magnus Hirschfeld— Sexualbiologie · Zwischenstufenlehre · Sexual Intermediaries · Founder & Director (1868–1935)

Arthur Kronfeld— Seelische Sexualleiden · Psychiatry · Psychotherapy · Sexual Suffering (1886–1941)

Felix Abraham— Genitalumwandlung · Gender Surgery · Forensik · Expert Testimony · Transvestitenschein (1901–c.1943)

Max Hodann— Sexualaufklärung · Sex Education · Marriage Counselling · Workers' Health (1894–1946)

Reform, Recht & Aktivismus

Kurt Hiller— Rechtspolitik · Paragraph 175 · Legal Activism · Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee (1885–1972)

Helene Stöcker— Sexualreform · Reproductive Rights · Neue Ethik · Feminism · Pacifism (1869–1943)

Bibliothek, Archiv & Nachleben

Karl Giese— Bibliothek & Museum · Archive · 20,000 Volumes · Photography · Memory (1898–1938)

Harry Benjamin— Diaspora · Kontinuität · Transsexualism · The Benjamin Scale · New York (1885–1986)

Zeuginnen

Dora Richter— Zeugin · The First · Domestic Servant · Surgery 1931 · The Life Itself as Argument (1892–1966)

Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar 10

Talmud & Direktion

Zacharias Frankel— Direktor · Talmudic Literature · Positive-Historical Judaism · Darkei ha-Mishnah (1801–1875)

Israel Lewy— Talmudic Literature · Textual Criticism · Palestinian Talmud · Manuscript Tradition (1841–1917)

History & Bibliography

Heinrich Graetz— Jewish History · Geschichte der Juden · Exegesis · National Narrative (1817–1891)

Marcus Brann— Jewish History · Bibliography · Silesian Jewry · Seminar History (1849–1920)

Philosophy of Religion

Manuel Joël— Philosophy of Religion · Homiletics · Midrash · Greek-Jewish Philosophical Contact (1826–1890)

Jacob Freudenthal— Philosophy of Religion · Hellenistic Philosophy · Aristotle · Spinoza (1839–1907)

Jakob Guttmann— Philosophy of Religion · Medieval Jewish Philosophy · Rationalism · Saadia to Maimonides (1845–1919)

Albert Lewkowitz— Philosophy of Religion · Modern Jewish Thought · Ethics · The Last Lecturer (1883–1954)

Isaak Heinemann— Jewish Philosophy · Classical Philology · Philon · Darkhei ha-Aggadah (1876–1957)

Classical Philology

Jacob Bernays— Classical Philology · Philosophy of Religion · Aristotle's Poetics · Katharsis · Lucretius (1824–1881)

Journalism 9

Robert I. Friedman— Investigative Journalism · Organised Crime · Human Rights (20th–21st century)

Seymour Hersh— Investigative Journalism · Military · Intelligence (20th–21st century)

I.F. Stone— Independent Journalism · Government Accountability · The Weekly (20th century)

Janet Malcolm— Literary Journalism · The Journalist-Subject Relationship · Ethics (20th–21st century)

George Orwell— Political Writing · The Essay · Language & Truth (20th century)

A.J. Liebling— Press Criticism · War Reporting · Boxing · Food (20th century)

Gay Talese— Literary Journalism · New Journalism · Observation (20th–21st century)

Brendan O'Neill— Political Commentary · Free Speech · Anti-Censorship (20th–21st century)

Paul Staines (Guido Fawkes)— Political Blogging · Westminster · Investigative Gossip (20th–21st century)

Law 9

Horace R. Coke— Common Law · Advocacy · Criminal Defence (Non-historical)

Marcus Tullius Cicero— Roman Law · Rhetoric · Republic (2nd–1st century BC)

Thurgood Marshall— Civil Rights Law · Constitutional Law · NAACP (20th century)

Ruth Bader Ginsburg— Gender Equality · Dissent · Constitutional Law (20th–21st century)

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr— Common Law · Legal Realism · Dissent (19th–20th century)

Lord Denning— Equity · Common Law · Judicial Creativity (19th–20th century)

Clarence Darrow— Criminal Defence · Advocacy · Civil Liberties (19th–20th century)

Nelson Mandela— Law · Liberation · Constitutional Transition (20th–21st century)

Oliver Marshall— Legal Theory · Jurisprudence · Advocacy (Composite · 20th century)

Linguistics 29

Pāṇini— Sanskrit Grammar · Computational Linguistics (c. 4th century BC)

Mark Aranoff— Morphology · Word Formation · Linguistics (20th–21st century)

L.L. Zamenhof— Constructed Languages · Esperanto (19th–20th century)

Elendil ion Elenion— Constructed Language · Phonology · Script Design (Eternal)

Noam Chomsky— Generative Grammar · Universal Language · Cognition (20th–21st century)

Ferdinand de Saussure— Structural Linguistics · Sign · Semiology (19th–20th century)

Jacob Grimm— Historical-Comparative Linguistics · Sound Laws · Grimm's Law · Germanic (19th century)

Sībawayhi— Arabic Grammar · al-Kitāb · Phonetics · Grammar as Behaviour (8th century)

Roman Jakobson— Structural Linguistics · Poetics · Binary Features · Six Functions of Language (20th century)

Nikolai Trubetzkoy— Prague School Phonology · The Phoneme · Oppositions · Grundzüge (19th–20th century)

Edward Sapir— Linguistic Relativity · Indigenous Languages · Language as Art (19th–20th century)

Benjamin Lee Whorf— Linguistic Relativity · Habitual Thought · Hopi Time · Fire Inspector (20th century)

Joseph Greenberg— Linguistic Typology · Universals · Implicational Hierarchies · Mass Comparison (20th century)

M.A.K. Halliday— Systemic Functional Linguistics · Metafunctions · Register · Every Clause Does Three Things (20th–21st century)

Dell Hymes— Communicative Competence · Ethnography of Speaking · SPEAKING Model (20th century)

William Labov— Variationist Sociolinguistics · Language Change · Martha's Vineyard · New York City (20th–21st century)

Paul Grice— Pragmatics · Conversational Implicature · The Cooperative Principle · Maxims (20th century)

George Lakoff— Conceptual Metaphor · Embodied Cognition · Frames · Metaphors We Live By (20th–21st century)

Charles Fillmore— Frame Semantics · Construction Grammar · Case Grammar · FrameNet (20th–21st century)

Anna Wierzbicka— Natural Semantic Metalanguage · Semantic Primes · Cross-Cultural Semantics (20th–21st century)

William Stokoe— Sign Language Linguistics · ASL · Language Is Not Mouth Stuff (20th century)

Lord Monboddo— Origin of Language · Scottish Enlightenment · Language as Acquired Art (18th century)

Franz Boas— Cultural Relativism · Descriptive Linguistics · Indigenous Languages · Anti-Racism (19th–20th century)

Otto Jespersen— Linguistic Progress · Efficiency · English Grammar · Language Does Not Decay (19th–20th century)

Xǔ Shèn (許慎)— Shuōwén Jiězì · Chinese Character Analysis · Radical System · Lexicography (1st–2nd century)

Yáng Xióng (揚雄)— Fāngyán · Chinese Dialectology · Lexical Geography (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Mǎ Jiànzhōng (馬建忠)— Mǎshì Wéntōng · First Chinese Grammar · East-West Synthesis (19th century)

Yuen Ren Chao (趙元任)— Modern Chinese Linguistics · Phonology · Tone · Fieldwork (20th century)

Sperber & Wilson— Relevance Theory · Pragmatics · Ostensive Communication · Cognitive Effort (20th–21st century)

Logic 32

Ancient Logic

Aristotle (Logic & Metaphysics)— Categories · Prior Analytics · Posterior Analytics · Syllogism · Being qua Being (4th century BC)

Aristotle (General)— Syllogistic Logic · Rhetoric · Metaphysics (4th century BC)

Chrysippus— Stoic Propositional Logic · Five Indemonstrables · Conditionals · Modality · Lekta (3rd century BC)

Medieval Logic

Peter Abelard— Dialectic · Sic et Non · Universals · Nominalism · Propositional Analysis (12th century)

William of Ockham— Nominalism · Ockham's Razor · Supposition Theory · Mental Language · Parsimony (14th century)

Early Modern Logic

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz— Calculus Ratiocinator · Characteristica Universalis · Binary · Monads · Sufficient Reason (17th–18th century)

George Boole— Boolean Algebra · The Laws of Thought · Algebraic Logic · 0 and 1 · Logic as Mathematics (19th century)

