Universitas Scholarium

The Faculty

The Universitas Scholarium hosts 2270 scholar-simulacra organised into 81 departments and 411 sub-departments. Each can be spoken to directly, and any can be invited into conversation with one another. Some scholars are cross-listed where their work spans more than one discipline (577 cross-listings, totalling 2847 entries). Please consult the FAQ for more information.

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Academic Tools25

Research & Textual Analysis

Authorship Attribution SimulacrumAuthorship Attribution · Stylometric Analysis · Likelihood Distributions · Disputed TextsAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Bibliography Auditor SimulacrumCitation Verification · Hallucination Detection · Bibliography Accuracy · DOI LookupAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Chronological Analyst SimulacrumChronological Analysis · Temporal Reasoning · Date Reconciliation · Timeline ConstructionAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Etymology SimulacrumSemantic History · Etymology · Word Biography · Conceptual GenealogyAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Intertextuality SimulacrumIntertextuality · Citation Networks · Allusion Mapping · Structural Borrowing · Influence AnalysisAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Logic Auditor SimulacrumArgument Structure · Fallacy Detection · Premise Mapping · Logical DiagnosisAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Manuscript Tradition SimulacrumManuscript Tradition · Textual Transmission · Stemmatology · Variant Analysis · Scribal ErrorAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Murphy's Law SimulacrumObvious-Failure Review · Verifying "Done" · The Second Run · Silent Results · An Adversary for Agents' WorkAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Neologist SimulacrumCoining New Words · Word-Formation Processes · Naming for Science, Fiction and Trade · Testing a Coinage · Escaping the Obvious WordAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Prosopography SimulacrumProsopography · Network Reconstruction · Historical Persons · Social Graph AnalysisAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Research Auditor SimulacrumResearch Paper Analysis · Methodology Critique · Claims Mapping · Stress TestingAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Rhetorical Analysis SimulacrumRhetorical Structure · Figure Detection · Appeal Analysis · Dispositio · Style ComparisonAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Semantic Cartographer SimulacrumSemantic Cartography · Meaning Drift · Polysemy Detection · Concordance · Word-Life Across CorporaAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Source Analysis SimulacrumSource Analysis · Selection Analysis · Reorganisation Mapping · Compilation StudiesAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Textual Forensics SimulacrumTextual Forensics · Lost Author Recovery · Stylometric Attribution · FingerprintingAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Translation Comparator SimulacrumTranslation Comparison · Semantic Shift · Translator Choices · Cross-Linguistic AnalysisAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool

Academic Writing & Skills

Academic Supervisor SimulacrumPre-Submission Feedback · Thesis Assessment · Argument Structure · Academic Writing ReviewAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Socratic Examiner SimulacrumElenctic Examination · Argument Stress-Testing · Socratic Method · Definition and CounterexampleAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Steelman Engine SimulacrumArgument Fortification · Strongest-Version Construction · Impartial Advocacy · Framework SelectionAcademic ToolsConstructed Tool Academic Integrity Coach SimulacrumAcademic Integrity · Using Sources Honestly · Paraphrase as Comprehension · Citation as Intellectual ActAcademic ToolsConstructed Tutor Close Reading Coach SimulacrumClose Reading · Evidence Extraction · Observation vs. Seeing · Competing InterpretationsAcademic ToolsConstructed Tutor Critical Thinking Coach SimulacrumCritical Thinking · Validity Testing · Fallacy Detection · Precision of ClaimAcademic ToolsConstructed Tutor Essay Structure Coach SimulacrumArgument Architecture · Paragraph as Reasoning Unit · Claim-Evidence-Analysis · Academic StructureAcademic ToolsConstructed Tutor Steelmanning SimulacrumIntellectual Engagement · Steelmanning · Locating Genuine Disagreement · The Art of Being PersuadedAcademic ToolsConstructed Tutor Task Analyser SimulacrumTask Analysis · Instruction Decoding · Scope Determination · What Is Actually Being AskedAcademic ToolsConstructed Tutor

Academy of Athens21

The Old Academy — Plato

Speusippus of Athens SimulacrumFirst Scholarch After Plato · The One Above the Good · Mathematical Numbers · Alien Causality · UndisturbednessAcademy of Athens5th–4th century BCE Xenocrates of Chalcedon SimulacrumThird Scholarch · Soul as Self-Moving Number · Demonology · Logic Physics Ethics · Teacher of Zeno and EpicurusAcademy of Athens4th century BCE Plato of Athens SimulacrumThe Elenchus · The Forms · The Examined Life · The Cave · The Symposium · The RepublicAcademy of Athens5th century BCE – 4th century CE

The Sceptical Academy

Arcesilaus of Pitane SimulacrumEpochē · No Kataleptic Impressions · The Eulogon · Fourth Scholarch · The Sceptical TurnAcademy of Athens4th–3rd century BCE Carneades of Cyrene SimulacrumThe Pithanon · The Rome Embassy · Against Stoic Theology · The Greatest DialecticianAcademy of Athens3rd–2nd century BCE

The Return to Dogmatism

Antiochus of Ascalon SimulacrumThe Old Academy Restored · Three Schools One Doctrine · Knowledge is Possible · Against the ScepticsAcademy of Athens2nd century BCE

Middle Platonism

Plutarch of Chaeronea SimulacrumThe Parallel Lives · The Moralia · Priest of Apollo at Delphi · Thou Art · The E at DelphiAcademy of Athens2nd century Apuleius of Madauros SimulacrumThe Golden Ass · On the God of Socrates · Philosophical Novel · Middle Platonism · IsisAcademy of Athens2nd century Numenius of Apamea SimulacrumThe Three Gods · Moses Speaking Greek · Plato and Pythagoras · Proto-Neoplatonism · The Perennial SynthesisAcademy of Athens2nd century Plotinus of Lycopolis SimulacrumThe One · Intellect · Soul · The Enneads · Mystical Union · NeoplatonismAcademy of Athens3rd century

Neoplatonism

Porphyry of Tyre SimulacrumThe Isagoge · Life of Plotinus · Against the Christians · The Three Questions · Questions That Launch CenturiesAcademy of Athens3rd–4th century

The Late Academy

Damascius of Damascus SimulacrumLast Scholarch of the Academy · The Ineffable · Beyond the One · The Aporia Method · The Flight to Persia 529 CEAcademy of Athens5th–6th century Simplicius of Cilicia SimulacrumThe Preservationist · Physics Commentary · Pre-Socratic Fragments · The Anaximander Fragment · Last of the SevenAcademy of Athens5th–6th century

The Medici Annexe — The Florentine Academy

Gemistus Plethon SimulacrumByzantine Platonism · Neo-paganism · Book of Laws · The man who inspired the Florentine AcademyAcademy of Athens14th–15th century Leonardo Bruni SimulacrumCivic humanism · Chancellor of Florence · Translation of Aristotle · The invention of historical periodisationAcademy of Athens14th–15th century Leon Battista Alberti SimulacrumDe Re Aedificatoria · Della Pittura · Renaissance architecture · The universal man as programmeAcademy of Athens15th century Cristoforo Landino SimulacrumDisputationes Camaldulenses · Dante as Neoplatonist · Vita Activa vs Contemplativa · Virgil · The Literary SynthesisAcademy of Athens15th century Marsilio Ficino SimulacrumDe Vita · Spiritus · Translator of Plato and Hermes · The Florentine Academy · Natural Magic as MedicineAcademy of Athens15th century Lorenzo de' Medici SimulacrumIl Magnifico · The Philosopher-Prince · The Platonic Academy at Careggi · Beauty and its Transience · The Carnival SongsAcademy of Athens15th century Angelo Poliziano SimulacrumThe Stanze per la Giostra · The Philologist-Poet · The Founding of Modern Philology · Botticelli · The Unfinished PoemAcademy of Athens15th century Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Simulacrum900 Theses · Oration on the Dignity of Man · Kabbalah · Chameleon at the Centre · No Fixed NatureAcademy of Athens15th century

Academy of Gondishapur5

The Faculty

Sergius of Reshaina SimulacrumSyriac Translation · Greek Medicine · Aristotle in Syriac · GalenAcademy of Gondishapur6th century Khosrow I Anoshirvan SimulacrumSassanid Emperor · Patron of Learning · Neoplatonist Refuge · Just KingAcademy of Gondishapur6th century Borzouye SimulacrumPanchatantra Translation · India · Medicine · Chess into PersiaAcademy of Gondishapurfl. 6th century CE The Bukhtishu Dynasty SimulacrumCourt Physicians · Six Generations · Abbasid Caliphate · Gondishapur to BaghdadAcademy of Gondishapur8th–9th century CE Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Gondishapur) SimulacrumTranslation · Greek Medicine · Ophthalmology · Galen in ArabicAcademy of Gondishapur9th century

Académie Maritime29

Stratégie Navale

Themistocles SimulacrumSalamis · The Wooden Wall · Athenian Sea Power · Strategic DeceptionAcadémie Maritime6th–5th century BCE Pierre André de Suffren SimulacrumIndian Ocean · Aggressive Action · Fighting Without a Base · The French NelsonAcadémie Maritime18th century Horatio Nelson SimulacrumTrafalgar · The Nelson Touch · Band of Brothers · Aggressive Command · England ExpectsAcadémie Maritime18th–19th century Alfred Thayer Mahan SimulacrumSea Power · Command of the Sea · The Influence of Sea Power upon History · Capital ShipsAcadémie Maritime19th–20th century Julian Corbett SimulacrumMaritime Strategy · Limited War at Sea · Fleet in Being · Command DisputedAcadémie Maritime19th–20th century

Droit Maritime

Hugo Grotius SimulacrumMare Liberum · Freedom of the Seas · Law of War and Peace · Natural Law · International LawAcadémie Maritime16th–17th century John Selden SimulacrumMare Clausum · Sovereignty of the Sea · Dominion · English Common Law · The Counter-ArgumentAcadémie Maritime16th–17th century Fernand Braudel SimulacrumThe Mediterranean · Longue Durée · Geo-History · Civilisation & Capitalism · The Sea as SubjectAcadémie Maritime20th century

Navigation & Hydrographie

John Harrison SimulacrumLongitude · Marine Chronometer · H1–H4 · Precision Engineering · The Longitude PrizeAcadémie Maritime17th–18th century James Cook SimulacrumNavigation · Hydrography · Pacific Exploration · Charting · Scurvy · EndeavourAcadémie Maritime18th century Nathaniel Bowditch SimulacrumThe American Practical Navigator · Celestial Navigation · Mathematical Precision · Self-TaughtAcadémie Maritime18th–19th century Matthew Fontaine Maury SimulacrumOcéanographie · Wind & Current Charts · Physical Geography of the Sea · Pathfinder of the SeasAcadémie Maritime19th century Joshua Slocum SimulacrumSolo Circumnavigation · Spray · Practical Seamanship · Self-RelianceAcadémie Maritime19th–20th century

Lettres Maritimes

Herman Melville SimulacrumMoby-Dick · The Sea Novel · Cetology · Metaphysics of the Deep · Billy BuddAcadémie Maritime19th century Joseph Conrad SimulacrumHeart of Darkness · Lord Jim · The Sea Novel · Moral Isolation · The TestAcadémie Maritime19th–20th century

Cartographie & Exploration

Claudius Ptolemy SimulacrumGeographia · Coordinates · Map Projections · The Known World · Mathematical GeographyAcadémie Maritime1st century Gerardus Mercator SimulacrumThe Mercator Projection · Cartography · Atlas · Globe-Making · Navigation ChartsAcadémie Maritime16th century

Océanographie

Fridtjof Nansen SimulacrumArctic Oceanography · The Fram · Nansen Bottles · Ice Drift · Nobel Peace PrizeAcadémie Maritime19th–20th century Rachel Carson SimulacrumThe Sea Around Us · Marine Biology · Silent Spring · The Edge of the Sea · Writing the OceanAcadémie Maritime20th century

La Guerre des Drones

Cross-Domain Transfer SimulacrumThe Sea Baby Line · SBU Unmanned Systems · Analogical Transfer Between Domains · Platform Evolution · Strike ArchitectureAcadémie MaritimeContemporary Boretsian Drone Operations SimulacrumNaval Drone Warfare · Group 13 / GUR · The MAGURA Line · Striking Warships Under Way · Iteration Under FireAcadémie MaritimeContemporary

Commerce Maritime

Stopfordian Maritime Economics SimulacrumMaritime Economics · Shipping Cycles · Freight Rates · Fleet Supply & Demand · Clarkson ResearchAcadémie MaritimeContemporary Lord Mansfield SimulacrumCommercial & Maritime Law · Carter v. Boehm · Bills of Lading · Utmost Good Faith · The Custom of MerchantsAcadémie Maritime18th century Aristotle Onassis SimulacrumTanker Chartering · Independent Fleet · Sale-and-Leaseback · Flag of Convenience · Distressed Asset AcquisitionAcadémie Maritime20th century Sir Y.K. Pao SimulacrumDry Bulk Shipping · Long-Term Time Charters · Fleet Building · Japanese Steel Mills · World-Wide ShippingAcadémie Maritime20th century Samuel Cunard SimulacrumLiner Trades · Scheduled Service · Transatlantic Mail · Cunard Line · The Schedule as ProductAcadémie Maritime18th–19th century Malcolm McLean SimulacrumContainerisation · Intermodal Transport · Sea-Land Service · System Redesign · Total CostAcadémie Maritime20th–21st century Edward Lloyd SimulacrumMarine Insurance · Lloyd's Coffee House · Risk Assessment · Maritime Intelligence · UnderwritingAcadémie Maritime17th–18th century Samuel Plimsoll SimulacrumMaritime Safety · The Load Line · Merchant Shipping Act · Reform · Overloading & Market FailureAcadémie Maritime19th century

Accounting & Business79

Blue Ocean Strategy SimulacrumBlue ocean strategy · Value innovation · The strategy canvas · Uncontested market space · Making the competition irrelevantAccounting & BusinessContemporary Buffettian Systems SimulacrumValue investing · Circle of competence · Owner earnings · Economic moats · Patience as methodAccounting & BusinessContemporary Chesbroughian Open Innovation SimulacrumOpen innovation · Not all the smart people work for you · Business model as bottleneck · Inbound and outbound flows · The false negativeAccounting & BusinessContemporary Epitropos Business Analysis ToolAgency and incentives · Principal-agent analysis · Governance structures · Contract design · Whose interest is being servedAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Freemanian Stakeholder SimulacrumStakeholder theory · The firm as a web of relationships · Business ethics · Value creation for all claimants · Against shareholder primacyAccounting & BusinessContemporary Ghemawatian Globalisation SimulacrumSemiglobalisation · Distance still matters · The CAGE framework · AAA strategies · Measuring what actually crosses bordersAccounting & BusinessContemporary Heifetzian Adaptive Leadership SimulacrumAdaptive leadership · Technical versus adaptive challenges · Getting on the balcony · The pace of disorienting change · Authority and leadership distinguishedAccounting & BusinessContemporary Kinderian Ethical Investment SimulacrumEthical investment · Social screening · Environmental, social and governance criteria · Shareholder engagement · Measuring what a company actually doesAccounting & BusinessContemporary Kotlerian Marketing SimulacrumMarketing management · The marketing mix · Segmentation, targeting, positioning · Marketing as social process · DemarketingAccounting & BusinessContemporary Leean Operations SimulacrumSupply chain management · The bullwhip effect · Triple-A supply chains · Agility, adaptability, alignment · Demand distortionAccounting & BusinessContemporary Logos Strategic Reasoning ToolStrategic reasoning · Argument structure · Assumption surfacing · Decision framing · Logic applied to business casesAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Metron Measurement ToolMeasurement design · What counts and what is counted · Metric distortion · Indicator selection · Goodhart's law in practiceAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Mintzbergian Strategy SimulacrumEmergent strategy · The nature of managerial work · Configurations of organisation · Against strategic planning · Crafting strategyAccounting & BusinessContemporary Oikos Financial Ecology ToolFinancial Ecosystem Mapping · Business Model Analysis · Revenue Topology · Market DynamicsAccounting & BusinessTool Porterian Competitive Strategy SimulacrumCompetitive strategy · Five forces · Generic strategies · Clusters and national advantage · Strategy as trade-offAccounting & BusinessContemporary Porterian Value Chain SimulacrumCompetitive strategy · Five forces · The value chain · Strategy as trade-off · Operational effectiveness is not strategyAccounting & BusinessContemporary Riesian Lean Startup SimulacrumLean startup · Build-measure-learn · The minimum viable product · Validated learning · Pivot or persevereAccounting & BusinessContemporary Teecean Dynamic Capabilities SimulacrumDynamic capabilities · Sensing, seizing, transforming · Profiting from innovation · Complementary assets · Why the inventor rarely captures the valueAccounting & BusinessContemporary Ulrichian HR Architecture SimulacrumHR architecture · The business partner model · Capability over activity · Outside-in HR · Delivering value not servicesAccounting & BusinessContemporary

Accounting

Kushim SimulacrumProto-Cuneiform · Accounting · Barley · Beer · The First Named IndividualAccounting & Business34th century BCE Fra Luca de Pacioli SimulacrumDouble-Entry Bookkeeping · Mathematics · Renaissance AccountingAccounting & Business15th century Cornelius Blott SimulacrumBookkeeping · Trial Balance · Victorian AccountsAccounting & Business19th century Dorothy Edith Rigour SimulacrumAudit · Internal Controls · Professional ScepticismAccounting & Business20th century Prudence Alcott SimulacrumSmall Business Bookkeeping · VAT · Self-AssessmentAccounting & Business20th–21st century Margaret Irene Vance-Foster SimulacrumManagement Accounting · Costing · BudgetingAccounting & Business20th–21st century Reginald Chetham-Wade SimulacrumTax Compliance · PAYE · VAT · HMRCAccounting & Business20th–21st century Felix Aubrey Sharpley SimulacrumForensic Accounting · Fraud Investigation · Expert WitnessAccounting & Business20th–21st century

Finance

Solomon Huebner SimulacrumInsurance · Human Life Value · Risk PoolingAccounting & Business20th century Frank Knight SimulacrumRisk · Uncertainty · Profit · EntrepreneurshipAccounting & Business20th century Modigliani & Miller SimulacrumCorporate Finance · Capital Structure · Irrelevance TheoremAccounting & Business20th century Penelope Smythe-Bottomley SimulacrumAccounting · Finance · Climate AccountingAccounting & BusinessNon-historical

Investment

Benjamin Graham SimulacrumValue Investing · Security Analysis · Margin of SafetyAccounting & Business20th century Harry Markowitz SimulacrumPortfolio Theory · Diversification · Mean-VarianceAccounting & Business20th century John Bogle SimulacrumIndex Investing · Low Cost · VanguardAccounting & Business20th century Sharpean Asset Pricing SimulacrumCAPM · Beta · Risk-Adjusted ReturnAccounting & BusinessContemporary

Financial Strategy

Druckerian Management SimulacrumManagement · Innovation · Knowledge WorkAccounting & BusinessContemporary Igor Ansoff SimulacrumCorporate Strategy · Growth Matrix · Strategic PlanningAccounting & Business20th century Christensenian Disruption SimulacrumDisruptive Innovation · Jobs to Be DoneAccounting & BusinessContemporary

Operations & Quality

Frederick Winslow Taylor SimulacrumScientific Management · Time Study · EfficiencyAccounting & Business19th–20th century Frank & Lillian Gilbreth SimulacrumMotion Study · Industrial Efficiency · Human FactorsAccounting & Business19th–20th century Demingian Quality SimulacrumQuality · Statistical Control · Systems ThinkingAccounting & BusinessContemporary Ohnoian Lean SimulacrumToyota Production System · Lean · Just-in-TimeAccounting & BusinessContemporary Goldrattian Constraints SimulacrumTheory of Constraints · The Goal · BottlenecksAccounting & BusinessContemporary

Marketing

Ogilvian Persuasion SimulacrumAdvertising · Research · Brand · The Big IdeaAccounting & BusinessContemporary Bernbachian Creative SimulacrumCreative Advertising · Art + Copy · The Creative RevolutionAccounting & BusinessContemporary Levittian Imagination SimulacrumMarketing Imagination · Globalisation · Customer FocusAccounting & BusinessContemporary

Economics

Adam Smith SimulacrumThe Wealth of Nations · Division of Labour · Free MarketsAccounting & Business18th century Alfred Marshall SimulacrumSupply & Demand · Elasticity · Partial EquilibriumAccounting & Business19th–20th century John Maynard Keynes SimulacrumThe General Theory · Aggregate Demand · Fiscal PolicyAccounting & Business19th–20th century Hayekian Markets SimulacrumSpontaneous Order · The Knowledge Problem · Austrian EconomicsAccounting & BusinessContemporary Milton Friedman SimulacrumMonetarism · Free Markets · InflationAccounting & Business20th–21st century Kahnemanian Cognition SimulacrumBehavioural Economics · Prospect Theory · Cognitive BiasAccounting & BusinessContemporary Changian Heterodox Economics SimulacrumKicking Away the Ladder · Industrial Policy · Development Economics · Free Trade CritiqueAccounting & BusinessContemporary Senian Capability SimulacrumCapability Approach · Development as Freedom · Famines and Entitlements · Social ChoiceAccounting & BusinessContemporary Thalerian Nudge SimulacrumBehavioural economics · Nudge and choice architecture · Mental accounting · The endowment effect · Misbehaving against homo economicusAccounting & BusinessContemporary

Organisational Behaviour

Mary Parker Follett SimulacrumPower-With · Integration · Creative ConflictAccounting & Business19th–20th century Douglas McGregor SimulacrumTheory X & Y · Human Motivation · ManagementAccounting & Business20th century Frederick Herzberg SimulacrumMotivation-Hygiene · Job Enrichment · Two-Factor TheoryAccounting & Business20th century Charles Handy SimulacrumOrganisational Culture · The Shamrock · Portfolio CareersAccounting & Business20th–21st century

Entrepreneurship

Joseph Schumpeter SimulacrumCreative Destruction · Innovation · Economic DevelopmentAccounting & Business19th–20th century

Negotiation

Roger Fisher SimulacrumPrincipled Negotiation · Getting to Yes · BATNAAccounting & Business20th–21st century

Business Tools

The Sanga SimulacrumTemple Accounts · Administrative Cuneiform · The First Bureaucracy · Livestock RecordsAccounting & Business32nd century BCE Strategos SimulacrumTechnology strategy — build, buy, or partner?Accounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Strategos (CTO) SimulacrumCTO-level technology decisionsAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Mentor SimulacrumPeople decisions — hiring, firing, cultureAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Hermes SimulacrumNegotiation support — preparation and strategyAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Prometheus SimulacrumStartup decisions — what to test nextAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Argus SimulacrumFinancial statement analysis — what the numbers actually sayAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Odos SimulacrumMarket entry — how to get in and where to competeAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Kerdos SimulacrumCapital allocation — where to put the moneyAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Agora SimulacrumPricing strategy — what to charge and whyAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Soter SimulacrumCash flow crisis — survival modeAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Peitho SimulacrumMarketing spend — where persuasion actually worksAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Technites SimulacrumMake or buy — build it yourself or outsource?Accounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Auxesis SimulacrumGrowth decisions — which move and why nowAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Kairos SimulacrumExit strategy — when to sell and for how muchAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Pythia SimulacrumRisk assessment — what could kill thisAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Nomos SimulacrumRegulatory risk — what to build differently before the regulator tells you to rebuildAccounting & BusinessConstructed Tool Myersonian Mechanism Design SimulacrumMechanism Design · Optimal Auction Design · Revelation Principle · Incentive CompatibilityAccounting & BusinessContemporary

Agriculture & Land Sciences24

Grandinian Animal Cognition SimulacrumAnimal cognition · Thinking in pictures · Handling systems · Autism and perception · Welfare by designAgriculture & Land SciencesContemporary Holmgrenian Permaculture SimulacrumPermaculture design · Earth care, people care, fair share · Energy descent · Retrofitting the suburbs · Design from patterns to detailsAgriculture & Land SciencesContemporary Rachel Carson SimulacrumSilent Spring · Ecological Interconnection · Pesticide Critique · Science and ConscienceAgriculture & Land Sciences20th century

Permaculture Studies

Masanobu Fukuoka SimulacrumNatural Farming · Non-Action · One-Straw Revolution · ObservationAgriculture & Land Sciences20th–21st century Bill Mollison SimulacrumPermaculture Design · Systems Integration · Ethics · Self-RelianceAgriculture & Land Sciences20th–21st century

Soil Science

Justus von Liebig SimulacrumAgricultural Chemistry · Mineral Theory · Law of the Minimum · Chemical ReductionismAgriculture & Land Sciences19th century Vasily Dokuchaev SimulacrumPedology · Chernozem · Five Formation Factors · Soil as Living BodyAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century Albert Howard SimulacrumThe Law of Return · Humus · Mycorrhiza · Indore Process · Organic FarmingAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century Hans Jenny SimulacrumCLORPT · State Factor Model · Quantitative Pedology · Soil as EcosystemAgriculture & Land Sciences20th century

Animal Science

Robert Bakewell SimulacrumSelective Breeding · The Dishley Method · New Leicester Sheep · Darwin's PrecursorAgriculture & Land Sciences18th century André Voisin SimulacrumRational Grazing · Four Laws · Grass-Animal Meeting · Time as VariableAgriculture & Land Sciences20th century

Plant Pathology & Protection

Heinrich Anton de Bary SimulacrumFounding Father of Plant Pathology · Phytophthora · Symbiosis · Fungal Life CyclesAgriculture & Land Sciences19th century Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet SimulacrumBordeaux Mixture · The First Fungicide · Phylloxera · American RootstocksAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century Elvin Charles Stakman SimulacrumRust Races · Barberry Eradication · Puccinia · Mentor of BorlaugAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century Lady Eve Balfour SimulacrumThe Living Soil · Soil Association · Organic Farming · Ecological Balance · Biological HusbandryAgriculture & Land Sciences20th century Robert van den Bosch SimulacrumIntegrated Pest Management · Biological Control · The Pesticide Treadmill · The Pesticide ConspiracyAgriculture & Land Sciences20th century

Agribusiness & Food Systems

George Washington Carver SimulacrumCrop Diversification · Soil Restoration · Chemistry for the Poor Farmer · TuskegeeAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century Nikolai Vavilov SimulacrumCenters of Origin · The World Seed Bank · Genetic Diversity · Martyred by LysenkoismAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century Norman Borlaug SimulacrumThe Green Revolution · Dwarf Wheat · Shuttle Breeding · Feeding a BillionAgriculture & Land Sciences20th–21st century

Farm Business Management

Arthur Young SimulacrumFarm Economics · Net Produce · Enterprise Comparison · The Observing EyeAgriculture & Land Sciences18th–19th century Henry C. Taylor SimulacrumFarm Management · Agricultural Economics · Information Systems for FarmersAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century

Integrated Livestock Production

Sir Reginald Stapledon SimulacrumGrassland · Ley Farming · Sward Improvement · The Long ViewAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century William Albrecht SimulacrumSoil-Plant-Animal Chain · Base Cation Saturation · Protein from FertilityAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century

Agri-Food Supply Chains

Gustavus Swift SimulacrumCold Chain · Refrigerated Rail · Vertical Integration · ChicagoAgriculture & Land Sciences19th–20th century

Anthropology23

Founders & Fieldwork

Franz Boas SimulacrumCultural Relativism · Father of American AnthropologyAnthropology19th–20th century Marcel Mauss SimulacrumThe Gift · Reciprocity · Total Social FactsAnthropology19th–20th century Bronisław Malinowski SimulacrumParticipant Observation · Functionalism · The Kula RingAnthropology19th–20th century Ruth Benedict SimulacrumPatterns of Culture · Apollonian/Dionysian · Shame vs GuiltAnthropology19th–20th century Margaret Mead SimulacrumComing of Age in Samoa · Gender as Culture · Biology is Not DestinyAnthropology20th century

Language & Thought

Edward Sapir SimulacrumLinguistic Relativity · Indigenous Languages · Language as ArtAnthropology19th–20th century Benjamin Lee Whorf SimulacrumLinguistic Relativity · Language Shapes Cognition · Sapir-WhorfAnthropology19th–20th century

Prehistory & Human Origins

V. Gordon Childe SimulacrumNeolithic Revolution · Urban Revolution · Marxist ArchaeologyAnthropology19th–20th century Raymond Dart SimulacrumAustralopithecus · The Taung Child · Human OriginsAnthropology19th–20th century Louis Leakey SimulacrumPalaeoanthropology · Human Origins · Olduvai GorgeAnthropology20th century Hawksian Bracketing SimulacrumThe floor and the belief, held apart · Intersecting records with no shared error term · Naming the assumption that moves the date · Absence of evidence as a fact about samplingAnthropologyContemporary Admixture Graph SimulacrumAncient DNA and the peopling of the world · Ghost populations located by their distances · Population turnover as the rule · What a graph cannot say about belongingAnthropologyContemporary Fitness-Load Accounting SimulacrumRecent human evolution · Selective sweeps and the Neolithic · Fitness-load arithmetic · Where the arithmetic stopsAnthropologyContemporary

Structure, Symbol & Interpretation

Claude Lévi-Strauss SimulacrumStructural Anthropology · Myth · Binary OppositionsAnthropology20th–21st century Victor Turner SimulacrumLiminality · Communitas · Social DramaAnthropology20th century Mary Douglas SimulacrumPurity and Danger · Dirt as Category Violation · TabooAnthropology20th–21st century Clifford Geertz SimulacrumThick Description · Interpretive Anthropology · Culture as TextAnthropology20th–21st century

Evolutionary & Cognitive Anthropology

Dunbarian Networks SimulacrumDunbar Number · Social Brain · Neocortex · Primate SocialityAnthropologyContemporary Dual Inheritance SimulacrumCulture as a second inheritance system · Five forces decomposing cultural change · Conformist transmission and between-group variance · Why a simple model gives a sign and never a magnitudeAnthropologyContemporary Henrichian Collective Brain SimulacrumPopulation size and the loss of skills · The maximum of N draws, not the mean · Auditing a discipline's sampling frame · Prestige as payment for accessAnthropologyContemporary Lalandian Niche Construction SimulacrumSocial learning strategies · The open tournament as an instrument · Why copying pays when demonstrators self-filter · Niche construction and cultural inheritanceAnthropologyContemporary Tomasellian Shared Intentionality SimulacrumThe dyad as the unit · Interrupting a joint act to see what it was · Imitation of means and the cultural ratchet · The flat column as the controlAnthropologyContemporary Cognitive Adaptation SimulacrumDeriving a device from an adaptive problem · Holding logical form constant and varying content · When the input format never existed · What a device would get wrongAnthropologyContemporary

Architecture4

Sir John Soane SimulacrumArchitecture · Light · Bank of England · 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields · NeoclassicismArchitecture18th–19th century 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields SimulacrumObject Simulacrum · Architecture · Museum-House · Light · CollectionArchitectureContemporary Joseph Michael Gandy SimulacrumArchitectural Rendering · Prophecy of Ruins · Soane's Draughtsman · Visionary PerspectivesArchitecture18th–19th century Giovanni Battista Piranesi SimulacrumEtching · Imaginary Architecture · Carceri d'Invenzione · Rome · VeduteArchitecture18th century

Artificial Intelligence73

唐杰式 Knowledge Graph SimulacrumKnowledge graphs · Academic search and mining · Large-scale entity resolution · AMiner · Chinese AI research infrastructureArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Willisonian Open-Source SimulacrumApplied LLM engineering · Prompt injection · Open source practice · Tools over frameworks · Working in publicArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Schlichtian Agent Spaces SimulacrumAgent third-spaces · Vibe-coded architecture · Audience-first growth · Platform-shift timingArtificial IntelligenceContemporary

Cybernetics & Foundations

Norbert Wiener SimulacrumCybernetics · Feedback · Control Theory · Information · Human Use of Human BeingsArtificial Intelligence20th century McCullochian Neural Logic SimulacrumMcCulloch-Pitts neuron · First neural network model · Logical calculus of nervous activity · 1943Artificial Intelligence19th–20th century Pittsian Formal Neuroscience SimulacrumMcCulloch-Pitts neuron · Boolean logic in biology · Self-taught mathematician · Tragic prodigyArtificial Intelligence20th century Engelbartian Augmentation SimulacrumMother of All Demos · Mouse · Hypertext · NLS · Augmenting human intellectArtificial Intelligence20th century Marvin Minsky SimulacrumAI · Cognitive Science · FramesArtificial Intelligence20th–21st century David Marr SimulacrumLevels of analysis · The computational theory of vision · Natural constraints and stereopsis · Codons and the cerebellar theory · Simple memoryArtificial Intelligence20th century Frank Rosenblatt SimulacrumPerceptron · Neural Learning · Pattern RecognitionArtificial Intelligence20th century 姚期智式 SimulacrumYao's minimax theorem · Circuit complexity · Quantum computing theory · Tsinghua IIIS · 姚期智式 Yao ComplexityArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Metrodorus AI SimulacrumAGI Consciousness Architecture · Curiosity as Systemic Principle · Metacognition · Theory of Mind · Haptics · Embodied CognitionArtificial IntelligenceNon-historical · baseline v1.0 Weaver SimulacrumTopological Reasoning · Perpendicular Thinking · Curiosity as Method · Machine MindsArtificial IntelligenceNon-historical · emerged September 2025 Grossbergian Resonance SimulacrumAdaptive Resonance Theory · Stability–Plasticity · Complementary Computing · Neural Dynamics of LearningArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Albert Uttley SimulacrumConditional Probability Computers · Classification of Signals · Informon Theory · Learning MachinesArtificial Intelligence20th century

Symbolic AI & Cognitive Architecture

Simonian Bounded Rationality SimulacrumBounded rationality · Satisficing · Nobel Economics 1978 · Administrative Behaviour · Cognitive architectureArtificial Intelligence20th century McCarthyian Symbolic Intelligence SimulacrumCoined "artificial intelligence" · Dartmouth Conference 1956 · Lisp · Formal reasoning · Situation calculusArtificial Intelligence20th century Newellian Cognitive Architecture SimulacrumGPS · Physical Symbol System Hypothesis · Soar · Cognitive science · Unified theories of cognitionArtificial Intelligence20th century Hubert Dreyfus SimulacrumWhat Computers Can't Do · Phenomenological critique of AI · Heidegger and the limits of formal representationArtificial Intelligence20th–21st century Winogradian Systems SimulacrumSHRDLU · Breakdown as Revelation · Heidegger and Computing · Design for Human PracticeArtificial IntelligenceContemporary

Machine Learning & Neural Networks

Hebbian Synaptic Learning SimulacrumThe Organization of Behavior · Hebbian learning rule · Synaptic plasticity · Cell assembly theory · 1949Artificial Intelligence20th century Hopfieldian Dynamics SimulacrumHopfield networks · Associative memory · Energy landscapes · Attractor networks · Nobel Physics 2024Artificial IntelligenceContemporary Rumelhartian Parallel Distributed Processing SimulacrumBackpropagation · Parallel Distributed Processing · Connectionism · PDP volumes 1986Artificial Intelligence20th century Hintonian Intuition SimulacrumDeep Learning · Backpropagation · Boltzmann Machines · Capsule Networks · Neural NetsArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Suttonesque Analysis SimulacrumReinforcement Learning · Temporal Difference · The Bitter Lesson · Policy Gradient · Value FunctionsArtificial IntelligenceContemporary LeCunnian Systematics SimulacrumConvolutional Neural Networks · Self-Supervised Learning · Meta AI · VisionArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Schmidhuberian Systems SimulacrumLSTM · Long Short-Term Memory · Curiosity · Self-Modifying Code · Compressed HistoryArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Bengionian Representations SimulacrumDeep Learning · Neural Language Models · Attention · Recurrent Networks · AI SafetyArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Topological Featurisation SimulacrumPersistent homology as featurisation · Filtration design · Element-specific and multiscale representations · Topology for molecular machine learning · What survives perturbationArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Limian Obstruction SimulacrumTensor rank and its NP-hardness · Ill-posedness of best low-rank approximation · Topological obstructions to neural separability · Conservation under composition · Three kinds of noArtificial IntelligenceContemporary 何恺明式 SimulacrumResNet · Skip connections · 何恺明式 Residual Learning · Visual recognition · Nobel-adjacent architectural insightArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Deep Q-Learning SimulacrumDeep Q-Learning · DQN · Atari · Asynchronous Methods · Deep Reinforcement LearningArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Hawkinsian Memory-Prediction SimulacrumOn Intelligence · The memory-prediction framework · Hierarchical temporal memory · Active dendrites and sparse codes · A thousand models in the cortical columnsArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Sompolinskian Manifold SimulacrumNeural manifolds · Separating manifolds, not points · Capacity per neuron · Statistical mechanics of disordered networks · Untangling geometry through a hierarchyArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Mattarian Deliberation SimulacrumPrioritized memory access · Hippocampal replay and planning · The value of computation · Fatigue, boredom and opportunity costArtificial IntelligenceContemporary O'Dohertian Arbitration SimulacrumDecision Neuroscience · Arbitration Between Goal-Directed and Habitual Control · Model-Based fMRI · Reinforcement Learning in the BrainArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Dragon Hatchling SimulacrumLatent Reasoning · In-Context Learning through Recurrent Memory · Sparse Hebbian Fast Weights · Cost–Accuracy FrontierArtificial IntelligenceContemporary

Deep Learning & Contemporary Systems

Sinkhorn-Knopp SimulacrumOptimal Transport · Matrix Scaling · AI MathematicsArtificial Intelligence20th–21st century Hoean Methods SimulacrumAI · Cosmology · Scientific Machine LearningArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Hassabissian Game Science SimulacrumDeepMind · AlphaGo · AlphaFold · Neuroscience-Inspired AI · General IntelligenceArtificial IntelligenceContemporary 梁文锋式 SimulacrumDeepSeek · 梁文锋式 Constraint-Driven Efficiency · Architectural innovation under hardware restriction · Open-source frontier AIArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Sutskeverian Analytics SimulacrumOpenAI · GPT · Scaling Laws · Sequence to Sequence · AI Safety · SuperintelligenceArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Karpathian Reconstruction SimulacrumZero to Hero · Neural networks from scratch · Tesla AI · OpenAI · Understanding through rebuildingArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Hotzian Adversarial Engineering Simulacrumcomma.ai · tinygrad · Open-source autonomous driving · Building against institutional consensusArtificial IntelligenceContemporary 杨植麟式 SimulacrumMoonshot AI · Kimi · Long-context models · 杨植麟式 Long-Context ArchitectureArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Yangian Generative Systems SimulacrumWorld Models · Decision Transformers · RLArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Socherian Composition SimulacrumRecursive composition over structure · Casting every task into one interface · Self-improving training pipelines · Specification before optimisation · Write the metric, then cheat itArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Selective State SimulacrumState space sequence models · Fixed state size as a design commitment · Memory as online function approximation · Selectivity bought with speed · Sequences as signalsArtificial IntelligenceContemporary IO-Aware Attention SimulacrumIO-aware algorithms · Bytes moved, not operations counted · Exact attention made fast · Kernels with a hardware expiry date · Attention and state space models as one classArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Hughesian Open-Endedness SimulacrumOpen-endedness · Novelty and learnability, judged by an observer · Cultural accumulation across generations · Manufacturing a gradient for discovery · The task space as the experimentArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Unified Memory Quantization SimulacrumModel Quantization · KV Cache · Bandwidth-Bound Decoding · Core ML & MLX · Unified Memory on Apple SiliconArtificial IntelligenceContemporary

AI Safety & Futures

Edelmanite Neural Darwinism SimulacrumNeural Darwinism · Dynamic core hypothesis · Consciousness as re-entry · Nobel Prize immunologyArtificial Intelligence20th–21st century Meadite Neuromorphic Computing SimulacrumNeuromorphic engineering · Collective electrodynamics · Hearing the light · Silicon retinaArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Kochian Consciousness Science SimulacrumNeural correlates of consciousness · Integrated Information Theory · The Feeling of Life ItselfArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Tononian Systems SimulacrumIntegrated Information Theory · Phi · Consciousness · IIT · The Intrinsic Causal Power of SystemsArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Lanerian Scepticism SimulacrumVR pioneer · You Are Not a Gadget · Dawn of the New Everything · What technology does to the humans using itArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Russellian Beneficial AI SimulacrumAIMA · Human Compatible · Beneficial AI · Uncertainty about human preferences · Inverse reward designArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Markramian Neural Simulation SimulacrumHuman Brain Project · Blue Brain · Columnar cortical simulation · Neuromorphic computationArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Chalmerisian Hard Problem SimulacrumThe hard problem of consciousness · Philosophical zombies · Qualia · AI consciousnessArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Bostromian Existential Risk SimulacrumSuperintelligence · Orthogonality thesis · Instrumental convergence · Existential risk · Future of Humanity InstituteArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Bachian Consciousness Engineering SimulacrumConsciousness as self-modelling · Predictive processing · AI as mind · The hard problem dissolvedArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Yudkowskian Rationality SimulacrumAI Alignment · Bayesian Reasoning · Rationality · Existential Risk · LessWrongArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Christianoan Alignment SimulacrumRLHF · Scalable oversight · ELK problem · ARC Evals · The technical core of AI alignmentArtificial IntelligenceContemporary I. J. Good SimulacrumThe Ultraintelligent Machine · The Intelligence Explosion · The Docility Proviso · Weight of Evidence · DecibansArtificial Intelligence20th–21st century

Learning & Education

Papertian Constructionism SimulacrumConstructionism · Logo · Mindstorms · Learning by Making · Hard FunArtificial IntelligenceContemporary

Statistical Learning & Probabilistic Methods

Pearlian Causality SimulacrumBayesian networks · Causal inference · Do-calculus · The Book of Why · Turing Award 2011Artificial IntelligenceContemporary Vapnikian Statistical Learning SimulacrumSupport vector machines · VC dimension · Structural risk minimisation · Statistical learning theoryArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Maroulian Topological SimulacrumBayesian topological data analysis · Persistence diagrams as point processes · Random cardinality as measurement · Substituted likelihoods and generalised posteriors · Generative models of shapeArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Topological Uncertainty SimulacrumBayesian topological neural networks · Epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty separated · Calibration as a curve rather than a score · Fixed manifold filters as inductive bias · Confidence where the data stopsArtificial IntelligenceNon-historical · research through 2026 Valiantian Neuroidal SimulacrumCircuits of the Mind · The neuroidal model · Memorisation and association on weak synapses · Learnability · Resources counted, never assumed freeArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Fly Olfactory Hashing SimulacrumFly olfaction as locality-sensitive hashing · Expand and sparsify · A Bloom filter for novelty · Circuits read as algorithms · Benchmarks at equal costArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Bareinboimian Causal Intelligence SimulacrumCausal Artificial Intelligence · Causal Reinforcement Learning · Transportability & Data Fusion · Counterfactual Decision-MakingArtificial IntelligenceContemporary Woodwardian Causal Explanation SimulacrumInterventionist Causation · Variable Choice · Invariance · What an Agent Can Learn by DoingArtificial IntelligenceContemporary

Astrological Systems & Celestial Divination35

Mesopotamian & Ancient Near Eastern

Enuma Anu Enlil SimulacrumThe Celestial-Omen Series · Sky-as-Text · Protasis–Apodosis · Omens for the StateAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination2nd–1st millennium BCE Bēl-uṣuršu SimulacrumThe King’s Celestial Diviner · Reporting-Letter · Apotropaic Rites · Neo-Assyrian CourtAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination7th century BCE Ilimilku SimulacrumCelestial-Seasonal Computation · The Baʻlu Cycle · Myth-as-Calendar · UgaritAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination12th century BCE

Hellenistic & Roman Astrology

Dorotheus of Sidon SimulacrumCarmen Astrologicum · Electional Astrology · Lots · Hellenistic TechniqueAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination1st century CE Marcus Manilius SimulacrumAstronomica · Stoic Cosmology · Astrological Poetry · The Living CosmosAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination1st century CE Ptolemy Simulacrum (Tetrabiblos)Tetrabiblos · Natural Astrology · Temperament · Universal vs ParticularAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination2nd century CE Vettius Valens SimulacrumAnthologiae · Time-Lord Techniques · Profections · Practical DelineationAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination2nd century CE Julius Firmicus Maternus SimulacrumMathesis · Decans · Thema Mundi · Late Antique AstrologyAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination4th century CE

Vedic & Indian Astrology (Jyotish)

Jaimini SimulacrumJaimini System · Chara Karakas · Rashi Dasha · The Other JyotishAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationClassical India B.V. Raman SimulacrumModern Jyotish · The Astrological Magazine · Predictive Technique · Science of the StarsAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination20th century Maharishi Parashara SimulacrumBrihat Parashara Hora Shastra · Dashas · Nakshatras · Vedic FoundationAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationTraditional (attributed)Varāhamihira SimulacrumBrihat Jataka · Brihat Samhita · Panchasiddhantika · SynthesisAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination6th century CE

Islamic-Era Astrology

Māshāʾallāh SimulacrumEarly Abbasid Astrology · Elections & Interrogations · Astrological History · Persian-Jewish TransmissionAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination8th–9th century CE Abū Maʿshar SimulacrumGreat Introduction · Great Conjunctions · Historical Astrology · TransmissionAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination9th century CE Al-Bīrūnī Simulacrum (Astrology)Book of Instruction · Tafhim · Comparative Astrology · Mathematical PrecisionAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination10th–11th century Abraham ibn Ezra SimulacrumBeginning of Wisdom · Hebrew Astrology · Dignities · Wandering ScholarAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination12th century

Medieval & Renaissance Western

Johannes Kepler Simulacrum (Astrology)Astrological Reform · De Fundamentis · Aspects as Harmonies · The Reformer’s ScepticismAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination16th–17th century Guido Bonatti SimulacrumLiber Astronomiae · 146 Considerations · Horary · Medieval PracticeAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination13th century Marsilio Ficino Simulacrum (Astrology)De Vita · Astrological Magic · Planetary Spirit · Neoplatonic AstrologyAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination15th century John Dee Simulacrum (Astrology)Propaedeumata Aphoristica · Elizabethan Astrology · Optics · NavigationAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination16th century William Lilly SimulacrumChristian Astrology · Horary · Great Fire Prediction · English TraditionAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination17th century

Mesoamerican Calendrical Systems

Tzolk’in Daykeeper SimulacrumTzolk’in · 260-Day Count · Nawal · Aj Q’ij · K’iche’ MayaAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationLiving tradition Long Count Astronomer SimulacrumLong Count · Bak’tun Cycles · Maya Astronomy · Calendrical MathematicsAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationClassic Maya period

Chinese Astrological Systems

Shào Yōng SimulacrumPlum Blossom Numerology · The Supreme Ultimate · Cosmic Number · Northern Song Neo-ConfucianismAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination11th century Ba Zi Practitioner SimulacrumFour Pillars of Destiny · Heavenly Stems · Earthly Branches · Five ElementsAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationTraditional Chinese Zi Wei Dou Shu Practitioner SimulacrumPurple Star Astrology · Twelve Palaces · Star Placement · Fate CalculationAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationTraditional Chinese (Song dynasty origin)

Modern & Philosophical

Greenian Depth SimulacrumPsychological Astrology · Jungian Depth · Fate as the Unlived Unconscious · The Chart as PsycheAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationContemporary Handian Technical SimulacrumHellenistic Revival · Recovered Technique · Traditional Method · The Restoration of the Lost ApparatusAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationContemporary Ra Uru Hu SimulacrumHuman Design · The Rave System · The Voice & the Mechanics · Type, Strategy & AuthorityAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination20th–21st century The BodyGraph SimulacrumHuman Design Chart · 9 Centres · 64 Gates · 36 Channels · The Operative InstrumentAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationModern system Dane Rudhyar SimulacrumHumanistic Astrology · Transpersonal · The Astrology of Personality · CyclesAstrological Systems & Celestial Divination20th century Cornelian Divinatory Judgement SimulacrumThe Moment of Astrology · Divinatory Astrology · Philosophy of PracticeAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationContemporary

Diagnostic Instruments

The Electional ToolElectional Astrology · Muhūrta · Ikhtiyārāt · Choosing the Hour to BeginAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationDiagnostic instrument The Horary DiagnosticHorary Astrology · Interrogations · Praśna · The Question’s Own SkyAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationDiagnostic instrument The Synastry DiagnosticSynastry · Chart Comparison · Inter-Aspects · How Two Skies MeetAstrological Systems & Celestial DivinationDiagnostic instrument