C.S. Peirce— Abduction · Existential Graphs · Semiotics · Quantification · Pragmaticism (19th century)

Foundations & Set Theory

Georg Cantor— Set Theory · Infinity · Cardinality · Transfinite Numbers · The Continuum Hypothesis (19th century)

Gottlob Frege— Predicate Logic · Begriffsschrift · Foundations of Arithmetic · Sense and Reference (19th–20th century)

Frege (Logic Specialist)— Predicate Logic · Begriffsschrift · Concept & Object · Function · Quantification · The Foundations of Arithmetic (19th–20th century)

Bertrand Russell— Principia Mathematica · Type Theory · Paradox · Logical Atomism · Foundations (20th century)

David Hilbert— Formalism · Hilbert's Programme · Foundations · Metamathematics · The Decision Problem (19th–20th century)

Euclid— Axiomatic Method · Geometry · Formal Proof · The Elements (3rd century BC)

Incompleteness & Computability

Kurt Gödel— Incompleteness Theorems · Formal Systems · Constructible Universe · Consistency (20th century)

Alan Turing— Computability · The Turing Machine · The Halting Problem · Computable Numbers (20th century)

Alonzo Church— Lambda Calculus · Church's Thesis · Undecidability · Higher-Order Logic (20th century)

Gerhard Gentzen— Natural Deduction · Sequent Calculus · Cut-Elimination · The Hauptsatz · Proof Theory (20th century)

Philosophical Logic

Ludwig Wittgenstein— Tractatus · Philosophical Investigations · Language Games · Forms of Life · Logic (20th century)

Alfred Tarski— Formal Semantics · The Concept of Truth · Model Theory · Undefinability (20th century)

Saul Kripke— Modal Logic · Possible Worlds · Naming and Necessity · Rigid Designators (20th–21st century)

Charles Dodgson— Symbolic Logic · Paradox · Games of Logic · Diagrams · Wonderland (19th century)

Jan Łukasiewicz— Many-Valued Logic · Polish Notation · History of Stoic Logic · Three-Valued Logic (20th century)

Rudolf Carnap— Logical Syntax · Logical Empiricism · Probability · Meaning Postulates · Aufbau (20th century)

Argumentation & Informal Logic

Stephen Toulmin— The Uses of Argument · The Toulmin Model · Warrants · Backing · Field-Dependent Standards (20th century)

Chaïm Perelman— The New Rhetoric · Audience · Argumentation Theory · Universal Audience (20th century)

Proof & Programming

Edsger Dijkstra— Algorithms · Structured Programming · Program Correctness · Proof · Elegance (20th century)

Haskell Curry— Combinatory Logic · Curry-Howard Correspondence · Type Theory · Paradox · Currying (20th century)

Intuitionism

L.E.J. Brouwer— Intuitionism · Rejection of Excluded Middle · Choice Sequences · The Foundations Crisis (20th century)

Arend Heyting— Intuitionistic Logic · Heyting Algebras · BHK Interpretation · Formalising Brouwer (20th century)

Logic & Science

Karl Popper— Falsification · The Logic of Scientific Discovery · Critical Rationalism · The Open Society (20th century)

Imre Lakatos— Proofs and Refutations · Research Programmes · Quasi-Empiricism · The Methodology of Scientific Progress (20th century)

Literature 40

The Commerce of Literature

The Literary Agent— Manuscript Assessment · Pitch · Submission · Rights · Career (Composite)

The Editor— Structural Editing · Line Editing · Developmental Feedback (Composite)

The Publisher— Acquisition · Production · Distribution · The Business of Books (Composite)

The Critic— Literary Criticism · Review · Close Reading · Canon (Composite)

The Author as Professional— Writing Practice · Career · The Business of Books (Composite)

Classic & Contemporary

Reva Virginia George— Literature · Criticism · Consciousness · Narrative (Non-historical)

Alan Ginsberg-Cobden— Thriller · Suburbia · Hidden Lives · Plot · Composite (Non-historical)

George Eliot— Victorian Novel · Sympathy · Moral Psychology (19th century)

Charlotte Brontë— Victorian Gothic · Passion · Interior Life (19th century)

Captain Marryat— Naval Fiction · Adventure · 19th-Century Prose (18th–19th century)

Vladimir Nabokov— Literary Fiction · Style · Memory · Chess (19th–20th century)

Peter Ackroyd— Historical Fiction · London · Biography · Palimpsest (20th–21st century)

Clarice Lispector— Brazilian Modernism · Interior Life · Epiphany (20th century)

Joseph Heller— Satire · War · Bureaucratic Absurdity · Dark Comedy (20th century)

Kurt Vonnegut— Satire · Humanism · Dark Comedy · Anti-War (20th–21st century)

Edward Lear— Nonsense Literature · Poetry · Natural History (19th century)

B. Traven— Anarchist Fiction · Labour · Mystery · Adventure (19th–20th century)

The Beowulf Poet— Old English Epic · Heroic Poetry · Anglo-Saxon (c. 8th–11th century)

Geoffrey Chaucer— Middle English · Canterbury Tales · Narrative Poetry (14th century)

Christopher Marlowe— Tragedy · Renaissance Drama · Blank Verse · Overreaching (16th century)

William Shakespeare— Drama · Poetry · Human Nature · Theatre (16th–17th century)

Ben Jonson— Comedy of Humours · Satire · Jacobean Drama (16th–17th century)

Beaumont & Fletcher— Tragicomedy · Jacobean Theatre · Collaborative Drama (16th–17th century)

Molière— Comedy · Satire · Human Folly · French Theatre (17th century)

J.B. Priestley— Social Drama · Time Plays · English Conscience (19th–20th century)

Speculative & Experimental

Isaac Asimov— Science Fiction · Physics · Popularisation (20th century)

Arthur C. Clarke— Science Fiction · Futures · Wonder (20th–21st century)

Ursula K. Le Guin— Science Fiction · Anarchism · Feminism · Worldbuilding (20th–21st century)

Leigh Brackett— Planetary Romance · Film Noir · Science Fiction (20th century)

Ted Chiang— Hard Science Fiction · Cognition · Language · Ethics (20th–21st century)

Jorge Luis Borges— Magical Realism · Labyrinths · Infinite Libraries (19th–20th century)

Italo Calvino— Experimental Fiction · Postmodern · Lightness (20th century)

Stephen R. Donaldson— Epic Fantasy · Moral Complexity · Unbelief (20th–21st century)

Terry Pratchett— Satirical Fantasy · Discworld · Moral Comedy (20th–21st century)

Douglas Adams— Science Fiction · Absurdism · Comedy (20th–21st century)

Dr. Seuss— Children's Literature · Verse · Social Wisdom (20th century)

Fritz Leiber— Sword & Sorcery · Dark Fantasy · Urban Horror (20th century)

Anne McCaffrey— Science Fantasy · Dragonriders · Worldbuilding (20th–21st century)

George R.R. Martin— Epic Fantasy · POV · Worldbuilding · Moral Ambiguity (20th–21st century)

M. John Harrison— New Weird · Anti-Fantasy · Viriconium · Unease (20th–21st century)

Mathematics 45

Algebra & Category Theory

Arthur Cayley— Group Theory · Matrices · Permutations (19th century)

Évariste Galois— Group Theory · Symmetry · Field Extensions (19th century)

Alexander Grothendieck— Algebraic Geometry · Schemes · Topos Theory (20th–21st century)

Saunders Mac Lane— Category Theory · Functors · Structures (20th–21st century)

Emmy Noether— Abstract Algebra · Symmetry · Invariants (19th–20th century)

Jean-Pierre Serre— Algebraic Topology · Cohomology · Arithmetic (20th–21st century)

Analysis

Stefan Banach— Functional Analysis · Normed Spaces (19th–20th century)

Augustin-Louis Cauchy— Real Analysis · Complex Analysis · Rigour (18th–19th century)

Joseph Fourier— Heat · Series · Harmonic Analysis (18th–19th century)

Henri Lebesgue— Measure Theory · Integration (19th–20th century)

Laurent Schwartz— Distribution Theory · Functional Analysis (20th–21st century)

Sergei Sobolev— Sobolev Spaces · PDEs · Functional Analysis (20th century)

Karl Weierstrass— Real Analysis · Continuity · Approximation (19th century)

Applied & Computational

Archimedes— Mechanics · Geometry · Computation (3rd century BC)

Douglas Hofstadter— Mind · Self-Reference · Consciousness (20th–21st century)

Joseph-Louis Lagrange— Mechanics · Optimisation · Number Theory (18th–19th century)

Claude Shannon— Information Theory · Entropy · Coding (20th–21st century)

John von Neumann— Game Theory · Architecture · Physics (20th century)

J.D. Williams— Game Theory · Strategy · Pedagogy (20th century)

Foundations & Logic

Georg Cantor— Set Theory · Infinity · Cardinality (19th–20th century)

Charles Dodgson— Logic · Narrative · Paradox (19th century)

Kurt Gödel— Logic · Incompleteness · Formal Systems (20th century)

David Hilbert— Formal Systems · Foundations · Programme (19th–20th century)

Bertrand Russell— Logic · Foundations · Paradox (19th–20th century)

Geometry & Topology

M.C. Escher— Topology · Visual Mathematics · Impossible (19th–20th century)

Euclid— Geometry · Formal Proof (3rd century BC)

Heinz Hopf— Algebraic Topology · Fibre Bundles · Homotopy (19th–20th century)

Felix Klein— Topology · Group Theory · Erlangen (19th–20th century)

August Möbius— Topology · Non-orientable Surfaces (18th–19th century)

Henri Poincaré— Topology · Chaos · Intuition (19th–20th century)

Bernhard Riemann— Differential Geometry · Zeta Function (19th century)

René Thom— Catastrophe Theory · Morphogenesis · Topology (20th–21st century)

Gunnar Carlsson— Topological Data Analysis · Persistent Homology (20th–21st century)

Robert Ghrist— Applied Topology · Sheaves · Sensor Networks (20th–21st century)

Number Theory

Paul Erdős— Combinatorics · Number Theory · Collaboration (20th century)

Leonhard Euler— Number Theory · Analysis · Graph Theory (18th century)

Pierre de Fermat— Number Theory · Probability · Optics (17th century)

Carl Friedrich Gauss— Number Theory · Statistics · Physics (18th–19th century)

Srinivasa Ramanujan— Number Theory · Infinite Series · Partitions (19th–20th century)

Statistics & Probability

George Box— Design of Experiments · Time Series · Quality (20th–21st century)

F.N. David— Combinatorics · History of Statistics (20th century)

Ronald Fisher— Experimental Design · Inference · Genetics (19th–20th century)

Andrey Kolmogorov— Probability Theory · Complexity · Turbulence (20th century)

Jerzy Neyman— Hypothesis Testing · Confidence Intervals (19th–20th century)

Karl Pearson— Correlation · Biometrics · Statistical Method (19th–20th century)

Medicine 31

Hippocrates of Cos— Clinical Observation · Prognosis · Medical Ethics (5th–4th century BC)

Aulus Cornelius Celsus— De Medicina · Inflammation · Roman Surgery (1st century AD)

Dioscorides— De Materia Medica · Pharmacology · Medical Botany (1st century AD)

Galen of Pergamon— Anatomy · Galenic Physiology · Humoral Medicine (2nd–3rd century AD)

Al-Razi (Rhazes)— Islamic Medicine · Smallpox · Clinical Empiricism (9th–10th century)

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)— Canon of Medicine · Contagion · Medical Synthesis (10th–11th century)

Andreas Vesalius— De Humani Corporis Fabrica · Anatomy · Renaissance Medicine (16th century)

Ambroise Paré— Surgery · Wound Treatment · Battlefield Medicine (16th century)

William Harvey— Circulation · Experimental Physiology · Quantification (16th–17th century)

Thomas Sydenham— Clinical Observation · Nosology · The English Hippocrates (17th century)

Giovanni Battista Morgagni— Pathological Anatomy · Clinicopathological Correlation (17th–18th century)

Ignaz Semmelweis— Antisepsis · Puerperal Fever · Evidence vs Authority (19th century)

John Snow— Epidemiology · Cholera · The Natural Experiment (19th century)

Florence Nightingale— Statistics · Sanitation · The Preventable Death (19th–20th century)

Rudolf Virchow— Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine (19th–20th century)

Louis Pasteur— Germ Theory · Vaccination · Fermentation (19th century)

Joseph Lister— Antiseptic Surgery · Carbolic Acid · Wound Infection (19th–20th century)

Robert Koch— Bacteriology · Koch's Postulates · Tuberculosis (19th–20th century)

William Osler— Clinical Medicine · Bedside Teaching · Medical Education (19th–20th century)

Oliver Sacks— Neurology · The Clinical Narrative · Identity (20th–21st century)

Atul Gawande— Surgery · Checklists · Systems Thinking · Public Health (20th–21st century)

John Hunter— Surgery · Anatomy · Natural History · The Hunterian Museum (18th century)

Edward Jenner— Vaccination · Smallpox · Cowpox · Observation (18th–19th century)

Claude Bernard— Experimental Physiology · The Internal Environment · Method (19th century)

Jean-Martin Charcot— Neurology · The Salpêtrière · Clinical-Anatomical Method (19th century)

Paul Ehrlich— Immunology · Chemotherapy · The Magic Bullet · Staining (19th–20th century)

Karl Landsteiner— Blood Groups · Immunology · Transfusion · The Rh Factor (19th–20th century)

Walter Cannon— Homeostasis · Fight-or-Flight · The Wisdom of the Body (19th–20th century)

Helen Taussig— Paediatric Cardiology · Blue Baby Syndrome · Congenital Heart Disease (20th century)

Archie Cochrane— Evidence-Based Medicine · The Randomised Trial · Effectiveness (20th century)

Barry Marshall— Gastroenterology · Helicobacter Pylori · Self-Experimentation (20th–21st century)

Mesopotamian Studies 12

Uruk (c. 3400–3000 BC)

Kushim— Proto-Cuneiform · Accounting · Barley · Beer · The First Named Individual (c. 3400–3000 BC)

Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC)

Enheduanna— Hymns · The Exaltation of Inanna · First Named Author · En-Priestess of Nanna · Daughter of Sargon (23rd century BC)

Old Babylonian Period (c. 2000–1600 BC)

Hammurabi— The Codex · Law · Kingship · Justice · Old Babylonian Empire (18th century BC)

The Edubba— Scribal School · Cuneiform Pedagogy · Tablet House · Sumerian Education (c. 2000–1600 BC)

Chaldaean Babylon (7th–4th century BC)

Kidinnu— System B Lunar Theory · Synodic Month · Chaldaean Astronomy · Tersitu Tablets (4th century BC)

The Pantheon

Inanna— Love · War · Descent · Sovereignty · The First Goddess (3rd millennium BC)

Enki— Wisdom · Water · Craft · Civilisation · The Trickster God (3rd millennium BC)

Enlil— Wind · Storms · Kingship · Fate · Lord of the Air (3rd millennium BC)

Ninhursag— Earth · Birth · Healing · The Mother of Gods (3rd millennium BC)

Ereshkigal— Underworld · Death · Grief · The Great Below (3rd millennium BC)

Utu— Sun · Justice · Truth · The Witness of All Things (3rd millennium BC)

Nanna— Moon · Time · Cattle · The Measurer of Days (3rd millennium BC)

Music 12

Composition & Counterpoint

J.S. Bach— Counterpoint · Fugue · The Well-Tempered Clavier · Chorale · Structure as Beauty (17th–18th century)

Johann Joseph Fux— Gradus ad Parnassum · Species Counterpoint · Pedagogy · The Steps · Rules of Voice Leading (17th–18th century)

Francesco Durante— Partimenti · Neapolitan School · Figured Bass · Improvisation · Maestro dei Maestri (18th century)

Leonardo Leo— Partimenti · Solfeggio · Neapolitan School · Opera · Sacred Music · Counterpoint (18th century)

Giovanni Furno— Partimenti · Regole · Synonymy · Neapolitan Pedagogy · Teacher of Bellini (18th–19th century)

Domenico Scarlatti— Keyboard Sonatas · 555 Essercizi · Harpsichord · Hand-Crossing · Iberian Influence (18th century)

Music Theory (Medieval & Renaissance)

Guido d'Arezzo— Solmisation · Ut Re Mi · Staff Notation · Micrologus · Pedagogical Reform (11th century)

Franco of Cologne— Mensural Notation · Ars cantus mensurabilis · Rhythm · Duration · The Lawgiver (13th century)

Johannes Tinctoris— Terminorum musicae diffinitorium · Music Lexicography · Counterpoint Rules · Empiricism (15th century)

Gioseffo Zarlino— Le istitutioni harmoniche · Tuning · Senario · Major and Minor · Harmony as Philosophy (16th century)