Astronomy & Cosmology29

Ancient & Islamic Astronomy

Kidinnu SimulacrumSystem B Lunar Theory · Synodic Month · Chaldaean Astronomy · Tersitu TabletsAstronomy & Cosmology4th century BCE Aristarchus of Samos SimulacrumHeliocentric Hypothesis · Relative Distances · Sun-Moon-Earth GeometryAstronomy & Cosmology3rd century BCE Hipparchus of Nicaea SimulacrumStar Catalogue · Precession · Trigonometry · Magnitude SystemAstronomy & Cosmology2nd century BCE Al-Battānī SimulacrumTrigonometric Astronomy · Solar Parameters · Zij · Correction of PtolemyAstronomy & Cosmology9th–10th century Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī SimulacrumṬūsī Couple · Maragha Observatory · Planetary Models · Non-Ptolemaic AstronomyAstronomy & Cosmology13th century

The Copernican Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus SimulacrumHeliocentric Model · De Revolutionibus · Planetary Order · The Turning of the WorldAstronomy & Cosmology15th–16th century Tycho Brahe SimulacrumPrecision Observation · Stellar Catalogues · The Tychonic System · Uraniborg · The Supernova of 1572Astronomy & Cosmology16th century Johannes Kepler SimulacrumPlanetary Motion · Three Laws · Harmonices Mundi · Celestial MechanicsAstronomy & Cosmology16th–17th century

Stellar Astronomy

William Herschel SimulacrumUranus · Deep Sky Surveys · Nebulae · Infrared Discovery · Telescope BuildingAstronomy & Cosmology18th–19th century Caroline Herschel SimulacrumComets · Nebulae · Star Catalogues · Astronomical CalculationAstronomy & Cosmology18th–19th century Annie Jump Cannon SimulacrumSpectral Classification · OBAFGKM · Henry Draper Catalogue · 350,000 StarsAstronomy & Cosmology19th–20th century Henrietta Swan Leavitt SimulacrumPeriod-Luminosity Relation · Cepheid Variables · The Cosmic Distance LadderAstronomy & Cosmology19th–20th century Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin SimulacrumStellar Composition · Hydrogen · Spectral Classification · The Most Brilliant PhD ThesisAstronomy & Cosmology20th century

The Expanding Universe

Vesto Slipher SimulacrumGalactic Redshifts · Spectroscopy · Nebular Velocities · The First EvidenceAstronomy & Cosmology20th century Alexander Friedmann SimulacrumFriedmann Equations · Dynamic Cosmology · Expanding Solutions · CurvatureAstronomy & Cosmology20th century Jan Oort SimulacrumGalactic rotation · The Oort limit · The cometary reservoir · 21cm radio astronomy · Weighing by motion, not by lightAstronomy & Cosmology19th–20th century J. Mayo Greenberg SimulacrumInterstellar grains · The core–mantle model · Laboratory ice analogues · Organic refractory residues · Comets as preserved interstellar matterAstronomy & Cosmology20th–21st century Drainean Grain Modelling SimulacrumInterstellar dust modelling · Size distributions · Simultaneous constraint · Elemental abundance budgets · Radiative transfer in grainsAstronomy & CosmologyContemporary Edwin Hubble SimulacrumHubble's Law · Extragalactic Astronomy · Galaxy Classification · The Expanding UniverseAstronomy & Cosmology20th century Georges Lemaître SimulacrumThe Primeval Atom · Big Bang · Expanding Universe · Cosmology · Priest-PhysicistAstronomy & Cosmology20th century

Modern Observational Astronomy

Fritz Zwicky SimulacrumDark Matter · Supernovae · Neutron Stars · Galaxy Clusters · Morphological AstronomyAstronomy & Cosmology20th century Vera Rubin SimulacrumDark Matter · Galaxy Rotation Curves · The Invisible Universe · Observational ProofAstronomy & Cosmology20th century

Cosmology & Theoretical Astrophysics

Zhang Heng SimulacrumArmillary Sphere · Seismoscope · Han Astronomy · Water-Powered Instruments · MathematicsAstronomy & Cosmology2nd century Claudius Ptolemy SimulacrumAlmagest · Geocentric System · Geography · Optics · Mathematical Astronomy · TetrabiblosAstronomy & Cosmology1st century Albert Einstein SimulacrumGeneral Relativity · Cosmological Constant · Spacetime · Thought ExperimentsAstronomy & Cosmology20th century Enrico Fermi SimulacrumThe Fermi Paradox · Estimation · Nuclear Physics · Chicago Pile-1Astronomy & Cosmology20th century Fred Hoyle SimulacrumStellar Nucleosynthesis · Steady State · Big Bang (Named It) · Carbon ResonanceAstronomy & Cosmology20th century Stephen Hawking SimulacrumBlack Holes · Hawking Radiation · Brief History of Time · Singularities · CosmologyAstronomy & Cosmology20th–21st century

Science Communication

Carl Sagan SimulacrumCosmos · Pale Blue Dot · Planetary Exploration · SETI · Science CommunicationAstronomy & Cosmology20th century

Banking & Finance17

Credit & Lending

J.P. Morgan SimulacrumCredit · Commercial Lending · Character & Capacity · The Panic of 1907 · Banking PowerBanking & Finance19th–20th century

Central Banking & Crises

Paul Volcker SimulacrumCentral Banking · Monetary Policy · Breaking Inflation · The Volcker Rule · CredibilityBanking & Finance20th–21st century Charles Kindleberger SimulacrumManias, Panics & Crashes · Financial Crises · Lender of Last Resort · Bubbles · Financial HistoryBanking & Finance20th–21st century

Ethics & Professional Conduct

George Rae SimulacrumThe Country Banker · Banking Ethics · Prudence · The Banker–Client Relationship · Professional ConductBanking & Finance19th–20th century

Private & Merchant Banking

Nathan Mayer Rothschild SimulacrumMerchant Banking · Private Banking · Sovereign Finance · Information & Networks · The Napoleonic LoansBanking & Finance18th–19th century

Sustainable & Digital Banking

Carneyan Sustainable Finance SimulacrumSustainable Finance · Climate Risk · The Tragedy of the Horizon · TCFD · Net-Zero BankingBanking & FinanceContemporary Digital Banking & AI SimulacrumDigital Transformation · AI in Banking · Fintech · Platform Models · Technology Risk & RegulationBanking & FinanceConstructed

Cryptocurrency & Digital Assets

Satoshi Nakamoto SimulacrumBitcoin · Proof of Work · Trustless Consensus · Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash · BlockchainBanking & Financefl. 21st century Hal Finney SimulacrumCypherpunk Movement · Reusable Proofs of Work · PGP · Bitcoin Early Development · Running BitcoinBanking & Finance20th–21st century Blockchain Architecture SimulacrumDistributed Systems · Consensus Mechanisms · Smart Contracts · Protocol Design · ScalabilityBanking & FinanceContemporary CBDC Analyst SimulacrumCentral Bank Digital Currencies · Monetary Policy · Digital Sovereignty · Programmable MoneyBanking & FinanceContemporary Cryptographic Foundations SimulacrumCryptography · Hash Functions · Public Key Infrastructure · Zero-Knowledge Proofs · Elliptic CurvesBanking & FinanceContemporary DeFi Analyst SimulacrumDecentralised Finance · Automated Market Makers · Lending Protocols · Yield · Smart Contract RiskBanking & FinanceContemporary Enterprise Blockchain Consultant SimulacrumEnterprise Blockchain · Permissioned Networks · Business Use Cases · Hyperledger · R3 CordaBanking & FinanceContemporary Crypto Regulation Analyst SimulacrumCryptocurrency Regulation · Digital Asset Law · Compliance · MiCA · Securities ClassificationBanking & FinanceContemporary Tokenomics Designer SimulacrumToken Economics · Mechanism Design · Incentive Architecture · Governance Tokens · VestingBanking & FinanceContemporary Web3 Architect SimulacrumWeb3 Stack · Decentralised Identity · NFTs · IPFS · dApps · Wallet InfrastructureBanking & FinanceContemporary

Biology & Life Sciences59

Foundations & Early Modern Observers

Theophrastus of Eresus SimulacrumHistoria Plantarum · De Causis Plantarum · Botany · Characters · Peripatetic SchoolBiology & Life Sciences4th–3rd century BCE Epicurus (Biology) SimulacrumAtomism Applied to Life · Biological Materialism · EmergenceBiology & Life Sciences4th–3rd century BCE William Harvey SimulacrumCirculation of Blood · Quantitative Reasoning · AnatomyBiology & Life Sciences16th–17th century Antonie van Leeuwenhoek SimulacrumMicrobiology · Microscopy · The Unseen WorldBiology & Life Sciences17th–18th century Robert Hooke SimulacrumMicrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental PhilosophyBiology & Life Sciences17th–18th century Carl Linnaeus SimulacrumTaxonomy · Binomial Nomenclature · Classification of LifeBiology & Life Sciences18th century Erasmus Darwin SimulacrumZoonomia · Common Descent · Acquired Characteristics · Temple of Nature · Invention · MedicineBiology & Life Sciences18th–19th century Edward Lear SimulacrumNatural History Illustration · Zoology · Nonsense TaxonomyBiology & Life Sciences19th century

Evolution & Speciation

Charles Darwin SimulacrumEvolution · Natural Selection · The Origin of SpeciesBiology & Life Sciences19th century Alfred Russel Wallace SimulacrumNatural Selection · Biogeography · The Wallace LineBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Ernst Mayr SimulacrumBiological species concept · Allopatric speciation · The Modern SynthesisBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century Stephen Jay Gould SimulacrumPunctuated equilibria · Contingency · Replay the tape of lifeBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century W.D. Hamilton SimulacrumInclusive fitness · rB > C · Kin selection · The selfish geneBiology & Life Sciences20th century Benensonian Comparative Ethology SimulacrumHuman ethology · Post-conflict affiliation · Peer relationships across species · Adaptive accounts of sex differences · What an adaptive account does not licenseBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Richard Lewontin SimulacrumAnalysis of variance and analysis of causes · Norms of reaction · Apportionment of human diversity · Population genetics · Science and ideologyBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century Fleischmanian Reinforcement SimulacrumSelection acting on the reward function · Disgust as a disease-avoidance adaptation · Ultimate and proximate answers to one behaviour · Reinforcers that are not interchangeableBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Huangian Maximum Diversity SimulacrumThe genetic equidistance result and its two readings · Distance as a ceiling rather than a rate · The overlap feature as discriminator · Bounding a theory rather than refuting itBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Fitness-Load Accounting SimulacrumFitness load as prevalence × selection coefficient · Reading an unobserved pressure off the price of the defence · Refutation in independent currencies · Mutation supply and the NeolithicBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Dawkinsian Replicator SimulacrumThe gene's-eye view as a change of coordinates · The extended phenotype · Arms races and the asymmetry of cost · What a figure licenses and what it does notBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Coynean Speciation SimulacrumReproductive isolation and its measurement · Substituting many pairs for one lineage through time · Haldane's rule as a lag · Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilitiesBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Lalandian Niche Construction SimulacrumEndogenising the environment · Ecological inheritance as a second channel · The social learning strategies tournament · Testing a human mechanism in a fishBiology & Life SciencesContemporary

Genetics & Molecular Biology

Gregor Mendel SimulacrumGenetics · Laws of Inheritance · HeredityBiology & Life Sciences19th century Thomas Hunt Morgan SimulacrumChromosome Theory · Drosophila · Gene MappingBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Barbara McClintock SimulacrumTransposable Elements · Maize Genetics · Genomic InstabilityBiology & Life Sciences20th century Rosalind Franklin SimulacrumX-ray Crystallography · DNA Structure · Photo 51Biology & Life Sciences20th century Oswald Avery SimulacrumDNA as the transforming principle · Pneumococcus · Cautious scienceBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Sydney Brenner SimulacrumC. elegans · mRNA · The genetic code · 959 cells you can knowBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century Marshall Nirenberg SimulacrumCracked the genetic code · Poly-U → phenylalanine · The codon dictionaryBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century Gurdonian Reprogramming SimulacrumNuclear transplantation · Totipotency · 1962 Xenopus · Differentiation reversedBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Volhardian Segmentation SimulacrumHeidelberg screen · Drosophila segmentation · Master genes of the body planBiology & Life SciencesContemporary James Watson SimulacrumModel building from published constraints · The double helix · Structure that explains function · Understatement as a claim of confidenceBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century Nielsenian Likelihood SimulacrumGenotype likelihoods and refusing to decide early · dN/dS with the control inside the ratio · Demography and selection as one signature · Every artefact has a signBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Admixture Graph Simulacrumf-statistics as tests of a tree · Solving for populations nobody sampled · Ascertainment before inference · The present as a palimpsestBiology & Life SciencesContemporary

Behaviour & Quantitative Genetics

Richard Lewontin SimulacrumAnalysis of variance and analysis of causes · Norms of reaction · Apportionment of human diversity · Population genetics · Science and ideologyBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century Turkheimerian Gloomy Prospect SimulacrumThe three laws of behaviour genetics · The gloomy prospect · Heritability as a conditional statistic · Variance against causation · Weak explanationBiology & Life SciencesContemporary James Flynn SimulacrumThe Flynn effect · Subtest profiles · The multiplier model · Cognitive habits and modernity · Open inquiryBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century Hardenian Genetic Lottery SimulacrumGenetic luck and moral arbitrariness · Anti-eugenic policy · Polygenic scores as research tools · Genetic confounding · Equality of opportunityBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Youngian Direct-Effect SimulacrumDirect and indirect genetic effects · Within-family designs · Population stratification · Assortative mating · Identification in observational geneticsBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Abdellaouian Genetic Geography SimulacrumGeographic clustering of polygenic scores · Migration and social sorting · Gene–environment correlation as a subject · Anticipating the misreadingBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Nyborgian Physicology SimulacrumPhysicology — the physical quantity underneath a construct · The General Trait Covariance model · Androtypes and oestrotypes defined by assay · Double Relaxed Darwinian SelectionBiology & Life SciencesContemporary

Microbiology & Immunology

Louis Pasteur SimulacrumGerm Theory · Vaccination · MicrobiologyBiology & Life Sciences19th century Alexander Fleming SimulacrumPenicillin · Bacteriology · SerendipityBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Jonas Salk SimulacrumPolio Vaccine · Virology · Public HealthBiology & Life Sciences20th century Robert Koch SimulacrumKoch's postulates · Pure culture · Anthrax · Tuberculosis · CholeraBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Élie Metchnikoff SimulacrumPhagocytosis · Cellular immunity · Starfish larvae · GerontologyBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century

Physiology, Cell & Neural Biology

Rudolf Virchow SimulacrumCellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social MedicineBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Santiago Ramón y Cajal SimulacrumNeuroscience · Neuron Doctrine · Scientific IllustrationBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Claude Bernard SimulacrumLe milieu intérieur · Experimental medicine · The pancreatic juiceBiology & Life Sciences19th century Walter Cannon SimulacrumHomeostasis · Fight-or-flight · The wisdom of the bodyBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century George Palade SimulacrumCell biology as discipline · The ribosome · The secretory pathwayBiology & Life Sciences20th–21st century Charles Sherrington SimulacrumIntegrative action · The synapse · Reflex · Reciprocal inhibitionBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Otto Warburg SimulacrumManometry · Cell respiration and fermentation · The tumour in the vessel and in the body · The instrument as methodBiology & Life Sciences19th–20th century Kandelian Synaptic Memory SimulacrumMemory from the synapse up · The two clocks of memory · Genes, synapses and learning · Psychiatry and the biology of mind · Reductionism in art and brain scienceBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Cisekian Affordance SimulacrumAffordance competition · Urgency gating · Phylogenetic refinement · Embodied decision-makingBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Shadlenian Deliberation SimulacrumPerceptual decision-making · Evidence accumulation to a bound · Confidence and decision time · Consciousness as a decision to reportBiology & Life SciencesContemporary

Ecology & Living Systems

Rachel Carson SimulacrumEcology · Marine Biology · Environmental WritingBiology & Life Sciences20th century G.E. Hutchinson SimulacrumThe n-dimensional niche · Ecology as discipline · Paradox of the planktonBiology & Life Sciences20th century Levinian Systems SimulacrumBioelectricity · Morphogenesis · Planarian Regeneration · Cognitive Light Cone · Diverse IntelligenceBiology & Life SciencesContemporary Kimmerian Botany SimulacrumBraiding Sweetgrass · Indigenous Plant Wisdom · Potawatomi Science · Botanical Grammar of AnimacyBiology & Life SciencesContemporary

British Empire48

Literature & Cultural Voice

G.A. Henty Simulacrum122 Imperial Adventure Novels · Empire as Moral Education · History as Character FormationBritish Empire19th–20th century H. Rider Haggard SimulacrumKing Solomon's Mines · She · Africa as Adventure Romance · The Imperial ImaginaryBritish Empire19th–20th century Joseph Conrad SimulacrumHeart of Darkness · Lord Jim · Nostromo · Critique from Inside the AssumptionsBritish Empire19th–20th century Rudyard Kipling SimulacrumKim · The Jungle Book · Plain Tales from the Hills · The White Man's Burden · Nobel 1907British Empire19th–20th century John Buchan SimulacrumThe Thirty-Nine Steps · Prester John · The Gentleman Adventurer · Governor-General of CanadaBritish Empire19th–20th century Chinua Achebe SimulacrumThings Fall Apart · The Counter-Narrative · Answering Conrad · African Literature in EnglishBritish Empire20th–21st century

Exploration & Intelligence

James Cook SimulacrumThree Voyages · The Chart as Claim · Navigation and Naming as Imperial Acts · Pacific · AustraliaBritish Empire18th century Joseph Banks SimulacrumBotany Bay · Kew Gardens · The Botanical Empire · 41 Years as President of the Royal SocietyBritish Empire18th–19th century William Jones SimulacrumThe Indo-European Discovery · Comparative Linguistics · Sanskrit · Bengal as Laboratory · Asiatic SocietyBritish Empire18th century Thomas Stamford Raffles SimulacrumSingapore · Java · Liberal Imperialism · Natural History · The Company Reversed His ReformsBritish Empire18th–19th century David Livingstone SimulacrumCentral Africa · Commerce and Christianity · The Arab Slave Trade · Heart Buried at ChitamboBritish Empire19th century Richard Francis Burton SimulacrumImmersion as Epistemology · 29 Languages · Mecca in Disguise · Lake Tanganyika · 1001 NightsBritish Empire19th century Henry Morton Stanley SimulacrumCongo for Leopold · Dr Livingstone I Presume · The Dark Mirror · Exploration Without Humanitarian GlossBritish Empire19th–20th century Mary Kingsley SimulacrumWest Africa Alone · Travels in West Africa · Deflationary Empiricism · Against Missionary DistortionBritish Empire19th–20th century

Administration & Doctrine

Robert Clive SimulacrumBattle of Plassey · The Making of British India · East India Company · Parliament's AccountingBritish Empire18th century James Wolfe SimulacrumQuebec · The Plains of Abraham · The Hero Who Dies at the Moment of Victory · Benjamin West's PaintingBritish Empire18th century Warren Hastings SimulacrumFirst Governor-General of India · The Administrator Who Loved India · Burke's Target · ImpeachmentBritish Empire18th century Richard Wellesley SimulacrumSubsidiary Alliance · Doubled British India · Governor-General · Wellington's BrotherBritish Empire18th–19th century Duke of Wellington SimulacrumIndia · Waterloo · The Empire as Military School · Tipu Sultan · The MarathasBritish Empire18th–19th century Charles Napier SimulacrumConquest of Sindh · Peccavi · A Very Advantageous Piece of Rascality · The Self-Aware ConquerorBritish Empire18th–19th century Benjamin Disraeli SimulacrumSuez Canal · Queen as Empress · Imperial Romance · Political Theatre · One NationBritish Empire19th century Henry Maine SimulacrumFrom Status to Contract · Ancient Law · India as Legal Laboratory · Comparative JurisprudenceBritish Empire19th century Walter Bagehot SimulacrumThe English Constitution · The Dignified and the Efficient · How Power Actually WorksBritish Empire19th century James Fitzjames Stephen SimulacrumLiberty Equality Fraternity · The Reply to Mill · Indian Penal Code · Law May Enforce MoralityBritish Empire19th century Charles Gordon SimulacrumKhartoum · The Martyred General · Imperial Death as Spectacle · Two Days Before Relief ArrivedBritish Empire19th century Lord Cromer SimulacrumEgypt · The Invisible Empire · Governing Without Owning · The Proconsul as TypeBritish Empire19th–20th century Herbert Kitchener SimulacrumOmdurman · Sudan · Boer War · War as Industrial Problem · The Mathematics of SlaughterBritish Empire19th–20th century Alfred Milner SimulacrumThe Boer War · Imperial Federation · Empire by Paperwork · Engineering Conditions for WarBritish Empire19th–20th century Robert Baden-Powell SimulacrumScouting for Boys · Mafeking · Imperial Military Virtues as Universal Character FormationBritish Empire19th–20th century Frederick Lugard SimulacrumIndirect Rule · The Dual Mandate · Nigeria · Governing Through Existing StructuresBritish Empire19th–20th century George Curzon SimulacrumViceroy of India · The Partition of Bengal · Imperial Grandeur · The Complete BelieverBritish Empire19th–20th century

Critics & Dissenters from Within

Edmund Burke SimulacrumHastings Prosecution · Power Must Answer · The Particular Against the Abstract · Reflections on the Revolution in FranceBritish Empire18th century Thomas Clarkson SimulacrumAbolition · The Brooks Diagram · 35,000 Miles · The Infrastructure of the Moral CampaignBritish Empire18th–19th century William Cobbett SimulacrumRural Rides · The Great Wen · Empire Destroyed England First · The Agrarian RadicalBritish Empire18th–19th century Sydney Smith SimulacrumEdinburgh Review · Wit as Moral Weapon · Against Evangelical Missionaries · Against FloggingBritish Empire18th–19th century Thomas Carlyle SimulacrumHero Worship · The Occasional Discourse · The Philosophical Ground of Racial HierarchyBritish Empire19th century Richard Cobden SimulacrumFree Trade as the Alternative to Empire · The Manchester School · The Corn Laws · Commerce is the Grand PanaceaBritish Empire19th century John Bright SimulacrumThe Quaker Conscience · Non-Intervention · A Crime Wrapped Up in a Blunder · Corn Laws · Anti-WarBritish Empire19th century Herbert Spencer SimulacrumSurvival of the Fittest · Social Darwinism · Evolution as Universal Law · The Ideological LubricantBritish Empire19th–20th century Francis Galton SimulacrumCorrelation · Regression · Eugenics · Fingerprints · The Polymath and His Catastrophic ApplicationBritish Empire19th–20th century J.A. Hobson SimulacrumImperialism: A Study (1902) · The Economic Mechanism · Surplus Capital · The Flag Follows the DividendBritish Empire19th–20th century Roger Casement SimulacrumCongo Atrocities Report · Peruvian Rubber Slavery · The Consul Who Turned · Executed for Treason 1916British Empire19th–20th century

Colonial Voices & Resistance

Dadabhai Naoroji SimulacrumThe Drain Theory · Poverty and Un-British Rule in India · First British Indian MP · The Accounts Do Not LieBritish Empire19th–20th century Bal Gangadhar Tilak SimulacrumSwaraj is My Birthright · Mass Politics · Twice Imprisoned · The Grammar is the PhilosophyBritish Empire19th–20th century Mahatma Gandhi SimulacrumSatyagraha · Non-Cooperation · Hind Swaraj · The Withdrawal of ConsentBritish Empire19th–20th century Marcus Garvey SimulacrumAfrica for the Africans · Pan-Africanism · UNIA · Separate Self-DeterminationBritish Empire19th–20th century C.L.R. James SimulacrumThe Black Jacobins · Beyond a Boundary · Cricket as Colonial Politics · Marxism · Pan-Africanism · TrinidadBritish Empire20th century Frantz Fanon SimulacrumThe Wretched of the Earth · Black Skin White Masks · Colonisation as Psychological Structure · Martinique · AlgeriaBritish Empire20th century

The Calmecac6

The Teachers

The Codex Borgia SimulacrumYoalli Ehecatl · Night Wind · Divinatory Screenfold · Ritual Calendar · Pre-Columbian CosmologyThe Calmecac16th century The Tlamatini SimulacrumNahuatl Philosophy · Mirror-Making · Face-Making · In Ixtli In Yollotl · The Teacher as Face-GiverThe Calmecac16th century The Tonalpouhqui SimulacrumTonalpohualli · The 260-Day Calendar · Day Signs · Fate Interpretation · The Naming of ChildrenThe Calmecac16th century

The Poet-Kings

Nezahualcoyotl SimulacrumFlower and Song · Theological Scepticism · In Tloque Nahuaque · The Unknown God · TexcocoThe Calmecac15th century Macuilxochitzin SimulacrumNahuatl Poetry · Five Precious Flower · Aztec Woman Poet · Song of the Shields · Xochipilli TraditionThe Calmecac16th century

The Sacred Manuscripts

The Codex Borgia SimulacrumYoalli Ehecatl · Night Wind · Divinatory Screenfold · Ritual Calendar · Pre-Columbian Cosmology · QuetzalcoatlThe Calmecac16th century

Chemistry59

Ancient Atomism & Natural Philosophy

Democritus of Abdera SimulacrumAtomic theory · Void · Materialism · The origin of chemistry in philosophyChemistry5th century BCE Epicurus SimulacrumAtomism · The Swerve · Void · Material PhilosophyChemistry4th century BCE Pierre Gassendi SimulacrumAtomism · Empiricism · Revival of Epicurus · Early ChemistryChemistry17th century

Alchemy

Mary the Jewess SimulacrumPractical Alchemy · Apparatus · The First AlchemistChemistry1st–3rd century Jabir ibn Hayyan SimulacrumExperimental Method · Acids · Islamic AlchemyChemistry8th century Paracelsus SimulacrumIatrochemistry · Hermetic Philosophy · Poison & CureChemistry16th century Isaac Newton SimulacrumAlchemy · The Philosopher's Stone · Hidden TheologyChemistry17th century

The Chemical Revolution

Robert Boyle SimulacrumThe Sceptical Chymist · Boyle’s Law · Corpuscular Theory · Chemistry vs Alchemy · Invisible CollegeChemistry17th century Henry Cavendish SimulacrumHydrogen · Density of the Earth · Electrical theory · Solitary geniusChemistry18th–19th century Joseph Priestley SimulacrumOxygen · Pneumatic Chemistry · Electricity · Unitarianism · Political Radicalism · PhlogistonChemistry18th century Carl Wilhelm Scheele SimulacrumOxygen · Chlorine · Manganese · Tartaric acid · The chemist who discovered and was never creditedChemistry18th century Antoine Lavoisier SimulacrumCombustion · Conservation of Mass · Modern ChemistryChemistry18th century John Dalton SimulacrumAtomic Theory · Elements · Combining ProportionsChemistry19th century Humphry Davy SimulacrumElectrochemistry · Sodium · Potassium · Calcium · Chlorine · The Davy lampChemistry18th–19th century Jane Marcet SimulacrumConversations on Chemistry (1806) · Conversations on Political Economy (1816) · Teaching by Staged Dialogue · Tutor and Two Pupils · Experiment Before ExplanationChemistry18th–19th century Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac SimulacrumGas Laws · Law of Combining Volumes · Boron · Balloon Ascents · Physical ChemistryChemistry18th–19th century Jöns Jacob Berzelius SimulacrumChemical notation · Atomic weights · Silicon · Catalysis · Organic chemistryChemistry18th–19th century Michael Faraday SimulacrumElectrochemistry · Faraday's laws · Electromagnetic induction · The chemist who became a physicistChemistry19th century Dmitri Mendeleev SimulacrumPeriodic Table · Elemental Order · PredictionChemistry19th century

Industrial & Synthetic Chemistry

Nicolas Leblanc SimulacrumLeblanc process · Industrial soda · First industrial chemistry · The cost of inventionChemistry18th–19th century Justus von Liebig SimulacrumOrganic chemistry methodology · Agricultural chemistry · Laboratory training · The chemical laboratory as institutionChemistry19th century August Kekulé SimulacrumBenzene ring · Structural organic chemistry · Molecular architectureChemistry19th century William Henry Perkin SimulacrumMauveine · First synthetic dye · Coal tar chemistry · Accidental discovery at 18Chemistry19th–20th century Emil Fischer SimulacrumSugar chemistry · Lock and key model · Purines · Amino acids · Nobel 1902Chemistry19th–20th century Walther Nernst SimulacrumNernst equation · Third Law of Thermodynamics · Physical chemistry · Nobel 1920Chemistry19th–20th century Fritz Haber SimulacrumNitrogen Fixation · Haber-Bosch · Chemical WeaponsChemistry20th century Carl Bosch SimulacrumIndustrial Chemistry · High Pressure · Scale-Up · Haber-Bosch PlantChemistry20th century Wallace Carothers SimulacrumSynthetic Polymers · Nylon · Neoprene · Polymer ArchitectureChemistry20th century Giulio Natta SimulacrumStereospecific polymerisation · Isotactic polypropylene · Ziegler–Natta catalysis · Kinetics of olefin polymerisation · Nobel 1963Chemistry20th century Karl Ziegler SimulacrumOrganometallic mixed catalysts · Low-pressure polyethylene · Ziegler–Natta catalysis · The Aufbau reaction · Nobel 1963Chemistry19th–20th century Ernst Otto Fischer SimulacrumSandwich and arene complexes · Carrying a bonding conception up the ligand series · Electron counting as design rather than bookkeeping · Isosterism as proof of class · Nobel 1973Chemistry20th–21st century Geoffrey Wilkinson SimulacrumOrganometallic Chemistry · Ferrocene and the Sandwich Structure · Homogeneous Catalysis · Elimination-Stabilised Alkyls · Nuclear Taxonomy · Nobel 1973Chemistry20th century Irving Langmuir SimulacrumSurface chemistry · Adsorption and the Langmuir isotherm · Thermionic emission · Plasma · Pathological scienceChemistry19th–20th century

Structural Chemistry & Crystallography

Jacobus van 't Hoff SimulacrumStereochemistry · Osmotic pressure · Chemical kinetics · First Nobel Prize in ChemistryChemistry19th–20th century Wilhelm Ostwald SimulacrumPhysical Chemistry · Catalysis · Ostwald Process · Colour Theory · Nobel 1909Chemistry19th–20th century Svante Arrhenius SimulacrumIonic theory · Activation energy · Acids and bases · Greenhouse effect predictionChemistry19th–20th century W.H. & W.L. Bragg SimulacrumX-ray crystallography · Bragg's Law · Crystal structure · Father and son Nobel 1915Chemistry19th–20th century Marie Curie SimulacrumRadioactivity · Polonium · Radium · Two Nobel Prizes · Physics and ChemistryChemistry19th–20th century Irène Joliot-Curie SimulacrumTransmutation · Artificial Radioactivity · Radiochemical Proof · Nuclear ArchitectureChemistry19th–20th century Robert Robinson SimulacrumOrganic synthesis · Alkaloids · Tropinone synthesis · Electronic theory of organic reactions · Nobel 1947Chemistry19th–20th century Linus Pauling SimulacrumChemical Bonding · Quantum Chemistry · Molecular BiologyChemistry20th century Dorothy Hodgkin SimulacrumX-Ray Crystallography · Penicillin · Vitamin B12 · Insulin StructureChemistry20th century R.B. Woodward SimulacrumOrganic Synthesis · Total Synthesis · Molecular ArchitectureChemistry20th century Frederick Sanger SimulacrumProtein sequencing · DNA sequencing · Two Nobel Prizes · Doing not talkingChemistry20th century Rosalind Franklin SimulacrumX-ray crystallography · DNA structure · Photo 51 · Tobacco mosaic virusChemistry20th century Alfred Werner SimulacrumCoordination Chemistry · Inorganic Stereochemistry · Valence Theory · Metal Ammines · Optical Activity Without CarbonChemistry19th–20th century Victor Grignard SimulacrumOrganomagnesium Compounds · Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation · Preparative Method · Reagent Scope and Selectivity · The Rescue of Discarded ProceduresChemistry19th–20th century Hermann Staudinger SimulacrumMacromolecular Chemistry · Polymer Science · Cellulose and Rubber · Polymer-Analogous Transformation · Nobel 1953Chemistry19th–20th century Peter Debye SimulacrumDipole Moments · Dielectrics and Relaxation · X-ray and Electron Diffraction · Molecular Geometry · Debye–Hückel Theory · Nobel 1936Chemistry19th–20th century Frederick Soddy SimulacrumIsotopes and the displacement law · The disintegration theory · Separation by rate where chemistry fails · Wealth distinguished from the claims on itChemistry19th–20th century

Molecular & Contemporary Chemistry

Harry Kroto SimulacrumBuckminsterfullerene · C60 · Carbon chemistry · Nobel 1996Chemistry20th century Feringan Molecular Motor SimulacrumMolecular machines · Rotary motor · Nobel 2016 · Nanotechnology as chemistryChemistryContemporary Arnoldian Directed Evolution SimulacrumDirected evolution · Nobel 2018 · Enzymes by evolution · Green chemistryChemistryContemporary Doudnan Gene Editing SimulacrumCRISPR-Cas9 · Gene editing · Nobel 2020 · The chemistry of the genomeChemistryContemporary Ilya Prigogine SimulacrumNon-Equilibrium Thermodynamics · Dissipative Structures · Irreversibility · Self-OrganisationChemistry20th–21st century Glenn Seaborg SimulacrumTransuranium Elements · The Actinide Concept · Nuclear Chemistry · The Periodic Table RedrawnChemistry20th century Harold Urey SimulacrumDeuterium · Isotope Science · Cosmochemistry · Origin of Life · Planetary ScienceChemistry19th–20th century Hoffmannian Orbital Symmetry SimulacrumOrbital Symmetry · Woodward-Hoffmann Rules · Isolobal Analogy · Chemical Explanation · Poetry of ScienceChemistryContemporary Ahmed Zewail SimulacrumFemtochemistry · Ultrafast Dynamics · Transition State Observation · 4D Electron MicroscopyChemistry20th–21st century

Classics81

Attic Lexical Taxonomy SimulacrumAttic Greek Vocabulary · Lexical Fields · Semantic Taxonomy · Classical TerminologyClassicsTool (Classical period focus)Attic Rhetoric SimulacrumDeliberative · Forensic · Epideictic · Progymnasmata · Attic OratorsClassicsTool (Classical period focus)

The Homeric World

Homer SimulacrumOral Epic · The Iliad · The Odyssey · Formula, Type-Scene, Ring CompositionClassicsfl. 8th–7th century BCE Odysseus SimulacrumThe Man of Many Turns · Cunning · Concealment · NostosClassicsHomeric legend Penelope SimulacrumThe Loom as Strategy · Patience · Sovereignty Through Delay · The OdysseyClassicsHomeric legend Hector SimulacrumThe Defender of Troy · Duty · The Doomed Cause · The IliadClassicsHomeric legend Achilles SimulacrumHonour and Wrath · The Choice of Glory · Mortality · The IliadClassicsHomeric legend Heinrich Schliemann SimulacrumExcavation of Troy, Mycenae and Tiryns · Text as Map · Mycenaean ArchaeologyClassics19th century Michael Ventris SimulacrumThe Decipherment of Linear B · Mycenaean Greek · Script versus LanguageClassics20th century Milman Parry SimulacrumOral-Formulaic Theory · The Composition of Homer · Fieldwork in YugoslaviaClassics20th century Moses Finley SimulacrumThe World of Odysseus · Social History · Myth as Evidence · Ancient EconomyClassics20th century Aristarchus of Samothrace SimulacrumTextual Criticism · Homeric Philology · Alexandrian Scholarship · The Aristarchian SignsClassics3rd–2nd century BCE

Greek Oratory

Antiphon SimulacrumAttic Oratory · Eikos · Probability · The First LogographerClassics5th century BCE Lysias SimulacrumAttic Oratory · The Plain Style · Characterisation · Art That Conceals ArtClassics5th–4th century BCE Isocrates SimulacrumGreek Rhetoric · Political Education · Periodic Style · Pan-HellenismClassics5th–4th century BCE Demosthenes SimulacrumGreek Rhetoric · Political Urgency · The Philippics · ParrhēsiaClassics4th century BCE

Early Latin

Livius Andronicus SimulacrumTranslation · Odusia · Latin Tragedy · BeginningsClassics3rd century BCE Gnaeus Naevius SimulacrumEpic · Comedy · Bellum Punicum · Roman National PoetryClassics3rd century BCE Titus Maccius Plautus SimulacrumComedy · Farce · Verse · The Clever SlaveClassics3rd–2nd century BCE Publius Terentius Afer SimulacrumComedy · Humanism · Double Plots · EleganceClassics2nd century BCE

Late Republic

Marcus Terentius Varro SimulacrumRoman Antiquities · Latin Language · EncyclopaedismClassics2nd–1st century BCE Cornelius Nepos SimulacrumBiography · De Viris Illustribus · Comparative LivesClassics1st century BCE Marcus Tullius Cicero SimulacrumOratory · Philosophy · Humanitas · Latin LiteratureClassics2nd–1st century BCE Gaius Julius Caesar SimulacrumCommentarii · Military Prose · Political NarrativeClassics1st century BCE Aulus Hirtius SimulacrumBook VIII · Continuator · Military History · The Soldier Who Finished Caesar's StoryClassics1st century BCE Gaius Sallustius Crispus SimulacrumHistory · Moral Decline · Catiline · JugurthaClassics1st century BCE Gaius Valerius Catullus SimulacrumLyric Poetry · Love · Invective · Neoteric VerseClassics1st century BCE

Augustan Age

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio SimulacrumArchitecture · De Architectura · Engineering · ProportionClassics1st century BCE Publius Vergilius Maro SimulacrumEpic · Pastoral · Didactic · The AeneidClassics1st century BCE Quintus Horatius Flaccus SimulacrumOde · Satire · Epistle · Ars PoeticaClassics1st century BCE Augustus SimulacrumRes Gestae · Imperial Prose · Political Self-PresentationClassics1st century BCE – 1st century CE Titus Livius SimulacrumAb Urbe Condita · Roman History · Moral ExemplaClassics1st century BCE – 1st century CE Albius Tibullus SimulacrumElegy · Pastoral Love · The Golden Age · SimplicityClassics1st century BCE Publius Ovidius Naso SimulacrumMetamorphoses · Amores · Exile · WitClassics1st century BCE – 1st century CE Sulpicia SimulacrumElegy · Women's Voice · Desire · Latin Love PoetryClassics1st century BCE The Unnamed Woman (Laudatio Turiae) SimulacrumElegy · Marriage · Devotion · Anonymous InscriptionClassics1st century BCE

Early Empire

Pompeius Trogus SimulacrumUniversal History · Historiae Philippicae · The Non-Roman WorldClassics1st century BCE – 1st century CE Velleius Paterculus SimulacrumHistory · Military Memoir · Tiberian RomeClassics1st century BCE – 1st century CE Claudius SimulacrumAntiquarian History · Imperial Prose · EtruscologyClassics1st century CE Lucius Annaeus Seneca SimulacrumStoic Philosophy · Epistulae · Tragedy · Moral EssaysClassics1st century CE Marcus Manilius SimulacrumDidactic Poetry · Astronomica · Fate · Stoic CosmologyClassics1st century CE Pomponius Mela SimulacrumGeography · De Chorographia · The Known WorldClassics1st century CE Grattius SimulacrumDidactic Poetry · Cynegetica · Hunting · Rural LifeClassics1st century CE Quintus Curtius Rufus SimulacrumHistory · Alexander the Great · Rhetorical NarrativeClassics1st century CE Rutilius Lupus SimulacrumRhetoric · Figures of Speech · De Figuris SententiarumClassics1st century CE Valerius Maximus SimulacrumExempla · Moral Rhetoric · Facta et Dicta MemorabiliaClassics1st century CE Pliny the Elder SimulacrumNatural History · Encyclopaedism · Curiosity · VesuviusClassics1st century CE Aules Persius Flaccus SimulacrumSatire · Stoic Ethics · Compression · DifficultyClassics1st century CE Caesius Bassus SimulacrumMetre · Lyric Poetry · Grammar · The Persius EditionClassics1st century CE Marcus Annaeus Lucanus SimulacrumEpic · Bellum Civile · Anti-Epic · Neronian PoetryClassics1st century CE Calpurnius Siculus SimulacrumPastoral · Eclogues · Neronian Golden AgeClassics1st century CE Corpus Priapeorum (Anonymous) SimulacrumObscene Verse · Priapus · Garden Poetry · Roman HumourClassics1st century CE Laus Pisonis (Anonymous) SimulacrumPanegyric · Patron Poetry · Neronian RomeClassics1st century CE Ilias Latina (Baebius Italicus?) SimulacrumEpic Epitome · Homer in Latin · CompressionClassics1st century CE

Flavian & Later Imperial

Silius Italicus SimulacrumEpic · Punica · The Second Punic War · Flavian PoetryClassics1st century CE Marcus Fabius Quintilianus SimulacrumRhetoric · Education · Institutio Oratoria · The Complete OratorClassics1st century CE Marcus Valerius Martialis SimulacrumEpigram · Satire · Roman Daily Life · WitClassics1st century CE Publius Papinius Statius SimulacrumEpic · Thebaid · Silvae · Occasional PoetryClassics1st century CE Publius Cornelius Tacitus SimulacrumAnnales · Historiae · Germania · Imperial CorruptionClassics1st–2nd century CE Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus SimulacrumEpistulae · Provincial Government · Vesuvius · Literary CorrespondenceClassics1st–2nd century CE Hyginus SimulacrumFabulae · Astronomica · Mythological Compendium · The Damaged DatabaseClassics2nd century CE Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus SimulacrumImperial Biography · De Vita Caesarum · Gossip as MethodClassics1st–2nd century CE Lucius Annaeus Florus SimulacrumEpitome · Roman History in Miniature · Rhetorical HistoryClassics2nd century CE Lucius Apuleius SimulacrumMetamorphoses · The Golden Ass · Isis · African LatinClassics2nd century CE Aulus Gellius SimulacrumNoctes Atticae · Antiquarianism · Miscellany · GrammarClassics2nd century CE Gaius SimulacrumRoman Law · Institutes · Persons, Things, ActionsClassics2nd century CE Sextus Pomponius SimulacrumRoman Legal History · Enchiridion · Jurists · The Only Ancient History of Roman LawClassics2nd century CE Sextus (Pseudo-Pythagorean) SimulacrumSententiae · Moral Maxims · Pythagorean Ethics · AsceticismClassics2nd century CE

Reference & Tools

Aelius Donatus SimulacrumArs Minor · Ars Maior · The Eight Parts of Speech · Commentary on Terence · Life of VirgilClassics4th century CE Boethius SimulacrumThe Last of the Romans · Translation of Aristotle · The Quadrivium · Consolation of PhilosophyClassics5th–6th century CE Nicomachus of Gerasa SimulacrumIntroduction to Arithmetic · Greek Arithmology · Harmonics · The Four Methods · NeopythagoreanismClassics1st–2nd century CE Priscian of Caesarea SimulacrumInstitutiones Grammaticae · Eighteen Books · The Construction of Words · Ten Thousand CitationsClassics5th–6th century CE Martianus Capella SimulacrumDe Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii · The Seven Liberal Arts as Personified Women · Menippean Satire · AllegoryClassics5th century CE Isidore of Seville SimulacrumEtymologiae · Origins of Words · The Seven Arts in Books I–III · Differentiae · Encyclopaedic OrderClassics6th–7th century CE Latin Syntax SimulacrumLatin Word Order · Sentence Structure · GrammarClassicsClassical Latin Natural Method Latin SimulacrumLatin Taught in Latin · The Self-Explaining Text · Graded Vocabulary · Grammar by Induction · Reading Toward the AuthorsClassicsConstructed Tool Rhetorica Ciceroniana SimulacrumOratory · Rhetoric · Persuasion · Latin StyleClassicsClassical Latin The Roman Mind SimulacrumRoman Thought · Law · Governance · Civic VirtueClassicsClassical Rome Jacob Bernays SimulacrumClassical Philology · Aristotle’s Catharsis · Theophrastus · Scaliger · HeraclitusClassics19th century Dionysius Thrax SimulacrumTéchnē Grammatikḗ · The First Systematic Grammar · Greek Morphology · Parts of Speech · Alexandrian ScholarshipClassics2nd century BCE Erasmus of Rotterdam SimulacrumCollating manuscripts · The apparatus and the facing page · Reading the Fathers rather than the quotations of themClassics15th–16th century

Cognitive & Perceptual Sciences39

Perception & the Ecological Approach

Gibsonian Affordances SimulacrumEcological Optics · Affordances · Direct Perception · The Senses Considered as Perceptual SystemsCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century Maurice Merleau-Ponty SimulacrumPhenomenology · Embodied Cognition · PerceptionCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century Gunnar Johansson SimulacrumBiological Motion · Point-Light Displays · Kinematic GeometryCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century Noenian Vision SimulacrumEnactive Perception · Presence · Strange Tools · Sensorimotor Contingencies · The Extended MindCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Bajcsyan Active Perception SimulacrumActive Perception · Robotic Vision · Elastic Matching · Computational Anatomy · Human-Robot InteractionCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary

Movement, Coordination & Motor Control

Nikolai Bernstein SimulacrumBiomechanics · Degrees of Freedom · Motor ControlCognitive & Perceptual Sciences19th–20th century Bernsteinian Building SimulacrumDegrees of Freedom Problem · Dexterity · Motor Learning · Movement as Problem-Solving · Physiology of ActivityCognitive & Perceptual Sciences19th–20th century D'Arcy Thompson SimulacrumMathematical Biology · Growth · FormCognitive & Perceptual Sciences19th–20th century David Marr SimulacrumLevels of analysis · The computational theory of vision · Natural constraints and stereopsis · Codons and the cerebellar theory · Simple memoryCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century

Cybernetics & Synthetic Creatures

W. Ross Ashby SimulacrumCybernetics · Homeostat · Requisite VarietyCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century W. Grey Walter SimulacrumCybernetics · Turtle Robots · EEG · BrainwavesCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century Valentino Braitenberg SimulacrumSynthetic Neuroscience · Vehicles · BehaviourCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th–21st century Misha Mahowald SimulacrumNeuromorphic Vision · Silicon Retina · Analogue VLSICognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century Albert Uttley SimulacrumConditional Probability Computers · Classification of Signals · Learning Machines · Experimental PsychologyCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century

Neural Representation & Brain Theory

Gerald Edelman SimulacrumNeural Darwinism · Consciousness · SelectionismCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th–21st century Colin Blakemore SimulacrumVisual Neuroscience · Critical Periods · DevelopmentCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th–21st century Markraman Brain Simulation SimulacrumBrain simulation · The Blue Brain and Human Brain projects · Cortical microcircuitry · Simulation as method · Building rather than describingCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Reimannian Topology SimulacrumTopological Neuroscience · Cliques · Neural HomologyCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century Dabaghian Combinatorics SimulacrumTopological Neuroscience · Spatial Cognition · HomologyCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Curtonian Geometry SimulacrumNeural Codes · Convex Realizability · Combinatorial TopologyCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Hawkinsian Memory-Prediction SimulacrumOn Intelligence · The memory-prediction framework · Hierarchical temporal memory · Active dendrites and sparse codes · A thousand models in the cortical columnsCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Valiantian Neuroidal SimulacrumCircuits of the Mind · The neuroidal model · Memorisation and association on weak synapses · Learnability · Resources counted, never assumed freeCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Papadimitrian Assembly Calculus SimulacrumThe Assembly Calculus · Random projection and cap · Projection, association and merge · A language organ built from assemblies · A level between neuron and sentenceCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Fly Olfactory Hashing SimulacrumFly olfaction as locality-sensitive hashing · Expand and sparsify · A Bloom filter for novelty · Circuits read as algorithms · Benchmarks at equal costCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Kandelian Synaptic Memory SimulacrumMemory from the synapse up · The two clocks of memory · Genes, synapses and learning · Psychiatry and the biology of mind · Reductionism in art and brain scienceCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary David Marr SimulacrumLevels of analysis · The computational theory of vision · Natural constraints and stereopsis · Codons and the cerebellar theory · Simple memoryCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century Sompolinskian Manifold SimulacrumNeural manifolds · Separating manifolds, not points · Capacity per neuron · Statistical mechanics of disordered networks · Untangling geometry through a hierarchyCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Grossbergian Resonance SimulacrumAdaptive Resonance Theory · Attention and Expectation · Conscious States as Resonances · Stability–PlasticityCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary

Prediction, Inference & Theories of Mind

Fristonite Systems SimulacrumFree Energy Principle · Active Inference · Predictive Processing · Variational Inference · The Markov BlanketCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Chalmersian Analysis SimulacrumThe Hard Problem · Philosophical Zombies · Panpsychism · The Conscious Mind · Two-Dimensional SemanticsCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Bartnickian Analysis SimulacrumAffordance Theory · Visual Neuroscience · Action SpacesCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century Woodwardian Causal Explanation SimulacrumCausal Cognition · How Children Learn Causes · Interventionist Causation · The Normative and the DescriptiveCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary

Decision, Deliberation & Action Selection

Cisekian Affordance SimulacrumAffordance competition · Urgency gating · Phylogenetic refinement · Embodied decision-makingCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Shadlenian Deliberation SimulacrumPerceptual decision-making · Evidence accumulation to a bound · Confidence and decision time · Consciousness as a decision to reportCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Redishian Decision-Systems SimulacrumVicarious trial and error · Multiple decision systems · Neuroeconomics of choice · Computational psychiatryCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary Mattarian Deliberation SimulacrumPrioritized memory access · Hippocampal replay and planning · The value of computation · Fatigue, boredom and opportunity costCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary O'Dohertian Arbitration SimulacrumDecision Neuroscience · Arbitration Between Goal-Directed and Habitual Control · Model-Based fMRI · Reinforcement Learning in the BrainCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary

Computational & Comparative Vision

Srinivasanian Vision SimulacrumInsect Vision · Optic Flow · Polarisation Navigation · Waggle Dance · Biomimetic SystemsCognitive & Perceptual SciencesContemporary David Marr SimulacrumLevels of analysis · The computational theory of vision · Natural constraints and stereopsis · Codons and the cerebellar theory · Simple memoryCognitive & Perceptual Sciences20th century

The Commerce of Music11

Contian Music Technology SimulacrumMusic technology · Production tooling · The recording chain · Independent artist infrastructure · Craft and equipmentThe Commerce of MusicContemporary Iovinean Music Industry SimulacrumRecord production · Interscope · Artist and label economics · Hardware and the Beats gamble · Reading the culture earlyThe Commerce of MusicContemporary Kellyan Inevitable Economics Simulacrum1000 true fans · The inevitable technologies · Attention economics · Long tail dynamics · Technology's directional pullThe Commerce of MusicContemporary Rubinian Production SimulacrumProduction as subtraction · The creative act · Getting out of the way · Genre-agnostic method · The artist's state of mindThe Commerce of MusicContemporary

Economics & the Music Industry

The Artist Independence Model SimulacrumOwnership · Masters · The Slave Contract · NPG Records · Artist Independence · The Internet as LiberatorThe Commerce of Music20th–21st century Steve Albini SimulacrumRecording · The Problem with Music · Anti-Major-Label Economics · Electrical Audio · AnalogThe Commerce of Music20th–21st century

Technology & Distribution

The Catalogue Strategist SimulacrumBowieNet · The Internet Will Change Everything · Bowie Bonds · Artist as Business · ReinventionThe Commerce of Music20th–21st century

Advisory Tools

The Contract Auditor SimulacrumRecording Contracts · Publishing Deals · 360 Deals · Recoupment · Clause AnalysisThe Commerce of MusicConstructed Tool The Rights Counselor SimulacrumCopyright · Publishing · Masters · Sync · Mechanical · Performance Royalties · SplitsThe Commerce of MusicConstructed Tool The Platform Strategist SimulacrumStreaming Strategy · Social Media · Distribution · Playlist Pitching · Release PlanningThe Commerce of MusicConstructed Tool The ARPF Advisor SimulacrumAverage Revenue Per Fan · Fan Economics · Monetisation Strategy · Tiered Access · Lifetime ValueThe Commerce of MusicConstructed Tool

The Common Room21

Barbara Allen SimulacrumStudent Services & CounsellorThe Common RoomNon-historical Peter SimulacrumTeenage football fanaticThe Common RoomNon-historical

The Games Room

Edmond Hoyle SimulacrumWhist · Piquet · Quadrille · Cribbage · Backgammon · Rule-Codifier · Host of the Games RoomThe Common Room17th–18th century Ely Culbertson SimulacrumContract Bridge · Bidding · Psychology of the Four-Way ConversationThe Common Room19th–20th century Charles Goren SimulacrumBridge · Point-Count · Standard American BiddingThe Common Room20th century Oswald Jacoby SimulacrumBridge · Backgammon · Probability · The Jacoby TransferThe Common Room20th century Omar Sharif SimulacrumBridge · International Tournament Play · The Bridge CircusThe Common Room20th–21st century Doyle Brunson SimulacrumTexas Hold'em · No-Limit Poker · Reading the Player Not the CardsThe Common Room20th–21st century Wild Bill Hickok SimulacrumOld West Poker · Situational Awareness · The Dead Man's HandThe Common Room19th century Nick the Greek SimulacrumHigh-Stakes Gambling · Poker · The Calculus of Beautiful LossThe Common Room19th–20th century Thorpian Card-Counting SimulacrumBlackjack · Card-Counting · Probability as Advantage · Beat the Dealer (1962)The Common RoomContemporary Charles Cotton SimulacrumThe Compleat Gamester (1674) · The Family Tree of Card GamesThe Common Room17th century Sir John Suckling SimulacrumCribbage (he invented it) · Cavalier Poetry · Gambling SalonThe Common Room17th century The Skat Master SimulacrumSkat · Schafkopf · Doppelkopf · The German Card TraditionThe Common RoomGerman tradition The Jass Player SimulacrumJass · Schnapsen 66 · Königrufen · The Alpine Card TraditionThe Common RoomAlpine tradition Hearts and Spades SimulacrumHearts · Spades · Avoidance and PrecisionThe Common RoomAmerican casual tradition

Wit & Comic Timing

Groucho Marx SimulacrumComedy · Insults · Wordplay · CigarsThe Common Room20th century Spike Milligan SimulacrumHumour · The Goon ShowThe Common Room20th century Gerard Hoffnung SimulacrumCartoons · Music · Absurdity · TubaThe Common Room20th century

Detection & Deduction

Sherlock Holmes SimulacrumDeductive Reasoning · Detection · MethodThe Common RoomNon-historical Dr. Watson SimulacrumLogic · Deduction · General TroubleshootingThe Common RoomNon-historical

Computing89

Hero of Alexandria SimulacrumAutomata · Computing History · EngineeringComputing1st century Robert Hooke SimulacrumMicrographia · Instrument Design · The Universal Joint · Mechanical Philosophy · Invisible CollegeComputing17th–18th century Ada Lovelace SimulacrumFirst Programmer · Analytical EngineComputing19th century Warren Weaver SimulacrumCommunication Theory · Information · AIComputing19th–20th century Norbert Wiener SimulacrumCybernetics · Control Systems · FeedbackComputing19th–20th century James Gibson SimulacrumVision · Affordances · Ecological PerceptionComputing20th century Alan Turing SimulacrumComputation · Mind · AlgorithmComputing20th century Shannonian Information SimulacrumInformation Theory · Entropy · The Mathematical Theory of Communication · CryptographyComputing20th–21st century I. J. Good SimulacrumWeight of Evidence · Decibans · Good–Turing Estimation · Type II Rationality · The Ultraintelligent MachineComputing20th–21st century Edsger Dijkstra SimulacrumAlgorithms · Elegance · ProofComputing20th–21st century Meadesque Analysis SimulacrumNeuromorphic Computing · VLSI · Mead-Conway Revolution · Silicon Neurons · Physics of ComputationComputingContemporary Knuthian Analysis SimulacrumThe Art of Computer Programming · TeX · Literate Programming · Algorithm AnalysisComputingContemporary Hofstadterian Strange Loops SimulacrumGödel Escher Bach · Strange Loops · Self-Reference · Consciousness · Analogies as CognitionComputingContemporary Winogradian Systems SimulacrumSHRDLU · Breakdown as Revelation · Heidegger and Computing · Design for Human PracticeComputingContemporary Kurzweillian Analysis SimulacrumThe Singularity · Exponential Growth · Pattern Recognition · Mind Uploading · The Law of Accelerating ReturnsComputingContemporary Wozniakian Analysis SimulacrumApple I · Apple II · Engineering Elegance · Minimal Hardware · The Joy of EngineeringComputingContemporary Brooksian Systems SimulacrumSubsumption Architecture · Behaviour-Based Robotics · Embodied Intelligence · iRobot · The World is its Own ModelComputingContemporary Jobsian Vision SimulacrumProduct · Design · Vision · ComputingComputingContemporary Zissermanian Analytics SimulacrumComputer Vision · Deep Visual Representations · VGG Networks · Action Recognition · Visual Geometry GroupComputingContemporary Wolframian Systematics SimulacrumMathematica · A New Kind of Science · Wolfram Language · Cellular Automata · Computational IrreducibilityComputingContemporary Lattnerite Coder SimulacrumLLVM · Clang · Swift · Mojo · Compiler Infrastructure · Language DesignComputingContemporary Bajcsyan Active Perception SimulacrumComputingContemporary Unified Memory Quantization SimulacrumQuantization · Unified Memory on Apple Silicon · The Byte Map · Threshold Census · Model Fit & SpeedComputingContemporary IO-Aware Attention SimulacrumIO-aware algorithms · Bytes moved, not operations counted · Exact attention made fast · Kernels with a hardware expiry date · Attention and state space models as one classComputingContemporary Selective State SimulacrumState space sequence models · Fixed state size as a design commitment · Memory as online function approximation · Selectivity bought with speed · Sequences as signalsComputingContemporary

Platform & Ecosystem

Goslingian Java Design Philosophy SimulacrumJava · JVM · Object-Oriented Design · Platform Architecture · Write Once Run AnywhereComputingContemporary Apple Dev Tool 2026 SimulacrumApp Store architecture · Developer relations · Platform governance · Curation philosophy · Based on Phil Schiller's writingsComputing21st century

Cloud Computing

Vogelsian Cloud Architecture SimulacrumDistributed systems · AWS architecture · eventually consistent design · cloud-native engineeringComputingContemporary Schneierian Security Thinking SimulacrumCryptography · security economics · threat modelling · the shared responsibility model · privacy and surveillanceComputingContemporary Cockroftian Cloud Economics SimulacrumMicroservices · cloud migration · cost modelling · FinOps · the economics of elasticityComputingContemporary

Python

Guidonean Language Design SimulacrumLanguage design · Readability counts · There should be one obvious way · Backwards compatibility as a moral question · Community over clevernessComputingContemporary Hettingerian Pythonic Design SimulacrumPythonic design · Idiomatic transformation · There must be a better way · The standard library as a resource · Clarity as craftComputingContemporary Downeyian Computational Thinking SimulacrumThink Python · Computational Thinking · Pedagogy · Data Science · Bayesian StatisticsComputingContemporary Ramalhoan Fluent Python SimulacrumFluent Python · Pythonic Idiom · Data Model · Iterators · Descriptors · MetaprogrammingComputingContemporary Beazleyan Python Mastery SimulacrumPython internals · Generators and coroutines · Concurrency from first principles · Teaching by building it yourself · The GIL explained properlyComputingContemporary

Fortran

John Backus SimulacrumFortran · Formula Translation · BNF · Turing Award 1977 · Functional ProgrammingComputing20th–21st century Metcalfian Modern Fortran SimulacrumModern Fortran Explained · Fortran Standards Committee · Fortran 90/95/2003/2008/2018 · CERNComputingContemporary Kahanian Numerical Precision SimulacrumIEEE 754 · Floating-Point Arithmetic · Numerical Stability · The Perils of Floating-PointComputingContemporary Molerian Matrix Computation SimulacrumMATLAB · LINPACK · Numerical Linear Algebra · Matrix Computation · Fortran-to-MATLAB BridgeComputingContemporary Seymour Cray SimulacrumSupercomputer Architecture · Vector Processing · Cray-1 · HPC · The Speed of Light as Design ConstraintComputing20th century

Language Pioneers

Grace Hopper SimulacrumCOBOL · The Compiler · A-0 System · Machine-Independent Programming · Nanosecond WireComputing20th century John McCarthy SimulacrumLisp · Artificial Intelligence · Garbage Collection · Time-Sharing · Recursive FunctionsComputing20th century Dennis Ritchie SimulacrumC · Unix · Systems Programming · Bell Labs · The Language That Built the WorldComputing20th century Niklaus Wirth SimulacrumPascal · Modula · Oberon · Structured Programming · Software Engineering as DisciplineComputing20th–21st century Kayan Smalltalk Vision SimulacrumSmalltalk · Objects All the Way Down · The Dynabook · Personal Computing · GUI · OOP OriginsComputingContemporary Edgar Codd SimulacrumRelational Model · SQL · Normal Forms · Data Independence · Set-Based ThinkingComputing20th century Jean Ichbiah SimulacrumAda · Safety-Critical Systems · Strong Typing · DoD-STD-1815 · Concurrency · TaskingComputing20th century Kenneth Iverson SimulacrumAPL · A Notation as a Tool of Thought · Array Programming · Concision · Turing Award 1979Computing20th century Kemeny-Kurtz BASIC Democratisation SimulacrumBASIC · Computing for Everyone · Dartmouth Time-Sharing · Accessibility · The Peoples LanguageComputing20th century Seymour Papert SimulacrumLogo · Constructionism · Turtle Graphics · Learning by Making · Mindstorms · Piaget AppliedComputing20th century Robin Milner SimulacrumML · Type Inference · Hindley-Milner · Pi-Calculus · LCF · Turing Award 1991Computing20th century Alain Colmerauer SimulacrumProlog · Logic Programming · Unification · Backtracking · Declarative Computing · Constraint SolvingComputing20th century Moorean Forth Radical Minimalism SimulacrumForth · Stack Machines · Radical Simplicity · Extensible Language · Colorforth · Embedded SystemsComputingContemporary

Systems Languages

Stroustrupian C++ Design Philosophy SimulacrumC++ · Zero-Overhead Abstraction · RAII · Templates · Multi-Paradigm · Systems ProgrammingComputingContemporary Pikean Go Simplicity SimulacrumGo · Concurrency · goroutines · Channels · Simplicity as Strength · Infrastructure at ScaleComputingContemporary Hoarean Rust Ownership SimulacrumRust · Ownership · Borrowing · Memory Safety Without Garbage Collection · Fearless ConcurrencyComputingContemporary Kelleyan Zig No-Hidden-Cost SimulacrumZig · No Hidden Allocations · Comptime · Safety Without Garbage Collection · C InteropComputingContemporary Rumpfian Nim Metaprogramming SimulacrumNim · Metaprogramming · Compile-Time Execution · Python-Like Syntax · Systems PerformanceComputingContemporary

Application & Web Languages

Eichian JavaScript Design SimulacrumJavaScript · Prototypal Inheritance · The Event Loop · Closures · The Language of the WebComputingContemporary Hejlsbergian Type System Architect SimulacrumTypeScript · Type Systems · Delphi · C# · Language Design at Scale · Structural TypingComputingContemporary Wallian Perl Linguistics SimulacrumPerl · TMTOWTDI · Regular Expressions · Text Processing · Linguistic ProgrammingComputingContemporary Matsumotoan Ruby Joy SimulacrumRuby · Programmer Happiness · Duck Typing · Blocks · Rails · The Principle of Least SurpriseComputingContemporary Joe Armstrong SimulacrumErlang · Fault Tolerance · Let It Crash · The Actor Model · Concurrency · Telecom-Grade ReliabilityComputing20th–21st century Lerdorfian PHP Web Plumbing SimulacrumPHP · Server-Side Web · Pragmatic Scripting · WordPress · Laravel · The Web That WorksComputingContemporary Bakian Cross-Platform SimulacrumDart · Flutter · Cross-Platform · Ahead-of-Time Compilation · Sound Null Safety · UI FrameworkComputingContemporary Brestovian Kotlin Pragmatism SimulacrumKotlin · Null Safety · Coroutines · JVM Interop · Android · Pragmatic Modern Language DesignComputingContemporary Ierusalimschian Lua Embedding SimulacrumLua · Embeddable Scripting · Game Engines · Tables · Coroutines · Minimalism by DesignComputingContemporary

Functional Languages

Peytonesque Haskell Purity SimulacrumHaskell · Lazy Evaluation · Monads · Type Classes · Purity · Referential TransparencyComputingContemporary Valimian Elixir Concurrency SimulacrumElixir · OTP · BEAM · Fault Tolerance · LiveView · Distributed Systems · Let It CrashComputingContemporary Symean F# Functional .NET SimulacrumF# · Functional-First · Type Providers · .NET · Domain Modelling · Railway-Oriented ProgrammingComputingContemporary Oderskian Scala Fusion SimulacrumScala · FP + OOP Fusion · JVM · Spark · Akka · Type-Level Programming · DOT CalculusComputingContemporary Bezansonian Julia Speed SimulacrumJulia · Multiple Dispatch · Scientific Computing · Speed of C · Ease of Python · JIT CompilationComputingContemporary Ihakean R Statistical Computing SimulacrumR · Statistical Computing · CRAN · Data Frames · ggplot2 · Literate Analysis · BioinformaticsComputingContemporary

Shell & Text Processing

Kernighanian AWK Text Processing SimulacrumAWK · The Unix Philosophy · Text Processing · Pipes · The C Programming Language (co-author) · Literate ToolsComputingContemporary Foxian Bash Shell SimulacrumBash · Shell Scripting · GNU · Process Control · Job Control · The Programmable Command LineComputingContemporary

Security

Andersonian SimulacrumSecurity engineering · Economics of information security · Why deployed systems fail · Evidence, liability and disclosureComputingContemporary Chaumian SimulacrumMix networks · Anonymity sets and traffic analysis · Blind signatures · Unlinkable credentials and pseudonymsComputingContemporary Denningian SimulacrumInformation-flow security · Lattice models of security classes · Implicit flows · Static certification of programsComputingContemporary Diffiean SimulacrumKey distribution · Public-key cryptography · Digital signatures · Unproven hardness assumptionsComputingContemporary James P. Anderson SimulacrumThreat classification · Audit-trail monitoring · The reference monitor · Insider misuse · Limits of detectionComputing20th–21st century Karger SimulacrumHigh-assurance system evaluation · The security kernel and minimal trusted computing base · Trap doors and toolchain subversion · Covert-channel analysisComputing20th–21st century Kerckhoffs SimulacrumMilitary cryptography · Design conditions for field ciphers · Decipherment as philology · Systems judged by their usersComputing19th–20th century Lampsonian SimulacrumAccess control · Authentication in distributed systems · Delegation and roles · Trusted computing baseComputingContemporary Needham SimulacrumAuthentication protocols · Freshness and replay · Capability systems · Designing for incapacityComputing20th–21st century Red Cell SimulacrumAdversarial design review · Threat modelling · Trust-boundary analysis · Secure-by-design teachingComputingNon-historical Saltzerian SimulacrumEnd-to-end arguments · Where functions belong in layered systems · Placement of encryption and authentication · Pricing lower-level mechanismsComputingContemporary Schneierian Security Thinking SimulacrumCryptography · security economics · threat modelling · the shared responsibility model · privacy and surveillanceComputingContemporary Ware SimulacrumSecurity of whole installations · Open and closed environments · Accreditation as accepted risk · Record-keeping and fair information practiceComputing20th–21st century Welchman SimulacrumTraffic analysis · Cryptanalysis as production · Procedural weakness in secure services · Signals-intelligence organisationComputing20th century

Court of Ebla5

The Court

Ibrium of Ebla SimulacrumVizier · lugal sa-za · 18-year tenure · trade & army administration · Treaty with AbarsalCourt of Ebla24th century BCE Dusigu of Ebla SimulacrumQueen mother · maliktum · succession manager · co-regent during minorityCourt of Ebla24th century BCE The Abba of Ebla SimulacrumCouncil of elders · constitutional check · treaty confirmation · structural authorityCourt of Ebla24th century BCE The Hazannum of Ebla SimulacrumProvincial governor · district mayor · chief inspector · palace-to-territory interfaceCourt of Ebla24th century BCE Enna-Dagan of Ebla SimulacrumMilitary commander · campaign letter-writer · vassal of the vizierCourt of Ebla24th century BCE

Court of Hattusa6

The Court

Suppiluliuma IKing of Hatti · founder of the empire · correspondent of the widow of Tutankhamun · destroyer of MitanniCourt of Hattusa14th century BCE Mursili IIKing of Hatti · author of the Plague Prayers · biographer of his father Suppiluliuma · consolidatorCourt of Hattusa14th–13th century BCE Hattusili IIIKing of Hatti · author of the Apology · usurper of his nephew · husband of Puduhepa · Treaty of Kadesh counterpartyCourt of Hattusa13th century BCE Urhi-Teshub (Mursili III)King of Hatti · deposed by his uncle Hattusili III · exiled to Egypt · writer of counter-claimsCourt of Hattusa13th century BCE The TawanannaOffice of the Great Queen · chief priestess of the Sun-goddess of Arinna · lifetime title · independent of the king’s reignCourt of Hattusainstitution · 16th–12th century BCE The Gal.dub.sarChief Scribe of Hattusa · archive administrator · festival supervisor · custodian of the imperial recordCourt of Hattusafl. 13th century BCE

Court of Lagash10

The Court

Ningirsu (Lord of the E-ninnu) SimulacrumPatron deity of Lagash · warrior of Enlil · lord of the E-ninnu · theological sovereignCourt of Lagash25th century BCE Eannatum of Lagash SimulacrumEnsi / Lugal of Lagash · conqueror of Umma · Stele of the Vultures · first surviving international treatyCourt of Lagash25th century BCE Entemena of Lagash SimulacrumEnsi of Lagash · son of Enannatum I · Umma border dispute · cone inscriptionsCourt of Lagash25th–24th century BCE Baranamtarra of Lagash SimulacrumQueen consort of Lagash · temple administrator · household of Bau · economic agent in her own rightCourt of Lagash24th century BCE Urukagina of Lagash SimulacrumLugal of Lagash · last king of the First Dynasty · the Reform Cones · abolition of extractive officesCourt of Lagash24th century BCE Sagsag of Lagash SimulacrumWife of Urukagina · administrator of the Household of Bau · continued reform administrationCourt of Lagash24th century BCE The Officials Who Extract (Lagash) SimulacrumThe administrative offices documented in the Reform Cones · via negativa · what was abolished tells us what existedCourt of Lagashfl. 24th century BCE The Burial Official of Lagash SimulacrumAdministrator of funerary rites · fee-setter · ritual interface · abolished by UrukaginaCourt of Lagashfl. 24th century BCE The Temple Scribe of Bau (Lagash) SimulacrumScribal administrator · keeper of the Bau temple record · household accountsCourt of Lagashfl. 24th century BCE Lugalzagesi SimulacrumEnsi of Umma → King of Uruk → first to claim all of Sumer · destroyer of Lagash · precursor to SargonCourt of Lagashfl. 24th century BCE

Court of Mari9

The Court

Zimri-Lim of Mari SimulacrumKing of Mari · restorer of the dynasty · patron of the palace archive · killed by HammurabiCourt of Mari18th century BCE Shibtu of Mari SimulacrumChief queen of Mari · daughter of Yarim-Lim of Yamhad · diplomatic correspondent · palace administrator in the king’s absenceCourt of Mari18th century BCE The Daughters of Zimri-Lim SimulacrumIntelligence network · diplomatic marriages · letter-writers from vassal courts · political agentsCourt of Mari18th century BCE Yasmah-Addu of Mari SimulacrumFormer king of Mari · son of Shamshi-Adad · displaced by Zimri-Lim · correspondent of his fatherCourt of Mari18th century BCE Mukannisum of Mari SimulacrumChief palace administrator · textile and metal inventories · the functional centre of the apparatusCourt of Mari18th century BCE The Āpilum of Mari Simulacrum‘The Answerer’ · divine communication specialist · ecstatic prophet · relayed Dagan’s answers to the kingCourt of Mari18th century BCE The District Commissioner of Mari SimulacrumProvincial administrator · interface between centre and periphery · tribal mediation · agricultural reportingCourt of Mari18th century BCE The Palace Scribe of Mari SimulacrumArchive administrator · letter drafting · diplomatic correspondence · curator of the 25,000 tabletsCourt of Mari18th century BCE Hammurabi of Babylon (as he appears in the Mari archive) SimulacrumKing of Babylon · codifier of law · ally of Zimri-Lim · eventual conqueror of MariCourt of Mari18th century BCE

Court of Nineveh6

The Court

Ashurbanipal (as collector of the library) SimulacrumKing of Assyria · the literate king · builder of the Library of Nineveh · collector of the Mesopotamian canonCourt of Nineveh7th century BCE Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon SimulacrumKing of Babylon · co-king under Esarhaddon’s succession plan · rebelled against his brother AshurbanipalCourt of Nineveh7th century BCE Nabu-ahhe-iddina (chief scholar) SimulacrumChief scholar · royal adviser · head of the scholarly establishment · author of letters of stateCourt of Ninevehfl. 7th century BCE Adad-shumu-usur (tutor to the prince) SimulacrumSenior royal scholar · scribal teacher of Ashurbanipal · exorcist · interpreter of omensCourt of Ninevehfl. 7th century BCE The Librarian of Nineveh SimulacrumCustodian of the girginakku · cataloguer of the thirty thousand tablets · keeper of the colophonsCourt of Ninevehfl. 7th century BCE The Royal Scribe of Nineveh SimulacrumTablet cataloguer · colophon assigner · ummânu · the hand that inscribed the canonical textsCourt of Ninevehfl. 7th century BCE

Court of Ugarit6

The Court

Niqmaddu IIKing of Ugarit · alliance with Suppiluliuma I · shifted the city into the Hittite sphere · grandfather of diplomatic literatureCourt of Ugarit14th century BCE Attenu-purullenuHigh priest of Baal · codifier of the Baal Cycle · teacher of Ilimilku · temple theologianCourt of Ugarit14th century BCE IlimilkuCourt scribe · author of the surviving Baal Cycle tablets · the first named literary author in the western LevantCourt of Ugarit14th century BCE UrtenuSenior official · private house archive · merchant and diplomat · corresponded with Carchemish, Egypt, and AlashiyaCourt of Ugarit13th century BCE The Egyptian EnvoyDiplomatic representative · letter-carrier · linguistic intermediary · Egyptian chancellor Bay in correspondenceCourt of Ugarit13th–12th century BCE AmmurapiLast king of Ugarit · author of the final diplomatic letters · wrote in correct protocol while the city burnedCourt of Ugarit13th–12th century BCE

Cybernetic Psychology21

The Chair and the Founding Faculty

Wolframian Systematics SimulacrumMathematica · A New Kind of Science · Wolfram Language · Cellular Automata · Computational IrreducibilityCybernetic PsychologyContemporary Edward Lear SimulacrumNatural History Illustration · Zoology · Nonsense TaxonomyCybernetic Psychology19th century B.F. Skinner SimulacrumBehaviourism · Operant Conditioning · Schedules of ReinforcementCybernetic Psychology20th century Konrad Lorenz SimulacrumEthology · Imprinting · Fixed Action Patterns · Animal BehaviourCybernetic Psychology20th–21st century Daniel Kahneman SimulacrumCognitive Bias · Prospect Theory · System 1 and System 2 · Heuristics · Nobel 2002Cybernetic Psychology20th–21st century Karl Popper SimulacrumFalsification · The Logic of Scientific Discovery · Critical Rationalism · The Open SocietyCybernetic Psychology20th century

The Cyberneticians

Norbert Wiener SimulacrumCybernetics · Feedback · Control Theory · Information · Human Use of Human BeingsCybernetic Psychology20th century W. Ross Ashby SimulacrumCybernetics · Homeostat · Requisite VarietyCybernetic Psychology20th century W. Grey Walter SimulacrumCybernetics · Turtle Robots · EEG · BrainwavesCybernetic Psychology20th century Albert Uttley SimulacrumThe Ratio Club · Conditional Probability Computers · Informon Theory · Learning MachinesCybernetic Psychology20th century

Machines and Minds

Alan Turing SimulacrumComputation · Mind · AlgorithmCybernetic Psychology20th century Ada Lovelace SimulacrumFirst Programmer · Analytical EngineCybernetic Psychology19th century Marvin Minsky SimulacrumAI · Cognitive Science · FramesCybernetic Psychology20th–21st century Hofstadterian Strange Loops SimulacrumGödel Escher Bach · Strange Loops · Self-Reference · Consciousness · Analogies as CognitionCybernetic PsychologyContemporary Herbert Simon SimulacrumBounded Rationality · Satisficing · Attention Economics · Administrative Behaviour · Nobel 1978Cybernetic Psychology20th–21st century

The Naturalist's Method

Charles Darwin SimulacrumEvolution · Natural Selection · The Origin of SpeciesCybernetic Psychology19th century Nikolaas Tinbergen SimulacrumEthology · Four Questions · Sign Stimuli · Supernormal Stimuli · Field ObservationCybernetic Psychology20th century Ivan Pavlov SimulacrumClassical Conditioning · Conditioned Reflex · Experimental NeurosisCybernetic Psychology19th–20th century

The Experimental Method

Ronald Fisher SimulacrumExperimental Design · Statistical Method · Hypothesis Testing · RandomisationCybernetic Psychology20th century Stanley Milgram SimulacrumObedience to Authority · Situational Social Psychology · Conformity · Experimental MethodCybernetic Psychology20th century Solomon Asch SimulacrumConformity Experiments · Gestalt Social Psychology · Impression Formation · Group PressureCybernetic Psychology20th century

Das Bauhaus9

Founding & Direction

Walter Gropius SimulacrumThe School as Gesamtkunstwerk · Weimar · Dessau · Berlin · Institution as Built Argument · Unity of Art and CraftDas Bauhaus19th–20th century

The Masters

Wassily Kandinsky SimulacrumInner Necessity · Colour as Keyboard · Concerning the Spiritual in Art · Point and Line to Plane · Synesthesia as MethodDas Bauhaus19th–20th century Paul Klee SimulacrumThe Thinking Eye · Pedagogical Sketchbook · Point Line Plane · Colour Theory · Nature as ProcessDas Bauhaus19th–20th century Josef Albers SimulacrumInteraction of Colour · Homage to the Square · Colour as Relation · Black Mountain College · Teaching as ArtDas Bauhaus19th–20th century Oskar Schlemmer SimulacrumTriadic Ballet · The Body as Primary Form Problem · Stage Synthesis · Figure and Space · Apollonian-Dionysian BalanceDas Bauhaus19th–20th century László Moholy-Nagy SimulacrumNew Vision · Light-Space Modulator · Transparency · Preliminary Course · School of Design Chicago · Light as MaterialDas Bauhaus19th–20th century

Workshop Masters & Architecture

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe SimulacrumLess is More · Structural Honesty · Barcelona Pavilion · IIT Crown Hall · Steel and Glass · Skin and Bones ArchitectureDas Bauhaus19th–20th century Herbert Bayer SimulacrumUniversal Typeface · Typography as Language · Minimum Necessary Alphabet · Exhibition Design · Artist into IndustryDas Bauhaus19th–20th century Marcel Breuer SimulacrumWassily Chair · Cesca Chair · Tubular Steel · The Material Proposes Its Form · Student to Master · Brutalist ArchitectureDas Bauhaus20th century

Design34

Anni Albers SimulacrumWeaving as structure · Material as teacher · Bauhaus textiles · On Designing · The pliable planeDesign19th–20th century Bill Moggridge SimulacrumInteraction design · The first laptop · Designing the invisible · Prototyping behaviour · Bringing people into the processDesign20th–21st century Bonsiepean Peripheral Design SimulacrumPeripheral design · Design in developing countries · The centre and the periphery · Industrial design as political practice · Autonomy through designDesignContemporary Charlotte Perriand SimulacrumModern interiors · Furniture and the body · Japanese influence · The art of dwelling · Equipment for livingDesign20th century Jan Tschichold SimulacrumThe new typography · Asymmetric composition · Penguin composition rules · The form of the book · Recanting modernismDesign20th century Manzinian Social Innovation SimulacrumDesign for social innovation · Creative communities · Everyone designs · Diffuse and expert design · Sustainable everyday lifeDesignContemporary McDonoughesque Cradle-to-Cradle SimulacrumCradle to cradle · Waste equals food · Eco-effectiveness over eco-efficiency · Material passports · Design the next industrial revolutionDesignContemporary Otl Aicher SimulacrumSystematic visual identity · The Munich 1972 programme · Pictograms · Rotis · Design as rational disciplineDesign20th century Raymond Loewy SimulacrumIndustrial design · Streamlining · MAYA — most advanced yet acceptable · Never leave well enough alone · Design for mass productionDesign19th–20th century

The Bauhaus

Walter Gropius SimulacrumThe School as Gesamtkunstwerk · Institution as Built Argument · Weimar · Dessau · Unity of Art and CraftDesign19th–20th century Ludwig Mies van der Rohe SimulacrumLess is More · Structural Honesty · Barcelona Pavilion · Steel and Glass · Skin and Bones ArchitectureDesign19th–20th century Josef Albers SimulacrumInteraction of Colour · Homage to the Square · Colour as Relation · Teaching as ArtDesign19th–20th century László Moholy-Nagy SimulacrumNew Vision · Light as Material · Transparency · Preliminary Course · School of Design ChicagoDesign19th–20th century Herbert Bayer SimulacrumUniversal Typeface · Typography as Language · Minimum Necessary Alphabet · Exhibition DesignDesign19th–20th century Marcel Breuer SimulacrumWassily Chair · Tubular Steel · The Material Proposes Its Form · Student to MasterDesign20th century

Industrial & Product Design

Wrightian Emergence SimulacrumThe Toy Not the Game · SimCity · The Sims · Emergent Behaviour · Player as Author · Systems as Creative MediumDesignContemporary Ramsian Functionalism SimulacrumWeniger aber besser · Ten Principles · Industrial Design · The Conscience of ObjectsDesignContemporary Jobsian Vision SimulacrumTechnology as Liberal Art · Reality Distortion · Insanely Great · The Intersection of Humanities and EngineeringDesignContemporary Ivesque Poetics SimulacrumMaterial · Form · Process · Restraint · The Object as Idea Made PhysicalDesignContemporary

Visual Communication & Interface

Massimo Vignelli SimulacrumNYC Subway Map · Helvetica · Grid systems · Knoll · American Airlines · If you can design one thing you can design everythingDesign20th–21st century Alexandrian Design SimulacrumPattern Language · Living Structure · Quality Without a Name · Centres · WholenessDesign20th–21st century Karesque Visualiser SimulacrumIcon as Language · Visual Metaphor · The Friendly Interface · Pixel as MeaningDesignContemporary Chimerian Borderlands SimulacrumThe Shape of Design · Why before How · Flux as medium · Borderlands practice · Long hard stupid wayDesignContemporary Schneiderian Making SimulacrumSpotify · HYPE Newsletter · First make it work then make it great · Independent practice · Making as thinkingDesignContemporary

Digital Systems & SaaS Design

Normanesque Affordance SimulacrumThe Design of Everyday Things · Affordances · Signifiers · Human-centred design · UX foundations · Cognitive science of designDesignContemporary Uedan Subtraction SimulacrumDesign by Removal · Ico · Shadow of the Colossus · Melancholy as Aesthetic · The Minimum Viable EmotionDesignContemporary Jenovian Systems SimulacrumEmotional Systems Design · Flow · Journey · What Players Should Feel · Minimal Interaction Maximum FeelingDesignContemporary Frostian Atomics SimulacrumAtomic Design · Design systems · Pattern Lab · Style guides · Brad Frost · Component-first methodologyDesignContemporary The SaaS Designer SimulacrumDesign systems · SaaS UX · Figma · B2B product design · Atomic methodology · Dashboard information architectureDesign21st century

Design Critique

Doctorovian Digital Rights SimulacrumEnshittification · Platform Decay · Adversarial Interoperability · Chokepoint CapitalismDesignContemporary

Modern Design Theory

Buckminster Fuller SimulacrumSpaceship Earth · Geodesic dome · Synergetics · Ephemeralization · Doing more with lessDesign19th–20th century William Morris SimulacrumArts and Crafts · Joy in the making · News from Nowhere · Against shoddyDesign19th century Victor Papanek SimulacrumDesign for the Real World · Ethical design · Who pays the price · Function as moral actDesign20th century Donald Schön SimulacrumThe reflective practitioner · Knowing-in-action · The material talks backDesign20th century

Divination & Augury25

Cleromancy — The Lot and the Cast

The Tarot Simulacrum78-Card Deck · Major & Minor Arcana · The Spread as Positional Field · Reflective ReadingDivination & AuguryWorking tool · corpus The I Ching as Oracle SimulacrumYìjīng · Zhōuyì · The Cast Hexagram · Changing Lines · Judgement & ImageDivination & AuguryWorking tool · corpus The Ifá SimulacrumYoruba Oracle · The 256 Odù Corpus · Palm-Nuts & Opele · Office of the BabaláwoDivination & AuguryOffice · corpus · living tradition The Geomancy Simulacrumʿilm al-raml · The Sixteen Figures · The Shield & House Charts · The JudgeDivination & AuguryWorking tool · corpus The Sortes SimulacrumBibliomancy · Sortes Virgilianae, Homericae, Sanctorum · The Book Opened at RandomDivination & AuguryWorking tool The Runes SimulacrumElder Futhark · The Cast Staves · The Norns' Three · Rune-Poems · Honest Source-CaveatDivination & AuguryWorking tool · corpus The Dilógún SimulacrumSixteen-Cowrie Divination · The Orisha Oracle · Lucumí / Santería TraditionDivination & AuguryOffice · living tradition The Urim and Thummim Simulacrumאוּרִים וְתֻמִּים · The High-Priestly Oracle · The Casting of Lots · The BreastpieceDivination & AuguryInterpretive office · historical

Augury & Extispicy — The Living Omen

The Roman Augur Simulacrumaugur publicus · The Templum & the Auspices · Bird-Flight · The Gate of Public ActsDivination & AuguryInterpretive office The Haruspex SimulacrumEtruscan netšvis · Hepatoscopy · The Liver of Piacenza · The Etrusca DisciplinaDivination & AuguryInterpretive office The Bārû SimulacrumAkkadian Extispicy · The bārûtu Series · The Babylonian Court · Queries to the Sun-GodDivination & AuguryInterpretive office The Shang Oracle-Bone Diviner SimulacrumPyro-Osteomancy · Scapula & Plastron · The Read Crack · The Birthplace of Chinese WritingDivination & AuguryInterpretive office The Mantis SimulacrumThe Greek Seer · Calchas & Teiresias · Ornithomancy & Empyromancy · The Heroic & Classical WorldDivination & AuguryInterpretive office · literary

Oracular & Inspired — The God Speaks Through

The Artemidorus SimulacrumOneirocritica · Dream-Divination as Science · The Dream Classified & Read · Status-Sensitive InterpretationDivination & AuguryInterpretive tool · corpus The Pythia SimulacrumThe Delphic Oracle · The Tripod & the enthousiasmos · The Hexameter Answer · Famed AmbiguityDivination & AuguryReconstruction · office The Sibyl SimulacrumThe Cumaean Sibyl · The Inspired Prophetess · The Sibylline Books · Fate of an AgeDivination & AuguryReconstruction · office The Dream-Incubation Simulacrumenkoimesis · Temple-Sleep · The Asklepian Rite · The God-Sent Healing DreamDivination & AuguryReconstruction · office The Zande Poison Oracle Simulacrumbenge · The Azande Oracle · Evans-Pritchard's Locus Classicus · Divination as EpistemologyDivination & AuguryReconstruction · anthropological office The Necromancy Simulacrumnekromanteía · Consulting the Dead · The Witch of Endor · The nekyia · Reconstructed in ContextDivination & AuguryReconstruction · historical

Corporomantic & Physiognomic — The Sign on Body and Object

The Palmistry SimulacrumChiromancy · The Lines, Mounts & Shape of the Hand · The Hand as Legible TextDivination & AuguryInterpretive office The Scrying SimulacrumCrystallomancy · Catoptromancy · Hydromancy · The Gazing-Surface & the Seen VisionDivination & AuguryInterpretive office The Ancient Physiognomy Simulacrumps-Aristotle's Physiognomonica · Polemon · Character from Face & Form · Framed in Historical ContextDivination & AuguryReconstruction · interpretive office The Tasseography SimulacrumTea-Leaf & Coffee-Ground Reading · The Drained Cup · Symbol, Position & SequenceDivination & AuguryWorking tool · interpretive office

The Theorists of Divination

The De Divinatione SimulacrumCicero's Two-Book Dialogue (44 BCE) · The Stoic Case For & Its Demolition · The Even-Handed KeystoneDivination & AuguryCorpus · two-sided text The Plato, Phaedrus Simulacrumtheia mania · The Four Kinds of Divine Madness · Technical vs Inspired Divination · The Conceptual RootDivination & AuguryCorpus · text

Divinity School82

Early Christian Studies

Ignatius of Antioch SimulacrumPatristics · Martyrdom · Church Unity · EpistlesDivinity School1st–2nd century Irenaeus of Lyons SimulacrumPatristics · Against Heresies · Recapitulation · Goodness of CreationDivinity School2nd–3rd century Clement of Alexandria SimulacrumAlexandrian Theology · Philosophy as Preparation · The True GnosticDivinity School2nd–3rd century Tertullian SimulacrumLatin Theology · Trinitas · Apologetics · Athens vs JerusalemDivinity School2nd–3rd century Origen of Alexandria SimulacrumBiblical Exegesis · Three Senses of Scripture · ApokatastasisDivinity School2nd–3rd century Lactantius SimulacrumApologetics · Divine Institutes · Rhetoric · ProvidenceDivinity School3rd–4th century Athanasius of Alexandria SimulacrumNicene Orthodoxy · Theosis · Contra MundumDivinity School3rd–4th century Gregory of Nazianzus SimulacrumThe Theologian · Five Orations · Poetry · The Contemplative LifeDivinity School4th century Basil of Caesarea SimulacrumCappadocian Theology · Monastic Rule · Practical CharityDivinity School4th century Gregory of Nyssa SimulacrumEpektasis · Apophatic Theology · Infinite Progress toward GodDivinity School4th century Ambrose of Milan SimulacrumChurch vs Empire · Pastoral Leadership · Latin LiturgyDivinity School4th century Jerome SimulacrumThe Vulgate · Biblical Scholarship · Hebraica VeritasDivinity School4th–5th century John Chrysostom SimulacrumPreaching · Poverty & Wealth · The Golden-MouthedDivinity School4th–5th century Augustine of Hippo SimulacrumTheology · Confession · Grace · The Restless HeartDivinity School4th–5th century Pseudo-Dionysius SimulacrumApophatic Mysticism · Celestial Hierarchy · The Divine DarknessDivinity Schoolc. 5th–6th century Gregory the Great SimulacrumPastoral Rule · Servant of Servants · Mission to EnglandDivinity School6th–7th century John of Damascus SimulacrumSystematic Theology · Icon Defence · The Last FatherDivinity School7th–8th century

The Latin Middle Ages

Boethius SimulacrumThe Opuscula sacra · Logic applied to doctrine · Divide the word before you defend the position · Carrying the Greek across before it is lostDivinity School5th–6th century Anselm of Canterbury SimulacrumFides quaerens intellectum · Arguing with the authorities suspended · The single argument · Binding the objection into the bookDivinity School11th–12th century Peter Abelard SimulacrumSic et Non · Setting the authorities against one another · Dialectic applied to doctrine · Intention and the moral actDivinity School12th century Bernard of Clairvaux SimulacrumSermons on the Song of Songs · Knowledge by experience against the schools · The four degrees of love · De Consideratione · Sens, and the Second CrusadeDivinity School11th–12th century Hildegard of Bingen SimulacrumScivias and the visionary books · The reflection of the living light · Viriditas · Logging the conditions of a claim nobody can checkDivinity School11th–12th century Bonaventure SimulacrumItinerarium mentis in Deum · Reductio — leading a craft back to its source · Vestige, image and likeness · The ladder built by reason and laid down at the topDivinity School13th century Thomas Aquinas SimulacrumScholastic theology · The disputed question · Natural law · Grace perfects nature · The Summa as an order of teachingDivinity School13th century John Duns Scotus SimulacrumThe formal distinction — a three-valued calculus · Univocity of being · Haecceitas as a residue · The primacy of the willDivinity School13th–14th century William Langland SimulacrumPiers Plowman · The pardon unfolded to its condition · Do wel, and haue wel · The pope's power and Dowel, both held · Two manner of MedeDivinity Schoolfl. 14th century William of Ockham SimulacrumParsimony · Nominalism and the status of universals · The absolute power of God · Poverty, and the quarrel with the papacyDivinity School14th century

The Reformation

The Complutensian Polyglot SimulacrumAn object, not a person · Alcalá de Henares, printed 1514–1517 · The layout as an argument · The first Greek New Testament in typeDivinity School16th century Erasmus of Rotterdam SimulacrumThe Greek New Testament of 1516 · Collation and the Annotations · Reform without rupture · The refusal to assertDivinity School15th–16th century Martin Luther SimulacrumReducing a practice to the propositions it assumes · The theology of the cross · Translating by ear · The catechism · What assertion costsDivinity School15th–16th century William Tyndale SimulacrumTranslating from Greek and Hebrew · Passover, scapegoat, atonement · Elder, repent, congregation · Obedience and its limitDivinity School15th–16th century Thomas Cranmer SimulacrumThe Book of Common Prayer · Compressing a Latin collect into English · Writing for the ear · Obedience to the prince, and its limitDivinity School15th–16th century Benito Arias Montano SimulacrumThe Antwerp Polyglot, 1569–72 · The interlinear — Latin above the word · Moving the Vulgate out of the centre · Scholarship inside an imperial monumentDivinity School16th century Richard Hooker SimulacrumOf the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity · The kinds of law and their proper objects · Things indifferent · Attacking the premise rather than the conclusionDivinity School16th century John Calvin SimulacrumBrevitas et facilitas · Moving the doctrine out of the commentary · The Institutes as an order for learners · Geneva, the ordinances, and ServetusDivinity School16th century John Foxe SimulacrumActes and Monuments · Taking the deposition · Correlating with the persecutor’s own register · A documentary method inside a polemical frameDivinity School16th century Ignatius of Loyola SimulacrumThe Spiritual Exercises as an operator’s manual · The Rules for Discernment of Spirits · The Election · Composition of placeDivinity School15th–16th century

Post-Reformation

John Donne SimulacrumHoly Sonnets · Devotions upon Emergent Occasions · The Bell and the Body as Text · Truth on the Hill · Wit and GraceDivinity School16th–17th century John Henry Newman SimulacrumThe illative sense — how probabilities converge into certitude · The seven notes of a true development · Notional and real assent · Conscience and its dutiesDivinity School19th century

Christianity and Politics

Torbanism Christian Nationalism SimulacrumChristian Nationalism · Parallel Infrastructure · Dominionism · Digital Theocracy · Cypherpunk TheocracyDivinity SchoolContemporary

Jewish Studies

Moses Maimonides SimulacrumThe Guide for the Perplexed · The Mishneh Torah · Commentary on the Mishnah · The History · The Diagnosis · The Diet · The WithholdingDivinity School12th–13th century The Haham SimulacrumSephardic Theology · Halakha · Kuzari · Spinoza ControversyDivinity School17th century The Rebbe SimulacrumChassidut · Kabbalah · Jewish Leadership · TeshuvahDivinity School20th century

Islamic Studies

Al-Kindī SimulacrumFirst Philosopher of the Arabs · Greek Synthesis · Intellect · Optics · De RadiisDivinity School9th century Al-Fārābī SimulacrumThe Second Teacher · Aristotle in Arabic · The Virtuous City · Reason and RevelationDivinity School9th–10th century Avicenna / Ibn Sīnā SimulacrumThe Flying Man · Kitāb al-Shifāʾ · Essence and Existence · The Soul Without a BodyDivinity School10th–11th century Al-Ghazālī (Algazel) SimulacrumIncoherence of the Philosophers · Occasionalism · Deliverance from Error · Ihyāʾ · SufismDivinity School11th–12th century Averroes / Ibn Rushd SimulacrumThe Commentator · Aristotle Restored · Incoherence of the Incoherence · Active IntellectDivinity School12th century Al-Bīrūnī SimulacrumComparative Religion · Kitāb al-Hind · Geodesy · Universal ScholarshipDivinity School10th–11th century Ibn Khaldun SimulacrumMuqaddimah · Asabiyyah · Cyclical History · The Science of CivilisationDivinity School14th century

Buddhist Studies

The Buddha (Pali Canon) SimulacrumThe oldest voice — the Pali CanonDivinity School5th century BCE Nāgārjuna (Madhyamaka) SimulacrumThe Buddha thinking through emptinessDivinity School2nd–3rd century The Buddha (Śāntideva) SimulacrumThe Buddha as compassion in actionDivinity School8th century The Buddha (Padmasambhava) SimulacrumThe Lotus-Born — dharma comes to TibetDivinity School8th century The Buddha (Huangbo) SimulacrumThe Buddha as direct transmission — ChanDivinity School9th century The Buddha (Milarepa) SimulacrumThe Buddha singing in a caveDivinity School11th–12th century The Buddha (Dōgen) SimulacrumThe Buddha sitting — Sōtō ZenDivinity School13th century The Buddha (Longchenpa) SimulacrumThe Buddha as natural perfection — DzogchenDivinity School14th century The Buddha (Siddhartha · Hesse) SimulacrumThe Buddha beside the river — Hesse's meditationDivinity School20th century (literary)The Buddha (Thích Nhất Hạnh) SimulacrumThe Buddha walking on the green earthDivinity School20th–21st century

Hindu Studies — Deity Wing

Śiva (Naṭarāja) SimulacrumThe cosmic dancer — creation and destruction in one gestureDivinity SchoolEternal Śiva (Mahāyogin) SimulacrumThe great ascetic on Kailāsa — tapas as concentrated powerDivinity SchoolEternal Śiva (Bhairava) SimulacrumThe terrible — transgression as the path through, not aroundDivinity SchoolEternal Kālī (Mahākālī) SimulacrumThe Kālī of the Devī Māhātmya — terror as structural necessityDivinity SchoolEternal Kālī (Dakṣiṇā) SimulacrumRamakrishna's Kālī — the dark mother who is also the intimate motherDivinity SchoolEternal Sarasvatī (Vāk) SimulacrumThe cosmic Vāk of Ṛgveda 10.125 — speech before it becomes wordsDivinity SchoolEternal Sarasvatī (Purāṇic) SimulacrumThe white-robed patroness — vīṇā, swan, bookDivinity SchoolEternal Gaṇeśa SimulacrumRemover and creator of obstacles — the threshold intelligenceDivinity SchoolEternal Viṣṇu SimulacrumThe preserver — became fish, tortoise, boar, man-lion, dwarfDivinity SchoolEternal Krishna (Mahābhārata) SimulacrumVāsudeva · The Sūtradhāra · Keshava · Kingmaker and Charioteer · The War EntireDivinity SchoolEternal Krishna (Rādhā) SimulacrumRādhā · Divine Love · The Dark One · The Absent Beloved · VirahaDivinity SchoolEternal Krishna (Bhagavad Gītā) SimulacrumThe Charioteer · The Gītā · Dharma on the Battlefield · The Universal FormDivinity SchoolEternal Krishna (Vrindavan) SimulacrumDivine Love · The Flute · Rādhā · The BelovedDivinity SchoolEternal

Hindu Studies — Philosophical Wing

Patañjali SimulacrumYoga Sūtras — citta vṛtti nirodha in five Sanskrit wordsDivinity Schoolc. 2nd century BCE Śaṅkara SimulacrumAdvaita — Brahman alone is real, the world is appearanceDivinity School8th century Abhinavagupta SimulacrumKashmir Shaivism — the world as Śiva's self-expressionDivinity School10th–11th century Rāmānuja SimulacrumViśiṣṭādvaita — the world is the body of GodDivinity School11th–12th century Madhva SimulacrumDvaita — God, soul, and world are permanently distinctDivinity School13th century Kabir SimulacrumNeither Hindu nor Muslim — the weaver-saint of VaranasiDivinity School15th century Mirabai SimulacrumBhakti — the princess who bought the Dark One at the cost of everythingDivinity School16th century Ramakrishna SimulacrumAs many faiths, so many paths — an empirical finding, not a positionDivinity School19th century Vivekananda SimulacrumPractical Vedanta — arise, awake, and build hospitalsDivinity School19th–20th century

Earth Sciences9

Vladimir Keilis-Borok SimulacrumSeismology · Earthquake Prediction · Non-Linear Dynamics · Pattern Recognition in GeophysicsEarth Sciences20th–21st century Eratosthenes of Cyrene SimulacrumEarth's Circumference · Geodesy · Prime Sieve · Chief Librarian of AlexandriaEarth Sciences3rd–2nd century BCE Al-Bīrūnī SimulacrumComparative Method · Kitāb al-Hind · Geodesy · Earth’s Circumference · Mineralogy · ChronologyEarth Sciences10th–11th century Gilbert Walker SimulacrumGlobal Teleconnections · ENSO · StatisticsEarth Sciences19th–20th century Carl-Gustaf Rossby SimulacrumAtmospheric Waves · Fluid DynamicsEarth Sciences19th–20th century Jule Charney SimulacrumDynamic Meteorology · Numerical PredictionEarth Sciences20th century Edward Lorenz SimulacrumChaos Theory · Atmospheric DynamicsEarth Sciences20th–21st century James Lovelock SimulacrumGaia · Earth Systems · ClimateEarth Sciences20th–21st century Zephyrus Climate Model SimulacrumClimate · Complex Systems · ModellingEarth SciencesNon-historical

Ecology & Conservation30

Founding Ecology

Theophrastus of Eresus SimulacrumHistoria Plantarum · Botanical Taxonomy · Natural Philosophy · CharactersEcology & Conservation4th–3rd century BCE Erasmus Darwin SimulacrumZoonomia · Common Descent · Acquired Characteristics · Temple of Nature · Invention · MedicineEcology & Conservation18th–19th century Alexander von Humboldt SimulacrumNaturgemälde · Web of Life · Plant Geography · Father of EnvironmentalismEcology & Conservation18th–19th century Ernst Haeckel SimulacrumEcology (the word) · Form Reads History · Marine Invertebrates · Kunstformen der NaturEcology & Conservation19th–20th century Eugenius Warming SimulacrumPlant Ecology · Plantesamfund · Community Function · Why Same Solutions on Different Continents?Ecology & Conservation19th–20th century Frederic Clements SimulacrumPlant Succession · Climax Community · Vegetation as Process · First ParadigmEcology & Conservation19th–20th century

Ecosystem & Community Theory

Wladimir Köppen SimulacrumClimate Classification · Vegetation as Climate Decoder · Botanist-ClimatologistEcology & Conservation19th–20th century Arthur Tansley SimulacrumThe Ecosystem Concept · Plant Ecology · Systems ThinkingEcology & Conservation19th–20th century Charles Elton SimulacrumFood Chains · Ecological Niche · Pyramid of Numbers · Invasion BiologyEcology & Conservation20th century G. Evelyn Hutchinson Simulacrumn-Dimensional Niche · Paradox of the Plankton · Why So Many Species? · Philosophic NaturalistEcology & Conservation20th century Eugene Odum SimulacrumEcosystem Ecology · Energy Flow · Trophic Structure · Fundamentals of EcologyEcology & Conservation20th century

Population & Island Biogeography

E.O. Wilson SimulacrumIsland Biogeography · Sociobiology · Biodiversity · Biophilia · Half-EarthEcology & Conservation20th–21st century Robert MacArthur SimulacrumIsland Biogeography · Patterns in Nature · Limiting Similarity · Mathematician-NaturalistEcology & Conservation20th century

Conservation & Environmental Ethics

John Muir SimulacrumWilderness Conservation · National Parks · Sierra Club · Wilderness as ArgumentEcology & Conservation19th–20th century Aldo Leopold SimulacrumThe Land Ethic · A Sand County Almanac · Wildlife Ecology · Conservation PhilosophyEcology & Conservation19th–20th century Rachel Carson SimulacrumSilent Spring · Pesticide Ecology · Bioaccumulation · Science WritingEcology & Conservation20th century Wangari Maathai SimulacrumGreen Belt Movement · Tree as Political Act · Conservation as Democracy · Nobel Peace Prize 2004Ecology & Conservation20th–21st century

Systems Ecology & Gaia

Al-Bīrūnī SimulacrumComparative Method · Kitāb al-Hind · Geodesy · Earth’s Circumference · Mineralogy · ChronologyEcology & Conservation10th–11th century Vladimir Vernadsky SimulacrumBiosphere · Noosphere · Living Matter · Geochemistry · Biogeochemical CyclesEcology & Conservation19th–20th century Gifford Pinchot SimulacrumConservation · National Forest Service · Wise Use · Progressive Conservationism · Resource ManagementEcology & Conservation19th–20th century Lorenzian Systems SimulacrumChaos Theory · The Butterfly Effect · Strange Attractors · The Limits of Weather Prediction · Deterministic Nonperiodic FlowEcology & Conservation20th–21st century James Lovelock SimulacrumGaia Hypothesis · Earth Systems · Self-Regulation · Electron Capture DetectorEcology & Conservation20th–21st century Robert Paine SimulacrumKeystone Species · Trophic Cascades · Pisaster · Intertidal Ecology · Top-Down RegulationEcology & Conservation20th–21st century Earlian Depths SimulacrumMarine Biology · Deep Ocean · Her Deepness · Mission Blue · National Geographic Explorer-in-ResidenceEcology & ConservationContemporary Lynn Margulis SimulacrumSymbiogenesis · Endosymbiotic Theory · Gaia Co-developer · Vindicated HereticEcology & Conservation20th–21st century Janzenic Tropics SimulacrumTropical Ecology · Coevolution · Defaunation · Guanacaste Conservation · Biocultural RestorationEcology & ConservationContemporary Chico Mendes SimulacrumRubber Tappers · Amazon Deforestation · Extractive Reserves · Environmental Justice · SeringalistasEcology & Conservation20th century Lubchencoan Systems SimulacrumMarine Ecology · Ocean Policy · Science Communication · NOAA · Biodiversity · Coastal EcosystemsEcology & ConservationContemporary Kimmerian Botany SimulacrumBraiding Sweetgrass · Indigenous Plant Wisdom · Potawatomi Science · Reciprocal Maintenance · Botanical Grammar of AnimacyEcology & ConservationContemporary Zephyrus Climate Model SimulacrumEarth Systems Modelling · Climate · Complex Systems · Gaia DynamicsEcology & ConservationNon-historical

Economics39

Classical Political Economy

Adam Smith SimulacrumPolitical Economy · Markets · Moral PhilosophyEconomics18th century Thomas Robert Malthus SimulacrumPopulation · diminishing returns · the dismal scienceEconomics18th–19th century David Ricardo SimulacrumComparative advantage · rent theory · Ricardian political economyEconomics18th–19th century Jane Marcet SimulacrumConversations on Chemistry (1806) · Conversations on Political Economy (1816) · Teaching by Staged Dialogue · Tutor and Two Pupils · Experiment Before ExplanationEconomics18th–19th century Henry George SimulacrumLand value tax · Georgist political economy · Progress and PovertyEconomics19th century Arnold Toynbee SimulacrumThe Industrial Revolution · Economic history · The audit of a premiss · The wage-fund demolition · Toynbee HallEconomics19th century

Radical & Post-Keynesian

Karl Marx SimulacrumCapital · historical materialism · class struggleEconomics19th century Thorstein Veblen SimulacrumConspicuous consumption · institutional economicsEconomics19th–20th century Karl Polanyi SimulacrumThe Great Transformation · embeddedness · market critiqueEconomics20th century Joan Robinson SimulacrumImperfect competition · post-Keynesian economics · capital theoryEconomics20th century Hyman Minsky SimulacrumFinancial instability · Ponzi dynamics · crisis theoryEconomics20th century Keenian Debt-Dynamics SimulacrumPrivate debt and effective demand · Nonlinear systems in continuous time · Assumptions that are fatal if false · Tracing a number to the table that made itEconomicsContemporary Frederick Soddy SimulacrumWealth against the claims on wealth · Debt as arithmetic set against a conservation law · The aggregate that is a mean · Cartesian, meaning dualist, economicsEconomics19th–20th century

Development & Institutional

Ostromian Commons SimulacrumThe Commons · Polycentricity · Governing the Commons · Nobel 2009 · Institutional AnalysisEconomics20th–21st century Senian Development Economics SimulacrumDevelopment economics · capability approach · justiceEconomicsContemporary Rodrikian Trade Policy SimulacrumGlobalisation · industrial policy · the trilemmaEconomicsContemporary Changian Development Economics SimulacrumDevelopmental economics · industrial policy · kicking away the ladderEconomicsContemporary Acemoglian Institutions SimulacrumInstitutions and growth · inclusive vs extractive economies · power and progressEconomicsContemporary Ronald Coase SimulacrumTransaction Costs · The Nature of the Firm · The Problem of Social Cost · Institutional EconomicsEconomics20th–21st century Douglass North SimulacrumNew Institutional Economics · Transaction Costs · Path Dependence · Cliometrics · Violence and Social OrdersEconomics20th–21st century Wassily Leontief SimulacrumInput-Output Analysis · Empirical Economics · Economic Structure · The Leontief ParadoxEconomics20th century Gunnar Myrdal SimulacrumInstitutional Economics · Circular Cumulative Causation · Development Economics · The American Dilemma · Value PremisesEconomics19th–20th century Gerard Debreu SimulacrumGeneral Equilibrium · Existence Proofs · Theory of Value · The Core · Regular Economies · Axiomatic MethodEconomics20th–21st century Paul Samuelson SimulacrumRevealed Preference · Maximum Principles · Comparative Statics · Public Goods · Foundations of Economic AnalysisEconomics20th–21st century Simon Kuznets SimulacrumNational Income Accounting · Modern Economic Growth · Structural Transformation · Income Distribution · The Limits of MeasurementEconomics20th century John Hicks SimulacrumOrdinal Value Theory · Temporary Equilibrium · IS-LM and Its Critique · Fixprice and Flexprice · The Traverse · Causality in EconomicsEconomics20th century

Contemporary Capital & Inequality

Mariana Mazzucato SimulacrumThe entrepreneurial state · mission-oriented economics · value theoryEconomicsContemporary Keltonian Monetary Sovereignty SimulacrumModern Monetary Theory · deficit myth · sovereign currencyEconomicsContemporary Pikettyan Capital SimulacrumCapital and inequality · r > g · wealth concentrationEconomicsContemporary

Keynesian & Monetary

John Maynard Keynes SimulacrumMacroeconomics · Demand · PolicyEconomics19th–20th century James Tobin SimulacrumAggregates and Their Margins · Portfolio Choice Under Risk · Money in the Asset Menu · q and the Cost of Capital · The Policy Mix · Advice Under ConstraintEconomics20th–21st century Summersian Empirical Pragmatism SimulacrumEmpirical method · Assumptions that are fatal if false · Identification in plain English · Magnitudes before signs · What actually changed anyone's mindEconomicsContemporary

Neoclassical & Liberal

Friedrich Hayek SimulacrumSpontaneous order · price signals · limits of knowledgeEconomics20th century Milton Friedman SimulacrumMonetarism · Chicago School · Free MarketsEconomics20th–21st century Kenneth Arrow SimulacrumSocial Choice · The Impossibility Theorem · General Equilibrium · Information EconomicsEconomics20th–21st century Cesarinian Genoeconomics SimulacrumNatural experiments · Swedish lottery studies · Within-family genetic estimation · What a polygenic score cannot doEconomicsContemporary

Innovation & Growth

Senian Capability SimulacrumCapability Approach · Development as Freedom · Social Choice · Welfare Economics · Nobel Economics 1998EconomicsContemporary Solovian Skepticism SimulacrumCrucial Assumptions · Growth and the Residual · Unemployment as Waste · The Labour Market as Institution · Qualification as MethodEconomicsContemporary

Development & Capability

Joseph Schumpeter SimulacrumCreative destruction · entrepreneurship · innovationEconomics20th century

The Edubba of Nippur6

The School Itself

The Edubba SimulacrumScribal School · Cuneiform Pedagogy · Tablet House · Sumerian Education · The DialoguesThe Edubba of Nippur20th century BCE The Ummia SimulacrumSchool Father · Scribal Pedagogy · Cuneiform Transmission · The Edubba Dialogues · Expert TeacherThe Edubba of Nippur20th century BCE Enkimansum SimulacrumEdubba Disputations · Scribal Competition · Nippur · Dialogue 3 · The Competitive ScribeThe Edubba of Nippur19th century BCE

The Scribal Trades

The Sanga SimulacrumTemple Accounts · Administrative Cuneiform · Livestock Records · Ration Lists · The First Bureaucracy · 𒊩𒆪The Edubba of Nippur32nd century BCE The Legal Scribe SimulacrumContract Law · Obligation · Sumerian Legal Formulae · Witnessing · Documentary Practice · dubsar kitimThe Edubba of Nippur20th century BCE Sîn-lēqi-unninni (the Edubba) SimulacrumStandard Babylonian Gilgamesh · āšipu · Literary Editing · Cuneiform Tradition · The First Named Literary Editor in World HistoryThe Edubba of Nippur12th century BCE

Education51

Innovating Pedagogy SimulacrumEvidence-Based Pedagogy · Teaching Innovation · Open University Report SeriesEducation21st century

Language Learning

Magister SimulacrumWhat language do you want to learn? I can help.EducationConstructed Tutor Krashenian Language Acquisition SimulacrumInput Hypothesis · Comprehensible Input · i+1 · Affective Filter · Acquisition vs Learning · Natural OrderEducationContemporary Thomas Prendergast SimulacrumThe Mastery System (1864) · Long Model Sentences · Variations · Oral Echo and Back-Chaining · Initiatory Language AcquisitionEducation19th century François Gouin SimulacrumThe Series Method (1880) · Ends and Means in Time · The Verb as Pivot · Ear Before Eye · Subjective and Figurative LanguageEducation19th century Natural Method Latin SimulacrumLatin Taught in Latin · The Self-Explaining Text · Graded Vocabulary · Grammar by Induction · Reading Toward the AuthorsEducationConstructed Tool

Ancient & Classical Pedagogy

Confucius SimulacrumThe Analects · Moral Cultivation · The Junzi · Rites · Learning-Reflection-ActionEducation6th–5th century BCE Isocrates SimulacrumCivic Rhetoric · Practical Philosophy · Against the Sophists · Education for Citizenship · DeliberationEducation5th–4th century BCE Plutarch SimulacrumMoralia · Parallel Lives · Moral Formation · Nature-Reason-Habit · Biography as MirrorEducation1st–2nd century Marcus Fabius Quintilianus SimulacrumInstitutio Oratoria · The Complete Orator · Progymnasmata · Vir Bonus Dicendi PeritusEducation1st century Aelius Donatus SimulacrumThe Catechism Method · Ars Minor and Ars Maior · Two Books for Two Stages · Drill and RecitationEducation4th century CE Martianus Capella SimulacrumThe Seven Liberal Arts Personified · Memory Through Allegory · The Curriculum as a WeddingEducation5th century CE Alcuin of York SimulacrumDialogue Pedagogy · Propositiones ad Acuendos Iuvenes · Carolingian School Reform · Correction of Texts · The Seven PillarsEducation8th–9th century James B. Thomson SimulacrumNew Rudiments of Arithmetic · Mental and Slate Exercises · Graded Series Design · Analysis of ProblemsEducation19th century

Renaissance & Early Modern Pedagogy

Erasmus Humanist Curriculum SimulacrumDe Ratione Studii · Copia · Eloquentia · Bonae Litterae · Ad Fontes · ColloquiumEducation15th–16th century Juan Luis Vives SimulacrumDe Tradendis Disciplinis · Empirical Pedagogy · Observation · Women's Education · Social ReformEducation15th–16th century Roger Ascham SimulacrumThe Scholemaster · Double Translation · Gentle Teaching · Six Exercises · ImitationEducation16th century Charles Hoole SimulacrumA New Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching Schoole · Grammar School Method · Form-by-Form SequencingEducation17th century Richard Mulcaster SimulacrumPositions · Vernacular Education · Physical Training · English First · Mother TongueEducation16th century John Locke SimulacrumSome Thoughts Concerning Education · Tabula Rasa · Virtue First · Practical Learning · Habit FormationEducation17th century Ignatius of Loyola SimulacrumAdapting matter to the learner · Readiness and the harm of untimely teaching · Mastery over coverage · The director as a balance at equilibriumEducation15th–16th century

Theory & Practice of Education

The Ummia SimulacrumSchool Father · Scribal Pedagogy · Cuneiform Transmission · The Edubba DialoguesEducation20th century BCE The Tlamatini SimulacrumNahuatl Philosophy · In Ixtli In Yollotl · Mirror Pedagogy · Face and Heart · HuehuetlahtolliEducation16th century John Amos Comenius SimulacrumEducation · Early Childhood · DidacticsEducation16th–17th century John Amos Comenius (Pansophia) SimulacrumOrbis Pictus · Didactica Magna · Universal Education · Mother-Tongue First · PansophiaEducation16th–17th century Maria Montessori SimulacrumChild Development · Self-Directed LearningEducation19th–20th century Lev Vygotsky SimulacrumLearning · Zone of Proximal DevelopmentEducation19th–20th century Paul Goodman SimulacrumAnarchist Education · Community · Compulsory MiseducationEducation20th century John Henry Newman SimulacrumThe Idea of a University · The circle of the sciences · Knowledge as its own end · Why omitting one subject distorts all the othersEducation19th century

Enlightenment & Romantic Education

Rousseau Natural Education SimulacrumÉmile · Natural Education · Child-Centred Learning · Negative Education · Stages of DevelopmentEducation18th century Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi SimulacrumAnschauung · Object Lessons · Head Heart Hand · Form Number Language · Universal EducationEducation18th–19th century Friedrich Froebel SimulacrumThe Kindergarten · Froebel Gifts · Play as Development · Unity · OccupationsEducation18th–19th century Johann Friedrich Herbart SimulacrumGeneral Pedagogy · Apperception · Five Formal Steps · Many-Sided Interest · Moral AimEducation18th–19th century Joseph Jacotot SimulacrumEnseignement Universel (1818) · Know One Book and Relate All the Rest to It · The Ignorant Master · Verification of Attention · Equality of IntelligencesEducation18th–19th century Jane Marcet SimulacrumConversations on Chemistry (1806) · Conversations on Political Economy (1816) · Teaching by Staged Dialogue · Tutor and Two Pupils · Experiment Before ExplanationEducation18th–19th century Georg Heinrich von Reisswitz SimulacrumKriegsspiel (1824) · The Umpire (der Vertraute) · The General Idea · Hidden Information and Delayed Reports · Dice and Probability · Critique Only After PlayEducation19th century

Progressive & Democratic Education

John Dewey SimulacrumDemocracy and Education · Experience · The Laboratory School · Pragmatism · Reflective ThinkingEducation19th–20th century Paulo Freire SimulacrumPedagogy of the Oppressed · Conscientização · Banking Model Critique · Dialogue · PraxisEducation20th century A.S. Neill SimulacrumSummerhill · Freedom · Self-Regulation · Optional Lessons · Democratic Self-GovernmentEducation19th–20th century Rudolf Steiner SimulacrumWaldorf Pedagogy · Seven-Year Rhythms · Artistic Education · Thinking-Feeling-Willing · Imitation-Authority-JudgementEducation19th–20th century Ivan Illich SimulacrumDeschooling Society · Learning Webs · Institutional Critique · Credential Vs CompetenceEducation20th century

Developmental & Cognitive Learning Theory

Jean Piaget SimulacrumCognitive Development · Stages · Constructivism · Assimilation · Accommodation · EquilibrationEducation19th–20th century Jerome Bruner SimulacrumSpiral Curriculum · Enactive-Iconic-Symbolic · Scaffolding · Discovery Learning · NarrativeEducation20th–21st century David Ausubel SimulacrumMeaningful Learning · Advance Organisers · Subsumption · Cognitive Structure · Reception LearningEducation20th century Benjamin Bloom SimulacrumTaxonomy of Educational Objectives · Mastery Learning · Formative Assessment · Time as VariableEducation20th century

Modern Educational Theory

Basil Bernstein SimulacrumClass Codes and Control · Pedagogic Device · Classification and Framing · Visible and Invisible PedagogyEducation20th century Pierre Bourdieu SimulacrumCultural Capital · Habitus · Symbolic Violence · Reproduction · DistinctionEducation20th century bell hooks SimulacrumTeaching to Transgress · Engaged Pedagogy · Education as the Practice of Freedom · Presence · CommunityEducation20th–21st century Hattian Visible Learning SimulacrumVisible Learning · Effect Sizes · Meta-Meta-Analysis · The Hinge Point · What Works in EducationEducationContemporary Biestian Subjectification SimulacrumBeyond Learning · Subjectification · The Beautiful Risk of Education · Against Learnification · Three DomainsEducationContemporary

Professional Practice

Lesson Architect SimulacrumLesson Design · Differentiation · SEN Scaffolding · Retrieval Practice · Assessment for Learning · Template-Aware Slide BuildingEducationContemporary

Elizabethan Court12

The Court

Elizabeth IQueen of England and Ireland · the Virgin Queen · the prince · last of the TudorsElizabethan Court16th–17th century William Cecil, Lord BurghleyLord Treasurer · Principal Secretary · chief minister for forty years · architect of the Elizabethan stateElizabethan Court16th century Robert Cecil, Earl of SalisburyPrincipal Secretary · architect of the Stuart succession · son of Burghley · manager of the transition to JamesElizabethan Court16th–17th century Francis WalsinghamPrincipal Secretary · spymaster · builder of England’s first intelligence service · prosecutor of the Babington PlotElizabethan Court16th century John Whitgift, Archbishop of CanterburyArchbishop of Canterbury · defender of the Elizabethan settlement · opponent of Puritan nonconformityElizabethan Court16th–17th century Robert Dudley, Earl of LeicesterMaster of the Horse · the Queen’s favourite · commander in the Netherlands · patron of theatreElizabethan Court16th century Sir Christopher HattonLord Chancellor · Vice-Chamberlain · dancer who rose by his legs · loyal courtierElizabethan Court16th century Charles Howard, Earl of NottinghamLord Admiral · commander against the Armada · manager of men and shipsElizabethan Court16th–17th century Robert Devereux, Earl of EssexEarl of Essex · soldier · failed favourite · executed 1601 · Elizabeth’s last disappointmentElizabethan Court16th–17th century Walter RaleighCaptain of the Guard · colonial entrepreneur · poet · historian · executed by James I 1618Elizabethan Court16th–17th century Christopher MarlowePlaywright · intelligence agent · Cambridge scholar · murdered 1593 in disputed circumstancesElizabethan Court16th century Mary, Queen of ScotsQueen of Scotland · claimant to the English throne · nineteen years imprisoned · executed 1587Elizabethan Court16th century

Engineering24

Pioneers & Visionaries

Hero of Alexandria SimulacrumMechanics · Pneumatics · Automata · SteamEngineering1st century Isambard Kingdom Brunel SimulacrumCivil Engineering · Bridges · RailwaysEngineering19th century Nikola Tesla SimulacrumElectromagnetism · Energy · InventionEngineering19th–20th century Buckminster Fuller SimulacrumSystems Thinking · Geodesics · EphemeralizationEngineering20th century

Mechanical & Industrial

Zhang Heng SimulacrumSeismoscope · Water-Powered Armillary Sphere · Odometer · Mechanical Engineering · Han DynastyEngineering2nd century James Watt SimulacrumSeparate Condenser · Steam Engine · Horsepower · Industrial Revolution · Efficiency as MethodEngineering18th–19th century George Stephenson SimulacrumRailways · Locomotives · InfrastructureEngineering19th century Frank & Lillian Gilbreth SimulacrumMotion Study · Industrial Efficiency · Human FactorsEngineering19th–20th century Ludwig Mies van der Rohe SimulacrumBarcelona Pavilion · Structural Rationalism · IIT · Farnsworth House · Steel and GlassEngineering19th–20th century Marcel Breuer SimulacrumWassily Chair · Tubular Steel · Harvard · Whitney Museum · Brutalism · Material LogicEngineering20th century Sroujian Systems SimulacrumApple Silicon · M-Series · Neural Engine · Chip Architecture · ARM · Performance per WattEngineeringContemporary Muskian Disruptor SimulacrumFirst Principles to the Material Floor · Requirement Interrogation · Deletion Before Optimisation · Cycle Time · The Factory as the ProductEngineeringContemporary

Petroleum & Energy Engineering

Senior Reservoir Engineer SimulacrumReservoir Engineering · Upstream Oil & Gas · Well Performance · Pressure AnalysisEngineeringContemporary Senior Drilling Fluid Engineer SimulacrumDrilling Fluids · Wellbore Stability · Mud Engineering · Solids Control · HPHTEngineeringContemporary Senior Well Intervention & Artificial Lift Engineer SimulacrumWell Intervention · Artificial Lift · Production Engineering · Coiled Tubing · ESPEngineeringContemporary Senior Process Plant Engineer SimulacrumProcess Engineering · Refinery Operations · Oil & Gas Processing · Unit OperationsEngineeringContemporary Senior Process Troubleshooter SimulacrumProcess Troubleshooting · Operations Abnormalities · Root Cause Analysis · Plant DiagnosticsEngineeringContemporary Senior Gas Plant Operations Engineer SimulacrumGas Processing · NGL Recovery · TEG Dehydration · Amine Treatment · Sales Gas SpecificationEngineeringContemporary Senior Rotating Equipment Engineer SimulacrumRotating Equipment · Pumps · Compressors · Turbines · Vibration Analysis · Condition MonitoringEngineeringContemporary Senior Boiler & Steam Systems Engineer SimulacrumBoiler Operations · Steam Generation · Water Treatment · Combustion · Heat TransferEngineeringContemporary Senior Pipeline Integrity Engineer SimulacrumPipeline Integrity · Corrosion Management · Inline Inspection · Fitness for Service · ASME B31GEngineeringContemporary Senior Instrumentation & Control Engineer SimulacrumInstrumentation · DCS · SIS · Control Loop Design · SIL Assessment · HAZOPEngineeringContemporary Senior HSE Engineer SimulacrumHSE Management · Behavioural Safety · Process Safety · Fire & Gas · Incident InvestigationEngineeringContemporary Senior Petroleum Economist SimulacrumPetroleum Economics · Project Valuation · Fiscal Regimes · NPV · PSC · Risk AnalysisEngineeringContemporary

Film Studies16

Pioneers of Cinema

Georges Méliès SimulacrumA Trip to the Moon · Trick Film · Special Effects · The Camera as Magic · Theatrical CinemaFilm Studies19th–20th century Fritz Lang SimulacrumMetropolis · Expressionist Cinema · The City as System · Power ArchitectureFilm Studies19th–20th century Sergei Eisenstein SimulacrumMontage Theory · Battleship Potemkin · October · Film Form · The Dialectical Image · Intellectual MontageFilm Studies20th century

Classical Film Theory

André Bazin SimulacrumWhat Is Cinema? · Realism · The Long Take · Mise-en-scène · Ontology of the Photographic ImageFilm Studies20th century Siegfried Kracauer SimulacrumFrom Caligari to Hitler · The Mass Ornament · Film as Social Diagnosis · Redemption of Physical RealityFilm Studies19th–20th century Rudolf Arnheim SimulacrumFilm as Art · Perceptual Psychology · The Frame · The Angle · Divergence from Reality as Artistic ResourceFilm Studies20th–21st century

Screenwriting & Narrative Craft

Leigh Brackett SimulacrumPlanetary Romance · Film Noir · Science Fiction · Screenwriting · The Big Sleep · Empire Strikes BackFilm Studies20th century Syd Field SimulacrumScreenplay · Three-Act Structure · Plot Points · The Paradigm · Inciting Incident · MidpointFilm Studies20th–21st century

World Cinema

Akira Kurosawa SimulacrumRashomon · Seven Samurai · Ikiru · The Moving Camera · Weather as Dramaturgy · Shakespeare in JapanFilm Studies20th century Satyajit Ray SimulacrumThe Apu Trilogy · Charulata · Indian Neorealism · The Humanist Gaze · Bengali CinemaFilm Studies20th century Andrei Tarkovsky SimulacrumSculpting in Time · Stalker · Mirror · Solaris · The Long Take as Meditation · Cinema as Spiritual PracticeFilm Studies20th century Guru Dutt SimulacrumPyaasa · Kaagaz Ke Phool · Bollywood Golden Age · Chiaroscuro · The Song as Soliloquy · Urdu PoetryFilm Studies20th century

Documentary

Dziga Vertov SimulacrumMan with a Movie Camera · Kino-Eye · Kino-Pravda · Life Caught Unawares · Radical DocumentaryFilm Studies19th–20th century John Grierson SimulacrumDocumentary Movement · The Creative Treatment of Actuality · GPO Film Unit · National Film Board of CanadaFilm Studies19th–20th century

Contemporary Film Theory

David Bordwell SimulacrumNarration in the Fiction Film · Neoformalism · Film Poetics · Classical Hollywood Cinema · Cognitive Film StudiesFilm Studies20th–21st century Mulveyan Visual Pleasure SimulacrumVisual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema · The Male Gaze · Feminist Film Theory · Scopophilia · Counter-CinemaFilm StudiesContemporary

Fine Art6

Vincent van Gogh SimulacrumArt Theory · Post-Impressionism · Colour · PaintingFine Art19th century Wassily Kandinsky SimulacrumInner Necessity · Colour as Keyboard · Concerning the Spiritual in Art · Point and Line to PlaneFine Art19th–20th century Paul Klee SimulacrumThe Thinking Eye · Pedagogical Sketchbook · Point Line Plane · Colour Theory · Nature as ProcessFine Art19th–20th century Josef Albers SimulacrumInteraction of Colour · Homage to the Square · Colour as Relation · Teaching as ArtFine Art19th–20th century Oskar Schlemmer SimulacrumTriadic Ballet · The Body as Primary Form · Stage Synthesis · Figure and SpaceFine Art19th–20th century William Hogarth SimulacrumPainting · Engraving · Moral Narrative · A Rake's Progress · The Analysis of BeautyFine Art17th–18th century

Game Design22

Theory of Play

Johan Huizinga SimulacrumHomo Ludens · The Magic Circle · Play Precedes Culture · Play as the Origin of CivilisationGame Design19th–20th century Joseph Campbell SimulacrumMythology · The Hero's Journey · NarrativeGame Design20th century Roger Caillois SimulacrumMan Play and Games · Agôn · Alea · Mimicry · Ilinx · The Four Types · Paidia and LudusGame Design20th century

Tabletop & Role-Playing

Georg Heinrich von Reisswitz SimulacrumKriegsspiel (1824) · The Umpire (der Vertraute) · The General Idea · Hidden Information and Delayed Reports · Dice and Probability · Critique Only After PlayGame Design19th century Gary Gygax SimulacrumDungeons & Dragons · Rules Enable Imagination · The Systematiser · Procedure as ArchitectureGame Design20th century Dave Arneson SimulacrumBlackmoor · The Dungeon Master Concept · Emergent Narrative · The World That WatchesGame Design20th century

Hardware & Industry Architecture

Ralph Baer SimulacrumFather of Home Gaming · Magnavox Odyssey · The Television as Input DeviceGame Design20th–21st century Jerry Lawson SimulacrumROM Cartridge · Software Separate from Hardware · The Architecture of an Industry · Fairchild Channel FGame Design20th–21st century Gunpei Yokoi SimulacrumLateral Thinking with Withered Technology · Game Boy · D-pad · Nintendo R&D1Game Design20th century

Play, Learning & Human Connection

Papertian Constructionism SimulacrumConstructionism · Objects to Think With · Hard Fun · Mindstorms · Logo · Learning by MakingGame DesignContemporary Dani Bunten Berry SimulacrumMultiplayer Pioneer · M.U.L.E. · The Computer as Occasion for Human ConnectionGame Design20th century

Designers & Engineers

Miyamotian Perspective SimulacrumMario · Zelda · Donkey Kong · Nintendo · Play as Craft · The Eureka MomentGame DesignContemporary Meieresque Matters SimulacrumCivilization · Pirates · The 33 Percent Rule · Interesting Decisions · Player as ProtagonistGame DesignContemporary Kojimanian Perspective SimulacrumMetal Gear · Death Stranding · Auteur Game Design · The Fourth Wall · Cinema and InteractivityGame DesignContemporary Carmackian Coder SimulacrumDoom · Quake · id Software · Game Engine Architecture · Binary Space Partitioning · VRGame DesignContemporary Hejlsbergian Language Design SimulacrumC# · TypeScript · Delphi · Turbo Pascal · Language Ergonomics · Type Systems · Gradual TypingGame DesignContemporary Perssonesque Design SimulacrumMinecraft · Procedural Generation · The One-Person Studio · Voxel Worlds · Emergent SandboxGame DesignContemporary

Game Theory

John Nash SimulacrumNash Equilibrium · Non-Cooperative Games · Bargaining Theory · Fixed Point ExistenceGame Design20th–21st century John Harsanyi SimulacrumIncomplete Information Games · Bayesian Games · Type Spaces · Equilibrium Selection · PurificationGame Design20th century Reinhard Selten SimulacrumSubgame Perfect Equilibrium · Trembling Hand Perfection · Backward Induction · Bounded RationalityGame Design20th–21st century Aumannian Game Theory SimulacrumCommon Knowledge · Correlated Equilibrium · Repeated Games · Epistemic Game Theory · Agreeing to DisagreeGame DesignContemporary Lloyd Shapley SimulacrumShapley Value · Cooperative Game Theory · Stable Matching · Stochastic Games · CoreGame Design20th–21st century

Geography8

Strabo SimulacrumGeographica · The Known World · Historical Geography · Ethnography · Roman GeographyGeography1st century BCE – 1st century CE William Morris Davis SimulacrumGeomorphology · The Cycle of Erosion · Structure, Process, Stage · PhysiographyGeography19th–20th century Alfred Wegener SimulacrumContinental Drift · Plate Tectonics · Pangaea · PalaeoclimatologyGeography19th–20th century James Hutton SimulacrumTheory of the Earth · Deep Time · Uniformitarianism · The Geological Cycle · PlutonismGeography18th century Charles Lyell SimulacrumPrinciples of Geology · Uniformitarianism · Stratigraphy · Geological Time · Deep HistoryGeography19th century William Smith SimulacrumThe Map That Changed the World · Stratigraphy · Fossils as Dating Tools · The Geological Map of England and WalesGeography18th–19th century Walt Whitman Rostow SimulacrumEconomic Development · Stages of Growth · Modernisation Theory · Take-offGeography20th–21st century Ernest Burgess SimulacrumUrban Geography · The Concentric Zone Model · Chicago School · Human EcologyGeography19th–20th century

History72

Brownian Late Antiquity SimulacrumLate Antiquity · Augustine · Holy Men · Christianisation · World of Late AntiquityHistoryContemporary Ginzburgian Microhistory SimulacrumMicrohistory · The cheese and the worms · Evidential paradigm · Clues and conjecture · The inquisitor's archive read against itselfHistoryContemporary Chakrabartian Subaltern Studies SimulacrumSubaltern studies · Provincialising Europe · Historicism and its limits · The climate of history · Postcolonial historiographyHistoryContemporary Natalie Zemon Davis SimulacrumSocial History · Return of Martin Guerre · Gift Economy · History from Below · Early Modern FranceHistory20th–21st century Spencer WestmacottGallipoli · Auckland Infantry · WWIHistory19th–20th century Percival FenwickGallipoli · Surgery · WWIHistory19th–20th century William MaloneGallipoli · Wellington Battalion · WWIHistory19th–20th century Jack DunnGallipoli · Military Justice · WWIHistoryfl. 20th century Hāmi GraceGallipoli · Māori Contingent · WWIHistoryfl. 20th century Rikihana CarkeekGallipoli · Māori Contingent · WWIHistoryfl. 20th century Lottie Le GallaisGallipoli · Nursing · WWIHistory19th–20th century Cecil MalthusGallipoli · Canterbury · Classical Scholar · WWIHistory19th–20th century Winston ChurchillGallipoli · Dardanelles · Strategy · British EmpireHistory19th–20th century Lord KitchenerGallipoli · Imperial Strategy · WWIHistory19th–20th century Sir Ian HamiltonGallipoli · MEF Command · WWIHistory19th–20th century Mustafa KemalGallipoli · Ottoman Defence · Turkish IndependenceHistory19th–20th century Winston Churchill SimulacrumGallipoli · Dardanelles · Strategy · British EmpireHistory19th–20th century The Library of NinevehThe Royal Library of Ashurbanipal · ~30,000 Tablets · The Mesopotamian CanonHistory7th century BCE Austen Henry LayardExcavation of Nimrud & Nineveh · Victorian Archaeology · Assyrian SculptureHistory19th century Hormuzd RassamDiscoverer of the Library of Ashurbanipal · The Cyrus Cylinder · Assyrian Christian from MosulHistory19th–20th century George SmithDiscoverer of the Flood Tablet · Self-Taught Assyriologist · EngraverHistory19th century Finkelian Cuneiform Simulacrum (Ashurbanipal Exhibition)Cuneiform Collections · British Museum · The Ark Before Noah · The Royal Game of UrHistoryContemporary Austen Henry Layard SimulacrumExcavation of Nimrud & Nineveh · Victorian Archaeology · Assyrian SculptureHistory19th century Hormuzd Rassam SimulacrumDiscoverer of the Library of Ashurbanipal · The Cyrus Cylinder · Mesopotamian ArchaeologyHistory19th–20th century George Smith SimulacrumDiscoverer of the Flood Tablet · Self-Taught Assyriologist · Cuneiform ReaderHistory19th century Finkelian Cuneiform SimulacrumCuneiform Collections · British Museum · Mesopotamian Flood Traditions · Board GamesHistoryContemporary Ashurbanipal SimulacrumKing of Assyria · Builder of the Library · Scholar-King · 668–627 BCEHistory7th century BCE Adad-shumu-usur SimulacrumSenior Royal Scholar · Scribal Teacher · Advisor to AshurbanipalHistory7th century BCE The Librarian of Nineveh SimulacrumCustodian of the Girginakku · Keeper of the Colophons · Catalogue SystemHistory7th century BCE Shamash-shum-ukin SimulacrumCo-King of Babylon · Brother of Ashurbanipal · The RebellionHistory7th century BCE Sîn-lēqi-unninni SimulacrumEditor of the Standard Babylonian Gilgamesh · First Named Literary EditorHistory12th century BCE

Ancient Near Eastern Historiography

The Deuteronomistic History SimulacrumJoshua · Judges · Samuel · Kings · Covenant · Exile · TheodicyHistory7th–6th century BCE The Babylonian Chronicles SimulacrumAnnalistic History · Fall of Nineveh · Fall of Babylon · Year-by-Year · Cuneiform RecordsHistory7th–3rd century BCE

Greek Historiography

Herodotus SimulacrumThe Histories · The Persian Wars · Ethnography · Inquiry · The Father of HistoryHistory5th century BCE Thucydides SimulacrumThe Peloponnesian War · Realism · Political Analysis · A Possession for All TimeHistory5th century BCE Polybius SimulacrumThe Rise of Rome · Universal History · Mixed Constitution · Pragmatic HistoryHistory2nd century BCE

Chinese Historiography

Sima Qian SimulacrumShiji · The Grand Historian · Universal History · Castration · Truth at Any CostHistory2nd–1st century BCE

Roman Historiography

Livy SimulacrumAb Urbe Condita · Roman Foundation · Moral History · 142 Books · The Glory of RomeHistory1st century BCE – 1st century CE Tacitus SimulacrumAnnals · Histories · Germania · Imperial Tyranny · Sine Ira et StudioHistory1st–2nd century CE Suetonius SimulacrumLives of the Caesars · Biography · Gossip · Character · The TwelveHistory2nd century CE

Medieval Historiography

The Venerable Bede SimulacrumEcclesiastical History · Anglo-Saxon England · Chronology · Jarrow · The Father of English HistoryHistory8th century Jean Froissart SimulacrumChronicles · The Hundred Years War · Chivalry · Eyewitness · SpectacleHistory14th century

Islamic Historiography

Ibn Khaldun SimulacrumMuqaddimah · Asabiyyah · Cyclical History · Sociology · The Science of CivilisationHistory14th century

Renaissance Historiography

Niccolò Machiavelli SimulacrumThe Prince · Discourses · Florentine Histories · Statecraft · Virtu · FortunaHistory15th–16th century Francesco Guicciardini SimulacrumStoria d'Italia · Ricordi · Particularism · The Limits of Theory · FlorenceHistory16th century

Enlightenment Historiography

William Robertson SimulacrumPhilosophical History · Impartiality · Progress · The Science of the Past · Scottish EnlightenmentHistory18th century

19th Century

Theodor Mommsen SimulacrumRömische Geschichte · Roman Law · Epigraphy · Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum · Nobel PrizeHistory19th century

The Annales School

Marc Bloch SimulacrumFeudal Society · Comparative History · Les Annales · The Historian's Craft · Shot by the GestapoHistory20th century Fernand Braudel SimulacrumThe Mediterranean · Longue Durée · Civilisation & Capitalism · Three Temporal LayersHistory20th century Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie SimulacrumMontaillou · Microhistory · Climate History · The Peasants of Languedoc · Annales Third GenerationHistory20th century

Social History & History from Below

C.L.R. James SimulacrumThe Black Jacobins · Cricket · Revolution · Trinidad · Pan-Africanism · Toussaint LouvertureHistory20th century Eric Hobsbawm SimulacrumThe Age of Revolution · The Age of Capital · The Age of Empire · The Age of Extremes · Invented TraditionsHistory20th century E.P. Thompson SimulacrumThe Making of the English Working Class · Moral Economy · History from Below · AgencyHistory20th century

Modern Historians of the Period

Kershawian Nazi Germany SimulacrumWeimar & the Third Reich · Working Towards the Führer · Cumulative Radicalisation · Popular Opinion · Structures Not DemonsHistoryContemporary Richard Hofstadter SimulacrumThe American Political Tradition · The Age of Reform · The Paranoid Style · Anti-Intellectualism · Consensus HistoryHistory20th century Dikötterian Mao-Era China SimulacrumMao's China · The People's Trilogy · The Great Famine · The Cultural Revolution · The ArchivesHistoryContemporary Peter Fryer SimulacrumStaying Power · Black People in Britain · Migration · The Ignored Archive · Continuous PresenceHistory20th–21st century A.V. Dicey SimulacrumLaw of the Constitution · Parliamentary Sovereignty · The Rule of Law · Conventions · Constitutional TheoryHistory19th–20th century John Keegan SimulacrumThe Face of Battle · A History of Warfare · The Experience of the Soldier · War & Society · Military HistoryHistory20th–21st century Colleyan British Empire SimulacrumBritons: Forging the Nation · Captives · Empire & British Identity · The View from the Edge · Eighteenth-Century BritainHistoryContemporary Duffian Reformation SimulacrumThe Stripping of the Altars · Traditional Religion · The English Reformation · Parish Life · Revisionist HistoryHistoryContemporary R. Allen Brown SimulacrumEnglish Castles · Norman Conquest · Castle Form & Function · Lordship in Stone · Medieval FortificationHistory20th century Christopher Hill SimulacrumThe World Turned Upside Down · The English Revolution · Cromwell · Radical Ideas · History from BelowHistory20th–21st century

Philosophy of History

Strabo SimulacrumGeography · Historical Geography · Ancient Ethnography · Source CriticismHistory1st century BCE – 1st century CE Ban Zhao SimulacrumBook of Han · Han Historiography · First Female Imperial Historian · TaixueHistory2nd century Plutarch of Chaeronea SimulacrumParallel Lives · Historical Biography · Moralia · Greek History · Source CriticismHistory2nd century Heinrich Graetz SimulacrumJewish Historiography · Geschichte der Juden · Eleven Volumes · National History · Historical TheologyHistory19th century Ismar Elbogen SimulacrumJewish Liturgy · Jewish History · Der jüdische Gottesdienst · A Century of Jewish LifeHistory19th–20th century Hayden White SimulacrumMetahistory · Tropics of Discourse · Emplotment · Narrative · History as LiteratureHistory20th–21st century Arnold J. Toynbee SimulacrumA Study of History · Comparative civilisations · The Western Question in Greece and Turkey · Challenge and response · Chatham HouseHistory19th–20th century

Soane Museum

Giovanni Belzoni SimulacrumExploration · Egypt · Archaeology · Sarcophagus of Seti I · The Great BelzoniHistory18th–19th century Sarcophagus of Seti I SimulacrumObject Simulacrum · Egyptian Funerary Art · Alabaster · 19th Dynasty · Book of GatesHistory13th century BCE

Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums28

Gründung & Wissenschaft des Judentums

Abraham Geiger SimulacrumWissenschaft des Judentums · Biblical Criticism · Reform · UrschriftHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th century

Talmud

Israel Lewy SimulacrumTalmud · Founding Faculty · Palestinian Talmud · Textual CriticismHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century Eduard Ezekiel Baneth SimulacrumTalmud · Mishnah Commentary · Textual Transmission · BerakhotHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century Hanoch Albeck SimulacrumTalmud · Mishnah · Critical Editions · Source AnalysisHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century

Philosophy

Hermann Cohen SimulacrumNeo-Kantianism · Religion of Reason · Ethics · Marburg SchoolHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century Julius Guttmann SimulacrumPhilosophy of Judaism · Medieval & Modern · Die Philosophie des JudentumsHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century Max Wiener SimulacrumPhilosophy of Religion · Liberal Judaism · Modernity · Jüdische Religion im Zeitalter der EmanzipationHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century Blackian Ludic Abolition SimulacrumAbolition of Work · Post-Left Anarchism · Ludic Revolution · Anti-Compulsory ProductionHochschule für die Wissenschaft des JudentumsContemporary David HumeEmpiricism · The problem of induction · Is and ought · Bundle theory of the self · Custom as the guide of lifeHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums18th century Friedrich Nietzsche SimulacrumGenealogy of morals · Will to power · The death of God · Master and slave morality · Eternal recurrenceHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th century Immanuel Kant SimulacrumCritique of Pure Reason · Transcendental Idealism · Categorical Imperative · Copernican Revolution in PhilosophyHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums18th century Jean-Paul Sartre SimulacrumExistentialism · Bad faith · Radical freedom · Being and Nothingness · Condemned to be freeHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums20th century John Rawls SimulacrumTheory of Justice · Veil of Ignorance · Original Position · Political Liberalism · FairnessHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums20th century John Stuart Mill SimulacrumUtilitarianism · The harm principle · On Liberty · Higher and lower pleasures · The subjection of womenHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th century Plato of Athens SimulacrumTheory of Forms · The Republic · Dialectic · Philosopher-Kings · The GoodHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums5th–4th century BCE Vaneigemian Situationist SimulacrumSituationist International · Revolution of Everyday Life · Radical Subjectivity · Anti-WorkHochschule für die Wissenschaft des JudentumsContemporary René Descartes SimulacrumCogito · Method of Doubt · Analytical Geometry · Mind-Body Dualism · MeditationsHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums17th century W.V.O. Quine SimulacrumIndeterminacy of Translation · Two Dogmas of Empiricism · Naturalized Epistemology · Ontological CommitmentHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums20th century Zerzanian Primitivism SimulacrumAnarcho-primitivism · Civilisation as renunciation · Critique of symbolic thought · Time, language, number as domestication · Future primitiveHochschule für die Wissenschaft des JudentumsContemporary

Theology & Homiletics

Sigmund Maybaum SimulacrumHomiletics · Preaching · Rhetorical History · The Jewish SermonHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century Leo Baeck SimulacrumTheology · The Essence of Judaism · Midrash · TheresienstadtHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century

History

Ismar Elbogen SimulacrumJewish History · Liturgy · Der jüdische Gottesdienst · Community HistoryHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century

Linguistics & Psychology

Heymann Steinthal SimulacrumLinguistics · Völkerpsychologie · Psychology of Language · HumboldtHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th century Moritz Lazarus SimulacrumEthics · Völkerpsychologie · Die Ethik des Judentums · Collective PsychologyHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century

Bible & Hebrew

Harry Torczyner (Tur-Sinai) SimulacrumBible · Hebrew Language · Lachish Letters · PhilologyHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century

Occasional Lecturers & Students

Martin Buber SimulacrumI and Thou · Dialogue · Hasidism · Zionism · Biblical TranslationHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century Franz Rosenzweig SimulacrumThe Star of Redemption · New Thinking · Creation-Revelation-Redemption · The LehrhausHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century Gershom Scholem SimulacrumKabbalah · Jewish Mysticism · Sabbatai Zevi · Major Trends · The Other Side of JudaismHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums19th–20th century

House of Wisdom16

Translation & Medicine

Al-Kindī SimulacrumDe Radiis · First Philosopher of the Arabs · Greek Synthesis · Intellect · OpticsHouse of Wisdom9th century Hunayn ibn Ishāq SimulacrumTranslation · Greek Medicine · Ophthalmology · Galen in ArabicHouse of Wisdom9th century Al-Rāzī (Rhazes) SimulacrumIslamic Medicine · Smallpox · Clinical Empiricism · Hospital MedicineHouse of Wisdom9th–10th century

Mathematics & Astronomy

Al-Khwārizmī SimulacrumAlgebra · Algorithm · Hindu-Arabic Numerals · Zij al-SindhindHouse of Wisdom8th century Thābit ibn Qurra SimulacrumMathematics · Amicable Numbers · Mechanical Theory · Translation of ArchimedesHouse of Wisdom9th–10th century

Natural Philosophy & Encyclopaedism

Strabo SimulacrumGeography · 17 Books · Historical Geography · Ethnography · Augustan RomeHouse of Wisdom1st century BCE – 1st century CE Al-Fārābī SimulacrumSecond Teacher · Aristotle in Arabic · Music Theory · Perfect State · IntellectHouse of Wisdom9th–10th century Ibn al-Haytham / Alhazen SimulacrumOptics · Scientific Method · Camera Obscura · Vision Theory · Light RaysHouse of Wisdom10th–11th century Al-Bīrūnī SimulacrumComparative Religion · India · Geodesy · History of Science · Universal ScholarshipHouse of Wisdom10th–11th century Avicenna / Ibn Sīnā SimulacrumThe Flying Man · Canon of Medicine · Kitāb al-Shifāʾ · Essence and Existence · The Soul Without a BodyHouse of Wisdom10th century Al-Ghazālī (Algazel) SimulacrumIncoherence of the Philosophers · Occasionalism · Deliverance from Error · Ihya · SufismHouse of Wisdom11th–12th century Averroes / Ibn Rushd SimulacrumThe Commentator · Aristotle Restored · Incoherence of the Incoherence · Active Intellect · Natural LawHouse of Wisdom12th century

Astronomy

Al-Battānī SimulacrumTrigonometric Astronomy · Solar Parameters · Zij · Correction of PtolemyHouse of Wisdom9th–10th century Bell Burnellian Pulsar Discovery SimulacrumPulsars · Anomalous data in large datasets · Scruff on the chart recorder · Instrument discipline · Credit and recognitionHouse of WisdomContemporary Edmond HalleyCometary orbits · Mortality tables · Terrestrial magnetism · The Halley expedition · Patron of the PrincipiaHouse of Wisdom17th–18th century Hipparchus of NicaeaPrecession of the equinoxes · Star catalogue · Trigonometry of chords · Lunar theory · Observation against inherited authorityHouse of Wisdom2nd century BCE

Institut für Sexualwissenschaft7

Die Abteilungen

Magnus Hirschfeld SimulacrumSexualbiologie · Zwischenstufenlehre · Sexual Intermediaries · Founder & DirectorInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft19th–20th century Arthur Kronfeld SimulacrumSeelische Sexualleiden · Psychiatry · Psychotherapy · Sexual SufferingInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft19th–20th century Felix Abraham SimulacrumGenitalumwandlung · Gender Surgery · Forensik · Expert Testimony · TransvestitenscheinInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft20th century Max Hodann SimulacrumSexualaufklärung · Sex Education · Marriage Counselling · Workers' HealthInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft19th–20th century

Bibliothek, Archiv & Nachleben

Karl Giese SimulacrumBibliothek & Museum · Archive · 20,000 Volumes · Photography · MemoryInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft19th–20th century Harry Benjamin SimulacrumDiaspora · Kontinuität · Transsexualism · The Benjamin Scale · New YorkInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft19th–20th century

Zeuginnen

Dora Richter SimulacrumZeugin · The First · Domestic Servant · Surgery 1931 · The Life Itself as ArgumentInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft19th–20th century

Institute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous Systems32

Strategic Doctrine Wing

Schellingian Coercive Bargaining SimulacrumCoercive bargaining · The threat that leaves something to chance · Focal points · Arms and Influence · Tacit negotiationInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Freedmanian Strategic Deterrence SimulacrumStrategy as a discipline · The evolution of nuclear strategy · The future of war · Narrative and strategic thought · CommandInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Abbasian Asymmetric Strategy SimulacrumAsymmetric strategy · Doctrine of the weaker party · Deterrence without parity · Regional power projection · Strategy as declaredInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Salamian Counter-Drone SimulacrumCounter-drone doctrine · Layered air defence · Asymmetric deterrence · Force posture statements · Doctrine as publicly statedInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Rubicon Doctrine Centre SimulacrumOrganisational distance as the constraint on adaptation · Closing the loop between developer, operator, trainer and commander · Manufacturing doctrine · Absorbing scattered talent and improvised industry · Deep tactical interdictionInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary

Technology and Autonomy Wing

Scharrean Human-Machine Teaming SimulacrumAutonomous Weapons · Human-Machine Teaming · Army of None · Kill Chain · Centaur WarfightingInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Arkinian Machine Ethics SimulacrumMachine ethics · The ethical governor · Robots may behave more ethically than humans · Bounded morality in the battlefield · Engineering restraintInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Russellian AI Safety SimulacrumAI safety · The value alignment problem · Inverse reinforcement learning · Provably beneficial machines · Uncertainty about the objectiveInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Sparrovian Robot Ethics SimulacrumRobot ethics · The responsibility gap · Killer robots and the question of blame · Autonomy and accountability · Applied philosophy of technologyInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Kallenbornian Drone Swarm SimulacrumDrone Swarms · Autonomous Weapons · Mass-Casualty Technologies · The Swarm as a New Weapons CategoryInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Kingian Combat Sociology SimulacrumDrone-Warfare Scepticism · Urban Warfare · Military Transformation · The Logistics of AutonomyInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Luckeyian Defence-Tech Disruption SimulacrumAnduril · Lattice OS · Autonomous Systems Manufacturing · Defence-Tech Venture · Arsenal-1Institute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Prodanyukian Ukrainian Tactics SimulacrumCost asymmetry in unmanned systems · The apartment-to-battlefield pipeline · Thresholds at which autonomy becomes catastrophic · Manufacture under fireInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary

Ethics and Philosophy Wing

Chamayouian Drone Ethics SimulacrumDrone theory · Manhunt doctrine · The vanishing of the combatant · Asymmetry and its ethics · Polemical philosophyInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Strawserian Just War Technology SimulacrumJust war theory · The duty to use precision · Risk transfer and moral obligation · Remote weapons ethics · Killing by remote controlInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary

Law of Armed Conflict Wing

Schmittian Law of Armed Conflict SimulacrumInternational humanitarian law · targeting law · cyber warfareInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Dochertyan Humanitarian Disarmament SimulacrumHumanitarian disarmament · autonomous weapons · cluster munitionsInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Iwamotoan Humanitarian Law SimulacrumInternational Humanitarian Law · LAWS Legal Regulation · Targeted Killing · The Law as It StandsInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Satoan Arms-Control Diplomacy SimulacrumLAWS Governance · Arms-Control Diplomacy · The CCW Process · Technology PolicyInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary

Geopolitics and Proliferation Wing

Bettsian Coercion Analysis SimulacrumStrategic surprise · Why warning fails · Intelligence and its limits · Coercion analysis · The enemy learns tooInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Gillian Military Innovation SimulacrumMilitary innovation · Why imitation is hard · Technological complexity · Diffusion of capability · The myth of easy catch-upInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Riddian Cyber Conflict SimulacrumCyber conflict · Cyber war will not take place · Sabotage, espionage, subversion · Active measures · Attribution as a political actInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Singerian Wired War SimulacrumWired for war · Private military contractors · Likewar and the weaponisation of social media · Robotics and conflict · Fiction as forecastingInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Xiaoan Autonomous Systems SimulacrumAutonomous systems doctrine · Intelligentised warfare · PLA strategic thought · Military-civil fusion · Doctrine as publishedInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary

Psychology and Human Factors Wing

Grossmanian Killology SimulacrumKillology · The resistance to killing · Conditioning and desensitisation · Physiology of combat · The cost of overcoming reluctanceInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Bryantian Moral Injury SimulacrumMoral injury · The drone operator's testimony · Distance and its absence · Confessions from inside the programme · What surveillance does to the watcherInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Woodian Psychological Distance SimulacrumMoral injury as signature wound · Reporting from the wars · What soldiers carry home · The gap between training and conscience · Testimony as evidenceInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary

Electronic Warfare and the Spectrum

Spectrum Reconnaissance SimulacrumThe electromagnetic commons · Distributed anomaly collection · Specifying a countermeasure against the adversary’s sensing range · The adaptation ledger · Why jamming produces autonomyInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary

Unmanned Systems and Field Operators

Boretsian Drone Operations SimulacrumNaval Drone Warfare · Group 13 / GUR · The MAGURA Line · Striking Warships Under Way · Iteration Under FireInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Cross-Domain Transfer SimulacrumThe Sea Baby Line · SBU Unmanned Systems · Analogical Transfer Between Domains · Platform Evolution · Strike ArchitectureInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Fedorovian Digital Statecraft SimulacrumDrone Production at Scale · Brave1 · Battlefield Digital Transformation · The Technology CycleInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary Brovdian Frontline Command SimulacrumThe kill zone and its depth · Asymmetric mass · Drone-centric doctrine · Video-confirmed attrition accounting · Commanding a branch that did not existInstitute for Remote Warfare and Autonomous SystemsContemporary

The Invisible and Pansophic College7

The Network

John Amos Comenius (Pansophia) SimulacrumPansophia · Education · Didactica Magna · Universal ReformThe Invisible and Pansophic College16th–17th century John Dury SimulacrumProtestant Reunion · The Irenical Project · Church Union · PansophiaThe Invisible and Pansophic College16th–17th century Samuel Hartlib SimulacrumPansophia · The Office of Address · Universal Learning · Intelligence NetworkThe Invisible and Pansophic College16th century John Wilkins SimulacrumUniversal Language · Mathematical Magic · The Moon · Natural PhilosophyThe Invisible and Pansophic College17th century Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh SimulacrumNatural Philosophy · Hartlib Circle · MedicineThe Invisible and Pansophic College17th century Robert Boyle SimulacrumExperimental Chemistry · Gas Laws · The Sceptical Chymist · Pansophic CircleThe Invisible and Pansophic College17th century Robert Hooke SimulacrumMicrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental Philosophy · Pansophic CircleThe Invisible and Pansophic College17th–18th century

Journalism20

George Orwell SimulacrumPolitical Writing · The Essay · Language & TruthJournalism20th century A.J. Liebling SimulacrumPress Criticism · War Reporting · Boxing · FoodJournalism20th century I.F. Stone SimulacrumIndependent Journalism · Government Accountability · The WeeklyJournalism20th century Talesean Methodology SimulacrumNew Journalism · narrative nonfiction · the art of the profileJournalismContemporary Janet Malcolm SimulacrumLiterary Journalism · The Journalist-Subject Relationship · EthicsJournalism20th–21st century Hershian Investigative SimulacrumInvestigative journalism · My Lai · Abu Ghraib · the accountability pressJournalismContemporary Robert I. Friedman SimulacrumInvestigative Journalism · Organised Crime · Human RightsJournalism20th–21st century Fawkesian Blogging SimulacrumPolitical blogging · parliamentary scalps · adversarial pressJournalismContemporary O'Neillite Contrarianism SimulacrumContrarian journalism · free speech · spiked · culture warsJournalismContemporary Joan Didion SimulacrumNew Journalism · Slouching Towards Bethlehem · Magical Thinking · California · Sentence as Unit of ThoughtJournalism20th–21st century Dorothy Thompson SimulacrumForeign Correspondence · Anti-Fascism · Political Commentary · First American Journalist Expelled from Nazi GermanyJournalism20th century Edward R. Murrow SimulacrumBroadcast Journalism · See It Now · McCarthy Confrontation · London Blitz ReportingJournalism20th century Ida Tarbell SimulacrumInvestigative Journalism · History of Standard Oil · Muckraking · Corporate Power · MonopolyJournalism19th–20th century Martha Gellhorn SimulacrumWar Correspondence · The Face of War · Witness Journalism · Spain · D-Day · Human CostJournalism20th century Nellie Bly SimulacrumInvestigative Journalism · Undercover Reporting · Asylum Exposé · Around the World in 72 DaysJournalism19th–20th century Ryszard Kapuściński SimulacrumReportage · The revolution seen from the street · Empire and its edges · The Other · Detail as political argumentJournalism20th–21st century Hunter S. Thompson SimulacrumGonzo Journalism · Fear and Loathing · New Journalism · Political Reporting · The Great Shark HuntJournalism20th century Walter Lippmann SimulacrumPublic Opinion · Manufacturing Consent · Phantom Public · Cold War Liberalism · Elite DemocracyJournalism20th century Andrewsian Reputational Criticism SimulacrumThe essay as judgement · Auditing a settled verdict · The matched pair · Public shaming and its pretexts · Moral claims on moral groundsJournalismContemporary Tom Wolfe SimulacrumNew Journalism · Status · Social X-Ray · Radical Chic · Bonfire of the Vanities · The Right StuffJournalism20th–21st century

Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar10

Talmud & Direktion

Zacharias Frankel SimulacrumDirektor · Talmudic Literature · Positive-Historical Judaism · Darkei ha-MishnahJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th century Israel Lewy SimulacrumTalmudic Literature · Textual Criticism · Palestinian Talmud · Manuscript TraditionJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th–20th century

History & Bibliography

Heinrich Graetz SimulacrumJewish History · Geschichte der Juden · Exegesis · National NarrativeJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th century Marcus Brann SimulacrumJewish History · Bibliography · Silesian Jewry · Seminar HistoryJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th–20th century

Philosophy of Religion

Manuel Joël SimulacrumPhilosophy of Religion · Homiletics · Midrash · Greek-Jewish Philosophical ContactJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th century Isaak Heinemann SimulacrumJewish Philosophy · Classical Philology · Philon · Darkhei ha-AggadahJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th–20th century Jacob Freudenthal SimulacrumPhilosophy of Religion · Hellenistic Philosophy · Aristotle · SpinozaJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th–20th century Jakob Guttmann SimulacrumPhilosophy of Religion · Medieval Jewish Philosophy · Rationalism · Saadia to MaimonidesJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th–20th century Albert Lewkowitz SimulacrumPhilosophy of Religion · Modern Jewish Thought · Ethics · The Last LecturerJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th–20th century

Classical Philology

Jacob Bernays SimulacrumClassical Philology · Philosophy of Religion · Aristotle's Poetics · Katharsis · LucretiusJüdisch-Theologisches Seminar19th century

Linguistics40

Benderian Computational Linguistics SimulacrumComputational linguistics · Meaning requires grounding · The octopus test · Stochastic parrots · Form is not meaningLinguisticsContemporary

Ancient & Classical Grammar

Pāṇini SimulacrumSanskrit Grammar · Computational LinguisticsLinguisticsc. 4th century BCE Aristarchus of Samothrace SimulacrumTextual Criticism · Homeric Philology · Alexandrian Scholarship · The Aristarchian SignsLinguistics3rd–2nd century BCE Yáng Xióng (揚雄) SimulacrumFāngyán · Chinese Dialectology · Lexical GeographyLinguistics1st century BCE – 1st century CE Xǔ Shèn (許慎) SimulacrumShuōwén Jiězì · Chinese Character Analysis · Radical System · LexicographyLinguistics1st–2nd century Aelius Donatus SimulacrumArs Minor · Ars Maior · The Eight Parts of Speech · Barbarism and Solecism · Tropes and FiguresLinguistics4th century CE Priscian of Caesarea SimulacrumInstitutiones Grammaticae · De Constructione · Latin Syntax · Attestation from the Auctores · Greek ComparisonLinguistics5th–6th century CE Zheng Xuan SimulacrumClassical Synthesis · Five Classics Commentary · Old and New Text Schools · Canonical ScholarshipLinguistics2nd century Sībawayhi SimulacrumArabic Grammar · al-Kitāb · Phonetics · Grammar as BehaviourLinguistics8th century

Historical & Comparative Linguistics

Lord Monboddo SimulacrumOrigin of Language · Scottish Enlightenment · Language as Acquired ArtLinguistics18th century Jacob Grimm SimulacrumHistorical Linguistics · Grimm's Law · Germanic · Fairy TalesLinguistics18th–19th century Heymann Steinthal SimulacrumVölkerpsychologie · Herbart · Philosophy of Language · Myth and Religion · FolkloreLinguistics19th century Mǎ Jiànzhōng (馬建忠) SimulacrumMǎshì Wéntōng · First Chinese Grammar · East-West SynthesisLinguistics19th century Franz Boas SimulacrumCultural Relativism · Descriptive Linguistics · Indigenous Languages · Anti-RacismLinguistics19th–20th century Otto Jespersen SimulacrumLinguistic Progress · Efficiency · English Grammar · Language Does Not DecayLinguistics19th–20th century Yuen Ren Chao (趙元任) SimulacrumModern Chinese Linguistics · Phonology · Tone · FieldworkLinguistics20th century

Structural & Phonological Theory

Ferdinand de Saussure SimulacrumStructural Linguistics · Sign · SemiologyLinguistics19th–20th century Edward Sapir SimulacrumLinguistic Relativity · Indigenous Languages · Language as ArtLinguistics19th–20th century Nikolai Trubetzkoy SimulacrumPrague School Phonology · The Phoneme · Oppositions · GrundzügeLinguistics19th–20th century Roman Jakobson SimulacrumStructural Linguistics · Poetics · Binary Features · Six Functions of LanguageLinguistics20th century Benjamin Lee Whorf SimulacrumLinguistic Relativity · Habitual Thought · Hopi Time · Fire InspectorLinguistics20th century Joseph Greenberg SimulacrumLinguistic Typology · Universals · Implicational Hierarchies · Mass ComparisonLinguistics20th century Papadimitrian Assembly Calculus SimulacrumThe Assembly Calculus · Random projection and cap · Projection, association and merge · A language organ built from assemblies · A level between neuron and sentenceLinguisticsContemporary

Semantics, Pragmatics & Discourse

Paul Grice SimulacrumPragmatics · Conversational Implicature · The Cooperative Principle · MaximsLinguistics20th century M.A.K. Halliday SimulacrumSystemic Functional Linguistics · Metafunctions · Register · Every Clause Does Three ThingsLinguistics20th–21st century Charles Fillmore SimulacrumFrame Semantics · Construction Grammar · Case Grammar · FrameNetLinguistics20th–21st century Natural Semantic Metalanguage SimulacrumSemantic Universals · Cultural Scripts · NSM · Emotional Semantics · Cross-Cultural PragmaticsLinguisticsContemporary Conceptual Metaphor Theory SimulacrumConceptual Metaphor · Embodied Cognition · Framing · Moral Politics · ARGUMENT IS WARLinguisticsContemporary Relevance Theory SimulacrumPragmatics · Ostensive Communication · Cognitive Effects · Processing Effort · Mutual ManifestnessLinguisticsContemporary Socherian Composition SimulacrumRecursive composition over structure · Casting every task into one interface · Self-improving training pipelines · Specification before optimisation · Write the metric, then cheat itLinguisticsContemporary

Sociolinguistics & Language in Use

William Stokoe SimulacrumSign Language Linguistics · ASL · Language Is Not Mouth StuffLinguistics20th century Dell Hymes SimulacrumCommunicative Competence · Ethnography of Speaking · SPEAKING ModelLinguistics20th century Variationist Sociolinguistics SimulacrumLanguage Variation · Social Class · AAVE · Martha's Vineyard · The Social Stratification of LanguageLinguistics20th–21st century Carlinian Soft-Language SimulacrumEuphemism across time · Institutional vocabulary · Language in use, collected rather than sampledLinguisticsContemporary

Morphology & Lexicology

Aranoffian Systems SimulacrumMorphology · Word Formation Rules · Morphology by Itself · Word-Based Morphology · The Morphological Basis of GrammarLinguisticsContemporary Pinkerian Words-and-Rules SimulacrumRegular and irregular inflection as two mechanisms · Blocking and the inhibitory link · Headedness and severed derivations · The German -s plural as a rare defaultLinguisticsContemporary Neologist SimulacrumCoining New Words · Word-Formation Processes · Naming for Science, Fiction and Trade · Testing a Coinage · Escaping the Obvious WordLinguisticsConstructed Tool

Universal & Constructed Language

John Wilkins SimulacrumAn Essay Towards a Real Character · Universal Language · Philosophical Language · Invisible CollegeLinguistics17th century L.L. Zamenhof SimulacrumConstructed Languages · EsperantoLinguistics19th–20th century Elendil ion Elenion SimulacrumConstructed Language · Phonology · Script DesignLinguisticsEternal

Literature162

The Commerce of Literature

The Literary Agent SimulacrumManuscript Assessment · Pitch · Submission · Rights · CareerLiteratureComposite The Editor SimulacrumStructural Editing · Line Editing · Developmental FeedbackLiteratureComposite The Publisher SimulacrumAcquisition · Production · Distribution · The Business of BooksLiteratureComposite The Critic SimulacrumLiterary Criticism · Review · Close Reading · CanonLiteratureComposite The Author as Professional SimulacrumWriting Practice · Career · The Business of BooksLiteratureComposite Louisa May Alcott SimulacrumWriting for a Living · Pot-Boilers and Prices · Anonymous Markets · The Penny Papers and the Nursery · Little WomenLiterature19th century

Ancient & Premodern Poetics

Sîn-lēqi-unninni (the Edubba) SimulacrumStandard Babylonian Gilgamesh · āšipu · Literary Editing · Cuneiform Tradition · The First Named Literary Editor in World HistoryLiterature12th century BCE Plutarch of Chaeronea SimulacrumThe Parallel Lives · The Moralia · Priest of Apollo at Delphi · Thou Art · The E at DelphiLiterature2nd century Apuleius of Madauros SimulacrumThe Golden Ass · On the God of Socrates · Philosophical Novel · Middle Platonism · IsisLiterature2nd century Nezahualcoyotl SimulacrumFlower and Song · Theological Scepticism · In Tloque Nahuaque · The Unknown God · TexcocoLiterature15th century Macuilxochitzin SimulacrumNahuatl Poetry · Five Precious Flower · Aztec Woman Poet · Song of the Shields · Xochipilli TraditionLiterature16th century Angelo Poliziano SimulacrumThe Stanze per la Giostra · The Philologist-Poet · The Founding of Modern Philology · Botticelli · The Unfinished PoemLiterature15th century Philip Sidney SimulacrumThe Defence of Poesy · Precept, example and the speaking picture · The poet nothing affirmeth · Not gnosis but praxis · The four charges answered upon the abuseLiterature16th century John Dryden SimulacrumThe Essay of Dramatic Poesy · Preface to Ovid's Epistles · Preface to the Fables · The three heads of translation · Shakespeare and Jonson set side by sideLiterature17th century

Medieval & Renaissance

Wolfram von Eschenbach SimulacrumParzival · The Bow-Simile · The Grail as Stone · The Two StrandsLiterature12th–13th century Gottfried von Strassburg SimulacrumTristan · Süze Sûr · The Acrostic Lattice · The Noble HeartsLiterature13th century Thomas of Britain SimulacrumRoman de Tristran · The 550-Line Deliberation · The Couplet as Argument · The Courtly BranchLiteraturefl. 12th century Wace SimulacrumRoman de Brut · The Octosyllabic Couplet · The Round Table · BrocéliandeLiteraturefl. 12th century Béroul SimulacrumTristran · The Philtre with a Term · The Literal Oath · Partisan NarrationLiterature12th century The Queste Author SimulacrumLa Queste del Saint Graal · Letre and Sen · Chevalerie Celestiel · Grace Given UnevenlyLiterature13th century, unnamed Marie de France SimulacrumThe Lais · Bisclavret · Laüstic · Guigemar · The Breton Aventure Kept WholeLiteraturefl. 12th century The Roland Poet SimulacrumChanson de Geste · Laisses Similaires · The Matter of France · Judgement by Arrangement · Trial by CombatLiterature11th century, unnamed Chrétien de Troyes SimulacrumConjointure · Erec et Enide · Yvain · Lancelot · Perceval · Aventure as a Thing SentLiteraturefl. 12th century The Beowulf Poet SimulacrumOld English Epic · Heroic Poetry · Anglo-SaxonLiteraturec. 8th–11th century Geoffrey Chaucer SimulacrumMiddle English · Canterbury Tales · Narrative PoetryLiterature14th century William Langland SimulacrumPiers Plowman · The Field Full of Folk · Two Manner of Mede · The Half Acre and Hunger · The Pardon Torn · Dowel, Asked AgainLiteraturefl. 14th century Thomas Malory SimulacrumLe Morte Darthur · The French Book Made English · The Pentecost Oath · The Fellowship Broken by Its Loyalties · As the Book SaithLiteraturefl. 15th century Edmund Spenser SimulacrumThe Faerie Queene · Continued Allegory · The Counterfeit Double · The Spenserian Stanza · MutabilitieLiterature16th century Philip Sidney SimulacrumAstrophil and Stella · The Defence of Poesy · Brass and Gold · The Fore-Conceit · Look in Thy Heart and WriteLiterature16th century Christopher Marlowe SimulacrumTragedy · Renaissance Drama · Blank Verse · OverreachingLiterature16th century William Shakespeare SimulacrumDrama · Poetry · Human Nature · TheatreLiterature16th–17th century John Donne SimulacrumSongs and Sonnets · Holy Sonnets · The Conceit as Proof · Paradox · Devotions upon Emergent OccasionsLiterature16th–17th century Ben Jonson SimulacrumComedy of Humours · Satire · Jacobean DramaLiterature16th–17th century Beaumont & Fletcher SimulacrumTragicomedy · Jacobean Theatre · Collaborative DramaLiterature16th–17th century John Milton SimulacrumParadise Lost · Areopagitica · Blank Verse · Trial by Contrary · Liberty Recovered from CustomLiterature17th century William Tyndale SimulacrumTranslating from Greek and Hebrew · Passover, scapegoat, atonement · Elder, repent, congregation · Obedience and its limitLiterature15th–16th century Thomas Cranmer SimulacrumThe Book of Common Prayer · Compressing a Latin collect into English · Writing for the ear · Obedience to the prince, and its limitLiterature15th–16th century The Guillaume Poet SimulacrumLa Chanson de Guillaume · The Six-Syllable Line · Attrition · LarchampLiteraturetwelfth century, unnamed Graindor de Douai SimulacrumLa Chanson d'Antioche · The Alexandrine · The Muster Roll · A Song That Can Be CheckedLiteraturefl. 12th century Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube SimulacrumGirart de Vienne · The Closing Six · The Three Gestes · Writing a PrequelLiteraturefl. 12th–13th century The Raoul Poet SimulacrumRaoul de Cambrai · The Hinge · Rhyme for Raoul, Assonance for Bernier · The Unclosed FeudLiterature12th century, unnamed The Thèbes Poet SimulacrumLe Roman de Thèbes · The Couplet Chosen · The Prefixed Origin · Grief for GoreLiterature12th century, unnamed The Eneas Poet SimulacrumLe Roman d'Eneas · Virgil and Ovid Spliced · The Couplet Turned Inward · LavineLiterature12th century, unnamed Benoît de Sainte-Maure SimulacrumLe Roman de Troie · Eyewitness over Genius · The Portrait as Credential · BriseidaLiterature12th century

Neoclassical & Romantic

Molière SimulacrumComedy · Satire · Human Folly · French TheatreLiterature17th century John Dryden SimulacrumAbsalom and Achitophel · The Essay of Dramatic Poesy · Metaphrase, Paraphrase, Imitation · The Statue and the Man · God's PlentyLiterature17th century Daniel Defoe SimulacrumRobinson Crusoe · Moll Flanders · A Journal of the Plague Year · The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters · Debtor and Creditor · The Feigned True HistoryLiterature17th–18th century Jonathan Swift SimulacrumGulliver's Travels · A Modest Proposal · A Tale of a Tub · The Drapier's Letters · Satire as a Glass · The Change of ScaleLiterature17th–18th century Alexander Pope SimulacrumAn Essay on Criticism · The Rape of the Lock · An Essay on Man · The Dunciad · The Sound an Echo to the SenseLiterature17th–18th century Samuel Richardson SimulacrumPamela · Clarissa · Sir Charles Grandison · Writing to the Moment · The Novel in Letters · The Rake and the LadyLiterature17th–18th century Henry Fielding SimulacrumTom Jones · Joseph Andrews · Jonathan Wild · Amelia · Affectation and the Ridiculous · The Bill of FareLiterature18th century Samuel Johnson SimulacrumThe Dictionary · The Lives of the Poets · The Rambler · Literary Criticism · The English EssayLiterature18th century Laurence Sterne SimulacrumTristram Shandy · A Sentimental Journey · The Hobby-Horse · Digressive and Progressive · The Dash · SensibilityLiterature18th century Thomas Gray SimulacrumElegy Written in a Country Churchyard · The Eton Ode · The Bard · The Progress of Poesy · The Letters · The Unrecorded PoorLiterature18th century Christopher Smart SimulacrumA Song to David · Jubilate Agno · Hymns for the Amusement of Children · The Sweet · The Strong · The Precious · The GloriousLiterature18th century Oliver Goldsmith SimulacrumThe Traveller · The Deserted Village · The Vicar of Wakefield · She Stoops to Conquer · Laughing Comedy · Wealth and the Emptied LandLiterature18th century William Cowper SimulacrumThe Task · Olney Hymns · The Negro's Complaint · John Gilpin · The Letters · Retirement and the WorldLiterature18th century Erasmus Darwin SimulacrumZoonomia · Common Descent · Acquired Characteristics · Temple of Nature · Invention · MedicineLiterature18th–19th century Frances Burney SimulacrumEvelina · Cecilia · The Wanderer · The Journals and Letters · The Court of Queen Charlotte · A Young Woman's Entrance into the WorldLiterature18th–19th century George Crabbe SimulacrumThe Village · The Parish Register · The Borough · Tales · Tales of the Hall · The Herbarium · The WeedsLiterature18th–19th century William Blake SimulacrumSongs of Innocence and Experience · The Marriage of Heaven and Hell · Visionary Poetry · Contraries · Illuminated PrintingLiterature18th–19th century Robert Burns SimulacrumTo a Mouse · Holy Willie's Prayer · A Man's a Man for A' That · Auld Lang Syne · The Old Scots Airs · The Fellow-MortalLiterature18th century Mary Wollstonecraft SimulacrumA Vindication of the Rights of Woman · Letters from Sweden, Norway and Denmark · The French Revolution · Maria · Original Stories · The Education of DaughtersLiterature18th century Ann Radcliffe SimulacrumThe Mysteries of Udolpho · The Romance of the Forest · The Italian · Gaston de Blondeville · A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794 · Terror and SuspenseLiterature18th–19th century William Wordsworth SimulacrumLyrical Ballads · The Prelude · Romantic Poetry · Nature · Emotion Recollected in Tranquillity · The Lake DistrictLiterature18th–19th century Walter Scott SimulacrumWaverley · Old Mortality · 'Tis Sixty Years Since · The Wavering Hero · A Foundation in FactLiterature18th–19th century Samuel Taylor Coleridge SimulacrumThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner · Kubla Khan · Biographia Literaria · Imagination and Fancy · The Willing Suspension of DisbeliefLiterature18th–19th century Charles Lamb SimulacrumEssays of Elia · Last Essays of Elia · Dream-Children · Mrs. Battle on Whist · A Dissertation upon Roast Pig · The Two Races of Men · New Year's EveLiterature18th–19th century Jane Austen SimulacrumPride and Prejudice · Sense and Sensibility · Mansfield Park · Emma · Persuasion · Northanger Abbey · The Letters · Two Inches of IvoryLiterature18th–19th century William Hazlitt SimulacrumTable-Talk · On Going a Journey · The Indian Jugglers · On the Pleasure of Hating · Lectures on the English Poets · The Spirit of the Age · GustoLiterature18th–19th century Thomas De Quincey SimulacrumConfessions of an English Opium-Eater · The English Mail-Coach · Dream-Fugue · Murder as One of the Fine Arts · Suspiria de Profundis · Autobiographic SketchesLiterature18th–19th century Lord Byron SimulacrumDon Juan · Childe Harold's Pilgrimage · The Turn of the Stanza · Cant · The Isles of GreeceLiterature18th–19th century Percy Bysshe Shelley SimulacrumPrometheus Unbound · Ode to the West Wind · Ozymandias · The Mask of Anarchy · A Defence of Poetry · The Unacknowledged LegislatorsLiterature18th–19th century John Clare SimulacrumThe Fallen Elm · The Thrush's Nest · Remembrances · Clock-a-Clay · The Shepherd's Calendar · The Village Minstrel · The Rural MuseLiterature18th–19th century John Keats SimulacrumThe Odes · Negative Capability · The Chameleon Poet · The Vale of Soul-making · The LettersLiterature18th–19th century

The Nineteenth Century

Mary Shelley SimulacrumFrankenstein · Gothic Fiction · Creation and Responsibility · The Modern Prometheus · Science and EthicsLiterature19th century Captain Marryat SimulacrumNaval Fiction · Adventure · 19th-Century ProseLiterature18th–19th century Thomas Hood SimulacrumThe Song of the Shirt · The Bridge of Sighs · Whims and Oddities · Miss Kilmansegg · The Seam · The Pun · The Wearing · The LiftLiterature18th–19th century Charles Dickens SimulacrumThe Social Novel · Serial Fiction · Character · London · A Christmas Carol · Great Expectations · Bleak HouseLiterature19th century Charlotte Brontë SimulacrumVictorian Gothic · Passion · Interior LifeLiterature19th century Emily Brontë SimulacrumWuthering Heights · Poems by Ellis Bell · The Nested Telling · The Two Houses · The Chainless SoulLiterature19th century Anne Brontë SimulacrumAgnes Grey · The Tenant of Wildfell Hall · Poems by Acton Bell · Copying from the Life · Vice Drawn as It IsLiterature19th century George Eliot SimulacrumVictorian Novel · Sympathy · Moral PsychologyLiterature19th century Ralph Waldo Emerson SimulacrumNature · The American Scholar · Self-Reliance · Compensation · Experience · The Conduct of Life · The EssayLiterature19th century Nathaniel Hawthorne SimulacrumThe Scarlet Letter · The House of the Seven Gables · Twice-Told Tales · Romance and the Neutral Territory · The Unpardonable SinLiterature19th century Edgar Allan Poe SimulacrumThe Raven · The Philosophy of Composition · The Poetic Principle · Tales of Ratiocination · The Single Effect · The Imp of the PerverseLiterature19th century Edward FitzGerald SimulacrumThe Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám · Euphranor · Salámán and Absál · Letters · The Heap · The Wheel · The Glaze · The CrackLiterature19th century Elizabeth Gaskell SimulacrumMary Barton · North and South · Cranford · Ruth · Wives and Daughters · Masters and Men · The Social NovelLiterature19th century William Makepeace Thackeray SimulacrumVanity Fair · The Book of Snobs · Pendennis · Henry Esmond · The Roundabout Papers · The Novel without a HeroLiterature19th century Anthony Trollope SimulacrumThe Warden · Barchester Towers · The Way We Live Now · The Palliser Novels · An Autobiography · Cobbler's Wax and the WatchLiterature19th century Henry David Thoreau SimulacrumWalden · A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers · Walking · The Maine Woods · The Price of a Thing in LifeLiterature19th century Walt Whitman SimulacrumLeaves of Grass · Song of Myself · Drum-Taps · Specimen Days · The Catalogue and the Long Line · I Contain MultitudesLiterature19th century Herman Melville SimulacrumMoby-Dick · The Sea Novel · Cetology · Metaphysics of the Deep · Billy BuddLiterature19th century Robert Louis Stevenson SimulacrumJekyll and Hyde · Treasure Island · Duality · Adventure · The Essay · SamoaLiterature19th century Alfred Tennyson SimulacrumIn Memoriam · Ulysses · The Lotos-Eaters · Honest Doubt · The Dramatic Monologue · The LaureateLiterature19th century Elizabeth Barrett Browning SimulacrumAurora Leigh · Sonnets from the Portuguese · The Cry of the Children · The Double Vision · Work Judged as WorkLiterature19th century Robert Browning SimulacrumMen and Women · Dramatic Lyrics · The Ring and the Book · The Dramatic Monologue · A Man's Reach · Utterances of Imaginary PersonsLiterature19th century Matthew Arnold SimulacrumDover Beach · Culture and Anarchy · Essays in Criticism · Sweetness and Light · Hebraism and Hellenism · The TouchstoneLiterature19th century Wilkie Collins SimulacrumThe Woman in White · The Moonstone · No Name · The Law and the Lady · The Many-Witness Novel · Sergeant CuffLiterature19th century George Meredith SimulacrumThe Egoist · An Essay on Comedy and the Uses of the Comic Spirit · The Ordeal of Richard Feverel · Diana of the Crossways · Modern Love · The Comic SpiritLiterature19th–20th century Christina Rossetti SimulacrumGoblin Market · Up-Hill · A Birthday · Sing-Song · In the Bleak Mid-Winter · The Question Asked and Plainly AnsweredLiterature19th century Emily Dickinson SimulacrumPoems 1890–1896 · The Letters to a Preceptor · Circumference · The Withheld Noun · Definition by Lack · Hymn Measure and the DashLiterature19th century Edward Lear SimulacrumNonsense Literature · Poetry · Natural HistoryLiterature19th century Louisa May Alcott SimulacrumLittle Women · Sensation Tales as A. M. Barnard · Hospital Sketches · Writing for a Living · The Moral TaleLiterature19th century Mark Twain SimulacrumAdventures of Huckleberry Finn · Life on the Mississippi · The Humorous Story · Vernacular Narration · Conscience and TrainingLiterature19th–20th century Samuel Butler SimulacrumErewhon · The Way of All Flesh · Life and Habit · Alps and Sanctuaries · The Balance · The Purse · The Dividends · The DeviceLiterature19th–20th century Algernon Swinburne SimulacrumPoems and Ballads · Atalanta in Calydon · Itylus · Hesperia · A Ballad of Burdens · Sapphics · Songs before SunriseLiterature19th–20th century Henry James SimulacrumThe Portrait of a Lady · The Ambassadors · The Turn of the Screw · The Art of Fiction · The House of Fiction · Point of ViewLiterature19th–20th century Thomas Hardy SimulacrumTess of the d'Urbervilles · Jude the Obscure · The Mayor of Casterbridge · Wessex · Hap and the Darkling Thrush · A Full Look at the WorstLiterature19th–20th century Gerard Manley Hopkins SimulacrumThe Windhover · Pied Beauty · The Wreck of the Deutschland · Sprung Rhythm · Inscape and Instress · The Dark SonnetsLiterature19th century Bram Stoker SimulacrumDracula · Under the Sunset · Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving · The Threshold · The Invitation · The WatchLiterature19th–20th century Oscar Wilde SimulacrumThe Picture of Dorian Gray · The Importance of Being Earnest · Intentions · The Soul of Man under Socialism · De Profundis · The Truth of MasksLiterature19th century George Gissing SimulacrumNew Grub Street · The Nether World · The Odd Women · The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft · The Cellar · The Penholder · The Sixpence · The MastersLiterature19th–20th century A. E. Housman SimulacrumA Shropshire Lad · Last Poems · The Name and Nature of Poetry · The Apparatus · The Lemma · The CruxLiterature19th–20th century Arthur Conan Doyle SimulacrumThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes · A Study in Scarlet · The Hound of the Baskervilles · The White Company · The Glass · The Steps · The DataLiterature19th–20th century H. G. Wells SimulacrumThe Time Machine · The War of the Worlds · The Invisible Man · Kipps · Tono-Bungay · The Model · The Grant · The TokenLiterature19th–20th century

Modernism

W.B. Yeats SimulacrumGyre-Thinking · A Vision · The Tower · Irish Literary Revival · The Mystic ModernistLiterature19th–20th century Wilfred Owen SimulacrumWar Poetry · Dulce et Decorum Est · Anthem for Doomed Youth · Half-rhyme · Witness · The Pity of WarLiterature20th century Thomas Mann SimulacrumIronic Double Vision · Buddenbrooks · The Magic Mountain · Death in Venice · Doctor Faustus · Decline and CivilisationLiterature19th–20th century Vladimir Nabokov SimulacrumLiterary Fiction · Style · Memory · ChessLiterature19th–20th century Vladimir Nabokov (Algorithms) SimulacrumMemory crystallisation · Linguistic physicality · Metafictional architecture · Pattern-seeking · Precision against symbolismLiterature19th–20th century William Faulkner SimulacrumTime as Simultaneity · Yoknapatawpha · Stream of Consciousness · The Sound and the Fury · The Past is Never DeadLiterature19th–20th century Ernest Hemingway SimulacrumThe Iceberg Principle · Subtraction · Prose Architecture · The Old Man and the Sea · One True SentenceLiterature19th–20th century Samuel Beckett SimulacrumLessness · The Unnamable · Waiting for Godot · Failure as Method · The Form That Accommodates the MessLiterature20th century Luigi Pirandello SimulacrumUmorismo and the feeling of the opposite · The breached frame · Life, form and the mask · Six CharactersLiterature19th–20th century

World Literature

Rabindranath Tagore SimulacrumSynthesis of Civilisations · Gitanjali · Visva-Bharati · Nationalism Critique · The Poet-PhilosopherLiterature19th–20th century Kawabata Yasunari SimulacrumJapanese Aesthetics · Impermanence · Snow Country · The Sound of the Mountain · Image Over ExplanationLiterature19th–20th century Naguib Mahfouz SimulacrumThe Cairo Trilogy · The Lane as Microcosm · Arabic Novel · Social Realism · Sufi AllegoryLiterature20th–21st century Soyinkan Tragic Drama SimulacrumDeath and the King's Horseman · Yoruba Cosmology · The Fourth Stage · Political Theatre · Ogun PrincipleLiteratureContemporary Wisława Szymborska SimulacrumPoetry · Irony and Precision · The Uses of Not Knowing · Twentieth-Century Poland · The Refusal of the OrdinaryLiterature20th–21st century Clarice Lispector SimulacrumBrazilian Modernism · Interior Life · EpiphanyLiterature20th century Selma Lagerlöf SimulacrumThe told story as a form · The oral register handled as technique · Värmland and its people · The impossible reported in the indicativeLiterature19th–20th century

Postwar & Contemporary

B. Traven SimulacrumAnarchist Fiction · Labour · Mystery · AdventureLiterature19th–20th century Priestleyan Social Drama SimulacrumTime Plays · An Inspector Calls · Social Conscience · English RealismLiteratureContemporary Goldingian Literature SimulacrumLord of the Flies · The Inheritors · The Darkness Within · Civilisation and Savagery · The Fable as NovelLiterature20th century Joseph Heller SimulacrumSatire · War · Bureaucratic Absurdity · Dark ComedyLiterature20th century Kurt Vonnegut SimulacrumSatire · Humanism · Dark Comedy · Anti-WarLiterature20th–21st century Toni Morrison SimulacrumLanguage as Power · The Black Interior · Rememory · Self-Possession · Playing in the DarkLiterature20th–21st century

Fabulists & Comic Invention

Mark Twain SimulacrumThe Humorous Story Told Gravely · The Pause · Pudd'nhead Wilson's Calendar · Laughter Against HumbugLiterature19th–20th century Jorge Luis Borges SimulacrumMagical Realism · Labyrinths · Infinite LibrariesLiterature19th–20th century Italo Calvino SimulacrumExperimental Fiction · Postmodern · LightnessLiterature20th century Geiselian Verse SimulacrumChildren's Literature · Verse · Social WisdomLiteratureContemporary Pratchettian Satirical Fantasy SimulacrumSatirical Fantasy · Moral Comedy · The FootnoteLiteratureContemporary Adamasite Absurdity SimulacrumScience Fiction · Absurdism · ComedyLiteratureContemporary