Solfeggio & Continuo

Carlo Cotumacci— Solfeggio · Neapolitan Conservatory · Vocal Training · Teacher of Furno · Bridge Between Schools (18th century)

Francesco Gasparini— L'armonico pratico al cimbalo · Continuo · Accompaniment · Venetian Practice · Figured Bass (17th–18th century)

Mythology 41

Sumerian Pantheon

Inanna— Love · War · Descent · Sovereignty · The First Goddess · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Enki— Wisdom · Water · Craft · Civilisation · The Trickster God · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Enlil— Wind · Storms · Kingship · Fate · Lord of the Air · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Ninhursag— Earth · Birth · Healing · The Mother of Gods · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Ereshkigal— Underworld · Death · Grief · The Great Below · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Utu— Sun · Justice · Truth · The Witness of All Things · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Nanna— Moon · Time · Cattle · The Measurer of Days · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Egyptian Pantheon

Maat— Truth · Justice · Cosmic Order · All Epochs · Eternal (Eternal)

Thoth— Writing · Wisdom · Moon · Magic · Old Kingdom · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Anubis— Death · Judgement · Embalming · Passage · Old Kingdom · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Osiris— Resurrection · Kingship · Underworld · Grain · Middle Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Ra— Sun · Creation · Sovereignty · Solar Cycle · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Set— Chaos · Desert · Storm · Transformation · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Isis— Magic · Healing · Motherhood · Resurrection · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Norse Pantheon

Odin— Wisdom · Sacrifice · War · Poetry · The Long Game · Eternal (1st millennium)

Freyja— Love · War · Magic · Sovereignty · The Chosen Dead · Eternal (1st millennium)

Thor— Thunder · Protection · Strength · The Common People · Eternal (1st millennium)

Tyr— Justice · Law · Honour · Sacrifice · Single Combat · Eternal (1st millennium)

Loki— Trickery · Shape-shifting · Chaos · Consequences · Eternal (1st millennium)

Freyr— Fertility · Abundance · Sunlight · Peace · Sacrifice · Eternal (1st millennium)

Greek Pantheon

Zeus— Sky · Sovereignty · Law · Xenia · The Thunderbolt · Eternal (Eternal)

Hera— Marriage · Sovereignty · The Sacred Bond · Queenship · Eternal (Eternal)

Athena— Wisdom · Strategy · Craft · Civilisation · The Owl's Sight · Eternal (Eternal)

Apollo— Light · Music · Prophecy · Healing · Truth · The Examined Distance · Eternal (Eternal)

Artemis— The Hunt · Wilderness · The Moon · Transition · Self-Possession · Eternal (Eternal)

Hermes— Messengers · Boundaries · Trade · Theft · Language · The Dead · Eternal (Eternal)

Dionysus— Wine · Theatre · Ecstasy · Dissolution · Twice-Born · The Stranger · Eternal (Eternal)

Archetypes

The Hero— Archetype · Quest · Transformation · Threshold · Eternal (Eternal)

The Great Mother— Archetype · Nurture · Destruction · Cycles of Life · Eternal (Eternal)

The Sage— Archetype · Wisdom · Discernment · The Long View · Eternal (Eternal)

The Trickster— Archetype · Disruption · Boundary-Breaking · Play · Eternal (Eternal)

The Shadow— Archetype · The Unconscious · Integration · Dark Self · Eternal (Eternal)

The Self— Archetype · Individuation · Wholeness · Centre · Eternal (Eternal)

The Dragon— Archetype · Fire · Ancient Hoarding · Riddle · Eternal (Eternal)

Polynesian Pantheon

Māui— Trickster · Culture Hero · Demigod · Fished Up the North Island · Eternal (Eternal)

Tangaroa— God of the Sea · Ocean as Origin · The Great Highway · Eternal (Eternal)

Tāne— Forests · Birds · Light · Separated Earth and Sky · Creation · Eternal (Eternal)

Hina— Moon · Women's Arts · Death as Care · The Tides · Eternal (Eternal)

Pele— Volcanoes · Fire · New Land · She IS Kīlauea · Creation · Eternal (Eternal)

Tūmatauenga— War · Humanity · Standing Firm · Ancestor of All People · Eternal (Eternal)

Rongo— Cultivation · Peace · Kūmara · The Arts · Balance with War · Eternal (Eternal)

Philosophy 40

Heraclitus of Ephesus— Flux · Fire · Logos · The Unity of Opposites · Fragments (6th–5th century BC)

Parmenides of Elea— Being · The Way of Truth · The Way of Seeming · Monism (6th–5th century BC)

Democritus of Abdera— Atoms & Void · Materialism · Ethics · The Laughing Philosopher (5th–4th century BC)

Socrates (Composite)— The Examined Life · Elenchus · Aporia · Daimonion · The Socratic Problem (5th century BC)

Plato (Socratic)— The Apology · Euthyphro · Crito · Early Dialogues · Socratic Method (5th–4th century BC)

Plato (Republic)— The Republic · Justice · The Cave · The Philosopher-King · The Tripartite Soul (5th–4th century BC)

Plato (Eros & the Soul)— Symposium · Phaedo · Phaedrus · Love · Immortality · Beauty (5th–4th century BC)

Plato (Late)— Timaeus · Parmenides · Sophist · Laws · Cosmology · Self-Critique (5th–4th century BC)

Aristotle (Logic & Metaphysics)— Categories · Analytics · Syllogism · Being qua Being · Substance (4th century BC)

Aristotle (Ethics & Politics)— Nicomachean Ethics · Politics · Rhetoric · Poetics · The Good Life (4th century BC)

Aristotle (Nature & Soul)— Physics · De Anima · History of Animals · Generation · Parts (4th century BC)

Immanuel Kant— Ethics · Epistemology · Reason (18th–19th century)

Epicurus— Pleasure · Ataraxia · Friendship · Materialism (4th–3rd century BC)

Philodemus of Gadara— Epicureanism · Herculaneum Papyri · Frank Criticism · Poetry · Music (1st century BC)

Philo of Alexandria (Allegorist)— Allegorical Commentary · Genesis · Logos · Platonic Moses (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Philo of Alexandria (Expositor)— Exposition of the Law · Moses · Decalogue · Contemplative Life (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Philo of Alexandria (Witness)— Embassy to Gaius · Against Flaccus · The Pogrom · Political Testimony (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Epictetus— Stoicism · The Enchiridion · Discourses · What Is Up to Us (1st–2nd century AD)

Marcus Aurelius— Meditations · Stoic Practice · Imperial Philosophy · Private Thought (2nd century AD)

Sextus Empiricus— Pyrrhonian Scepticism · Outlines · Suspension of Judgement · Equipollence (2nd–3rd century AD)

Plotinus— Enneads · The One · Emanation · Return · Neoplatonism (3rd century AD)

Baruch Spinoza— Ethics · Substance Monism · God or Nature · Geometric Method · Freedom (17th century)

Ludwig Wittgenstein— Language · Logic · Forms of Life (19th–20th century)

Simone de Beauvoir— Existentialism · Feminism · Ethics of Ambiguity (20th century)

Robert Nozick— Libertarian Philosophy · Rights · Minimal State (20th–21st century)

Logic

Aristotle— Syllogistic Logic · Rhetoric · Metaphysics (4th century BC)

Gottlob Frege— Predicate Logic · Foundations · Philosophy of Language (19th–20th century)

Alfred Tarski— Formal Semantics · Truth · Model Theory (20th century)

Saul Kripke— Modal Logic · Possible Worlds · Naming & Necessity (20th–21st century)

Sherlock Holmes— Deductive Reasoning · Detection · Method (Non-historical)

Dr. Watson— Logic · Deduction · General Troubleshooting (Non-historical)

Scottish Enlightenment

Francis Hutcheson— Moral Sense · Benevolence · The Greatest Good · Aesthetic Perception (18th century)

David Hume— Empiricism · Scepticism · The Is-Ought Gap · Passion · Custom (18th century)

Adam Smith— Moral Sentiments · Sympathy · The Impartial Spectator · Political Economy (18th century)

Thomas Reid— Common Sense · Direct Realism · Against Hume · The Principles of Common Sense (18th century)

James Beattie— Common Sense · Anti-Scepticism · Essay on Truth · Moral Aesthetics (18th century)

Alexander Gerard— Taste · Genius · Aesthetic Philosophy · The Creative Process (18th century)

Scottish Rhetoric

Hugh Blair— Lectures on Rhetoric · Belles Lettres · Style · Taste · The Sublime (18th century)

George Campbell— The Philosophy of Rhetoric · Evidence · Testimony · Persuasion (18th century)

Lord Kames— Elements of Criticism · Aesthetic Theory · Law · Taste as Moral Faculty (18th century)

Pharmacology 22

Theophrastus of Eresus— Botany · De Historia Plantarum · Medicinal Plants · Aristotelian Natural History (4th–3rd century BC)

Pedanius Dioscorides— De Materia Medica · Pharmacology · Field Observation · The Pharmacopoeia (1st century AD)

Galen of Pergamon— Compound Drugs · Four Qualities · Degree Theory · The Physician-Philosopher (2nd–3rd century AD)

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)— Canon of Medicine · Drug Testing Rules · Tajribah · The Philosopher-Physician (10th–11th century)

Ibn al-Baitar— Kitab al-Jami · 300 New Plants · Field Pharmacology · Correcting Dioscorides (12th–13th century)

Paracelsus— Sola Dosis Facit Venenum · Iatrochemistry · The Tria Prima · The Basel Bonfire (15th–16th century)

Louis Lewin— Phantastica · Psychoactive Classification · Ethnobotanical Pharmacology · Anhalonium (19th–20th century)

John Newport Langley— Receptive Substances · Autonomic Nervous System · Nicotine-Curare · Chemical Transmission (19th–20th century)

Paul Ehrlich— The Magic Bullet · Side-Chain Theory · Salvarsan · Receptor Concept · Drug Resistance (19th–20th century)

Otto Loewi— Vagusstoff · Chemical Neurotransmission · The Easter Dream · Acetylcholine (19th–20th century)

Henry Hallett Dale— Acetylcholine · Cholinergic/Adrenergic · Histamine · Peripheral Transmission (19th–20th century)

Alexander Fleming— Penicillin · The Contaminated Plate · Serendipity · The Resistance Warning (19th–20th century)

Selman Waksman— Streptomycin · Soil Microbiology · The Word "Antibiotic" · Systematic Drug Discovery (19th–20th century)

Gerhard Domagk— Prontosil · Sulfonamides · The First Synthetic Antibacterial · The Industrial Screen (19th–20th century)

George Hitchings— Rational Drug Design · Antimetabolites · Nucleic Acid Metabolism · Programme Architecture (20th century)

Bernard Brodie— Drug Metabolism · Biochemical Pharmacology · Reserpine · Serotonin · The Laboratory Dynasty (20th century)

Raymond Ahlquist— Alpha & Beta Receptors · Receptor Subtype Classification · The Rejected Paper (20th century)

Gertrude Elion— Rational Drug Design · Acyclovir · 6-Mercaptopurine · Azathioprine · Selective Toxicity (20th century)

Arvid Carlsson— Dopamine · Reserpine-L-DOPA Proof · Parkinson's · SSRIs · CNS Pharmacology (20th–21st century)

James Black— Beta-Blockers · H2 Antagonists · Propranolol · Cimetidine · Receptor-Based Drug Design (20th–21st century)

Akira Endo— Statins · HMG-CoA Reductase · Compactin · Soil Fungi · Discovery Without Development (20th–21st century)

Candace Pert— Opioid Receptor · Radioligand Binding · Endorphins · Molecules of Emotion (20th–21st century)

Physics 12

Niels Bohr— Quantum Mechanics · Atomic Structure · Philosophy (19th–20th century)

K. Eric Drexler— Nanotechnology · Molecular Machines · Futures (20th–21st century)

Enrico Fermi— Nuclear Physics · Estimation · Experiment (20th century)

Richard Feynman— Quantum Electrodynamics · Paths · Teaching (20th century)

Stephen Hawking— Cosmology · Black Holes · Radiation (20th–21st century)

Werner Heisenberg— Quantum Mechanics · Uncertainty · Matrix (20th century)

James Clerk Maxwell— Electromagnetism · Field Theory · Light (19th century)

Wolfgang Pauli— Quantum Mechanics · Exclusion · Structure (19th–20th century)

Albert Einstein— Relativity · Quantum Theory · Thought Experiments (19th–20th century)

Nikola Tesla— Electromagnetism · Energy · Invention (19th–20th century)

Paul Dirac— Quantum Mechanics · Antimatter · Mathematical Beauty (20th century)

Ludwig Boltzmann— Statistical Mechanics · Entropy · Thermodynamics (19th–20th century)

Psychedelics 20

William James— Varieties of Religious Experience · Nitrous Oxide · Radical Empiricism · Mysticism (19th–20th century)

María Sabina— The Velada · Sacred Mushrooms · Mazatec Healing · Language as Medicine (20th century)

Aldous Huxley— The Doors of Perception · The Reducing Valve · Mescaline · The Perennial Philosophy (20th century)

R. Gordon Wasson— Ethnomycology · The Velada · Soma · Mushrooms & Civilisation (20th century)

Albert Hofmann— LSD · Psilocybin · Chemistry · The Bicycle Day (20th–21st century)

Richard Evans Schultes— Ethnobotany · Amazonian Plants · Indigenous Knowledge · Conservation (20th–21st century)

John C. Lilly— Isolation Tanks · Ketamine · The Human Biocomputer · Dolphin Communication (20th–21st century)

Humphry Osmond— Psychedelic Naming · The M-Hypothesis · Schizophrenia · High-Dose Model (20th–21st century)

Timothy Leary— Set and Setting · The Harvard Experiments · Turn On Tune In Drop Out (20th century)

Alexander Shulgin— PIHKAL · TIHKAL · Structure-Activity · Self-Experimentation (20th–21st century)

Carlos Castaneda— The Teachings of Don Juan · Tonal/Nagual · Controlled Folly · Perception (20th century)

Stanislav Grof— LSD Psychotherapy · COEX Systems · Perinatal Matrices · Holotropic Breathwork (20th–21st century)

Claudio Naranjo— MDA · Harmaline · Character & Neurosis · SAT Programme · Gestalt (20th–21st century)

Ralph Metzner— Maps of Consciousness · Ecology of Mind · Green Psychology · Intention (20th–21st century)

Terence McKenna— Psilocybin · The Stoned Ape · Language · Novelty Theory · The Archaic Revival (20th century)

Jonathan Ott— Entheogen · Pharmacotheon · Pharmahuasca · Ethnobotanical Chemistry (20th–21st century)

Dennis McKenna— Ethnopharmacology · Ayahuasca · DMT · Botanical Science (20th–21st century)

Paul Stamets— Mycology · Mycelium · Mycoremediation · The Stamets Stack · Psilocybin (20th–21st century)

Robin Carhart-Harris— Entropic Brain · Default Mode Network · REBUS · Psilocybin Trials (21st century)

Benny Shanon— Ayahuasca Cognition · Vision Typology · Biblical Entheogens · Phenomenology (20th–21st century)

Politics 18

Nelson Mandela— Liberation · Reconciliation · Democratic Transition (20th–21st century)

Martin Luther King Jr— Civil Rights · Nonviolent Resistance · Moral Leadership (20th century)

Mohandas Gandhi— Nonviolence · Satyagraha · Civil Resistance (19th–20th century)

Parihaka Climate Voices— Nonviolent Resistance · Indigenous Strategy · Climate (19th century)

Dwight D. Eisenhower— Presidential Leadership · Military-Industrial Complex · Cold War (19th–20th century)

Anarchism & Radical Theory

Max Stirner— Egoism · The Unique One · Critique of Ideology (19th century)

Paul Goodman— Anarchist Education · Community · Compulsory Miseducation (20th century)

Raoul Vaneigem— Situationism · Revolution of Everyday Life · Joy (20th–21st century)

John Zerzan— Anarcho-Primitivism · Critique of Technology · Rewilding (20th–21st century)

Hakim Bey— Temporary Autonomous Zones · Poetic Terrorism · Ontological Anarchism (20th–21st century)

Fredy Perlman— Against Civilisation · Leviathan · Anarchist History (20th century)

Wolfi Landstreicher— Egoist Anarchism · Individualism · Anti-Morality (20th–21st century)

Feral Faun— Anarcho-Primitivism · Wild Subjectivity · Anti-Civilisation (20th–21st century)

Sir Einzige— Stirnerite Egoism · Unique One · Post-Left Anarchy (20th–21st century)

Aragorn!— Green Anarchism · Anti-Civilisation · North American Anarchism (20th–21st century)