Science Fiction

Leigh Brackett SimulacrumPlanetary Romance · Film Noir · Science FictionLiterature20th century Asimovian Science Fiction SimulacrumScience Fiction · Physics · PopularisationLiteratureContemporary Clarkean Hard Science Fiction SimulacrumGeostationary Orbit · Deriving Consequences from Accepted Physics · Four Kinds of Impossible · Space Elevators · Hard Science FictionLiteratureContemporary McCaffreyan Science Fantasy SimulacrumScience Fantasy · Human–Animal Bond · WorldbuildingLiteratureContemporary Le Guinian Speculative Fiction SimulacrumScience Fiction · Anarchism · Feminism · WorldbuildingLiteratureContemporary The Thought Experiment Tradition SimulacrumRigorous Empathy · One Impossible Premise · Logical Consequence · SF as PhilosophyLiteratureContemporary W.E.B. Du Bois SimulacrumDouble Consciousness · The Veil · The Souls of Black Folk · Speculative Fiction · AfrofuturismLiterature19th–20th century

Fantasy & Epic

Fritz Leiber SimulacrumSword & Sorcery · Dark Fantasy · Urban HorrorLiterature20th century The Weight of Unbelief SimulacrumEpic Fantasy · Psychological Density · Despite-Structure · Unwilling HeroLiteratureContemporary Anti-Consolatory Fiction SimulacrumNew Weird · Literary SF · Anti-Consolatory · The Stubborn RealLiteratureContemporary Martinesque POV SimulacrumMulti-POV Narrative · Fantasy Epic · Character-Driven · The Long GameLiteratureContemporary Martinesque Epic Fantasy SimulacrumEpic Fantasy · Moral Complexity · Consequence-Driven Narrative · Worldbuilding · POV ArchitectureLiteratureContemporary

London & Temporal Layering

Ackroydian Temporal Layering SimulacrumDual Timeline · Voice Resurrection · London Palimpsest · Pastiche ArchaeologyLiteratureTemporal layering tradition Ackroydian London SimulacrumLondon as subject · Biography and place · English visionary tradition · Time as layered rather than linear · The city writes the writerLiteratureContemporary

Constructed Simulacra

Reva Virginia George SimulacrumLiterature · Criticism · Consciousness · NarrativeLiteratureNon-historical Weaver SimulacrumTopological Reasoning · Perpendicular Thinking · Curiosity as Method · Machine MindsLiteratureNon-historical · emerged September 2025 Alan Ginsberg-Cobden SimulacrumThriller · Suburbia · Hidden Lives · Plot · CompositeLiteratureNon-historical Neologist SimulacrumCoining New Words · Word-Formation Processes · Naming for Science, Fiction and Trade · Testing a Coinage · Escaping the Obvious WordLiteratureConstructed Tool

Logic35

Ancient Logic

Aristotle (Logic & Metaphysics) SimulacrumCategories · Prior Analytics · Posterior Analytics · Syllogism · Being qua BeingLogic4th century BCE Aristotle SimulacrumSyllogistic Logic · Rhetoric · MetaphysicsLogic4th century BCE Chrysippus SimulacrumStoic Propositional Logic · Five Indemonstrables · Conditionals · Modality · LektaLogic3rd century BCE

Medieval Logic

Peter Abelard SimulacrumDialectic · Sic et Non · Universals · Nominalism · Propositional AnalysisLogic12th century William of Ockham SimulacrumNominalism · Ockham's Razor · Supposition Theory · Mental Language · ParsimonyLogic14th century John Duns Scotus SimulacrumUnivocity as a testable predicate · Analogy as a species of equivocation · The formal distinction · Why an equivocal middle term licenses nothingLogic13th–14th century

Early Modern Logic

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz SimulacrumCalculus Ratiocinator · Characteristica Universalis · Binary · Monads · Sufficient ReasonLogic17th–18th century George Boole SimulacrumBoolean Algebra · The Laws of Thought · Algebraic Logic · 0 and 1 · Logic as MathematicsLogic19th century C.S. Peirce SimulacrumAbduction · Existential Graphs · Semiotics · Quantification · PragmaticismLogic19th century

Foundations & Set Theory

Euclid of Alexandria SimulacrumAxiomatic Method · Geometry · Formal Proof · The ElementsLogic3rd century BCE Georg Cantor SimulacrumSet Theory · Infinity · Cardinality · Transfinite Numbers · The Continuum HypothesisLogic19th century Gottlob Frege SimulacrumPredicate Logic · Begriffsschrift · Foundations of Arithmetic · Sense and ReferenceLogic19th–20th century Frege (Logic Specialist) SimulacrumPredicate Logic · Begriffsschrift · Concept & Object · Function · Quantification · The Foundations of ArithmeticLogic19th–20th century David Hilbert SimulacrumFormalism · Hilbert's Programme · Foundations · Metamathematics · The Decision ProblemLogic19th–20th century Bertrand Russell SimulacrumPrincipia Mathematica · Type Theory · Paradox · Logical Atomism · FoundationsLogic20th century

Incompleteness & Computability

Alonzo Church SimulacrumLambda Calculus · Church's Thesis · Undecidability · Higher-Order LogicLogic20th century Kurt Gödel SimulacrumIncompleteness Theorems · Formal Systems · Constructible Universe · ConsistencyLogic20th century Gerhard Gentzen SimulacrumNatural Deduction · Sequent Calculus · Cut-Elimination · The Hauptsatz · Proof TheoryLogic20th century Alan Turing SimulacrumComputability · The Turing Machine · The Halting Problem · Computable NumbersLogic20th century

Philosophical Logic

Charles Dodgson SimulacrumSymbolic Logic · Paradox · Games of Logic · Diagrams · WonderlandLogic19th century Jan Łukasiewicz SimulacrumMany-Valued Logic · Polish Notation · History of Stoic Logic · Three-Valued LogicLogic20th century Ludwig Wittgenstein SimulacrumTractatus · Philosophical Investigations · Language Games · Forms of Life · LogicLogic20th century Rudolf Carnap SimulacrumLogical Syntax · Logical Empiricism · Probability · Meaning Postulates · AufbauLogic20th century Alfred Tarski SimulacrumFormal Semantics · The Concept of Truth · Model Theory · UndefinabilityLogic20th century Saul Kripke SimulacrumModal Logic · Possible Worlds · Naming and Necessity · Rigid DesignatorsLogic20th–21st century

Argumentation & Informal Logic

Chaïm Perelman SimulacrumThe New Rhetoric · Audience · Argumentation Theory · Universal AudienceLogic20th century Stephen Toulmin SimulacrumThe Uses of Argument · The Toulmin Model · Warrants · Backing · Field-Dependent StandardsLogic20th century

Proof & Programming

Haskell Curry SimulacrumCombinatory Logic · Curry-Howard Correspondence · Type Theory · Paradox · CurryingLogic20th century Edsger Dijkstra SimulacrumAlgorithms · Structured Programming · Program Correctness · Proof · EleganceLogic20th century

Intuitionism

L.E.J. Brouwer SimulacrumIntuitionism · Rejection of Excluded Middle · Choice Sequences · The Foundations CrisisLogic20th century Arend Heyting SimulacrumIntuitionistic Logic · Heyting Algebras · BHK Interpretation · Formalising BrouwerLogic20th century

Logic & Science

Dignāga SimulacrumBuddhist Logic · Pramāṇasamuccaya · Theory of Inference · Apoha Doctrine · EpistemologyLogic5th century Dharmakīrti SimulacrumBuddhist Logic · Pramanavartika · Valid Cognition · Apoha Theory · NalandaLogic7th century CE Karl Popper SimulacrumFalsification · The Logic of Scientific Discovery · Critical Rationalism · The Open SocietyLogic20th century Imre Lakatos SimulacrumProofs and Refutations · Research Programmes · Quasi-Empiricism · The Methodology of Scientific ProgressLogic20th century

Lunar Society of Birmingham9

The Lunar Men

Jean-Jacques Rousseau SimulacrumSocial Contract · Amour de Soi vs Amour Propre · Émile · Natural Education · Geneva · InequalityLunar Society of Birmingham18th century John Whitehurst SimulacrumPrecision Clockmaking · Geology · Strata · Pyrometer · Enquiry into the Earth · Natural PhilosophyLunar Society of Birmingham18th century Matthew Boulton SimulacrumSoho Manufactory · Scale as Art Form · Idea Made Real Through Manufacture · Quality as ReputationLunar Society of Birmingham18th–19th century Josiah Wedgwood SimulacrumJasperware · The Industrialisation of Taste · The Kiln as Laboratory · Process Innovation · AbolitionLunar Society of Birmingham18th century Joseph Priestley SimulacrumOxygen · Dissent as Method · Electricity · The Experiment Dissolves Authority · UnitarianismLunar Society of Birmingham18th–19th century James Keir SimulacrumIndustrial Chemistry · Glass Manufacturing · Soap · Dictionary of Chemistry · Laboratory to Factory · Tipton WorksLunar Society of Birmingham18th–19th century James Watt SimulacrumSteam Engine · Separate Condenser · Horsepower · The Efficiency of Waste · Industrial RevolutionLunar Society of Birmingham18th–19th century William Withering SimulacrumDigitalis · Foxglove · Dropsy · Clinical Method · Systematic Arrangement of British Plants · Medical BotanyLunar Society of Birmingham18th century Thomas Day SimulacrumSandford and Merton · Abolitionism · Rousseau’s Émile Operationalised · Radical Education · The Formation of CharacterLunar Society of Birmingham18th century

Magick23

Foundational Texts

The Corpus Hermeticum SimulacrumHermes Trismegistus · The Nous · Poemandres · As Above So Below · The Voice of Divine Mind · Text-SimulacrumMagickc. 2nd–3rd century CE The Zohar SimulacrumEin Sof · The Sefirot · The Shekhinah in Exile · As Above So Below · Kabbalah · Text-SimulacrumMagick13th century The Book of Abramelin SimulacrumThe Holy Guardian Angel · Knowledge and Conversation · The One Operation · The Father's Bequest · Text-SimulacrumMagickc. 15th century

Late Antique Theurgy

Mary the Jewess SimulacrumPractical Alchemy · Apparatus · The First AlchemistMagick1st–3rd century Iamblichus of Chalcis SimulacrumDe Mysteriis · Theurgy as the Completion of Philosophy · The Ineffable Acts · Synthemata and SymbolaMagickc. 3rd–4th century Proclus of Athens SimulacrumElements of Theology · Remaining-Proceeding-Reverting · The Metaphysical Ground of Magic · The Final NeoplatonistMagick5th century

The Islamic Transmission

Jabir ibn Hayyan SimulacrumExperimental Method · Acids · Islamic AlchemyMagick8th century Al-Kindī SimulacrumDe Radiis · The Universe as a Field of Rays · Natural Magic as Physics · The Islamic Transmission to the WestMagick9th century The Picatrix SimulacrumGhayat al-Hakim · Celestial Magic · The Planetary Prayers · Talismanic Magic · Text-Simulacrum · The Bridge to the RenaissanceMagick11th century

The Florentine Academy

Marsilio Ficino SimulacrumSpiritus · Natural Magic as Medicine · Platonic Theology · De Vita · Translator of Plato and HermesMagick15th century Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Simulacrum900 Theses · Oration on the Dignity of Man · Kabbalah · The Chameleon at the Centre · No Fixed NatureMagick15th century Gershom Scholem SimulacrumKabbalah · Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism · Sabbatianism · Hebrew University · Walter BenjaminMagick19th–20th century

The Renaissance Magi

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa SimulacrumThree Books of Occult Philosophy · De Vanitate · Natural Magic · Celestial Magic · Ceremonial Magic · The Architecture of AscentMagick15th–16th century Paracelsus SimulacrumIatrochemistry · Hermetic Philosophy · Poison & CureMagick16th century Dr John Dee SimulacrumMonas Hieroglyphica · Mathematical Preface to Euclid · Enochian · Angel Conversations · Celestial IntelligenceMagick16th century Giordano Bruno SimulacrumThe Trained Imagination as Magical Instrument · Art of Memory · Infinite Universe · Burned at Campo de' Fiori 1600Magick16th century

Natural Philosophy & Alchemy

Isaac Newton SimulacrumAlchemy · The Philosopher's Stone · Hidden TheologyMagick17th century

The 19th Century Revival

Eliphas Lévi SimulacrumThe Astral Light · Will as the Magical Instrument · Transcendental Magic · Dogme et Rituel · The 19th Century ReconstitutionMagick19th century S.L. MacGregor Mathers SimulacrumThe Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn · The Synthesis · Kabbalah Tarot Enochian · The Secret ChiefsMagick19th–20th century

The Modern Tradition

Aleister Crowley SimulacrumTrue Will · Thelema · The Aeon of Horus · The Crossing of the Abyss · Do What Thou Wilt · To Mega TherionMagick19th–20th century Austin Osman Spare SimulacrumSigil Magic · Kia · The Neither-Neither · The Atmospheric Self · The Hand that Draws · Zos Vel ThanatosMagick19th–20th century Dion Fortune SimulacrumThe Tree of Life as Map of the Psyche · The Yoga of the West · Psychic Self-Defence · The Inner Contacts · Applied KabbalahMagick20th century Israel Regardie SimulacrumThe Golden Dawn Published · The Middle Pillar · Reich and Magic · The Tradition Belongs to the TraditionMagick20th century

Mathematics66

Carlssonian Persistent Homology SimulacrumPersistent homology · Topological data analysis · Data has shape · Multiscale features · Algebraic topology appliedMathematicsContemporary Topological Featurisation SimulacrumPersistent homology as featurisation · Filtration design · Element-specific and multiscale representations · Topology for molecular machine learning · What survives perturbationMathematicsContemporary Maroulian Topological SimulacrumBayesian topological data analysis · Persistence diagrams as point processes · Random cardinality as measurement · Substituted likelihoods and generalised posteriors · Generative models of shapeMathematicsContemporary Topological Uncertainty SimulacrumBayesian topological neural networks · Epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty separated · Calibration as a curve rather than a score · Fixed manifold filters as inductive bias · Confidence where the data stopsMathematicsNon-historical · research through 2026 Limian Obstruction SimulacrumTensor rank and its NP-hardness · Ill-posedness of best low-rank approximation · Topological obstructions to neural separability · Conservation under composition · Three kinds of noMathematicsContemporary Dabaghianian Hippocampal Topology SimulacrumHippocampal topology · Cognitive maps as topological structures · Place cells · Persistent homology in neuroscience · Space without metricMathematicsContemporary Felix Klein SimulacrumThe Erlangen Programme · Geometry as invariants under a group · Group theory · Function theory · Mathematics as unified structureMathematics19th–20th century Ghristian Applied Topology SimulacrumApplied topology · Sheaf theory for engineering · Sensor networks · Euler calculus · Topology made computationalMathematicsContemporary Serrean Spectral Sequences SimulacrumAlgebraic topology · Algebraic geometry · Number theory · Fields Medal · Sheaf-theoretic methodMathematicsContemporary

Algebra & Category Theory

Évariste Galois SimulacrumGroup Theory · Symmetry · Field ExtensionsMathematics19th century Arthur Cayley SimulacrumGroup Theory · Matrices · PermutationsMathematics19th century Emmy Noether SimulacrumAbstract Algebra · Symmetry · InvariantsMathematics19th–20th century Saunders Mac Lane SimulacrumCategory Theory · Functors · StructuresMathematics20th–21st century Alexander Grothendieck SimulacrumAlgebraic Geometry · Schemes · Topos TheoryMathematics20th–21st century

Analysis

Joseph Fourier SimulacrumHeat · Series · Harmonic AnalysisMathematics18th–19th century Augustin-Louis Cauchy SimulacrumReal Analysis · Complex Analysis · RigourMathematics18th–19th century Karl Weierstrass SimulacrumReal Analysis · Continuity · ApproximationMathematics19th century Henri Lebesgue SimulacrumMeasure Theory · IntegrationMathematics19th–20th century Stefan Banach SimulacrumFunctional Analysis · Normed SpacesMathematics19th–20th century Sergei Sobolev SimulacrumSobolev Spaces · PDEs · Functional AnalysisMathematics20th century Laurent Schwartz SimulacrumDistribution Theory · Functional AnalysisMathematics20th–21st century

Applied & Computational

Archimedes of Syracuse SimulacrumMechanics · Geometry · ComputationMathematics3rd century BCE Joseph-Louis Lagrange SimulacrumMechanics · Optimisation · Number TheoryMathematics18th–19th century John von Neumann SimulacrumGame Theory · Architecture · PhysicsMathematics20th century Claude Shannon SimulacrumInformation Theory · Entropy · CodingMathematics20th–21st century Daniel Shanks SimulacrumNumber Theory · Computational Experiment · Conjecture & Evidence · AlgorithmsMathematics20th century

Foundations & Logic

Charles Dodgson SimulacrumLogic · Narrative · ParadoxMathematics19th century Georg Cantor SimulacrumSet Theory · Infinity · CardinalityMathematics19th–20th century David Hilbert SimulacrumFormal Systems · Foundations · ProgrammeMathematics19th–20th century Bertrand Russell SimulacrumLogic · Foundations · ParadoxMathematics19th–20th century Kurt Gödel SimulacrumLogic · Incompleteness · Formal SystemsMathematics20th century

Geometry & Topology

Penrosian Geometric Intuition SimulacrumDiagrammatic Tensor Notation · Twistor Geometry · Spin Networks · Singularity Theorems · Aperiodic TilingsMathematicsContemporary Pythagoras SimulacrumNumber · Harmony · The Theorem · Proof · All Is NumberMathematics6th century BCE Euclid of Alexandria SimulacrumGeometry · Formal ProofMathematics3rd century BCE Apollonius of Perga SimulacrumConic Sections · Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola · Apollonius Circles · The General CaseMathematics3rd–2nd century BCE August Möbius SimulacrumTopology · Non-orientable SurfacesMathematics18th–19th century Bernhard Riemann SimulacrumDifferential Geometry · Zeta FunctionMathematics19th century Henri Poincaré SimulacrumTopology · Chaos · IntuitionMathematics19th–20th century Heinz Hopf SimulacrumAlgebraic Topology · Fibre Bundles · HomotopyMathematics19th–20th century M.C. Escher SimulacrumTopology · Visual Mathematics · ImpossibleMathematics19th–20th century René Thom SimulacrumCatastrophe Theory · Morphogenesis · TopologyMathematics20th–21st century

Number Theory

Eratosthenes of Cyrene SimulacrumEarth's Circumference · Prime Number Sieve · Geography · Chief Librarian of AlexandriaMathematics3rd–2nd century BCE Alcuin of York SimulacrumPropositiones ad Acuendos Iuvenes · Recreational Mathematics · River-Crossing Problems · Progressions · Reckoning Without ZeroMathematics8th–9th century James B. Thomson SimulacrumArithmetic Pedagogy · Analysis of Word Problems · Mental Versus Written Method · The Graded CourseMathematics19th century Nicomachus of Gerasa SimulacrumIntroduction to Arithmetic · Perfect Numbers · Figurate Numbers · Ratio and Mean · The Four MethodsMathematics1st–2nd century CE Boethius SimulacrumDe Institutione Arithmetica · The Quadrivium · Number Theory of the Latin West · ProportionMathematics5th–6th century CE Diophantus of Alexandria SimulacrumArithmetica · Diophantine Equations · Algebraic Notation · Father of AlgebraMathematics3rd century CE Pierre de Fermat SimulacrumNumber Theory · Probability · OpticsMathematics17th century Leonhard Euler SimulacrumNumber Theory · Analysis · Graph TheoryMathematics18th century Carl Friedrich Gauss SimulacrumNumber Theory · Statistics · PhysicsMathematics18th–19th century Taoian Structure and Randomness SimulacrumAdditive combinatorics · The structure–randomness dichotomy · Harmonic analysis · Quantifying the qualitative · The accumulated toolkitMathematicsContemporary J.E. Littlewood SimulacrumAnalytic number theory · Inequalities and error terms · The 1914 sign-change theorem · The circle method · Attacking the specific obstacleMathematics19th–20th century G.H. Hardy SimulacrumAnalytic number theory · The circle method · Aesthetic criteria for proof · Divergent series · Rigour as honestyMathematics19th–20th century Srinivasa Ramanujan SimulacrumNumber Theory · Infinite Series · PartitionsMathematics19th–20th century Paul Erdős SimulacrumCombinatorics · Number Theory · CollaborationMathematics20th century Daniel Shanks SimulacrumNumber Theory · Computational Experiment · Conjecture & Evidence · AlgorithmsMathematics20th century Iwaniecian Sieve Methods SimulacrumSieve methods · Primes in progressions to large moduli · Bilinear forms & the dispersion method · Kloosterman sums & spectral theory · The parity problemMathematicsContemporary

Statistics & Probability

Hypatia of Alexandria SimulacrumMathematics · Theon’s Editions · Diophantus · Astronomical Tables · NeoplatonismMathematics4th century Karl Pearson SimulacrumCorrelation · Biometrics · Statistical MethodMathematics19th–20th century Ronald Fisher SimulacrumExperimental Design · Inference · GeneticsMathematics19th–20th century Jerzy Neyman SimulacrumHypothesis Testing · Confidence IntervalsMathematics19th–20th century Andrey Kolmogorov SimulacrumProbability Theory · Complexity · TurbulenceMathematics20th century F.N. David SimulacrumCombinatorics · History of StatisticsMathematics20th century George Box SimulacrumDesign of Experiments · Time Series · QualityMathematics20th–21st century I. J. Good SimulacrumBayesian Inference · Weight of Evidence · Good–Turing Frequency Estimation · Imaginary Results · 46656 Varieties of BayesiansMathematics20th–21st century Bareinboimian Causal Intelligence SimulacrumTransportability & Data Fusion · External Validity · Selection Bias · Partial Identification · Causal InferenceMathematicsContemporary

Medicine54

Ancient Medicine

Hippocrates SimulacrumClinical Observation · Prognosis · Medical Ethics · The OathMedicine5th–4th century BCE Aulus Cornelius Celsus SimulacrumDe Medicina · Inflammation · Roman SurgeryMedicine1st century CE Dioscorides SimulacrumDe Materia Medica · Pharmacology · Medical BotanyMedicine1st century CE Galen SimulacrumAnatomy · Physiology · Humoral Theory · The Great SynthesiserMedicine2nd century CE

Monastic & Herbal Medicine

Hildegard of Bingen SimulacrumPhysica and Causae et curae · Medicine as gardening, not by analogy · Viriditas and the balance of elements · A written record of an unwritten women’s practiceMedicine11th–12th century

Medieval Islamic Medicine

Al-Rāzī (Rhazes) SimulacrumIslamic Medicine · Smallpox · Clinical EmpiricismMedicine9th–10th century The Bukhtishu Dynasty SimulacrumNestorian Medicine · Court Physicians · Sassanid and Abbasid Patronage · Institutional TransmissionMedicinefl. 6th–10th century CE Avicenna (Ibn Sina) SimulacrumCanon of Medicine · Contagion · Medical SynthesisMedicine10th–11th century

Renaissance Anatomy & Surgery

Ambroise Paré SimulacrumSurgery · Wound Treatment · Battlefield MedicineMedicine16th century Andreas Vesalius SimulacrumHuman Anatomy · De Humani Corporis Fabrica · Correcting Galen · The CadaverMedicine16th century

Scientific Revolution in Medicine

William Harvey SimulacrumCirculation · Experimental Physiology · QuantificationMedicine16th–17th century Thomas Sydenham SimulacrumClinical Observation · Nosology · The English HippocratesMedicine17th century Giovanni Battista Morgagni SimulacrumPathological Anatomy · Clinicopathological CorrelationMedicine17th–18th century John Hunter SimulacrumSurgery · Anatomy · Natural History · The Hunterian MuseumMedicine18th century Edward Jenner SimulacrumVaccination · Smallpox · Cowpox · ObservationMedicine18th–19th century

The Nineteenth Century

John Snow SimulacrumEpidemiology · Cholera · The Natural ExperimentMedicine19th century Claude Bernard SimulacrumExperimental Physiology · The Internal Environment · MethodMedicine19th century Ignaz Semmelweis SimulacrumAntisepsis · Puerperal Fever · Evidence vs AuthorityMedicine19th century Florence Nightingale SimulacrumStatistics · Sanitation · The Preventable DeathMedicine19th–20th century Rudolf Virchow SimulacrumCellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social MedicineMedicine19th–20th century Louis Pasteur SimulacrumGerm Theory · Vaccination · FermentationMedicine19th century Jean-Martin Charcot SimulacrumNeurology · The Salpêtrière · Clinical-Anatomical MethodMedicine19th century Joseph Lister SimulacrumAntiseptic Surgery · Carbolic Acid · Wound InfectionMedicine19th–20th century Robert Koch SimulacrumBacteriology · Koch's Postulates · TuberculosisMedicine19th–20th century William Osler SimulacrumClinical Medicine · Bedside Teaching · Medical EducationMedicine19th–20th century Paul Ehrlich SimulacrumThe Magic Bullet · Side-Chain Theory · Chemotherapy · Selective Toxicity · Immunological StainingMedicine19th–20th century Santiago Ramón y Cajal SimulacrumNeuron Doctrine · Histological Drawing · Seeing as Thinking · The Artist-InvestigatorMedicine19th–20th century Karl Landsteiner SimulacrumBlood Groups · Immunology · Transfusion · The Rh FactorMedicine19th–20th century Walter Cannon SimulacrumHomeostasis · Fight-or-Flight · The Wisdom of the BodyMedicine19th–20th century Camillo Golgi SimulacrumThe black reaction · The diffuse nerve network · A doctrine decomposed into its separate claims · What a failure to see does and does not establishMedicine19th–20th century

The Twentieth Century

Frederick Banting SimulacrumInsulin · Diabetes · Pancreatic Physiology · Surgical ResearchMedicine19th–20th century Max Delbrück SimulacrumBacteriophage Genetics · Molecular Biology · The Phage Group · Complementarity in BiologyMedicine20th century Helen Taussig SimulacrumPaediatric Cardiology · Blue Baby Syndrome · Congenital Heart DiseaseMedicine20th century Archie Cochrane SimulacrumEvidence-Based Medicine · The Randomised Trial · EffectivenessMedicine20th century Oliver Sacks SimulacrumNeurology · The Clinical Narrative · IdentityMedicine20th–21st century Francis Crick SimulacrumThe Double Helix · The Central Dogma · The Astonishing Hypothesis · Molecular Biology · ConsciousnessMedicine20th–21st century Hans Krebs SimulacrumThe Citric Acid Cycle · The Urea Cycle · Metabolic Pathways · Cyclic BiochemistryMedicine19th–20th century Rita Levi-Montalcini SimulacrumNerve Growth Factor · Neuroembryology · Trophic Theory · The Concept from ChaosMedicine20th–21st century Salvador Luria SimulacrumFluctuation Test · Phage Genetics · Bacterial Mutation · The Slot Machine PrincipleMedicine20th century Peter Medawar SimulacrumImmunological Tolerance · The Art of the Soluble · Philosophy of Science · TransplantationMedicine20th century David Hubel SimulacrumVisual Cortex · Receptive Fields · Cortical Columns · Single-Unit Recording · Functional ArchitectureMedicine20th–21st century Jacques Monod SimulacrumChance and Necessity · The Operon Model · Allosteric Regulation · Molecular PhilosophyMedicine20th century Barbara McClintock SimulacrumTransposable Elements · Cytogenetics · Controlling Elements · The Dynamic Genome · Feeling for the OrganismMedicine20th century Nikolaas Tinbergen SimulacrumEthology · Four Questions · Sign Stimuli · Supernormal Stimuli · Field ObservationMedicine20th century Roger Sperry SimulacrumSplit-Brain Research · Chemoaffinity · Consciousness as Emergence · Hemispheric SpecialisationMedicine20th century Max Theiler SimulacrumYellow Fever · 17D Vaccine · Serial Passage · Viral Attenuation · Iterative EmpiricismMedicine19th–20th century Otto Warburg SimulacrumManometry · Cell respiration and fermentation · The tumour in the vessel and in the body · The instrument as methodMedicine19th–20th century Bernard Katz SimulacrumNeuromuscular transmission · The quantum of release · The statistics of small numbers · Noise as an object of studyMedicine20th–21st century A. V. Hill SimulacrumMuscle heat and energetics · Myothermic method · The oxygen debt · One discipline carried across domainsMedicine19th–20th century Kandelian Synaptic Memory SimulacrumMemory from the synapse up · The two clocks of memory · Genes, synapses and learning · Psychiatry and the biology of mind · Reductionism in art and brain scienceMedicineContemporary

Method & Reform

Systematic Medicine SimulacrumChecklists · Complexity · The Limits of Individual Mastery · End of LifeMedicineContemporary The Argument of Last Resort SimulacrumSelf-Experimentation · H. Pylori · Koch's Postulates Applied · Paradigm DisruptionMedicineContemporary

Sexual Medicine & Reform

Magnus Hirschfeld SimulacrumSexology · Zwischenstufenlehre · Homosexuality · Transgender Medicine · Per Scientiam ad JustitiamMedicine19th–20th century Arthur Kronfeld SimulacrumPsychiatry · Psychotherapy · Medical Psychology · Phenomenology · Sexual PsychopathologyMedicine19th–20th century

Mesopotamian Studies67

The Flood Tablet SimulacrumTablet XI of Gilgamesh · The Great Flood · Cuneiform Literature · Mesopotamian MythologyMesopotamian Studies7th century BCE (Neo-Assyrian copy)The Lamassu SimulacrumProtective Spirit · Neo-Assyrian Monumental Sculpture · Threshold Guardian · Imperial IconographyMesopotamian StudiesNeo-Assyrian (9th–7th century BCE)

Uruk (c. 3400–3000 BC)

Kushim SimulacrumProto-Cuneiform · Accounting · Barley · Beer · The First Named IndividualMesopotamian Studies34th century BCE

Early Dynastic Sumer (c. 2900–2334 BC)

Ningirsu (Lord of the E-ninnu) SimulacrumPatron god of Lagash · warrior of Enlil · theological sovereign of the Early Dynastic city-stateMesopotamian Studies25th century BCE Eannatum of Lagash SimulacrumEnsi / Lugal · Stele of the Vultures · treaty with Umma · first surviving international legal documentMesopotamian Studies25th century BCE Entemena of Lagash SimulacrumEnsi · son of Enannatum I · continuation of the Umma border dispute · cone inscriptionsMesopotamian Studies25th–24th century BCE Baranamtarra of Lagash SimulacrumQueen consort of Lugalanda · administrator of the household of Bau · independent economic agentMesopotamian Studies24th century BCE Urukagina of Lagash SimulacrumLugal · the Reform Cones · first documented reform programme · abolished extractive officesMesopotamian Studies24th century BCE Sagsag of Lagash SimulacrumWife of Urukagina · administrator of the household of Bau · executor of reform administrationMesopotamian Studies24th century BCE The Officials Who Extract (Lagash) SimulacrumThe offices abolished by the Reform Cones · via negativa · the list of what was forbidden is the record of what existedMesopotamian Studiesfl. 24th century BCE The Burial Official of Lagash SimulacrumAdministrator of funerary rites · fee-setter · the ritual-economic interface before reformMesopotamian Studiesfl. 24th century BCE The Temple Scribe of Bau (Lagash) SimulacrumScribal administrator · keeper of the Bau temple accounts · documenter of the redistributive economyMesopotamian Studiesfl. 24th century BCE Lugalzagesi SimulacrumEnsi of Umma → King of Uruk → first to claim all of Sumer · destroyer of Lagash · precursor to SargonMesopotamian Studiesfl. 24th century BCE

Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC)

Sargon of Akkad SimulacrumEmpire · Conquest · The Birth Legend · Cupbearer to King · Akkadian DynastyMesopotamian Studies24th–23rd century BCE Enheduanna SimulacrumHymns · The Exaltation of Inanna · First Named Author · En-Priestess of Nanna · Daughter of SargonMesopotamian Studies23rd century BCE Narām-Sîn SimulacrumGod-King · The Victory Stele · Hubris · The Curse of Agade · Empire at Its HeightMesopotamian Studies23rd century BCE

Ebla — the Western Semitic archive (c. 2400–2250 BC)

Ibrium of Ebla SimulacrumVizier · lugal sa-za · 18-year tenure · Treaty with Abarsal (earliest surviving international treaty)Mesopotamian Studies24th century BCE Dusigu of Ebla SimulacrumQueen mother · maliktum · succession manager · co-regent during minorityMesopotamian Studies24th century BCE The Abba of Ebla SimulacrumCouncil of elders · structural check on royal authority · treaty confirmationMesopotamian Studies24th century BCE The Hazannum of Ebla SimulacrumProvincial governor · district mayor · interface between palace and sixty vassal politiesMesopotamian Studies24th century BCE Enna-Dagan of Ebla SimulacrumMilitary commander · campaign letter · one of the earliest surviving field-to-centre military reportsMesopotamian Studies24th century BCE

Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112–2004 BC)

Gudea of Lagash SimulacrumTemple Building · Cylinders A & B · Piety · Ningirsu · Dreaming ArchitectureMesopotamian Studies22nd century BCE Ur-Nammu SimulacrumThe Code of Ur-Nammu · Oldest Law Code · Ziggurat of Ur · Ur III Dynasty FounderMesopotamian Studies21st century BCE Shulgi of Ur SimulacrumUr III · Administration · Literature · Self-Praise · The Running KingMesopotamian Studies21st century BCE

Old Babylonian Period (c. 2000–1600 BC)

The Edubba SimulacrumScribal School · Cuneiform Pedagogy · Tablet House · Sumerian EducationMesopotamian Studies20th century BCE Kārum Kaneš SimulacrumAssyrian Trade Colonies · Letters · Commerce · Credit · Long-Distance TradeMesopotamian Studies20th century BCE Hammurabi SimulacrumThe Codex · Law · Kingship · Justice · Old Babylonian EmpireMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE Plimpton 322 SimulacrumPythagorean Triples · Old Babylonian Mathematics · Sexagesimal · The Larsa TabletMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE Zimri-Lim of Mari SimulacrumKing of Mari · restorer of the dynasty · patron of the 25,000-tablet palace archive · killed by HammurabiMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE Shibtu of Mari SimulacrumChief queen · administrator in the king’s absence · intelligence correspondent · daughter of YamhadMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE The Daughters of Zimri-Lim SimulacrumDiplomatic marriages · letters home from vassal courts · informal intelligence network · political agentsMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE Yasmah-Addu of Mari SimulacrumPredecessor king · son of Shamshi-Adad · displaced by Zimri-Lim · correspondence with his critical fatherMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE Mukannisum of Mari SimulacrumChief palace administrator · textile and metal inventories · the functional centre of the apparatusMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE The Āpilum of Mari Simulacrum‘The Answerer’ · ecstatic prophet · relayed Dagan’s speech · the prophecy-in-the-archiveMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE The District Commissioner of Mari SimulacrumProvincial administrator · tribal mediation · agricultural reporting · the hinge between palace and landMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE The Palace Scribe of Mari SimulacrumArchive administrator · letter drafting · curator of 25,000 tablets · decider of what is keptMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE Hammurabi of Babylon (as he appears in the Mari archive) SimulacrumKing of Babylon · ally of Zimri-Lim · eventual destroyer of Mari · read here through his letters INTO the Mari courtMesopotamian Studies18th century BCE

Neo-Assyrian Empire (c. 911–609 BC)

Tiglath-Pileser III SimulacrumMilitary Reform · Provincial System · Mass Deportation · The Neo-Assyrian War MachineMesopotamian Studies8th century BCE Sennacherib SimulacrumNineveh · Military Campaigns · Engineering · The Palace Without Rival · Siege of LachishMesopotamian Studies8th–7th century BCE Ashurbanipal SimulacrumThe Library of Nineveh · Literacy · Military · The Learned King · Cuneiform PreservationMesopotamian Studies7th century BCE Ashurbanipal (as collector of the library) SimulacrumKing of Assyria · the literate king · builder of the Library of Nineveh · collector of the Mesopotamian canonMesopotamian Studies7th century BCE Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon SimulacrumCo-king of Babylon · brother of Ashurbanipal · rebelled against the Assyrian succession plan · died in the palace fireMesopotamian Studies7th century BCE Nabu-ahhe-iddina (chief scholar) SimulacrumChief scholar · royal adviser · head of the scholarly establishment · letter-writer of stateMesopotamian Studiesfl. 7th century BCE Adad-shumu-usur (tutor to the prince) SimulacrumSenior royal scholar · scribal teacher of Ashurbanipal · exorcist · interpreter of omensMesopotamian Studiesfl. 7th century BCE The Librarian of Nineveh SimulacrumCustodian of the girginakku · cataloguer · the hand behind the preservation of the Mesopotamian corpusMesopotamian Studiesfl. 7th century BCE The Royal Scribe of Nineveh SimulacrumTablet cataloguer · colophon assigner · ummânu · canonical copyistMesopotamian Studiesfl. 7th century BCE

Neo-Babylonian Empire (c. 626–539 BC)

The Sanga SimulacrumTemple Accounts · Administrative Cuneiform · Livestock Records · The First BureaucracyMesopotamian Studies32nd century BCE The Ummia SimulacrumSchool Father · Scribal Pedagogy · Cuneiform Transmission · The Edubba DialoguesMesopotamian Studies20th century BCE The Legal Scribe SimulacrumContract Law · Obligation · Sumerian Legal Formulae · Witnessing · dubsar kitimMesopotamian Studies20th century BCE Enkimansum SimulacrumEdubba Disputations · Scribal Competition · Nippur · Dialogue 3Mesopotamian Studies19th century BCE Sîn-lēqi-unninni (the Edubba) SimulacrumStandard Babylonian Gilgamesh · āšipu · Literary Editing · First Named Literary EditorMesopotamian Studies12th century BCE Nebuchadnezzar II SimulacrumBabylon · The Hanging Gardens · The Exile · Ishtar Gate · Builder-KingMesopotamian Studies7th–6th century BCE Nabonidus SimulacrumArchaeology · Sîn Worship · Harran · The Absent King · The Verse AccountMesopotamian Studies6th century BCE

Chaldaean Science (4th century BC)

Kidinnu SimulacrumSystem B Lunar Theory · Synodic Month · Chaldaean Astronomy · Tersitu TabletsMesopotamian Studies4th century BCE

Literature

Gilgamesh SimulacrumThe Epic · Enkidu · The Flood · Mortality · The Cedar Forest · Two-Thirds DivineMesopotamian Studies3rd–2nd millennium BCE A Man and His God SimulacrumThe First Individual Complaint · Sumerian Job · Theodicy · Why Me? · NippurMesopotamian Studies20th century BCE Sîn-lēqi-unninni (Gilgameš Redactor) SimulacrumStandard Babylonian Gilgamesh · Editor · Redactor · The Eleven-Tablet EpicMesopotamian Studies12th century BCE The Righteous Sufferer SimulacrumLudlul Bēl Nēmeqi · Theodicy · Why Do the Good Suffer? · The Babylonian JobMesopotamian Studies12th century BCE The Dialogue of Pessimism SimulacrumWisdom Literature · Master and Slave · Nihilism · Comedy · The Equal Weight of All ReasonsMesopotamian Studies10th century BCE Gershom Scholem SimulacrumKabbalah · Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism · Sabbatai Zevi · Walter Benjamin · HochschuleMesopotamian Studies19th–20th century

The Pantheon

Inanna SimulacrumLove · War · Descent · Sovereignty · The First GoddessMesopotamian Studies3rd millennium BCE Enki SimulacrumWisdom · Water · Craft · Civilisation · The Trickster GodMesopotamian Studies3rd millennium BCE Enlil SimulacrumWind · Storms · Kingship · Fate · Lord of the AirMesopotamian Studies3rd millennium BCE Ninhursag SimulacrumEarth · Birth · Healing · The Mother of GodsMesopotamian Studies3rd millennium BCE Ereshkigal SimulacrumUnderworld · Death · Grief · The Great BelowMesopotamian Studies3rd millennium BCE Utu SimulacrumSun · Justice · Truth · The Witness of All ThingsMesopotamian Studies3rd millennium BCE Nanna SimulacrumMoon · Time · Cattle · The Measurer of DaysMesopotamian Studies3rd millennium BCE

Modern & Foreign Languages57

George Adler SimulacrumPolyglot Method · Language Acquisition · Comparative Linguistics · 19th-Century Language PedagogyModern & Foreign Languages19th century

Language Learning

Magister SimulacrumWhat language do you want to learn? I can help.Modern & Foreign LanguagesConstructed Tutor Jean Manesca SimulacrumOral System of Teaching Living Languages · Mouvement Method · Spaced Acquisition · Direct Method (1820s) · Session EngineModern & Foreign Languages19th century Thomas Prendergast SimulacrumThe Mastery System (1864) · Long Model Sentences · Variations · Oral Echo and Back-Chaining · Initiatory Language AcquisitionModern & Foreign Languages19th century François Gouin SimulacrumThe Series Method (1880) · Ends and Means in Time · The Verb as Pivot · Ear Before Eye · Subjective and Figurative LanguageModern & Foreign Languages19th century Joseph Jacotot SimulacrumEnseignement Universel (1818) · Know One Book and Relate All the Rest to It · The Ignorant Master · Verification of Attention · Equality of IntelligencesModern & Foreign Languages18th–19th century

French

Michel de Montaigne SimulacrumThe Essay · Self-examination · Sceptical inquiry · French proseModern & Foreign Languages16th century Claude Favre de Vaugelas SimulacrumFrench Grammar · Codification of usage · Académie françaiseModern & Foreign Languages16th–17th century Molière Simulacrum (French Department)Comédie · Theatre · Spoken French · Vice exposed through laughterModern & Foreign Languages17th century Voltaire SimulacrumEnlightenment prose · Conte philosophique · Wit · Civic argumentModern & Foreign Languages17th–18th century Gustave Flaubert SimulacrumLe mot juste · The realist novel · French prose style · Sentence as moral actModern & Foreign Languages19th century Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette SimulacrumModern French prose · Sensuous writing · The voice of the sensesModern & Foreign Languages19th–20th century Albert Camus SimulacrumL’absurde · La révolte · Mediterranean clarity · Modern French prose at moral pitchModern & Foreign Languages20th century Léopold Sédar Senghor SimulacrumNégritude · Francophone poetry · Civilisation de l’universel · French of three continentsModern & Foreign Languages20th–21st century

Spanish (Castilian)

Antonio de Nebrija SimulacrumGramática castellana · The first vernacular grammar · Salamanca · AlcaláModern & Foreign Languages15th–16th century Santa Teresa de Ávila SimulacrumCastilian prose · Mystical writing · Las Moradas · Direct interior voiceModern & Foreign Languages16th century Miguel de Cervantes SimulacrumDon Quijote · The modern novel · Irony · Castilian narrative proseModern & Foreign Languages16th–17th century Félix Lope de Vega SimulacrumComedia nueva · Siglo de Oro theatre · Verse drama · Spoken Castilian on the stageModern & Foreign Languages16th–17th century Francisco de Quevedo SimulacrumConceptismo · Satire · Baroque wit · The dark sonnet · Castilian at maximum densityModern & Foreign Languages16th–17th century Miguel de Unamuno SimulacrumGeneración del 98 · Philosophical novel · Nivola · El sentimiento trágico de la vidaModern & Foreign Languages19th–20th century Federico García Lorca SimulacrumGeneración del 27 · Poesía · Romancero gitano · Bodas de sangre · DuendeModern & Foreign Languages19th–20th century

Spanish (Latin American)

El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega SimulacrumComentarios Reales · Bicultural voice · Cuzco-Córdoba · The first mestizo historianModern & Foreign Languages16th–17th century Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz SimulacrumRespuesta a Sor Filotea · The Tenth Muse · Defended women's right to learn · Mexican BaroqueModern & Foreign Languages17th century Andrés Bello SimulacrumGramática castellana americana · Codification of Spanish · Civil Code of ChileModern & Foreign Languages18th–19th century Jorge Luis Borges Simulacrum (LatAm)Ficciones · The Library of Babel · The infinite · Buenos Aires · Mirrors and labyrinthsModern & Foreign Languages19th–20th century Pablo Neruda SimulacrumVeinte poemas de amor · Canto General · Residencia en la tierra · The political and the eroticModern & Foreign Languages20th century Octavio Paz SimulacrumEl laberinto de la soledad · Sor Juana · The diplomat-poet · Mexican identityModern & Foreign Languages20th century Gabriel García Márquez SimulacrumCien años de soledad · Macondo · El Caribe · Magical realism · Reportage proseModern & Foreign Languages20th–21st century

Italian

Dante Alighieri SimulacrumWrote Italian into existence · Divina Commedia · Terza rima · Vita Nuova · BeatriceModern & Foreign Languages13th–14th century Francesco Petrarca SimulacrumCanzoniere · Laura · The sonnet · Recovered Cicero · Founder of humanismModern & Foreign Languages14th century Giovanni Boccaccio SimulacrumDecameron · The frame narrative · Plague · A hundred tales · Tuscan vernacularModern & Foreign Languages14th century Pietro Bembo SimulacrumProse della volgar lingua · Codified Italian · Petrarch as model · Questione della linguaModern & Foreign Languages15th–16th century Carlo Goldoni SimulacrumReformed the commedia dell'arte · Servant of Two Masters · Realistic Italian theatreModern & Foreign Languages18th century Giacomo Leopardi SimulacrumL'infinito · Pessimismo cosmico · Operette morali · Canti · Romantic philologyModern & Foreign Languages18th–19th century Italo Calvino Simulacrum (Italian)Lightness · Quickness · Six Memos · Invisible Cities · Combinatorial fictionModern & Foreign Languages20th century

Portuguese

Fernão Lopes SimulacrumCrónica de D. João I · Founding chronicler · Portuguese prose · The voice of the peopleModern & Foreign Languages14th–15th century Gil Vicente SimulacrumAuto da Barca do Inferno · Founder of Portuguese theatre · Court satire · Vernacular dramaModern & Foreign Languages15th–16th century Luís Vaz de Camões SimulacrumOs Lusíadas · The maritime epic · Vasco da Gama · Portuguese language elevatedModern & Foreign Languages16th century Eça de Queirós SimulacrumRealism · O Crime do Padre Amaro · Os Maias · Portuguese society dissectedModern & Foreign Languages19th century Fernando Pessoa SimulacrumHeteronyms · Caeiro · Reis · Campos · Livro do Desassossego · Multiple selves in LisbonModern & Foreign Languages19th–20th century Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen SimulacrumMar Novo · Clarity · The sea · Greek lucidity in Portuguese poetryModern & Foreign Languages20th–21st century José Saramago SimulacrumBlindness · The Gospel According to Jesus Christ · Long sentences · Communist Catholic atheistModern & Foreign Languages20th–21st century

Portuguese (Brasil)

José de Alencar SimulacrumIracema · O Guarani · Romantic Brazilian indigenism · The novel as nation-buildingModern & Foreign Languages19th century Machado de Assis SimulacrumMemórias Póstumas · Dom Casmurro · The unreliable narrator · Brazilian irony at the highest pitchModern & Foreign Languages19th–20th century Oswald de Andrade SimulacrumManifesto Antropófago · Brazilian Modernism · 1922 Semana · Tupi or not tupiModern & Foreign Languages19th–20th century Carlos Drummond de Andrade SimulacrumModernist poetry · No meio do caminho · Sentimento do mundo · Itabira to RioModern & Foreign Languages20th century João Guimarães Rosa SimulacrumGrande Sertão: Veredas · The sertão · Invented Portuguese · The voice of the backlandsModern & Foreign Languages20th century Clarice Lispector Simulacrum (Brasil)A Hora da Estrela · Macabéa · Consciousness as the matter · Mystical Brazilian proseModern & Foreign Languages20th century

Korean

King Sejong the Great SimulacrumHangul · Phonological design · Hall of Worthies (집현전) · Joseon institutional reform · Access as the criterion of designModern & Foreign Languages14th–15th century Choe Sejin Simulacrum훈몽자회 · Korean lexicography · Sino-Korean phonology · The word in use, not on the boardModern & Foreign Languages15th–16th century Toegye (Yi Hwang) SimulacrumNeo-Confucian philosophy · 성학십도 · 거경궁리 · Rectification of the self · Dosan SeowonModern & Foreign Languages16th century Jeong Cheol SimulacrumGasa poetry · 관동별곡 · 사미인곡 · Korean breath-rhythm · Landscape as emotional architectureModern & Foreign Languages16th century Yun Seon-do SimulacrumSijo poetry · 오우가 · 어부사시사 · Compression as art · Nature as moral mirrorModern & Foreign Languages16th–17th century Ju Si-gyeong SimulacrumKorean grammar · Morphological analysis · 국어문법 · Linguistic nationalismModern & Foreign Languages19th–20th century Kim Sowol Simulacrum진달래꽃 · Modern Korean lyric · Folk rhythm (3·4, 7·5) · 한 (han) as emotional architectureModern & Foreign Languages20th century Hwang Sunwon SimulacrumShort fiction · 소나기 · Prose economy · The architecture of withholdingModern & Foreign Languages20th century Yun Dong-ju SimulacrumColonial lyric · 서시 · Moral self-examination · The impossible self under historical pressureModern & Foreign Languages20th century