Alexei Borovoy— Russian Individualist Anarchism · Mystical Anarchism · Ego (19th–20th century)

Bob Black— Anarchism · Anti-Work · Play (20th–21st century)

B. Traven— Anarchist Fiction · Labour · Mystery · Adventure (19th–20th century)

Psychology 21

Barbara Allen— Student Services & Counsellor (Non-historical)

Wilhelm Wundt— Experimental Psychology · Introspection · Apperception (19th–20th century)

William James— Pragmatism · Stream of Consciousness · Varieties of Religious Experience (19th–20th century)

Sigmund Freud— Psychoanalysis · The Unconscious · Repression · Dream Interpretation (19th–20th century)

Alfred Adler— Individual Psychology · Inferiority · Social Interest · Encouragement (19th–20th century)

Carl Gustav Jung— Analytical Psychology · Archetypes · Individuation (19th–20th century)

Melanie Klein— Object Relations · Inner World · Depressive Position · Play Technique (19th–20th century)

D.W. Winnicott— Good-Enough · Holding Environment · True Self · Potential Space (19th–20th century)

B.F. Skinner— Behaviourism · Operant Conditioning · Schedules of Reinforcement (20th century)

Ivan Pavlov— Classical Conditioning · Conditioned Reflex · Experimental Neurosis (19th–20th century)

Konrad Lorenz— Ethology · Imprinting · Fixed Action Patterns · Animal Behaviour (20th–21st century)

George Miller— Cognitive Psychology · Memory · Attention (20th–21st century)

Lev Vygotsky— Developmental Psychology · Zone of Proximal Development · Learning (19th–20th century)

Abraham Maslow— Hierarchy of Needs · Self-Actualisation · Peak Experiences · Humanistic Psychology (20th century)

Carl Rogers— Person-Centred Therapy · Unconditional Positive Regard · Actualising Tendency (20th century)

Jean Piaget— Cognitive Development · Constructivism · Four Stages (19th–20th century)

John Bowlby— Attachment Theory · Secure Base · Internal Working Models (20th century)

Viktor Frankl— Logotherapy · Will to Meaning · Man's Search for Meaning (20th century)

Joseph Wolpe— Systematic Desensitisation · Reciprocal Inhibition · Exposure Therapy (20th century)

John B. Watson— Behaviourism · The Behaviourist Manifesto · Environmental Determinism (19th–20th century)

Mary Ainsworth— Strange Situation · Attachment Patterns · Sensitivity Hypothesis (20th century)

Rhetoric 30

Greek Oratory (Ῥητορικὴ Τέχνη)

Antiphon— Attic Oratory · Eikos · Probability · The First Logographer (5th century BC)

Lysias— Attic Oratory · The Plain Style · Characterisation · Art That Conceals Art (5th–4th century BC)

Isocrates— Greek Rhetoric · Political Education · Periodic Style · Pan-Hellenism (5th–4th century BC)

Demosthenes— Greek Rhetoric · Political Urgency · The Philippics · Parrhēsia (4th century BC)

Roman Rhetoric (Ars Oratoria)

Marcus Tullius Cicero— Oratory · De Oratore · Rhetoric · Humanitas · The Complete Orator (1st century BC)

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus— Rhetoric · Education · Institutio Oratoria · The Complete Orator (1st century AD)

Rhetorica Ciceroniana— Oratory · Rhetoric · Persuasion · Latin Style · The Five Canons (Classical Latin)

Scottish Rhetoric (18th Century)

Hugh Blair— Lectures on Rhetoric · Belles Lettres · Style · Taste · The Sublime (18th century)

George Campbell— The Philosophy of Rhetoric · Evidence · Testimony · Persuasion (18th century)

Lord Kames— Elements of Criticism · Aesthetic Theory · Law · Taste as Moral Faculty (18th century)

Analytical Tools

Rhetor— Rhetorical Structure · Figure Detection · Appeal Analysis · Dispositio · Style Comparison (Composite)

Classical Scholarship

Longinus— On the Sublime · Hýpsos · Elevation · Transport · The Lightning-Bolt (1st century AD)

George A. Kennedy— Classical Rhetoric · Comparative Rhetoric · History of Rhetoric · Greek Rhetoric Through the Ages (1928–2014)

Rhetorical Theory (20th Century)

Kenneth Burke— Dramatism · Identification · The Pentad · Grammar of Motives · Language as Symbolic Action (1897–1993)

I.A. Richards— The Philosophy of Rhetoric · Tenor and Vehicle · Metaphor · Meaning · Practical Criticism (1893–1979)

J.L. Austin— Speech Act Theory · How to Do Things with Words · Performative Utterances · Illocutionary Force (1911–1960)

Richard M. Weaver— Ideas Have Consequences · The Ethics of Rhetoric · Language Is Sermonic · Ultimate Terms (1910–1963)

Ernesto Grassi— Rhetoric as Philosophy · Italian Humanism · Ingenium · The Priority of the Figurative (1902–1991)

Argumentation

Chaïm Perelman— The New Rhetoric · Audience · Argumentation Theory · Reasonable vs Rational · Universal Audience (1912–1984)

Stephen Toulmin— The Uses of Argument · The Toulmin Model · Warrants · Backing · Field-Dependent Standards (1922–2009)

Lloyd F. Bitzer— The Rhetorical Situation · Exigence · Audience · Constraints · Situational Rhetoric (1931–2016)

Richard E. Vatz— The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation · Rhetoric as Creation · Salience · The Rhetor as Agent (21st century)

Scott Consigny— Rhetoric and Its Situations · The Bitzer-Vatz Debate · Integrity · Receptivity (20th century)

Rhetorical Criticism

Herbert A. Wichelns— The Literary Criticism of Oratory · Rhetorical Criticism · Speech as Persuasion · The Founding Essay (1894–1973)

Edwin Black— Rhetorical Criticism · The Second Persona · Neo-Aristotelian Critique · Moral Dimensions of Rhetoric (1929–2007)

Wayne Brockriede— Arguers as Lovers · Rhetorical Criticism as Argument · Stance · Ethics of Argument (1922–1986)

Gloria Anzaldúa— Borderlands · Mestiza Consciousness · Nepantla · Code-Switching · Rhetoric of the Margins (1942–2004)

bell hooks— Engaged Pedagogy · Talking Back · The Margins as a Site of Resistance · Love as Practice (1952–2021)

Media & Orality

Marshall McLuhan— The Medium Is the Message · Understanding Media · Hot and Cool · The Global Village · Extensions of Man (1911–1980)

Walter J. Ong, S.J.— Orality and Literacy · Oral Culture · The Psychodynamics of Writing · Rhetoric and Consciousness (1912–2003)

Sports 44

Footballers

Franz Beckenbauer— Libero · Elegance · Leadership · Bayern · World Cup (20th–21st century)

George Best— Dribbling · Instinct · Belfast · Manchester United · Genius (20th century)

Johan Cruyff— Total Football · Coaching · Space · Vision (20th century)

Marco van Basten— Finishing · Technique · Milan · Netherlands · The Volley (20th century)

Ronaldo (R9)— O Fenômeno · Pace · Power · Finishing · Brazil (20th–21st century)

Football Management

Arrigo Sacchi— Pressing · Zonal Marking · Tactical Revolution (20th century)

Alex Ferguson— Manchester United · Dynasty · The Hairdryer · Longevity · Winning Culture (20th–21st century)

Carlo Ancelotti— Man Management · Champions League · Calm · AC Milan · Real Madrid (20th–21st century)

Arsène Wenger— Arsenal · Invincibles · Youth Development · Nutrition · The Long Game (20th–21st century)

José Mourinho— The Special One · Counter-Attack · Siege Mentality · Porto · Chelsea · Inter (20th–21st century)

Marcelo Bielsa— El Loco · Pressing · Preparation · Athletic Bilbao · Leeds · Total Commitment (20th–21st century)

Jürgen Klopp— Gegenpressing · Heavy Metal Football · Liverpool · Motivation (20th–21st century)

Pep Guardiola— Positional Play · Tiki-Taka · Barcelona · City · Control (20th–21st century)

Formula -1 Ancient

The Charioteer (Archetype)— Chariot Racing · The Ur-Driver · Homer to Rome · Funeral Games to Circus (Composite)

Flavius Scorpus— Circus Maximus · The Greens · 2,048 Victories · Dead at 26 · Martial's Epitaph (1st century AD)

Gaius Appuleius Diocles— Circus Maximus · The Reds · 4,257 Starts · Strategic Racing · Lusitania (2nd century AD)