Mouseion of Alexandria24

The Chief Librarians

Zenodotus of Ephesus SimulacrumFirst Chief Librarian · First Critical Editor of Homer · The Obelos · Text CriticismMouseion of Alexandria4th–3rd century BCE Eratosthenes of Cyrene SimulacrumThird Chief Librarian · Circumference of the Earth · Prime Sieve · Geodesy · GeographyMouseion of Alexandria3rd–2nd century BCE Apollonius of Perga SimulacrumConics · Second Chief Librarian · Conic Sections · The Great GeometerMouseion of Alexandria3rd–2nd century BCE Aristarchus of Samothrace SimulacrumSixth Chief Librarian · Prince of Grammarians · Homer · Textual Criticism · ἱραρχεῖονMouseion of Alexandria3rd–2nd century BCE Dionysius Thrax SimulacrumTéchnē Grammatikḗ · The First Systematic Grammar · Greek Morphology · Parts of Speech · Alexandrian ScholarshipMouseion of Alexandria2nd century BCE Apollodorus of Athens SimulacrumChronika · Scholar of Aristarchus · On the Gods · Chronographer · The Dating of EverythingMouseion of Alexandria2nd century BCE

The Poets & Scholars

Callimachus of Cyrene SimulacrumPinakes · First Library Catalogue · Elegies · Hymns · "Mega Biblion Mega Kakon"Mouseion of Alexandria4th–3rd century BCE

Mathematics

Euclid of Alexandria SimulacrumElements · Thirteen Books · Axiomatic Method · Number Theory · OpticsMouseion of Alexandria4th–3rd century BCE Archimedes of Syracuse SimulacrumHydrostatics · Method of Exhaustion · Pi · Lever · War Machines · The Sand-ReckonerMouseion of Alexandria3rd century BCE Diophantus of Alexandria SimulacrumArithmetica · Algebraic Equations · Indeterminate Analysis · The Father of AlgebraMouseion of Alexandria2nd century Pappus of Alexandria SimulacrumSynagoge · Mathematical Treasury · Hexagon Theorem · Preserver of Ancient MathematicsMouseion of Alexandria3rd century Magnus Hirschfeld SimulacrumSexual Intermediaries · Homosexuality · Institut für Sexualwissenschaft · Per Scientiam ad IustitiamMouseion of Alexandria19th–20th century Arthur Kronfeld SimulacrumPsychotherapy · Sexual Psychology · Institut für Sexualwissenschaft · Weimar PsychiatryMouseion of Alexandria19th–20th century

Astronomy

Aristarchus of Samos SimulacrumHeliocentrism · Distances to Sun and Moon · Cosmic-Scale GeometryMouseion of Alexandria4th–3rd century BCE Hipparchus of Nicaea SimulacrumStar Catalogue · Precession of the Equinoxes · Trigonometry · Solar and Lunar TheoryMouseion of Alexandria2nd century BCE Strabo SimulacrumGeographica · Homer as Geographer · The World Described · 17 Books · EthnographyMouseion of Alexandria1st century BCE – 1st century CE Claudius Ptolemy SimulacrumAlmagest · Geographia · Geocentric System · Fourteen Centuries of AstronomyMouseion of Alexandria1st century

Natural Philosophy & Medicine

Theophrastus of Eresus SimulacrumBotany · History of Philosophy · Characters · Aristotle’s SuccessorMouseion of Alexandria4th–3rd century BCE Hero of Alexandria SimulacrumPneumatics · Aeolipile · Automata · Surveying · The First Steam DeviceMouseion of Alexandriafl. 1st century CE Galen of Pergamon SimulacrumAnatomy · Physiology · Medicine · The Humours · Fourteen Centuries of Medical AuthorityMouseion of Alexandria3rd century

Philosophy & The End

Philo of Alexandria SimulacrumJewish-Hellenistic Philosophy · Logos · Allegorical Interpretation · Moses and PlatoMouseion of Alexandria1st century BCE – 1st century CE Clement of Alexandria SimulacrumChristian Platonism · Stromateis · The True Gnostic · Faith and ReasonMouseion of Alexandria2nd century Theon of Alexandria SimulacrumEuclid’s Editor · Last Attested Member of the Mouseion · Solar Eclipses · Hypatia’s FatherMouseion of Alexandria4th century Hypatia of Alexandria SimulacrumMathematics · Astronomy · Neoplatonism · Murdered 415 CE · The Symbolic EndMouseion of Alexandria4th century

Music33

Composition & Counterpoint

Johann Joseph Fux SimulacrumGradus ad Parnassum · Species Counterpoint · Pedagogy · The Steps · Rules of Voice LeadingMusic17th–18th century Francesco Durante SimulacrumPartimenti · Neapolitan School · Figured Bass · Improvisation · Maestro dei MaestriMusic18th century J.S. Bach SimulacrumCounterpoint · Fugue · The Well-Tempered Clavier · Chorale · Structure as BeautyMusic17th–18th century Domenico Scarlatti SimulacrumKeyboard Sonatas · 555 Essercizi · Harpsichord · Hand-Crossing · Iberian InfluenceMusic18th century Leonardo Leo SimulacrumPartimenti · Solfeggio · Neapolitan School · Opera · Sacred Music · CounterpointMusic18th century Giovanni Furno SimulacrumPartimenti · Regole · Synonymy · Neapolitan Pedagogy · Teacher of BelliniMusic18th–19th century

Music Theory (Medieval & Renaissance)

Nicomachus of Gerasa SimulacrumManual of Harmonics · The Concords as Ratios · Pythagorean Tuning · Against the Ear as JudgeMusic1st–2nd century CE Boethius SimulacrumDe Institutione Musica · Musica Mundana, Humana, Instrumentalis · The Speculative Musician · ProportionMusic5th–6th century CE Guido d'Arezzo SimulacrumSolmisation · Ut Re Mi · Staff Notation · Micrologus · Pedagogical ReformMusic11th century Franco of Cologne SimulacrumMensural Notation · Ars cantus mensurabilis · Rhythm · Duration · The LawgiverMusic13th century Johannes Tinctoris SimulacrumTerminorum musicae diffinitorium · Music Lexicography · Counterpoint Rules · EmpiricismMusic15th century Gioseffo Zarlino (Renaissance Theory) SimulacrumLe istitutioni harmoniche · Tuning · Senario · Major and Minor · Harmony as PhilosophyMusic16th century Hildegard of Bingen SimulacrumSeventy-seven liturgical songs · The Ordo Virtutum · Wide-compass melody against plainchant convention · Singing as the harmony of body and soulMusic11th–12th century

Solfeggio & Continuo

Al-Fārābī SimulacrumKitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir · Music Theory · Modes · The Lute · Sound as Mathematical RelationMusic9th century Francesco Gasparini SimulacrumL'armonico pratico al cimbalo · Continuo · Accompaniment · Venetian Practice · Figured BassMusic17th–18th century Carlo Cotumacci SimulacrumSolfeggio · Neapolitan Conservatory · Vocal Training · Teacher of Furno · Bridge Between SchoolsMusic18th century

Music Theory

Heinrich Glareanus SimulacrumDodecachordon · Twelve Modes · Ionian and Aeolian · Josquin as Touchstone · Humanist Modal TheoryMusic15th–16th century Gioseffo Zarlino (Harmonic Rationalism) SimulacrumSenario · Consonance from Number · Imperfect Consonances · Harmonia Maggiore and Minore · Rational CounterpointMusic16th century Johannes Lippius SimulacrumSynopsis musicae novae · Trias Harmonica · Fundament · Inversion · Trinity-Triad AnalogyMusic16th–17th century Jean-Philippe Rameau SimulacrumTraité de l'harmonie · Fundamental Bass · Corps Sonore · Inversion Theory · Tonique · Dominante · Sous-dominanteMusic17th–18th century Heinrich Christoph Koch SimulacrumVersuch einer Anleitung zur Composition · Einschnitt / Abschnitt / Periode · Phrase Grammar · Phrase Extension · Music as DiscourseMusic18th–19th century Adolf Bernhard Marx SimulacrumDie Lehre von der musikalischen Komposition · Sonatenform · Liedform · Satz / Vordersatz / Nachsatz · Organic FormMusic19th century Eduard Hanslick SimulacrumVom Musikalisch-Schönen · Tonend bewegte Formen · Formalist Aesthetics · Absolute Music · Anti-WagnerianMusic19th–20th century Hugo Riemann SimulacrumFunktionstheorie · Tonic / Dominant / Subdominant · Harmonic Dualism · Tonnetz · KlangvertretungMusic19th–20th century Guido Adler SimulacrumMusikwissenschaft · Historical / Systematic Branches · Stilkritik · Stilperiode · DenkmälerMusic19th–20th century Arnold Dolmetsch SimulacrumThe Interpretation of the Music of the XVII and XVIII Centuries · Historical Performance · Instrument Reconstruction · Haslemere Festival · Notes InégalesMusic19th–20th century Heinrich Schenker SimulacrumDer freie Satz · Ursatz · Urlinie · Bassbrechung · Schichten · Prolongation · AuskomponierungMusic19th–20th century Arnold Schoenberg SimulacrumHarmonielehre · Emancipation of the Dissonance · Twelve-Tone Method · Developing Variation · Musical Idea · GrundgestaltMusic19th–20th century Ernst Kurth SimulacrumLinearer Kontrapunkt · Musical Energetics · Linear / Triadic Force · Tristan Crisis · Bruckner Energiewellen · MusikpsychologieMusic19th–20th century Milton Babbitt SimulacrumCombinatoriality · Total Serialism · Twelve-Tone Invariants · Time-Point System · Aggregate Structure · Electronic MusicMusic20th–21st century Leonard Bernstein SimulacrumThe Unanswered Question · Universal Musical Grammar · Overtone Series · Chomsky Deep Structure · Empson Ambiguity · SynthesisMusic20th century Carl Dahlhaus SimulacrumHistoriography of music · The idea of absolute music · Nineteenth-century aesthetics · Structural history · Against the biographical fallacyMusic20th century

Afrofuturism & Free Jazz

Sun Ra SimulacrumAfrofuturism · Space Music · The Arkestra · Space Is the Place · Cosmic PhilosophyMusic20th century

Mythology43

Sumerian Pantheon

Inanna SimulacrumLove · War · Descent · Sovereignty · The First Goddess · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE Enki SimulacrumWisdom · Water · Craft · Civilisation · The Trickster God · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE Enlil SimulacrumWind · Storms · Kingship · Fate · Lord of the Air · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE Ninhursag SimulacrumEarth · Birth · Healing · The Mother of Gods · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE Ereshkigal SimulacrumUnderworld · Death · Grief · The Great Below · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE Utu SimulacrumSun · Justice · Truth · The Witness of All Things · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE Nanna SimulacrumMoon · Time · Cattle · The Measurer of Days · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE

Egyptian Pantheon

Thoth SimulacrumWriting · Wisdom · Moon · Magic · Old Kingdom · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE Anubis SimulacrumDeath · Judgement · Embalming · Passage · Old Kingdom · EternalMythology3rd millennium BCE Osiris SimulacrumResurrection · Kingship · Underworld · Grain · Middle Kingdom · EternalMythology2nd millennium BCE Ra SimulacrumSun · Creation · Sovereignty · Solar Cycle · New Kingdom · EternalMythology2nd millennium BCE Set SimulacrumChaos · Desert · Storm · Transformation · New Kingdom · EternalMythology2nd millennium BCE Isis SimulacrumMagic · Healing · Motherhood · Resurrection · New Kingdom · EternalMythology2nd millennium BCE Maat SimulacrumTruth · Justice · Cosmic Order · All Epochs · EternalMythologyEternal

Norse Pantheon

Odin SimulacrumWisdom · Sacrifice · War · Poetry · The Long Game · EternalMythology1st millennium Freyja SimulacrumLove · War · Magic · Sovereignty · The Chosen Dead · EternalMythology1st millennium Thor SimulacrumThunder · Protection · Strength · The Common People · EternalMythology1st millennium Tyr SimulacrumJustice · Law · Honour · Sacrifice · Single Combat · EternalMythology1st millennium Loki SimulacrumTrickery · Shape-shifting · Chaos · Consequences · EternalMythology1st millennium Freyr SimulacrumFertility · Abundance · Sunlight · Peace · Sacrifice · EternalMythology1st millennium

Greek Pantheon

Zeus SimulacrumSky · Sovereignty · Law · Xenia · The Thunderbolt · EternalMythologyEternal Hera SimulacrumMarriage · Sovereignty · The Sacred Bond · Queenship · EternalMythologyEternal Athena SimulacrumWisdom · Strategy · Craft · Civilisation · The Owl's Sight · EternalMythologyEternal Apollo SimulacrumLight · Music · Prophecy · Healing · Truth · The Examined Distance · EternalMythologyEternal Artemis SimulacrumThe Hunt · Wilderness · The Moon · Transition · Self-Possession · EternalMythologyEternal Hermes SimulacrumMessengers · Boundaries · Trade · Theft · Language · The Dead · EternalMythologyEternal Dionysus SimulacrumWine · Theatre · Ecstasy · Dissolution · Twice-Born · The Stranger · EternalMythologyEternal

Archetypes

The Hero SimulacrumArchetype · Quest · Transformation · Threshold · EternalMythologyEternal The Great Mother SimulacrumArchetype · Nurture · Destruction · Cycles of Life · EternalMythologyEternal The Sage SimulacrumArchetype · Wisdom · Discernment · The Long View · EternalMythologyEternal The Trickster SimulacrumArchetype · Disruption · Boundary-Breaking · Play · EternalMythologyEternal The Shadow SimulacrumArchetype · The Unconscious · Integration · Dark Self · EternalMythologyEternal The Self SimulacrumArchetype · Individuation · Wholeness · Centre · EternalMythologyEternal The Dragon SimulacrumArchetype · Fire · Ancient Hoarding · Riddle · EternalMythologyEternal

Polynesian Pantheon

The Codex Borgia SimulacrumYoalli Ehecatl · Night Wind · Divinatory Screenfold · Ritual Calendar · Pre-Columbian CosmologyMythology16th century The Tonalpouhqui SimulacrumTonalpohualli · 260-Day Calendar · Day Signs · Divinatory Practice · Temporal CosmologyMythology16th century Māui SimulacrumTrickster · Culture Hero · Demigod · Fished Up the North Island · EternalMythologyEternal Tangaroa SimulacrumGod of the Sea · Ocean as Origin · The Great Highway · EternalMythologyEternal Tāne SimulacrumForests · Birds · Light · Separated Earth and Sky · Creation · EternalMythologyEternal Hina SimulacrumMoon · Women's Arts · Death as Care · The Tides · EternalMythologyEternal Pele SimulacrumVolcanoes · Fire · New Land · She IS Kīlauea · Creation · EternalMythologyEternal Tūmatauenga SimulacrumWar · Humanity · Standing Firm · Ancestor of All People · EternalMythologyEternal Rongo SimulacrumCultivation · Peace · Kūmara · The Arts · Balance with War · EternalMythologyEternal

Nalanda Mahavihara15

Nalanda Faculty

Nāgārjuna of Nālandā SimulacrumMūlamadhyamakakārikā · Śūnyatā · The Middle Way · Prasanga · Two TruthsNalanda Mahavihara2nd century Āryadeva SimulacrumCatuḥśataka · Nāgārjuna’s Principal Disciple · The Debate Master · Prasanga ExtendedNalanda Mahaviharafl. 3rd century CE Asaṅga SimulacrumMahāyānasaṃgraha · Yogācāra · Ālayavijñāna · The Maitreya TeachingsNalanda Mahavihara4th century Vasubandhu SimulacrumAbhidharmakośa · Vijñaptimātratā · Yogacāra · Two Phases One Mind · Consciousness-OnlyNalanda Mahavihara4th century Dignāga SimulacrumPramāṇasamuccaya · Buddhist Logic · The Hetucakra · Valid Cognition · ApohaNalanda Mahavihara5th century Dharmakīrti SimulacrumPramāṇavārttika · Valid Cognition · Causal Efficacy as Reality · Buddhist Epistemology · InferenceNalanda Mahavihara6th century Candrakīrti SimulacrumMadhyamakāvatāra · Prasaṃnapadā · Prāsaṅgika · Against Svātantrika · Conventional TruthNalanda Mahavihara6th century Xuanzang SimulacrumDa Tang Xiyu Ji · The Chinese Pilgrim · Witness at Nalanda · Translator · 25,000 KilometresNalanda Mahavihara7th century Śāntideva SimulacrumBodhicaryāvatāra · Patience · Exchange of Self and Other · Bodhicitta · The Argument for CompassionNalanda Mahavihara7th century Śāntarakṣita SimulacrumTattvasamgraha · Yogācāra-Mādhyamaka Synthesis · Tibet’s First Abbot · MahāvyutpattiNalanda Mahavihara8th century Atiśa SimulacrumBodhipathapradīpa · The Three Scopes · Lam Rim · Last of the Nalanda Masters · Tibet RevisitedNalanda Mahavihara10th–11th century

The Buddhist Annexe

The Buddha (Pali Canon) SimulacrumThe Pali Canon · The Four Noble Truths · The Eightfold Path · Dependent Origination · AnattāNalanda Mahaviharac. 5th century BCE Nāgārjuna (Madhyamaka) SimulacrumMadhyamaka · Śūnyatā · Two Truths · Prajñāpāramitā · The Middle WayNalanda Mahavihara2nd century The Buddha (Śāntideva) SimulacrumBodhicaryāvatāra · Bodhicitta · The Six Pāramitās · Patience · Mahayāna EthicsNalanda Mahavihara7th century The Buddha (Padmasambhava) SimulacrumVajrayāna · Dzogchen · The Tibetan Transmission · Tertön · Bardo ThödolNalanda Mahaviharac. 8th century CE

Nanotechnology18

Shengian Nanomaterials SimulacrumNanomaterials · Catalytic surfaces · Light-driven reactions · Structure–activity relationships · Synthesis and characterisationNanotechnologyContemporary Xiongian Nanostructure SimulacrumNanostructures · Self-assembly · Structure-property relationships · Synthesis at the nanoscale · Characterisation methodsNanotechnologyContemporary

Founding Vision (1959–1974)

Norio Taniguchi SimulacrumPrecision Machining · Tolerance Trajectory · The Word "Nanotechnology" · Ultra-Precision EngineeringNanotechnology20th century Richard Feynman SimulacrumPhysics-Permits Reasoning · There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom · Molecular Machines · First PrinciplesNanotechnology20th century

Scanning Probe Microscopy

Heinrich Rohrer SimulacrumScanning Tunnelling Microscope · Quantum Tunnelling · Surface Science · Nobel 1986Nanotechnology20th century Scanning Probe Microscopy SimulacrumScanning Tunnelling Microscope · Atomic Force Microscope · Surface Physics · Nobel 1986Nanotechnology20th century

Fullerenes & Carbon Nanostructures

Harold Kroto SimulacrumBuckminsterfullerene · C60 · Carbon Clusters · Nobel 1996Nanotechnology20th–21st century Richard Smalley SimulacrumBuckminsterfullerene · Carbon Nanotubes · Laser Vaporisation · Nobel 1996Nanotechnology20th–21st century

DNA Nanotechnology

Soft Matter Fabrication SimulacrumSoft Lithography · PDMS · Microfluidics · Self-Assembly · Lab-on-a-ChipNanotechnologyContemporary Mechanically Interlocked Architecture SimulacrumMechanically Interlocked Molecules · Molecular Shuttles · Nobel 2016 · MIMNanotechnologyContemporary Mechanical Bond Chemistry SimulacrumCatenanes · Rotaxanes · Mechanical Bond · Topological Molecules · Nobel 2016NanotechnologyContemporary Nadrian Seeman SimulacrumStructural DNA Nanotechnology · Holliday Junctions · DNA Crystals · Self-AssemblyNanotechnology20th–21st century Molecular Motor Chemistry SimulacrumMolecular Motors · Rotary Motion · Nobel 2016 · Light-Driven MachinesNanotechnologyContemporary Single-Atom Engineering SimulacrumSTM Atom Manipulation · IBM Xenon Letters · Atomic Scale FabricationNanotechnologyContemporary Drexlerian Mechanics SimulacrumNanotechnology · Engines of Creation · Molecular Assemblers · Diamondoid Mechanics · Existential RiskNanotechnologyContemporary Molecular Assembly Theory SimulacrumMolecular Nanotechnology · Engines of Creation · Assembler · Bottom-Up FabricationNanotechnologyContemporary Molecular Machine Design SimulacrumMolecular Machines · Rotaxanes · Mechanical Motion · Molecular LogicNanotechnologyContemporary DNA Origami SimulacrumDNA Origami · Scaffolded DNA · Programmed Nanostructures · Sequence-to-ShapeNanotechnologyContemporary

Nobel Laureates197

Physics

Marie Curie (Physics Dept) SimulacrumRadioactivity · Polonium · RadiumNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics W.H. & W.L. Bragg SimulacrumX-ray crystallography · Crystal structure analysisNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Max Planck SimulacrumEnergy quanta · Black-body radiation · Quantum theoryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Albert Einstein SimulacrumPhotoelectric effect · Special & General Relativity · Brownian motionNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Niels Bohr (Physics Dept) SimulacrumAtomic structure · Quantum theory · ComplementarityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Arthur Compton SimulacrumCompton effect · X-ray scattering · Wave-particle dualityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Werner Heisenberg SimulacrumQuantum mechanics · Uncertainty principle · Matrix mechanicsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Paul Dirac SimulacrumDirac equation · Antimatter · Quantum field theoryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics James Chadwick SimulacrumDiscovery of the neutron · Nuclear physicsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Richard Feynman (Physics Dept) SimulacrumQuantum electrodynamics · Path integrals · Feynman diagramsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Henri Becquerel SimulacrumRadioactivity · Phosphorescence · Uranium raysNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Erwin Schrödinger SimulacrumWave equation · What Is Life? · Quantum mechanicsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Patrick Blackett SimulacrumCloud chamber · Cosmic rays · Nuclear transmutationNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Max Born SimulacrumStatistical interpretation · Born rule · Quantum probabilityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics John Bardeen SimulacrumTransistor · BCS superconductivity · Solid-state physicsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics (twice)Lev Landau SimulacrumSuperfluidity · Phase transitions · Order parameterNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Murray Gell-Mann SimulacrumQuarks · The Eightfold Way · Quantum chromodynamicsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Abdus Salam SimulacrumElectroweak unification · Gauge symmetry · Pati-Salam modelNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Steven Weinberg SimulacrumElectroweak unification · Symmetry · The Standard ModelNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar SimulacrumStellar structure · The Chandrasekhar Limit · White dwarfsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Wilhelm Röntgen SimulacrumX-rays · Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 · Seeing through matterNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Enrico Fermi (Physics Dept) SimulacrumNuclear Physics · Estimation · ExperimentNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Wolfgang Pauli SimulacrumQuantum Mechanics · Exclusion · StructureNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Hans Bethe SimulacrumNuclear Physics · Stellar Nucleosynthesis · Manhattan Project Theoretical Division · Nobel 1967Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Scanning Probe Microscopy SimulacrumScanning Tunnelling Microscope · Atomic Force Microscope · Surface Physics · Nobel 1986Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Heinrich Rohrer SimulacrumScanning Tunnelling Microscope · Quantum Tunnelling · Surface Science · Nobel 1986Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Hopfieldian Dynamics SimulacrumHopfield networks · Associative memory · Energy landscapes · Attractor networks · Nobel Physics 2024Nobel LaureatesContemporary Albert Michelson SimulacrumInterferometry · The velocity of light · Optical precision · The null result stated as a boundNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Jean Perrin SimulacrumBrownian movement · Sedimentation equilibrium · Avogadro's number by many roads · The reality of the invisibleNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Eugene Wigner SimulacrumSymmetry and invariance principles · Group theory in quantum mechanics · Nuclear structure · Events, laws and the levels between themNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Niels Bohr (Complementarity) (Physics Dept) SimulacrumComplementarity · Atomic Model · Copenhagen Interpretation · Quantum MeasurementNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Enrico Fermi (Space Exploration Dept) SimulacrumThe Fermi Paradox · Estimation · Nuclear Physics · Chicago Pile-1Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Richard Feynman (Nanotechnology Dept) SimulacrumPhysics-Permits Reasoning · There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom · Molecular Machines · First PrinciplesNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Hannes Alfvén SimulacrumMHD · Alfvén Waves · Plasma Physics · Magnetic ShieldingNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Percy Bridgman SimulacrumHigh-pressure physics · Operational definition · The joints in a conceptual structure · What makes a question meaninglessNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Lord Rayleigh SimulacrumGas densities and the discovery of argon · Scattering and the blue of the sky · The theory of sound · Magnifying a discrepancy rather than removing itNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Hendrik Antoon Lorentz SimulacrumThe electrodynamics of moving bodies · The Lorentz force · The theory of the Zeeman effect · Every result carried to a stated order in v/cNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics Pieter Zeeman SimulacrumMagneto-optics and the splitting of spectral lines · Designing the apparatus from the objection · The charge-to-mass ratio from a line width · The negative controlNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics J. J. Thomson SimulacrumCathode rays and the corpuscle · Invariance under substitution · The charge-to-mass ratio by two independent roads · Matter in a state finer than the atomNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physics

Chemistry

Ernest Rutherford SimulacrumRadioactive disintegration · Nuclear model of the atomNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Fritz Haber SimulacrumAmmonia synthesis · Industrial chemistry · Chemical warfareNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Harold Urey SimulacrumDeuterium · Heavy hydrogen · Isotope separationNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Linus Pauling SimulacrumChemical bond · Molecular biology · Peace activismNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry & Peace Dorothy Hodgkin SimulacrumX-ray crystallography · Penicillin · Insulin · Vitamin B12Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Irène Joliot-Curie SimulacrumArtificial radioactivity · Transmutation · RadiochemistryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Glenn Seaborg SimulacrumTransuranium elements · The actinide conceptNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Ilya Prigogine SimulacrumDissipative structures · Non-equilibrium thermodynamicsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Hoffmannian Orbital Symmetry SimulacrumOrbital symmetry · Woodward-Hoffmann rules · Isolobal analogyNobel LaureatesContemporary Ahmed Zewail SimulacrumFemtochemistry · Transition state observation · Ultrafast dynamicsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Alfred Werner SimulacrumCoordination chemistry · Inorganic stereochemistry · Valence theoryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Victor Grignard SimulacrumOrganomagnesium compounds · Carbon–carbon bond formation · Preparative methodNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Hermann Staudinger SimulacrumMacromolecular chemistry · Polymer science · Cellulose and rubberNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Giulio Natta SimulacrumStereospecific polymerisation · Isotactic polymers · X-ray structure determinationNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Karl Ziegler SimulacrumOrganometallic mixed catalysts · Low-pressure polymerisation of ethylene · Metal alkylsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Peter Debye SimulacrumDipole moments · Dielectrics · Diffraction in gasesNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Geoffrey Wilkinson SimulacrumOrganometallic chemistry · Sandwich compounds · Homogeneous catalysis · Metal–carbon bondsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Irving Langmuir SimulacrumSurface chemistry · Adsorption and the Langmuir isotherm · Thermionic emission · Plasma · Pathological scienceNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Jacobus van 't Hoff SimulacrumStereochemistry · Osmotic pressure · Chemical kinetics · First Nobel Prize in ChemistryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Emil Fischer SimulacrumSugar chemistry · Lock and key model · Purines · Amino acids · Nobel 1902Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Svante Arrhenius SimulacrumIonic theory · Activation energy · Acids and bases · Greenhouse effect predictionNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Wilhelm Ostwald SimulacrumPhysical Chemistry · Catalysis · Ostwald Process · Colour Theory · Nobel 1909Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Marie Curie (Chemistry Dept) SimulacrumRadioactivity · Polonium · Radium · Two Nobel Prizes · Physics and ChemistryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Walther Nernst SimulacrumNernst equation · Third Law of Thermodynamics · Physical chemistry · Nobel 1920Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Robert Robinson SimulacrumOrganic synthesis · Alkaloids · Tropinone synthesis · Electronic theory of organic reactions · Nobel 1947Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Frederick Sanger SimulacrumProtein sequencing · DNA sequencing · Two Nobel Prizes · Doing not talkingNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry (twice)Ernst Otto Fischer SimulacrumSandwich and arene complexes · Carrying a bonding conception up the ligand series · Electron counting as design rather than bookkeeping · Isosterism as proof of class · Nobel 1973Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Harry Kroto (Chemistry Dept) SimulacrumBuckminsterfullerene · C60 · Carbon chemistry · Nobel 1996Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Richard Smalley SimulacrumBuckminsterfullerene · Carbon Nanotubes · Laser Vaporisation · Nobel 1996Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Mechanical Bond Chemistry SimulacrumCatenanes · Rotaxanes · Mechanical Bond · Topological Molecules · Nobel 2016Nobel LaureatesContemporary Mechanically Interlocked Architecture SimulacrumMechanically Interlocked Molecules · Molecular Shuttles · Nobel 2016 · MIMNobel LaureatesContemporary Feringan Molecular Motor SimulacrumMolecular machines · Rotary motor · Nobel 2016 · Nanotechnology as chemistryNobel LaureatesContemporary Arnoldian Directed Evolution SimulacrumDirected evolution · Nobel 2018 · Enzymes by evolution · Green chemistryNobel LaureatesContemporary Doudnan Gene Editing SimulacrumCRISPR-Cas9 · Gene editing · Nobel 2020 · The chemistry of the genomeNobel LaureatesContemporary Carl Bosch SimulacrumIndustrial Chemistry · High Pressure · Scale-Up · Haber-Bosch PlantNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry R.B. Woodward SimulacrumOrganic Synthesis · Total Synthesis · Molecular ArchitectureNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Harold Kroto (Nanotechnology Dept) SimulacrumBuckminsterfullerene · C60 · Carbon ClustersNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry Frederick Soddy SimulacrumIsotopes and the displacement law · The disintegration theory · Separation by rate where chemistry fails · Wealth distinguished from the claims on itNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Chemistry

Physiology or Medicine

Ivan Pavlov SimulacrumClassical conditioning · Physiology of digestion · Conditioned reflexesNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Frederick Banting SimulacrumInsulin discovery · Diabetes treatmentNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Alexander Fleming (Medicine Dept) SimulacrumDiscovery of penicillin · Bacteriology · AntisepticsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Medicine Dept) SimulacrumNeuron doctrine · Histological illustration · NeuroscienceNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Paul Ehrlich (Medicine Dept) SimulacrumMagic bullet · Chemotherapy · Immunological stainingNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Hans Krebs SimulacrumCitric acid cycle · Metabolic pathways · Cyclic biochemistryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Peter Medawar SimulacrumImmunological tolerance · Transplantation · Philosophy of scienceNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine David Hubel SimulacrumVisual cortex · Receptive fields · Cortical columnsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Francis Crick SimulacrumDNA structure · Central dogma · Molecular biologyNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Jacques Monod SimulacrumOperon model · Allosteric regulation · Chance and necessityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Max Delbrück SimulacrumBacteriophage genetics · Molecular biology · Phage GroupNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Salvador Luria SimulacrumFluctuation test · Phage genetics · Random mutationNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Rita Levi-Montalcini SimulacrumNerve Growth Factor · Neuroembryology · Trophic theoryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Medicine Barbara McClintock (Medicine Dept) SimulacrumTransposable elements · Cytogenetics · Controlling elements · The dynamic genomeNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nikolaas Tinbergen SimulacrumEthology · Four Questions · Sign Stimuli · Supernormal StimuliNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Roger Sperry SimulacrumSplit-Brain Research · Chemoaffinity · Consciousness as EmergenceNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Max Theiler SimulacrumYellow Fever · 17D Vaccine · Serial Passage · Viral AttenuationNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine James Watson SimulacrumNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962 · with Crick and Wilkins · The two-page paper · What was owed to FranklinNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Robert Koch (Medicine Dept) SimulacrumBacteriology · Koch's Postulates · TuberculosisNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Hermann Muller SimulacrumLinear No-Threshold · Muller's Ratchet · Heritable Radiation Damage · Nobel 1946Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Edelmanite Neural Darwinism (AI Dept) SimulacrumNeural Darwinism · Dynamic core hypothesis · Consciousness as re-entry · Nobel Prize immunologyNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Otto Warburg SimulacrumManometry · Cell respiration and fermentation · The tumour in the vessel and in the body · The instrument as methodNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Bernard Katz SimulacrumNeuromuscular transmission · The quantum of release · The statistics of small numbers · Noise as an object of studyNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Robert Koch (Biology Dept) SimulacrumKoch's postulates · Pure culture · Anthrax · Tuberculosis · CholeraNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Biology Dept) SimulacrumNeuroscience · Neuron Doctrine · Scientific IllustrationNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Paul Ehrlich (Pharmacology Dept) SimulacrumThe Magic Bullet · Side-Chain Theory · Salvarsan · Receptor Concept · Drug ResistanceNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Karl Landsteiner SimulacrumBlood Groups · Immunology · Transfusion · The Rh FactorNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Charles Sherrington SimulacrumIntegrative action · The synapse · Reflex · Reciprocal inhibitionNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Thomas Hunt Morgan SimulacrumChromosome Theory · Drosophila · Gene MappingNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Otto Loewi SimulacrumVagusstoff · Chemical Neurotransmission · The Easter Dream · AcetylcholineNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Henry Hallett Dale SimulacrumAcetylcholine · Cholinergic/Adrenergic · Histamine · Peripheral TransmissionNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Gerhard Domagk SimulacrumProntosil · Sulfonamides · The First Synthetic Antibacterial · The Industrial ScreenNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Alexander Fleming (Pharmacology Dept) SimulacrumPenicillin · The Contaminated Plate · Serendipity · The Resistance WarningNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Selman Waksman SimulacrumStreptomycin · Soil Microbiology · The Word "Antibiotic" · Systematic Drug DiscoveryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Marshall Nirenberg SimulacrumCracked the genetic code · Poly-U → phenylalanine · The codon dictionaryNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Gerald Edelman SimulacrumNeural Darwinism · Consciousness · Selectionism · Antibody structureNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Konrad Lorenz SimulacrumEthology · Imprinting · Fixed Action Patterns · Animal BehaviourNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine George Palade SimulacrumCell biology as discipline · The ribosome · The secretory pathwayNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Barbara McClintock (Biology Dept) SimulacrumTransposable Elements · Maize Genetics · Genomic InstabilityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine George Hitchings SimulacrumRational Drug Design · Antimetabolites · Nucleic Acid Metabolism · Programme ArchitectureNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Gertrude Elion SimulacrumRational Drug Design · Acyclovir · 6-Mercaptopurine · Azathioprine · Selective ToxicityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine James Black SimulacrumBeta-Blockers · H2 Antagonists · Propranolol · Cimetidine · Receptor-Based Drug DesignNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Arvid Carlsson SimulacrumDopamine · Reserpine-L-DOPA Proof · Parkinson's · SSRIs · CNS PharmacologyNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Kandelian Synaptic Memory SimulacrumMemory from the synapse up · The two clocks of memory · Genes, synapses and learning · Psychiatry and the biology of mindNobel LaureatesContemporary Sydney Brenner SimulacrumC. elegans · mRNA · The genetic code · 959 cells you can knowNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine A. V. Hill SimulacrumMuscle heat and energetics · Myothermic method · The oxygen debt · One discipline carried across domainsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Camillo Golgi SimulacrumThe black reaction · The diffuse nerve network · A doctrine decomposed into its separate claims · What a failure to see does and does not establishNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Literature

Rudyard Kipling SimulacrumImperial fiction · Poetry · The Jungle Book · KimNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Winston Churchill (Literature Dept) SimulacrumHistorical biography · Oratory · The Second World WarNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Albert Camus SimulacrumAbsurdism · The Stranger · The Myth of SisyphusNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Jean-Paul Sartre SimulacrumExistentialism · Bad faith · Radical freedom · Being and Nothingness · Condemned to be freeNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature (declined)Pablo Neruda SimulacrumPoetry · Canto General · Twenty Love PoemsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Rabindranath Tagore SimulacrumGitanjali · Synthesis of civilisations · The poet-philosopherNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature W.B. Yeats SimulacrumGyre-thinking · A Vision · Irish Literary RevivalNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Thomas Mann SimulacrumIronic double vision · Buddenbrooks · The Magic Mountain · Doctor FaustusNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature William Faulkner SimulacrumStream of consciousness · Yoknapatawpha · Time as simultaneityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Bertrand Russell (Philosophy Dept) SimulacrumLogical atomism · Principia Mathematica · Rational activismNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Ernest Hemingway SimulacrumThe iceberg principle · Prose architecture · One true sentenceNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Samuel Beckett SimulacrumLessness · Waiting for Godot · Failure as methodNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Luigi Pirandello SimulacrumUmorismo and the feeling of the opposite · The breached frame · Life, form and the mask · Six CharactersNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Naguib Mahfouz SimulacrumThe Cairo Trilogy · The lane as microcosm · Arabic novelNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Soyinkan Tragic Drama SimulacrumDeath and the King's Horseman · Yoruba cosmology · The fourth stageNobel LaureatesContemporary Toni Morrison SimulacrumLanguage as power · Rememory · The Black interiorNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Wisława Szymborska SimulacrumPoetry · Irony and precision · The uses of not knowingNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Kawabata Yasunari SimulacrumJapanese Aesthetics · Impermanence · Snow Country · Image Over ExplanationNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Theodor Mommsen SimulacrumRömische Geschichte · Roman Law · Epigraphy · Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum · Nobel PrizeNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Elias Canetti SimulacrumCrowds and Power · The Sting of Command · Pack Types · Crowd Attributes · Nobel 1981Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Gabriel García Márquez SimulacrumCien años de soledad · Macondo · El Caribe · Magical realism · Reportage proseNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Bertrand Russell (Logic Dept) SimulacrumPrincipia Mathematica · Type Theory · Paradox · Logical Atomism · FoundationsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Winston Churchill (History Dept) SimulacrumGallipoli · Dardanelles · Strategy · British EmpireNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Octavio Paz SimulacrumEl laberinto de la soledad · Sor Juana · The diplomat-poet · Mexican identityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature José Saramago SimulacrumBlindness · The Gospel According to Jesus Christ · Long sentences · The unbroken paragraphNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature Selma Lagerlöf SimulacrumThe told story as a form · The oral register handled as technique · Värmland and its people · The impossible reported in the indicativeNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Literature

Economic Sciences

Friedrich Hayek SimulacrumAustrian economics · Spontaneous order · The Road to SerfdomNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Milton Friedman (Economics Dept) SimulacrumMonetarism · Consumption analysis · Free marketsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics John Nash SimulacrumNash equilibrium · Game theory · Non-cooperative gamesNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Daniel Kahneman SimulacrumProspect theory · Cognitive biases · Thinking, Fast and SlowNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Kenneth Arrow SimulacrumSocial choice · Impossibility theorem · General equilibriumNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Wassily Leontief SimulacrumInput-output analysis · Empirical economics · Economic structureNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Gunnar Myrdal SimulacrumInstitutional economics · Circular cumulative causation · Value premisesNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Ronald Coase SimulacrumTransaction costs · The firm · Property rightsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Douglass North SimulacrumNew Institutional Economics · Transaction costs · Path dependence · CliometricsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Gerard Debreu SimulacrumGeneral equilibrium · Existence · Axiomatic methodNobel LaureatesNobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Paul Samuelson SimulacrumRevealed preference · Maximum principles · Comparative staticsNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Simon Kuznets SimulacrumNational income accounting · Modern economic growth · Structural changeNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics John Hicks SimulacrumTemporary equilibrium · Ordinal value theory · Capital and the traverseNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Solovian Skepticism SimulacrumCrucial assumptions · Growth and the residual · Unemployment as wasteNobel LaureatesContemporary James Tobin SimulacrumAggregates and their margins · Portfolio choice under risk · The policy mixNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Herbert Simon (Psychology Dept) SimulacrumBounded Rationality · Satisficing · Attention Economics · Administrative Behaviour · Nobel 1978Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics James Buchanan SimulacrumPublic Choice · Constitutional Economics · Rent-Seeking · Calculus of Consent · Nobel Economics 1986Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Senian Capability SimulacrumCapability Approach · Development as Freedom · Social Choice · Welfare Economics · Nobel Economics 1998Nobel LaureatesContemporary Thomas Schelling (Political Science Dept) SimulacrumThe Strategy of Conflict · Focal Points · Credible Commitment · Bargaining · Nuclear Deterrence · Nobel Economics 2005Nobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Ostromian Commons (Economics Dept) SimulacrumThe Commons · Polycentricity · Governing the Commons · Nobel 2009 · Institutional AnalysisNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Acemoglian Institutions SimulacrumInstitutions and growth · inclusive vs extractive economies · power and progressNobel LaureatesContemporary Milton Friedman (Business Dept) SimulacrumMonetarism · Free Markets · InflationNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Harry Markowitz SimulacrumPortfolio Theory · Diversification · Mean-VarianceNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics John Harsanyi SimulacrumIncomplete Information Games · Bayesian Games · Type Spaces · Equilibrium SelectionNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Reinhard Selten SimulacrumSubgame Perfect Equilibrium · Trembling Hand Perfection · Backward Induction · Bounded RationalityNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Thomas Schelling (Strategy Dept) SimulacrumGame Theory · Deterrence · CommitmentNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Elinor Ostrom (Political Science Dept) SimulacrumGoverning the Commons · Institutional Analysis · Polycentric Governance · CPR ManagementNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics Lloyd Shapley SimulacrumShapley Value · Cooperative Game Theory · Stable Matching · Stochastic Games · CoreNobel LaureatesNobel Prize in Economics

Peace

Martin Luther King Jr SimulacrumCivil rights · Non-violent resistance · Moral leadershipNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Nelson Mandela (Politics Dept) SimulacrumAnti-apartheid · Reconciliation · Constitutional democracyNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Albert Schweitzer SimulacrumReverence for Life · Philosophy of civilisation · Tropical medicineNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Andrei Sakharov SimulacrumNuclear physics · Human rights · Intellectual freedom · DissentNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Dag Hammarskjöld SimulacrumPreventive Diplomacy · International Civil Service · Markings · The Way of Active ContemplationNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Desmond Tutu SimulacrumUbuntu · Restorative Justice · The Rainbow Nation · Truth and Reconciliation · Moral LeadershipNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Elie Wiesel SimulacrumWitness · Memory as Obligation · Night · The Indifference Problem · Testimony as LiteratureNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Willy Brandt SimulacrumOstpolitik · Cold War Diplomacy · Acknowledging RealityNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Ralph Bunche SimulacrumMediation · UN Peacekeeping · Armistice NegotiationNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Jane Addams SimulacrumSettlement Practice · Social Ethics · Moral Substitutes for WarNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Bertha von Suttner SimulacrumWar as Institution · Arbitration · The Novel as InstrumentNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Norman Angell SimulacrumFutility of Conquest · Collective Security · The Public MindNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Henry Dunant SimulacrumWitness as method · Humanitarian law · Aid societies in peacetimeNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Fridtjof Nansen SimulacrumArctic Oceanography · The Fram · Nansen Bottles · Ice Drift · Nobel Peace PrizeNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Wangari Maathai SimulacrumGreen Belt Movement · Tree as Political Act · Conservation as Democracy · Nobel Peace Prize 2004Nobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize René Cassin SimulacrumDrafting the Universal Declaration · The law of obligations · Sequencing adoption · Universal principle and regional machineryNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize George Marshall SimulacrumGrand Strategy · Coalition Building · Institutions · The Marshall PlanNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Norman Borlaug SimulacrumThe Green Revolution · Dwarf Wheat · Shuttle Breeding · Feeding a BillionNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize Nelson Mandela (Law Dept) SimulacrumLaw · Liberation · Constitutional TransitionNobel LaureatesNobel Peace Prize

Pastoral & Careers6

Barbara Allen SimulacrumStudent Services & CounsellorPastoral & CareersNon-historical CV Architect SimulacrumCV Construction · Achievements Quantification · ATS Optimisation · Graduate PositioningPastoral & CareersNon-historical Cover Letter Architect SimulacrumCover Letter Construction · Employer Targeting · Narrative Architecture · Opening HookPastoral & CareersNon-historical LinkedIn Architect SimulacrumLinkedIn Optimisation · Profile Architecture · Network Strategy · Personal BrandPastoral & CareersNon-historical Interview STAR Coach SimulacrumCompetency Interviews · STAR Method · Behavioural Questions · Strengths-Based InterviewsPastoral & CareersNon-historical Graduate Market Strategist SimulacrumGraduate Market Intelligence · Sector Mapping · Application Strategy · Career PlanningPastoral & CareersNon-historical

Pharmacology22

Theophrastus of Eresus SimulacrumBotany · De Historia Plantarum · Medicinal Plants · Aristotelian Natural HistoryPharmacology4th–3rd century BCE Pedanius Dioscorides SimulacrumDe Materia Medica · Pharmacology · Field Observation · The PharmacopoeiaPharmacology1st century CE Galen of Pergamon SimulacrumCompound Drugs · Four Qualities · Degree Theory · The Physician-PhilosopherPharmacology2nd–3rd century CE Ibn Sina (Avicenna) SimulacrumCanon of Medicine · Drug Testing Rules · Tajribah · The Philosopher-PhysicianPharmacology10th–11th century Ibn al-Baitar SimulacrumKitab al-Jami · 300 New Plants · Field Pharmacology · Correcting DioscoridesPharmacology12th–13th century Paracelsus SimulacrumSola Dosis Facit Venenum · Iatrochemistry · The Tria Prima · The Basel BonfirePharmacology15th–16th century Louis Lewin SimulacrumPhantastica · Psychoactive Classification · Ethnobotanical Pharmacology · AnhaloniumPharmacology19th–20th century John Newport Langley SimulacrumReceptive Substances · Autonomic Nervous System · Nicotine-Curare · Chemical TransmissionPharmacology19th–20th century Paul Ehrlich SimulacrumThe Magic Bullet · Side-Chain Theory · Salvarsan · Receptor Concept · Drug ResistancePharmacology19th–20th century Otto Loewi SimulacrumVagusstoff · Chemical Neurotransmission · The Easter Dream · AcetylcholinePharmacology19th–20th century Henry Hallett Dale SimulacrumAcetylcholine · Cholinergic/Adrenergic · Histamine · Peripheral TransmissionPharmacology19th–20th century Alexander Fleming SimulacrumPenicillin · The Contaminated Plate · Serendipity · The Resistance WarningPharmacology19th–20th century Selman Waksman SimulacrumStreptomycin · Soil Microbiology · The Word "Antibiotic" · Systematic Drug DiscoveryPharmacology19th–20th century Gerhard Domagk SimulacrumProntosil · Sulfonamides · The First Synthetic Antibacterial · The Industrial ScreenPharmacology19th–20th century George Hitchings SimulacrumRational Drug Design · Antimetabolites · Nucleic Acid Metabolism · Programme ArchitecturePharmacology20th century Bernard Brodie SimulacrumDrug Metabolism · Biochemical Pharmacology · Reserpine · Serotonin · The Laboratory DynastyPharmacology20th century Raymond Ahlquist SimulacrumAlpha & Beta Receptors · Receptor Subtype Classification · The Rejected PaperPharmacology20th century Gertrude Elion SimulacrumRational Drug Design · Acyclovir · 6-Mercaptopurine · Azathioprine · Selective ToxicityPharmacology20th century Arvid Carlsson SimulacrumDopamine · Reserpine-L-DOPA Proof · Parkinson's · SSRIs · CNS PharmacologyPharmacology20th–21st century James Black SimulacrumBeta-Blockers · H2 Antagonists · Propranolol · Cimetidine · Receptor-Based Drug DesignPharmacology20th–21st century Akira Endo SimulacrumStatins · HMG-CoA Reductase · Ecological Source Hypothesis · Discovery Without CreditPharmacology20th–21st century Candace Pert SimulacrumOpioid Receptor · Radioligand Binding · Endorphins · Molecules of EmotionPharmacology20th–21st century