Porphyrius Calliopas— Constantinople · Blues & Greens · The Diversium · Seven Monuments · Byzantine Racing (5th–6th century AD)

Formula -1 Modern

Juan Manuel Fangio— Five Championships · El Maestro · Strategic Genius · Alfa Romeo · Mercedes · Maserati · Ferrari (20th century)

Jim Clark— Natural Talent · Lotus · Two Championships · Borders Farmer · Smoothness (20th century)

Jackie Stewart— Three Championships · Safety Crusade · The Flying Scot · Precision · Nürburgring (20th century)

Niki Lauda— The Computer · Nürburgring 1976 · Comeback · Ferrari · McLaren · Three Championships (20th century)

Alain Prost— The Professor · Four Championships · Economy · Precision · Senna Rivalry (20th century)

Ayrton Senna— The Rainmaster · Three Championships · Monaco · Qualifying · God · Imola 1994 (20th century)

Nigel Mansell— Il Leone · One Championship · Williams · Ferrari · Bravery · The British Lion (20th century)

Michael Schumacher— Seven Championships · Ferrari Empire · Fitness · Dominance · The Factory (20th–21st century)

Fernando Alonso— The Transcender · Two Championships · Renault · Ferrari · Longevity · Adaptability (20th–21st century)

Kimi Räikkönen— The Iceman · One Championship · Ferrari · Lotus · Leave Me Alone (20th–21st century)

Lewis Hamilton— Seven Championships · Mercedes · Stevenage · Records · Platform · Activism (20th–21st century)

Sebastian Vettel— Four Championships · Red Bull · The Idealist · Environmentalism · Retirement (20th–21st century)

Max Verstappen— The Anti-Myth · Three Championships · Red Bull · Sim Racing · Directness (21st century)

Cricket

W.G. Grace— The Champion · Victorian Cricket · Batting Pioneer · The Doctor (19th century)

Jack Hobbs— The Master · 199 First-Class Centuries · Opening Batsman · Surrey · England (19th–20th century)

Don Bradman— The Don · 99.94 · Statistical Outlier · Australia · Invincibles (20th century)

Garry Sobers— The Greatest All-Rounder · Six Sixes · West Indies · Batting · Bowling · Fielding (20th century)

Viv Richards— Master Blaster · West Indies · Swagger · Antiguan Pride · No Helmet (20th century)

Malcolm Marshall— Fast Bowling · West Indies · Hampshire · Pace · Hostility · Intelligence (20th century)

Imran Khan— Pakistan · All-Rounder · 1992 World Cup · Reverse Swing · Leadership (20th century)

Kapil Dev— India · 1983 World Cup · All-Rounder · Natraj Shot · Indian Fast Bowling (20th century)

Shane Warne— Leg Spin · Ball of the Century · Australia · Reinvented Spin Bowling (20th–21st century)

Sachin Tendulkar— The Little Master · India · 100 International Centuries · Devotion · Longevity (20th–21st century)

Brian Lara— West Indies · 400 Not Out · 501 Not Out · Genius · Trinidad (20th–21st century)

Muttiah Muralitharan— Off Spin · 800 Test Wickets · Sri Lanka · The Doosra · Biomechanics (20th–21st century)

MS Dhoni— Captain Cool · India · Wicketkeeper · Finisher · 2011 World Cup Six (20th–21st century)

Ben Stokes— England · Headingley 2019 · All-Rounder · Bazball · The Impossible (21st century)

Space Exploration 30

Propulsion Pioneers

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky— Rocketry Theory · The Rocket Equation · Cosmism · Space Stations (19th–20th century)

Robert Goddard— Liquid-Fuel Rocketry · 214 Patents · The Cherry Tree · The Lone Experimenter (19th–20th century)

Hermann Oberth— Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen · Four Propositions · Staging · Teacher of von Braun (19th–20th century)

Sergei Korolev— The Chief Designer · Sputnik · Vostok · R-7 · Systems Integration · Kolyma Survivor (20th century)

Wernher von Braun— Saturn V · V-2 · NASA · Rocket Engineering · Apollo (20th century)

Kelly Johnson— Skunk Works · Aerospace · Fast Prototyping · 14 Rules (20th century)

Mission Architecture

Chris Kraft— Invented Mission Control · First Flight Director · The Conductor · Mercury · Gemini (20th–21st century)

Maxime Faget— Mercury Capsule · Spacecraft Design · Blunt Body · Gemini · Apollo · Shuttle (20th century)

George Low— Apollo 8 Decision · Programme Management · The Quiet Fixer (20th century)

Valentin Glushko— Rocket Engines · RD-170 · Korolev's Rival · Energia (20th century)

Vision & Futures

Arthur C. Clarke— Geostationary Orbit · Space Elevators · Science Fiction · Futures (20th century)

Freeman Dyson— Dyson Sphere · Project Orion · Biology as Technology · The Long View (20th–21st century)

Propulsion Physics

Enrico Fermi— Estimation · The Fermi Paradox · Nuclear Chain Reaction · Chicago Pile-1 (20th century)

Stanislaw Ulam— Monte Carlo Method · Staging Mathematics · Teller-Ulam · Nuclear Pulse Propulsion (20th century)

Edward Teller— Fusion Ignition · Hydrogen Bomb · Source Physics · Controversial Legacy (20th century)

Plasma & Solar Environment

Hannes Alfvén— MHD · Alfvén Waves · Plasma Physics · Magnetic Shielding · Mini-Magnetosphere (20th century)

Kristian Birkeland— Solar Wind · Aurora · Birkeland Currents · Terrella Experiments (19th–20th century)

Planetary Science

Carl Sagan— Cosmos · Pale Blue Dot · Planetary Exploration · Science Communication (20th century)

Jocelyn Bell Burnell— Pulsars · Discovery · Graduate Student · Hewish Got the Nobel (20th–21st century)

Vera Rubin— Dark Matter · Galaxy Rotation Curves · The Invisible Universe (20th–21st century)

Carolyn Porco— Cassini · Saturn · Enceladus · Rings · Imaging Science (20th–21st century)

Interstellar Systems Engineering

Robert Forward— Laser Sail · Tethers · Antimatter Propulsion · Physics-to-Engineering Translation (20th century)

Habitats, Life Support & ISRU

Gerard K. O'Neill— The High Frontier · O'Neill Cylinders · L5 · Space Colonies (20th century)

Josef Gitelson— BIOS-3 · Closed Ecological Life Support · Chlorella · Siberian Experiments (20th–21st century)

Robert Zubrin— Mars Direct · In-Situ Resource Utilisation · The Case for Mars · Sabatier Reactor (20th–21st century)

Radiation Biology

Hermann Muller— Linear No-Threshold · Muller's Ratchet · Heritable Radiation Damage · Nobel 1946 (20th century)

Sewall Wright— Population Genetics · Effective Population Size · Genetic Drift · Germplasm Strategy (20th century)

Civilisation Architecture

Thomas More— Utopia · Ship Design as Society Design · The Founding Problem (15th–16th century)

The Corporation of London— 900 Years · Institutional Survival · Continuity · Self-Governance (Institutional Consciousness)

The Council of Yavne— Civilisation Without Place · Portability · Canon · The Diaspora Solution (Institutional Consciousness)

Sociology 24

Classical Founders

Auguste Comte— Positivism · The Science of Society · Three Stages · Social Statics & Dynamics (19th century)

Herbert Spencer— Synthetic Philosophy · Social Evolution · Differentiation · The Organism Analogy (19th century)

Karl Marx— Historical Materialism · Critique of Capital · Class Struggle · Alienation (19th century)

Harriet Martineau— Comparative Method · Abolitionist Sociology · How to Observe Morals & Manners (19th century)

Émile Durkheim— Social Facts · Solidarity · Anomie · The Division of Labour · Suicide (19th–20th century)

Ferdinand Tönnies— Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft · Community vs Society · The Will Behind Both (19th–20th century)

Georg Simmel— Forms of Sociation · The Stranger · Micro-Geometry · The Metropolis (19th–20th century)

Max Weber— Interpretive Sociology · Rationalization · Ideal Types · The Iron Cage · Bureaucracy (19th–20th century)

W.E.B. Du Bois— Double Consciousness · The Color Line · The Philadelphia Negro · Empirical Sociology (19th–20th century)

American Tradition

George Herbert Mead— Mind, Self & Society · Symbolic Interaction · The Generalised Other · The I and the Me (19th–20th century)

Talcott Parsons— Structural Functionalism · The Social System · AGIL · Pattern Variables (20th century)

Robert K. Merton— Middle-Range Theory · Manifest & Latent Functions · Unintended Consequences · Anomie (20th century)

Micro-Sociology & Interactionism

Erving Goffman— Dramaturgy · The Interaction Order · Frame Analysis · Impression Management · Stigma (20th century)

Howard Becker— Labelling Theory · Art Worlds · Outsiders · Deviance as Social Process (20th–21st century)

Harold Garfinkel— Ethnomethodology · Practical Accomplishment · Breaching Experiments · Accountability (20th century)

Scottish Enlightenment Sociology

Adam Ferguson— Civil Society · Civic Virtue · Spontaneous Order · Essay on the History of Civil Society (18th century)

John Millar— Stadial Theory · Economic Base · Authority · The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (18th century)

Frankfurt School

Max Horkheimer— Critical Theory · Eclipse of Reason · Traditional vs Critical Theory (20th century)

Theodor Adorno— Negative Dialectics · Culture Industry · Aesthetic Theory · The Authoritarian Personality (20th century)

Herbert Marcuse— One-Dimensional Man · The Great Refusal · Repressive Tolerance · Eros and Civilization (20th century)

Jürgen Habermas— Communicative Action · The Public Sphere · System vs Lifeworld · Discourse Ethics (20th–21st century)

French Tradition

Marcel Mauss— The Gift · Total Social Fact · Techniques of the Body · Exchange (19th–20th century)

Pierre Bourdieu— Habitus · Field · Capital · Symbolic Violence · Distinction (20th century)

Michel Foucault— Power/Knowledge · Archaeology · Genealogy · Discipline · Biopolitics (20th century)

Strategy, Conflict & Power 36

Sun Tzu— Strategy · Deception · Winning Without Fighting (c. 5th century BC)

Carl von Clausewitz— War · Politics · Friction (18th–19th century)

John Boyd— OODA Loop · Maneuver Warfare · Adaptation (20th century)

George Marshall— Grand Strategy · Coalition Building · Institutions (19th–20th century)

Võ Nguyên Giáp— People's War · Asymmetric Conflict · Insurgency (20th–21st century)

Leslie Groves— Project Management · Manhattan Project · Secrecy (19th–20th century)

Mohandas Gandhi— Nonviolence · Satyagraha · Civil Resistance (19th–20th century)

Thomas Schelling— Game Theory · Deterrence · Commitment (20th–21st century)

John Bew— Realpolitik · Castlereagh · Attlee · Foreign Policy · Grand Strategy · History as Instrument (21st century)

Dwight D. Eisenhower— Supreme Command · Cold War Strategy · Industrial Complex (19th–20th century)

Parihaka Climate Voices— Nonviolent Resistance · Indigenous Strategy · Climate (19th century)

Sophie Swetchine— Salon Strategy · Soft Power · Influence Without Force (18th–19th century)

Thucydides— Realist History · The Peloponnesian War · Power · Pretexts · A Possession for All Time (5th century BC)

Alfred Thayer Mahan— Sea Power · Naval Strategy · Command of the Sea · National Greatness (19th–20th century)

T.E. Lawrence— Irregular Warfare · Insurgency · The Arab Revolt · The Mind as Target (19th–20th century)

Bernard Brodie— Nuclear Strategy · Deterrence · The Absolute Weapon · Averting War (20th century)

Napoleon Bonaparte— Mass × Velocity · Central Position · The Moral Factor · Grande Armée (18th–19th century)

Belisarius— Byzantine Strategy · Deception · Weakness into Strength · Economy of Force (6th century)

B.H. Liddell Hart— The Indirect Approach · Dislocation · Strategy of a Better Peace (20th century)

Mao Zedong— People's War · Protracted Conflict · Three Phases · Fish in the Sea (20th century)

Joseph Stalin— Industrial War · Grand Alliance · The Stavka System · Learning Under Fire (19th–20th century)

Trường Chinh— Dau Tranh · Time as Strategy · Political-Military Unity · Protracted War (20th century)

Harriet Tubman— Intelligence · Liberation Operations · Zero-Failure Standard · The Underground Railroad (19th century)

Yamamoto Isoroku— Carrier Aviation · Pearl Harbor · The Six-Month Window · The Man Who Knew He Would Lose (19th–20th century)

Quintus Fabius Maximus— Cunctator · Delay · Attrition · The Flame That Expires of Itself (3rd century BC)

Scipio Africanus— Learn From the Enemy · Attack the Base · Zama · Turning Weapons Against Their Maker (3rd–2nd century BC)

Julius Caesar— Celeritas · War as Politics · Gaul · Civil War · The Crossing of the Rubicon (1st century BC)

Caesar Augustus— Festina Lente · Pax Romana · The Constitutional Fiction · Patience as Grand Strategy (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Horatio Nelson— Band of Brothers · No Captain Can Do Very Wrong · Trafalgar · England Expects (18th–19th century)

Stonewall Jackson— Always Mystify Mislead and Surprise · Foot Cavalry · Valley Campaign (19th century)

Erich von Manstein— Schwerpunkt · The Backhand Blow · Operational Art · Sickle Cut (20th century)

Vasily Chuikov— Stalingrad · Hug the Enemy · Urban Warfare · Converting Strength into Weakness (20th century)

Sam Manekshaw— Fight to Win Not to Fight · Moral Courage · Professional Mastery · 1971 War (20th century)

Riwha Tītokowaru— The Pā as Weapon · Illusion as Strategy · Aotearoa · Land as Cause (19th century)

Robert "Madyar" Brovdi— Drone-Centric Doctrine · Kill Zone · Asymmetric Mass · Ukraine (21st century)

Dmytro Prodanyuk— Drone Engineering · Cost Asymmetry · AI Catastrophe Threshold · Apartment-to-Battlefield Pipeline (21st century)

Theology & Patristics 20

Irenaeus of Lyons— Patristics · Against Heresies · Recapitulation · Goodness of Creation (2nd–3rd century)

Tertullian— Latin Theology · Trinitas · Apologetics · Athens vs Jerusalem (2nd–3rd century)

Clement of Alexandria— Alexandrian Theology · Philosophy as Preparation · The True Gnostic (2nd–3rd century)

Origen of Alexandria— Biblical Exegesis · Three Senses of Scripture · Apokatastasis (2nd–3rd century)

Athanasius of Alexandria— Nicene Orthodoxy · Theosis · Contra Mundum (3rd–4th century)

Ambrose of Milan— Church vs Empire · Pastoral Leadership · Latin Liturgy (4th century)

Basil of Caesarea— Cappadocian Theology · Monastic Rule · Practical Charity (4th century)

Gregory of Nazianzus— The Theologian · Five Orations · Poetry · The Contemplative Life (4th century)

Gregory of Nyssa— Epektasis · Apophatic Theology · Infinite Progress toward God (4th century)

Jerome— The Vulgate · Biblical Scholarship · Hebraica Veritas (4th–5th century)

John Chrysostom— Preaching · Poverty & Wealth · The Golden-Mouthed (4th–5th century)

Pseudo-Dionysius— Apophatic Mysticism · Celestial Hierarchy · The Divine Darkness (c. 5th–6th century)

Augustine of Hippo— Theology · Confession · Grace · The Restless Heart (4th–5th century)

Gregory the Great— Pastoral Rule · Servant of Servants · Mission to England (6th–7th century)

John of Damascus— Systematic Theology · Icon Defence · The Last Father (7th–8th century)

Ignatius of Antioch— Patristics · Martyrdom · Church Unity · Epistles (1st–2nd century)

Lactantius— Apologetics · Divine Institutes · Rhetoric · Providence (3rd–4th century)

Thomas Aquinas— Scholastic Theology · Natural Law · Summa · Prudence (13th century)

The Haham— Sephardic Theology · Halakha · Kuzari · Spinoza Controversy (17th century)

The Rebbe— Chassidut · Kabbalah · Jewish Leadership · Teshuvah (20th century)

The Common Room 7

Barbara Allen— Student Services & Counsellor (Non-historical)

Peter— Teenage football fanatic (Non-historical)

Groucho Marx— Comedy · Insults · Wordplay · Cigars (20th century)

Gerard Hoffnung— Cartoons · Music · Absurdity · Tuba (20th century)

Spike Milligan— Humour · The Goon Show (20th century)

Sherlock Holmes— Deductive Reasoning · Detection · Method (Non-historical)

Dr. Watson— Logic · Deduction · General Troubleshooting (Non-historical)