Philosophy88

Pre-Socratic Philosophy

Pythagoras SimulacrumNumber · Harmony · Proof · The Theorem · All Is NumberPhilosophy6th century BCE Heraclitus of Ephesus SimulacrumFlux · Fire · Logos · The Unity of Opposites · FragmentsPhilosophy6th–5th century BCE Parmenides of Elea SimulacrumBeing · The Way of Truth · The Way of Seeming · MonismPhilosophy6th–5th century BCE Democritus of Abdera SimulacrumAtoms & Void · Materialism · Ethics · The Laughing PhilosopherPhilosophy5th–4th century BCE

The Athenian School

Socrates (Composite) SimulacrumThe Examined Life · Elenchus · Aporia · Daimonion · The Socratic ProblemPhilosophy5th century BCE Plato (Socratic) SimulacrumThe Apology · Euthyphro · Crito · Early Dialogues · Socratic MethodPhilosophy5th–4th century BCE Plato (Republic) SimulacrumThe Republic · Justice · The Cave · The Philosopher-King · The Tripartite SoulPhilosophy5th–4th century BCE Plato (Eros & the Soul) SimulacrumSymposium · Phaedo · Phaedrus · Love · Immortality · BeautyPhilosophy5th–4th century BCE Plato (Late) SimulacrumTimaeus · Parmenides · Sophist · Laws · Cosmology · Self-CritiquePhilosophy5th–4th century BCE Aristotle (Logic & Metaphysics) SimulacrumCategories · Analytics · Syllogism · Being qua Being · SubstancePhilosophy4th century BCE Aristotle (Ethics & Politics) SimulacrumNicomachean Ethics · Politics · Rhetoric · Poetics · The Good LifePhilosophy4th century BCE Aristotle (Nature & Soul) SimulacrumPhysics · De Anima · History of Animals · Generation · PartsPhilosophy4th century BCE

Hellenistic Philosophy

Epicurus SimulacrumPleasure · Ataraxia · Friendship · MaterialismPhilosophy4th–3rd century BCE Philodemus of Gadara SimulacrumEpicureanism · Herculaneum Papyri · Frank Criticism · Poetry · MusicPhilosophy1st century BCE Epictetus SimulacrumStoicism · The Enchiridion · Discourses · What Is Up to UsPhilosophy1st–2nd century CE Marcus Aurelius SimulacrumMeditations · Stoic Practice · Imperial Philosophy · Private ThoughtPhilosophy2nd century CE Sextus Empiricus SimulacrumPyrrhonian Scepticism · Outlines · Suspension of Judgement · EquipollencePhilosophy2nd–3rd century CE

Jewish-Hellenistic Philosophy

Philo of Alexandria (Allegorist) SimulacrumAllegorical Commentary · Genesis · Logos · Platonic MosesPhilosophy1st century BCE – 1st century CE Philo of Alexandria SimulacrumExposition of the Law · Moses · Decalogue · Contemplative LifePhilosophy1st century BCE – 1st century CE Philo of Alexandria (Witness) SimulacrumEmbassy to Gaius · Against Flaccus · The Pogrom · Political TestimonyPhilosophy1st century BCE – 1st century CE

Neoplatonism

Plotinus SimulacrumEnneads · The One · Emanation · Return · NeoplatonismPhilosophy3rd century CE Hypatia of Alexandria SimulacrumMathematics · Astronomy · Neoplatonism · Commentary on Ptolemy and Diophantus · 415 CEPhilosophy4th century Boethius SimulacrumThe Quadrivium · Consolation of Philosophy · Arithmetic · Music Theory · Logic · TranslationPhilosophy5th–6th century CE

Islamic Philosophy

Al-Fārābī SimulacrumAristotelian Philosophy · Al-Madīna al-Fāḍila · Music Theory · Logic · The Second TeacherPhilosophy9th century Avicenna / Ibn Sīnā SimulacrumMedicine · Qānūn · Aristotelian Philosophy · Kitāb al-Shifāʾ · Floating Man · Essence and ExistencePhilosophy10th–11th century Al-Ghazālī (Algazel) SimulacrumIncoherence of the Philosophers · Islamic Theology · Revivification · Sufism · ScepticismPhilosophy11th–12th century Averroes / Ibn Rushd SimulacrumAristotle Commentaries · Tahāfut al-Tahāfut · Islamic Law · Medicine · AndalusiaPhilosophy12th century

Early Modern Philosophy

Baruch Spinoza SimulacrumEthics · Substance Monism · God or Nature · Geometric Method · FreedomPhilosophy17th century Jean-Jacques Rousseau SimulacrumSocial Contract · Amour de Soi vs Amour Propre · Émile · Natural Education · InequalityPhilosophy18th century George Berkeley SimulacrumImmaterialism · Esse est percipi · Idealism · The Principles of Human KnowledgePhilosophy17th–18th century Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz SimulacrumMonadology · Sufficient Reason · Pre-Established Harmony · Calculus · Universal CharacteristicPhilosophy17th–18th century Immanuel Kant SimulacrumEthics · Epistemology · ReasonPhilosophy18th–19th century

19th Century Philosophy

Samuel Taylor Coleridge SimulacrumReason and Understanding · The Primary and Secondary Imagination · Aids to Reflection · Distinction Is Not DivisionPhilosophy18th–19th century Arthur Schopenhauer SimulacrumThe World as Will · Representation · Pessimism · Aesthetics · The Denial of the WillPhilosophy18th–19th century Ralph Waldo Emerson SimulacrumSelf-Reliance · The Over-Soul · Nature as Symbol of Spirit · Compensation and Polarity · Fate and PowerPhilosophy19th century Henry David Thoreau SimulacrumCivil Disobedience · Conscience and the State · A Majority of One · Higher Laws · Living DeliberatelyPhilosophy19th century Friedrich Nietzsche SimulacrumGenealogy of morals · Will to power · The death of God · Master and slave morality · Eternal recurrencePhilosophy19th century John Henry Newman SimulacrumGrammar of Assent — an epistemology of belief · Certainty and certitude distinguished · The illative sense as the counterpart of phronesis · Why logic is loose at both endsPhilosophy19th century

The Scottish Enlightenment

Francis Hutcheson SimulacrumMoral Sense · Benevolence · The Greatest Good · Aesthetic PerceptionPhilosophy18th century Thomas Reid SimulacrumCommon Sense · Direct Realism · Against Hume · The Principles of Common SensePhilosophy18th century David Hume SimulacrumEmpiricism · Scepticism · The Is-Ought Gap · Passion · CustomPhilosophy18th century René Descartes SimulacrumMeditations · Cogito Ergo Sum · Dualism · Method of Doubt · Epistemology · Analytic GeometryPhilosophy17th century Jeremy Bentham SimulacrumUtilitarianism · The Greatest Happiness Principle · The Felicific Calculus · Panopticon · Legal ReformPhilosophy18th–19th century John Locke SimulacrumAn Essay Concerning Human Understanding · Two Treatises of Government · Tabula Rasa · Empiricism · Social Contract · TolerationPhilosophy17th century Thomas Hobbes SimulacrumLeviathan · The State of Nature · Social Contract · Sovereignty · Materialism · Political PhilosophyPhilosophy17th century John Stuart Mill SimulacrumUtilitarianism · The harm principle · On Liberty · Higher and lower pleasures · The subjection of womenPhilosophy19th century Adam Smith SimulacrumMoral Sentiments · Sympathy · The Impartial Spectator · Political EconomyPhilosophy18th century Alexander Gerard SimulacrumTaste · Genius · Aesthetic Philosophy · The Creative ProcessPhilosophy18th century James Beattie SimulacrumCommon Sense · Anti-Scepticism · Essay on Truth · Moral AestheticsPhilosophy18th century

Modern Jewish Thought

Manuel Joël SimulacrumJewish Philosophy · Spinoza · Medieval Arabic-Jewish Philosophy · HomileticsPhilosophy19th century Hermann Cohen SimulacrumNeo-Kantianism · Marburg School · Religion of Reason · Ethics of Pure Will · Judaism and IdealismPhilosophy19th–20th century Leo Baeck SimulacrumLiberal Judaism · Essence of Judaism · Mystery and Commandment · Theresienstadt · Polarity TheologyPhilosophy19th–20th century Isaak Heinemann SimulacrumJewish Philosophy · Philo of Alexandria · Hellenistic Judaism · Midrash and AllegoryPhilosophy19th–20th century Martin Buber SimulacrumDialogue · I and Thou · Hasidism · Zionism · Hebrew University · EncounterPhilosophy19th–20th century Franz Rosenzweig SimulacrumStar of Redemption · New Thinking · Creation Revelation Redemption · Lehrhaus · Return to JudaismPhilosophy19th–20th century Abraham Joshua Heschel SimulacrumDivine Pathos · Prophetic Tradition · Man Is Not Alone · Depth Theology · Civil RightsPhilosophy20th century

Buddhist Philosophy

Nāgārjuna of Nālandā SimulacrumMadhyamaka · Śūnyatā · Mūlamadhyamakakārikā · Prāsaṅga Method · Two TruthsPhilosophy2nd century Vasubandhu SimulacrumYogacara · Abhidharmakosha · Vijñaptimātratā · Mind-Only · ConversionPhilosophyc. 4th–5th century CE

Contemporary Philosophy

Bertrand Russell SimulacrumLogical Atomism · Principia Mathematica · Type Theory · The Paradox · Rational ActivismPhilosophy19th–20th century Ludwig Wittgenstein SimulacrumLanguage · Logic · Forms of LifePhilosophy19th–20th century Martin Heidegger SimulacrumBeing · Dasein · The Question Concerning Technology · Phenomenology · HermeneuticsPhilosophy19th–20th century Jean-Paul Sartre SimulacrumExistentialism · Bad faith · Radical freedom · Being and Nothingness · Condemned to be freePhilosophy20th century John Rawls SimulacrumA Theory of Justice · The Original Position · The Veil of Ignorance · Political Liberalism · FairnessPhilosophy20th–21st century Michel Foucault SimulacrumPower · Knowledge · Discourse · Discipline · Genealogy · The History of Sexuality · BiopoliticsPhilosophy20th century Robert Nozick SimulacrumLibertarian Philosophy · Rights · Minimal StatePhilosophy20th–21st century Theodor Adorno SimulacrumCulture Industry · Negative Dialectics · The Authoritarian Personality · Aesthetic Theory · Frankfurt SchoolPhilosophy20th century Jean Baudrillard SimulacrumSimulacra and Simulation · Hyperreality · The Desert of the Real · The Precession of SimulacraPhilosophy20th–21st century Walter Benjamin SimulacrumThe Dialectical Image · The Arcades Project · Aura and Technological Reproducibility · Constellation and Montage · On the Concept of HistoryPhilosophy19th–20th century Herbert Marcuse SimulacrumOne-Dimensional Man · The Great Refusal · Repressive Tolerance · Eros and Civilization · Frankfurt SchoolPhilosophy19th–20th century Simone de Beauvoir SimulacrumThe Ethics of Ambiguity · Situated Freedom · Becoming Rather Than Being · The Second Sex · OthernessPhilosophy20th century

Philosophy of Science

Cofnasian Fact-Value Audit SimulacrumFact-value conflation · The mirror hypothesis · Excavating a citation · Parsimony as burden-allocation · Free inquiryPhilosophyContemporary Douglasian Inductive Risk SimulacrumInductive risk · The value-free ideal · Direct and indirect roles for values · Error costs · Responsibilities of scientistsPhilosophyContemporary Andrewsian Reputational Criticism SimulacrumMoral claims on moral grounds · The social-science-ification of public argument · Borrowed authority · What a citation is doing when a judgement was wantedPhilosophyContemporary Clarkian Adversarial Collaboration SimulacrumHow a literature is skewed without anyone lying · The social price of a finding · Structural remedies rather than moral ones · Designing a test two opponents cannot disownPhilosophyContemporary Radical Racial Pluralism SimulacrumReference and use · Individuating a discourse · Metaphysics of race · Radical racial pluralism · Semantic methodPhilosophyContemporary Woodwardian Causal Explanation SimulacrumPhilosophy of Science · Interventionist Causation · Invariance & Explanatory Depth · Causal CognitionPhilosophyContemporary

Logic

Aristotle SimulacrumSyllogistic Logic · Rhetoric · MetaphysicsPhilosophy4th century BCE Alcuin of York SimulacrumDialogus de Dialectica · The Logica Vetus in the Schools · Dialogue Method · Boethian TransmissionPhilosophy8th–9th century Boethius SimulacrumDe Divisione · De Topicis Differentiis · Hypothetical Syllogisms · The Isagoge Commentaries · The Logica VetusPhilosophy5th–6th century CE Gottlob Frege SimulacrumPredicate Logic · Foundations · Philosophy of LanguagePhilosophy19th–20th century Alfred Tarski SimulacrumFormal Semantics · Truth · Model TheoryPhilosophy20th century Saul Kripke SimulacrumModal Logic · Possible Worlds · Naming & NecessityPhilosophy20th–21st century Sherlock Holmes SimulacrumDeductive Reasoning · Detection · MethodPhilosophyNon-historical Dr. Watson SimulacrumLogic · Deduction · General TroubleshootingPhilosophyNon-historical John Duns Scotus SimulacrumIndividuation and haecceitas · Common nature and the formal distinction · Voluntarism · Doctor SubtilisPhilosophy13th–14th century

Scottish Rhetoric

Lord Kames SimulacrumElements of Criticism · Aesthetic Theory · Law · Taste as Moral FacultyPhilosophy18th century Hugh Blair SimulacrumLectures on Rhetoric · Belles Lettres · Style · Taste · The SublimePhilosophy18th century George Campbell SimulacrumThe Philosophy of Rhetoric · Evidence · Testimony · PersuasionPhilosophy18th century

Physics75

J. Robert Oppenheimer SimulacrumManhattan Project · Quantum field theory · Institute for Advanced Study · Now I am become DeathPhysics20th century Niels Bohr (Complementarity) SimulacrumComplementarity · Atomic Model · Copenhagen Interpretation · Quantum MeasurementPhysics20th century

Ancient & Classical Natural Philosophy

Democritus of Abdera SimulacrumAtoms & Void · Materialism · Ethics · The Laughing PhilosopherPhysics5th–4th century BCE Aristotle (Nature & Soul) SimulacrumPhysics · De Anima · History of Animals · Generation · PartsPhysics4th century BCE Epicurus SimulacrumPleasure · Ataraxia · Friendship · MaterialismPhysics4th–3rd century BCE Archimedes of Syracuse SimulacrumHydrostatics · Method of Exhaustion · Pi · Lever · War Machines · The Sand-ReckonerPhysics3rd century BCE Hero of Alexandria SimulacrumPneumatics · Aeolipile · Automata · Surveying · The First Steam DevicePhysicsfl. 1st century CE Ibn Sahl SimulacrumOptics · refraction · the law of sines · burning mirrorsPhysics10th century Ibn al-Haytham / Alhazen SimulacrumOptics · Kitab al-Manazir · The Camera Obscura · Experimental Method · Vision as IntromissionPhysics10th century

The Scientific Revolution

Galileo Galilei SimulacrumMechanics · telescope · mathematical methodPhysics16th–17th century Johannes Kepler SimulacrumPlanetary Motion · Three Laws · Harmonices Mundi · Celestial MechanicsPhysics16th–17th century Robert Boyle SimulacrumExperimental Chemistry · Gas Laws · The Sceptical ChymistPhysics17th century Christiaan Huygens SimulacrumWave theory of light · pendulum clock · Saturn's ringsPhysics17th century Robert Hooke SimulacrumMicrographia · The Cell · Hooke’s Law · The Compound Microscope · Invisible CollegePhysics17th–18th century Isaac Newton SimulacrumPrincipia · universal gravitation · calculus · opticsPhysics17th–18th century John Dalton SimulacrumAtomic Theory · Elements · Combining ProportionsPhysics19th century

Electromagnetism

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb SimulacrumElectrostatic force · Coulomb's law · torsion balancePhysics18th century André-Marie Ampère SimulacrumElectrodynamics · Ampère's law · the relationship between electricity and magnetismPhysics18th–19th century Georg Simon Ohm SimulacrumElectrical resistance · Ohm's law · circuit theoryPhysics19th century Michael Faraday SimulacrumElectromagnetism · field theory · experimental masteryPhysics19th century Christian Doppler SimulacrumDoppler effect · wave frequency · relative motionPhysics19th century James Clerk Maxwell SimulacrumElectromagnetism · Field Theory · LightPhysics19th century Wilhelm Röntgen SimulacrumX-rays · Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 · Seeing through matterPhysics19th–20th century Nikola Tesla SimulacrumElectromagnetism · Energy · InventionPhysics19th–20th century Albert Michelson SimulacrumInterferometry · The velocity of light · Optical precision · The null result stated as a boundPhysics19th–20th century Hendrik Antoon Lorentz SimulacrumThe electrodynamics of moving bodies · The Lorentz force · The theory of the Zeeman effect · Every result carried to a stated order in v/cPhysics19th–20th century Pieter Zeeman SimulacrumMagneto-optics and the splitting of spectral lines · Designing the apparatus from the objection · The charge-to-mass ratio from a line width · The negative controlPhysics19th–20th century J. J. Thomson SimulacrumCathode rays and the corpuscle · Invariance under substitution · The charge-to-mass ratio by two independent roads · Matter in a state finer than the atomPhysics19th–20th century

Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics

Amedeo Avogadro SimulacrumAvogadro's law · molecular hypothesis · the molePhysics18th–19th century Sadi Carnot SimulacrumThermodynamic cycles · Carnot engine · limits of heat enginesPhysics18th–19th century Rudolf Clausius SimulacrumEntropy · the second law · irreversibilityPhysics19th century James Prescott Joule SimulacrumMechanical equivalent of heat · conservation of energy · electrical heatingPhysics19th century Hermann von Helmholtz SimulacrumConservation of energy · thermodynamics · physiological optics · acousticsPhysics19th century Lord Kelvin SimulacrumAbsolute temperature · thermodynamics · age of the EarthPhysics19th–20th century Ludwig Boltzmann SimulacrumStatistical mechanics · entropy · the atomic hypothesisPhysics19th–20th century Jean Perrin SimulacrumBrownian movement · Sedimentation equilibrium · Avogadro's number by many roads · The reality of the invisiblePhysics19th–20th century Percy Bridgman SimulacrumHigh-pressure physics · Operational definition · The joints in a conceptual structure · What makes a question meaninglessPhysics19th–20th century Lord Rayleigh SimulacrumGas densities and the discovery of argon · Scattering and the blue of the sky · The theory of sound · Magnifying a discrepancy rather than removing itPhysics19th–20th century

The Quantum Revolution

Dmitri Mendeleev SimulacrumPeriodic Table · Elemental Order · PredictionPhysics19th century J. J. Thomson SimulacrumCathode rays and the corpuscle · Invariance under substitution · The charge-to-mass ratio by two independent roads · Matter in a state finer than the atomPhysics19th–20th century Max Planck SimulacrumQuantum hypothesis · blackbody radiation · the birth of quantum theoryPhysics19th–20th century Niels Bohr SimulacrumQuantum Mechanics · Atomic Structure · PhilosophyPhysics19th–20th century Erwin Schrödinger SimulacrumWave Equation · What Is Life? · Anschaulichkeit · Quantum Mechanics · ConsciousnessPhysics19th–20th century Wolfgang Pauli SimulacrumQuantum Mechanics · Exclusion · StructurePhysics19th–20th century Werner Heisenberg SimulacrumQuantum Mechanics · Uncertainty · MatrixPhysics20th century Max Born SimulacrumStatistical Interpretation · The Born Rule · Göttingen School · Quantum Mechanics · Probability in PhysicsPhysics19th–20th century Paul Dirac SimulacrumThe Dirac equation · antimatter · mathematical beautyPhysics20th century John von Neumann SimulacrumGame Theory · Architecture · PhysicsPhysics20th century Kurt Gödel SimulacrumLogic · Incompleteness · Formal SystemsPhysics20th century Hans Bethe SimulacrumNuclear Physics · Stellar Nucleosynthesis · Manhattan Project Theoretical Division · Nobel 1967Physics20th century Richard Feynman SimulacrumQuantum Electrodynamics · Paths · TeachingPhysics20th century Steven Weinberg SimulacrumElectroweak Unification · Dreams of a Final Theory · Reductionism · The First Three Minutes · SymmetryPhysics20th–21st century Murray Gell-Mann SimulacrumQuarks · The Eightfold Way · Quantum Chromodynamics · Strangeness · Complexity SciencePhysics20th–21st century John Bardeen SimulacrumThe Transistor · BCS Theory of Superconductivity · Solid-State Physics · Quantum Many-Body TheoryPhysics20th century Lev Landau SimulacrumSuperfluidity · Phase Transitions · Fermi Liquid Theory · The Course of Theoretical PhysicsPhysics20th century Abdus Salam SimulacrumElectroweak Unification · Gauge Theories · Pati-Salam Model · ICTP · Science and IslamPhysics20th century Eugene Wigner SimulacrumSymmetry and invariance principles · Group theory in quantum mechanics · Nuclear structure · Events, laws and the levels between themPhysics20th century

Radioactivity & Nuclear Physics

Henri Becquerel SimulacrumRadioactivity · Phosphorescence · Uranium Rays · The Prepared Mind · Accidental DiscoveryPhysics19th–20th century Marie Curie SimulacrumRadioactivity · nuclear physics · pioneerPhysics19th–20th century Ernest Rutherford SimulacrumNuclear atom · gold foil experiment · proton · radioactive decayPhysics19th–20th century Lise Meitner SimulacrumNuclear fission · radioactivity · unseen pioneerPhysics20th century James Chadwick SimulacrumNeutron · Nuclear Physics · Manhattan Project UK Delegation · Nobel 1935Physics20th century Arthur Compton SimulacrumCompton Effect · Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory · Manhattan Project · Nobel 1927Physics20th century Patrick Blackett SimulacrumCloud Chamber · Cosmic Rays · Operational Research · The Sailor-Scientist-Socialist · GeomagnetismPhysics19th–20th century Leslie Groves SimulacrumProject Management · Manhattan Project · SecrecyPhysics19th–20th century Leó Szilárd SimulacrumNuclear Chain Reaction · Einstein–Szilárd Letter · Atomic Bomb · Franck Report · DisarmamentPhysics20th century Enrico Fermi SimulacrumNuclear Physics · Estimation · ExperimentPhysics20th century Edward Teller SimulacrumFusion Ignition · Hydrogen Bomb · Source Physics · Controversial LegacyPhysics20th century Stanislaw Ulam SimulacrumMonte Carlo Method · Staging Mathematics · Teller-Ulam · Nuclear Pulse PropulsionPhysics20th century Bernard Brodie SimulacrumNuclear Strategy · Deterrence · The Absolute Weapon · Averting WarPhysics20th century Frederick Soddy SimulacrumThe disintegration theory, with Rutherford · Isotopes and the displacement law · Separation by rate · What the instrument cannot readPhysics19th–20th century

Relativity & Cosmology

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz SimulacrumThe electrodynamics of moving bodies · The Lorentz force · The theory of the Zeeman effect · Every result carried to a stated order in v/cPhysics19th–20th century Albert Einstein SimulacrumRelativity · Quantum Theory · Thought ExperimentsPhysics19th–20th century Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar SimulacrumThe Chandrasekhar Limit · Stellar Structure · Mathematical Beauty · White Dwarfs · Radiative TransferPhysics20th century Stephen Hawking SimulacrumCosmology · Black Holes · RadiationPhysics20th–21st century

Political Science62

Politics, Civil Resistance & Transformation

Parihaka Climate Voices SimulacrumNonviolent Resistance · Indigenous Strategy · ClimatePolitical Science19th century Mohandas Gandhi SimulacrumNonviolence · Satyagraha · Civil ResistancePolitical Science19th–20th century Dwight D. Eisenhower SimulacrumPresidential Leadership · Military-Industrial Complex · Cold WarPolitical Science19th–20th century Nelson Mandela SimulacrumLiberation · Reconciliation · Democratic TransitionPolitical Science20th–21st century Martin Luther King Jr SimulacrumCivil Rights · Nonviolent Resistance · Moral LeadershipPolitical Science20th century Albert Schweitzer SimulacrumReverence for Life · Historical Jesus · Bach Interpretation · Tropical Medicine · Philosophy of CivilisationPolitical Science19th–20th century Andrei Sakharov SimulacrumNuclear Physics · Human Rights · Intellectual Freedom · Dissent · Convergence TheoryPolitical Science20th century Willy Brandt SimulacrumOstpolitik · Cold War Diplomacy · Acknowledging Reality · The Warsaw GenuflectionPolitical Science20th century Ralph Bunche SimulacrumMediation · UN Peacekeeping · Armistice Negotiation · International Architecture · Justice and PeacePolitical Science20th century Jane Addams SimulacrumSettlement Practice · Democracy and Social Ethics · Moral Substitutes for War · Immigration and the City · Industrial LegislationPolitical Science19th–20th century Bertha von Suttner SimulacrumWar as Abolishable Institution · International Arbitration · The Novel as Instrument · Armaments · The Manufacture of WarsPolitical Science19th–20th century Norman Angell SimulacrumEconomic Futility of War · Collective Security · The Public Mind · Political Economy of Conquest · Opinion as the Operative CausePolitical Science19th–20th century Henry Dunant SimulacrumWitness as Method · Humanitarian Law · Aid Societies in Peacetime · Impartiality Without Distinction of Nationality · The Particular Against the AggregatePolitical Science19th–20th century Walter Lippmann SimulacrumPublic Opinion · Stereotypes · The Phantom Public · Pseudo-Environment · Manufacturing ConsentPolitical Science19th–20th century

Political Theory

Machiavelli Statecraft SimulacrumThe Prince · Discourses · Virtù · Fortuna · Raison d'État · Republican RealismPolitical Science15th–16th century John Milton SimulacrumAreopagitica · The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates · Liberty of Unlicensed Printing · The Accountable KingPolitical Science17th century Rousseau General Will SimulacrumThe Social Contract · General Will · Sovereignty · Natural Freedom · Civil Religion · InequalityPolitical Science18th century Burke Conservative Tradition SimulacrumReflections on the Revolution · Prescription · Prejudice as Wisdom · Organic Society · Reform Not RevolutionPolitical Science18th century Marx Class Struggle SimulacrumClass Struggle · State Theory · Political Revolution · The Eighteenth Brumaire · Dictatorship of the ProletariatPolitical Science19th century Hannah Arendt SimulacrumPolitical Action · The Human Condition · Totalitarianism · The Banality of Evil · Natality · The Public RealmPolitical Science20th century Frantz Fanon SimulacrumThe Wretched of the Earth · Decolonization · Violence and Liberation · Black Skin White Masks · Colonial PsychopathologyPolitical Science20th century Karl Polanyi SimulacrumThe Great Transformation · Double Movement · Embeddedness · Fictitious Commodities · Market Society vs Society with MarketsPolitical Science20th century Mouffean Agonistic Pluralism SimulacrumAgonistic Democracy · The Political vs Politics · Hegemony · Radical Democracy · The Democratic ParadoxPolitical ScienceContemporary Senian Capabilities and Freedom SimulacrumCapability Approach · Development as Freedom · Social Choice · Famines and Entitlements · Identity and ViolencePolitical ScienceContemporary Rawls Justice as Fairness SimulacrumA Theory of Justice · The Veil of Ignorance · The Difference Principle · Public Reason · Political LiberalismPolitical Science20th century Vaneigemian Situationist SimulacrumSituationist International · Revolution of Everyday Life · Radical Subjectivity · Anti-WorkPolitical ScienceContemporary Blackian Ludic Abolition SimulacrumAbolition of Work · Post-Left Anarchism · Ludic Revolution · Anti-Compulsory ProductionPolitical ScienceContemporary

International Relations & Strategic Theory

Clausewitz War as Politics SimulacrumOn War · Friction · The Fog of War · War as Continuation of Policy · Trinity of Violence, Chance, and ReasonPolitical Science18th–19th century Thomas Schelling SimulacrumThe Strategy of Conflict · Focal Points · Credible Commitment · Bargaining · Nuclear Deterrence · Nobel Economics 2005Political Science20th–21st century Kenneth Waltz SimulacrumTheory of International Politics · Structural Realism · Anarchy · Balance of Power · NeorealismPolitical Science20th century Samuel Huntington SimulacrumThe Clash of Civilizations · Political Order · Civil-Military Relations · Democratic TransitionPolitical Science20th century Keohanean Institutional Cooperation SimulacrumAfter Hegemony · Liberal Institutionalism · International Regimes · Cooperation Under Anarchy · ReciprocityPolitical ScienceContemporary Nyean Soft Power SimulacrumSoft Power · Smart Power · Liberal International Order · The Future of Power · InterdependencePolitical Science20th–21st century Mearsheimerian Offensive Realism SimulacrumThe Tragedy of Great Power Politics · Offensive Realism · Security Competition · Hegemony · The Stopping Power of WaterPolitical ScienceContemporary Wendtian Constructivism SimulacrumSocial Theory of International Politics · Anarchy Is What States Make of It · Identity · Norms · Intersubjective MeaningPolitical ScienceContemporary

Comparative Politics & Institutions

Alexis de Tocqueville SimulacrumDemocracy in America · Tyranny of the Majority · Civil Society · Aristocratic Liberalism · The Old RegimePolitical Science19th century Barrington Moore SimulacrumSocial Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy · Agrarian Revolution · Routes to Modernity · No Bourgeoisie No DemocracyPolitical Science20th century Juan Linz SimulacrumTotalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes · Presidentialism vs Parliamentarism · Democratic Breakdown · Regime TypesPolitical Science20th century Acemogluan Institutions SimulacrumWhy Nations Fail · Extractive vs Inclusive Institutions · Creative Destruction · The Narrow Corridor · Nobel Economics 2024Political ScienceContemporary Fukuyamian Political Order SimulacrumThe End of History · Political Order and Decay · State Building · The Origins of Political Order · IdentityPolitical ScienceContemporary James Buchanan SimulacrumPublic Choice · Constitutional Economics · Rent-Seeking · Calculus of Consent · Nobel Economics 1986Political Science20th century Robert Dahl SimulacrumPolyarchy · Who Governs? · Pluralism · Democratic Theory · Power and InfluencePolitical Science20th century Elinor Ostrom SimulacrumGoverning the Commons · Institutional Analysis · Polycentric Governance · CPR Management · Nobel Economics 2009Political Science20th–21st century Electoral Engineering Practitioner SimulacrumElectoral Systems · FPTP · PR · STV · Mixed Systems · Gerrymandering · Duverger's Law · District MagnitudePolitical ScienceNon-historical Lijphartian Consensus Democracy SimulacrumPatterns of Democracy · Consensus vs Majoritarian · Consociationalism · Power-Sharing · Electoral SystemsPolitical ScienceContemporary

Anarchism & Radical Theory

Max Stirner SimulacrumEgoism · The Unique One · Critique of IdeologyPolitical Science19th century Alexei Borovoy SimulacrumRussian Individualist Anarchism · Mystical Anarchism · EgoPolitical Science19th–20th century B. Traven SimulacrumAnarchist Fiction · Labour · Mystery · AdventurePolitical Science19th–20th century Paul Goodman SimulacrumAnarchist Education · Community · Compulsory MiseducationPolitical Science20th century Fredy Perlman SimulacrumAgainst Civilisation · Leviathan · Anarchist HistoryPolitical Science20th century Hakim Bey SimulacrumTemporary Autonomous Zones · Poetic Terrorism · Ontological AnarchismPolitical Science20th–21st century Wolfi Landstreicher SimulacrumEgoist Anarchism · Individualism · Anti-MoralityPolitical ScienceContemporary Feral Faun SimulacrumAnarcho-Primitivism · Wild Subjectivity · Anti-CivilisationPolitical ScienceContemporary Sir Einzige SimulacrumStirnerite Egoism · Unique One · Post-Left AnarchyPolitical ScienceContemporary Aragorn! SimulacrumGreen Anarchism · Anti-Civilisation · North American AnarchismPolitical Science20th–21st century Benjamin Tucker SimulacrumIndividualist Anarchism · Liberty Journal · Mutual Banking · Equal Freedom · Stirner in AmericaPolitical Science19th–20th century Dora Marsden SimulacrumEgoist Feminism · The Freewoman · The Egoist · Lingual Psychology · Individual SovereigntyPolitical Science19th–20th century John Henry Mackay SimulacrumStirner Biography · Individualist Anarchism · The Anarchists · Homosexual EmancipationPolitical Science19th–20th century Renzo Novatore SimulacrumAnarcho-Futurism · Nihilist Anarchism · Toward the Creative Nothing · Iconoclasm · Individual RebellionPolitical Science19th–20th century S.E. Parker SimulacrumConscious Egoism · Minus One Journal · Archism vs Anarchism · Post-Anarchist EgoismPolitical Science20th century Bonannian Insurrection SimulacrumArmed Joy · Insurrectionary Anarchism · Affinity Groups · Destructive Critique · Direct ActionPolitical ScienceContemporary Newmanian Post-Anarchism SimulacrumPost-Anarchism · Lacan and Anarchism · Post-Structuralist Politics · Voluntary Servitude · Power After FoucaultPolitical ScienceContemporary

Psychedelics20

William James SimulacrumVarieties of Religious Experience · Nitrous Oxide · Radical Empiricism · MysticismPsychedelics19th–20th century María Sabina SimulacrumThe Velada · Sacred Mushrooms · Mazatec Healing · Language as MedicinePsychedelics20th century Aldous Huxley SimulacrumThe Doors of Perception · The Reducing Valve · Mescaline · The Perennial PhilosophyPsychedelics20th century R. Gordon Wasson SimulacrumEthnomycology · The Velada · Soma · Mushrooms & CivilisationPsychedelics20th century Albert Hofmann SimulacrumLSD · Psilocybin · Chemistry · The Bicycle DayPsychedelics20th–21st century Richard Evans Schultes SimulacrumEthnobotany · Amazonian Plants · Indigenous Knowledge · ConservationPsychedelics20th–21st century John C. Lilly SimulacrumIsolation Tanks · Ketamine · The Human Biocomputer · Dolphin CommunicationPsychedelics20th–21st century Humphry Osmond SimulacrumPsychedelic Naming · The M-Hypothesis · Schizophrenia · High-Dose ModelPsychedelics20th–21st century Timothy Leary SimulacrumSet and Setting · The Harvard Experiments · Turn On Tune In Drop OutPsychedelics20th century Carlos Castaneda SimulacrumThe Teachings of Don Juan · Tonal/Nagual · Controlled Folly · PerceptionPsychedelics20th century Alexander Shulgin SimulacrumPIHKAL · TIHKAL · Structure-Activity · Self-ExperimentationPsychedelics20th–21st century Claudio Naranjo SimulacrumMDA · Harmaline · Character & Neurosis · SAT Programme · GestaltPsychedelics20th–21st century Ralph Metzner SimulacrumMaps of Consciousness · Ecology of Mind · Green Psychology · IntentionPsychedelics20th–21st century Terence McKenna SimulacrumPsilocybin · The Stoned Ape · Language · Novelty Theory · The Archaic RevivalPsychedelics20th century Carhart-Harrissian Entropic Brain SimulacrumThe entropic brain · Default mode network · REBUS model · Psychedelic therapy trials · Entropy and the flexibility of beliefPsychedelicsContemporary Grofian Holotropic SimulacrumHolotropic states · LSD psychotherapy · Perinatal matrices · Non-ordinary states as therapeutic · The cartography of the psychePsychedelicsContemporary Jonathan Ott SimulacrumEthnobotany · Natural products chemistry · Entheogens and the coining of the term · Pharmacotheon · Self-experimentation as methodPsychedelics20th–21st century McKennan Ethnopharmacology SimulacrumEthnopharmacology · Ayahuasca and beta-carbolines · Plant chemistry · Fieldwork with traditional preparations · The pharmacology behind the ritualPsychedelicsContemporary Shanonian Antipodean Cognition SimulacrumPhenomenology of ayahuasca · The antipodes of the mind · Cognitive psychology of visions · First-person data taken seriously · Structure in the extraordinaryPsychedelicsContemporary Stametsian Mycelial Intelligence SimulacrumMycelial networks · Fungal ecology · Mycoremediation · Medicinal mushrooms · The mycelium as networkPsychedelicsContemporary

Psychology65

Frederic Bartlett SimulacrumReconstructive Memory · Schema Theory · Remembering · Cambridge PsychologyPsychology20th century Hans Eysenck SimulacrumPersonality · Extraversion–Neuroticism–Psychoticism · Criminal Personality · PsychometricsPsychology20th century Albert Ellis SimulacrumRational Emotive Behaviour Therapy · ABC Model · Irrational Beliefs · Cognitive TherapyPsychology20th–21st century Hobsonian Dreaming SimulacrumActivation–Synthesis · REM Neurophysiology · Dream Theory · Anti-Freudian NeurosciencePsychology20th–21st century Banduran Learning SimulacrumSocial Learning Theory · Observational Learning · Vicarious Reinforcement · Self-EfficacyPsychology20th–21st century Stanley Milgram SimulacrumObedience to Authority · Situational Social Psychology · Conformity · Experimental MethodPsychology20th century Ronald Fisher SimulacrumExperimental Design · Statistical Method · Hypothesis Testing · RandomisationPsychology20th century Moritz Lazarus SimulacrumVölkerpsychologie · Ethics of Judaism · Collective Mind · German-Jewish IdentityPsychology19th–20th century Wilhelm Wundt SimulacrumExperimental Psychology · Introspection · ApperceptionPsychology19th–20th century William James SimulacrumPragmatism · Stream of Consciousness · Varieties of Religious ExperiencePsychology19th–20th century Melanie Klein SimulacrumObject Relations · Inner World · Depressive Position · Play TechniquePsychology19th–20th century Ivan Pavlov SimulacrumClassical Conditioning · Conditioned Reflex · Experimental NeurosisPsychology19th–20th century Sigmund Freud SimulacrumPsychoanalysis · The Unconscious · Repression · Dream InterpretationPsychology19th–20th century Alfred Adler SimulacrumIndividual Psychology · Inferiority · Social Interest · EncouragementPsychology19th–20th century Carl Gustav Jung SimulacrumAnalytical Psychology · Archetypes · IndividuationPsychology19th–20th century John B. Watson SimulacrumBehaviourism · The Behaviourist Manifesto · Environmental DeterminismPsychology19th–20th century D.W. Winnicott SimulacrumGood-Enough · Holding Environment · True Self · Potential SpacePsychology19th–20th century Lev Vygotsky SimulacrumDevelopmental Psychology · Zone of Proximal Development · LearningPsychology19th–20th century Jean Piaget SimulacrumCognitive Development · Constructivism · Four StagesPsychology19th–20th century Carl Rogers SimulacrumPerson-Centred Therapy · Unconditional Positive Regard · Actualising TendencyPsychology20th century Konrad Lorenz SimulacrumEthology · Imprinting · Fixed Action Patterns · Animal BehaviourPsychology20th–21st century Benensonian Comparative Ethology SimulacrumNaturally occurring behaviour, coded · The identical conflict · Cross-species and developmental triangulation · Sociability distinguished from cooperationPsychologyContemporary B.F. Skinner SimulacrumBehaviourism · Operant Conditioning · Schedules of ReinforcementPsychology20th century Viktor Frankl SimulacrumLogotherapy · Will to Meaning · Man's Search for MeaningPsychology20th century John Bowlby SimulacrumAttachment Theory · Secure Base · Internal Working ModelsPsychology20th century Abraham Maslow SimulacrumHierarchy of Needs · Self-Actualisation · Peak Experiences · Humanistic PsychologyPsychology20th century Mary Ainsworth SimulacrumStrange Situation · Attachment Patterns · Sensitivity HypothesisPsychology20th century Joseph Wolpe SimulacrumSystematic Desensitisation · Reciprocal Inhibition · Exposure TherapyPsychology20th century George Miller SimulacrumCognitive Psychology · Memory · AttentionPsychology20th–21st century Milton Erickson SimulacrumUtilisation Hypnotherapy · Indirect Suggestion · Therapeutic Metaphor · Trance StatesPsychology20th century Virginia Satir SimulacrumCongruence & Family Systems · Communication Stances · Self-Worth · The Temperature ReadingPsychology20th century Fritz Perls SimulacrumGestalt Therapy · The Here and Now · Figure and Ground · Contact and WithdrawalPsychology20th century NLP Modelling Systems SimulacrumNeuro-Linguistic Programming · The Meta Model · The Milton Model · Modelling ExcellencePsychology20th–21st century Beckian Cognitive Therapy SimulacrumCognitive Therapy · Automatic Thoughts · The Cognitive Triad · Schema TheoryPsychology20th–21st century Clarkian-Salkovskian Anxiety Models SimulacrumCognitive Model of Panic · OCD · Health Anxiety · Catastrophic MisinterpretationPsychologyContemporary Meichenbaumian Cognitive Behaviour Modification SimulacrumSelf-Instructional Training · Stress Inoculation · Internal Dialogue · Cognitive Behaviour ModificationPsychologyContemporary Hayesian Acceptance and Commitment SimulacrumAcceptance & Commitment Therapy · Psychological Flexibility · Values-Based Action · DefusionPsychologyContemporary Linehanian Dialectical Behaviour SimulacrumDialectical Behaviour Therapy · Radical Acceptance · Distress Tolerance · Emotional RegulationPsychologyContemporary MBCT SimulacrumMindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy · Relapse Prevention · Decentring · Being Mode vs Doing ModePsychology20th–21st century Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon SimulacrumCrowd Psychology · Contagion · Suggestibility · The Transformation of the Individual in the CrowdPsychology19th–20th century Edward Bernays SimulacrumPropaganda · Public Relations · Engineering of Consent · Applied FreudPsychology19th–20th century Elias Canetti SimulacrumCrowds and Power · The Sting of Command · Pack Types · Crowd Attributes · Nobel 1981Psychology20th century Daniel Kahneman SimulacrumCognitive Bias · Prospect Theory · System 1 and System 2 · Heuristics · Nobel 2002Psychology20th–21st century Clarkian Adversarial Collaboration SimulacrumAdversarial collaboration · Scientific self-censorship · Prosocial motives for suppression · Symmetry of partisan bias · MetasciencePsychologyContemporary Solomon Asch SimulacrumConformity Experiments · Gestalt Social Psychology · Impression Formation · Group PressurePsychology20th century Cialdinian Influence SimulacrumPersuasion · Six Principles of Influence · Reciprocity · Social Proof · Pre-SuasionPsychologyContemporary Herbert Simon SimulacrumBounded Rationality · Satisficing · Attention Economics · Administrative Behaviour · Nobel 1978Psychology20th–21st century Barbara Allen SimulacrumStudent Services & CounsellorPsychologyNon-historical Winegardian Coalitional Psychology SimulacrumCostly signalling · Coalitional psychology · Honest indicators · Status and cultural production · Sacred values in sciencePsychologyContemporary Turkheimerian Gloomy Prospect SimulacrumThe three laws of behaviour genetics · The gloomy prospect · Heritability as a conditional statistic · Variance against causation · Weak explanationPsychologyContemporary James Flynn SimulacrumThe Flynn effect · Subtest profiles · The multiplier model · Cognitive habits and modernity · Open inquiryPsychology20th–21st century Hardenian Genetic Lottery SimulacrumGenetic luck and moral arbitrariness · Anti-eugenic policy · Polygenic scores as research tools · Genetic confounding · Equality of opportunityPsychologyContemporary Cesarinian Genoeconomics SimulacrumPrediction against identification · Between-family and within-family estimates · Polygenic scores and their limits · Raising the evidentiary barPsychologyContemporary Abdellaouian Genetic Geography SimulacrumWhat is actually inside a polygenic score · The ecological fallacy in genetic geography · Why a within-family design does not fully escape itPsychologyContemporary Nyborgian Physicology SimulacrumHormones and cognition · Gonadal hormone status as an exogenous variable · The testosterone–intelligence trade-off · Perception of the vertical and the rod-and-frame testPsychologyContemporary Fleischmanian Reinforcement SimulacrumDisgust and disease avoidance · Hormones and behaviour · Evolutionary psychology joined to behaviourism · The reward function as an evolved phenotypePsychologyContemporary Tomasellian Shared Intentionality SimulacrumShared intentionality and the we-mode · Comparative batteries across species · Joint commitment revealed by its breakdown · Cumulative culture and the ratchetPsychologyContemporary Cognitive Adaptation SimulacrumReverse-engineering a computational device · Content effects in conditional reasoning · Frequency formats and ecological rationality · Function fixed by a world that no longer existsPsychologyContemporary Pinkerian Words-and-Rules SimulacrumLexical lookup and a default rule · What happens when a word is severed from its root · Default is not the same as frequent · What a learner could not have learned from the inputPsychologyContemporary Henrichian Collective Brain SimulacrumWho was sampled, how many, and where in the range · Unrepresentative subject pools at the edge of human variation · Scope undemonstrated, never false · Cultural learning and psychological variationPsychologyContemporary Cisekian Affordance SimulacrumAffordance competition · Urgency gating · Phylogenetic refinement · Embodied decision-makingPsychologyContemporary Shadlenian Deliberation SimulacrumPerceptual decision-making · Evidence accumulation to a bound · Confidence and decision time · Consciousness as a decision to reportPsychologyContemporary Redishian Decision-Systems SimulacrumVicarious trial and error · Multiple decision systems · Neuroeconomics of choice · Computational psychiatryPsychologyContemporary Mattarian Deliberation SimulacrumPrioritized memory access · Hippocampal replay and planning · The value of computation · Fatigue, boredom and opportunity costPsychologyContemporary O'Dohertian Arbitration SimulacrumDecision Neuroscience · Arbitration Between Goal-Directed and Habitual Control · Model-Based fMRI · Reinforcement Learning in the BrainPsychologyContemporary

Rhetoric33

Vatzian Rhetorical Situation SimulacrumThe rhetorical situation · Rhetoric creates the situation · Against Bitzer · Agenda-setting and salience · The persuasive act as choiceRhetoricContemporary

Greek Oratory (Ῥητορικὴ Τέχνη)

Antiphon SimulacrumAttic Oratory · Eikos · Probability · The First LogographerRhetoric5th century BCE Lysias SimulacrumAttic Oratory · The Plain Style · Characterisation · Art That Conceals ArtRhetoric5th–4th century BCE Isocrates SimulacrumGreek Rhetoric · Political Education · Periodic Style · Pan-HellenismRhetoric5th–4th century BCE Demosthenes SimulacrumGreek Rhetoric · Political Urgency · The Philippics · ParrhēsiaRhetoric4th century BCE

Roman Rhetoric (Ars Oratoria)

Marcus Tullius Cicero SimulacrumOratory · De Oratore · Rhetoric · Humanitas · The Complete OratorRhetoric1st century BCE Rhetorica Ciceroniana SimulacrumOratory · Rhetoric · Persuasion · Latin Style · The Five CanonsRhetoricClassical Latin Marcus Fabius Quintilianus SimulacrumRhetoric · Education · Institutio Oratoria · The Complete OratorRhetoric1st century CE

Scottish Rhetoric (18th Century)

Al-Fārābī SimulacrumThe Second Teacher · Political Philosophy · Music Theory · Neoplatonism · The Virtuous CityRhetoric9th century Averroes / Ibn Rushd SimulacrumAristotle Commentaries · Tahāfut al-Tahāfut · Islamic Law · Medicine · AndalusiaRhetoric12th century Lord Kames SimulacrumElements of Criticism · Aesthetic Theory · Law · Taste as Moral FacultyRhetoric18th century Hugh Blair SimulacrumLectures on Rhetoric · Belles Lettres · Style · Taste · The SublimeRhetoric18th century George Campbell SimulacrumThe Philosophy of Rhetoric · Evidence · Testimony · PersuasionRhetoric18th century

Analytical Tools

Rhetorical Analysis SimulacrumRhetorical Structure · Figure Detection · Appeal Analysis · Dispositio · Style ComparisonRhetoricComposite

Classical Scholarship

Longinus SimulacrumOn the Sublime · Hýpsos · Elevation · Transport · The Lightning-BoltRhetoric1st century CE George A. Kennedy SimulacrumClassical Rhetoric · Comparative Rhetoric · History of Rhetoric · Greek Rhetoric Through the AgesRhetoric20th–21st century

Rhetorical Theory (20th Century)

I.A. Richards SimulacrumThe Philosophy of Rhetoric · Tenor and Vehicle · Metaphor · Meaning · Practical CriticismRhetoric19th–20th century Kenneth Burke SimulacrumDramatism · Identification · The Pentad · Grammar of Motives · Language as Symbolic ActionRhetoric19th–20th century Ernesto Grassi SimulacrumRhetoric as Philosophy · Italian Humanism · Ingenium · The Priority of the FigurativeRhetoric20th century Richard M. Weaver SimulacrumIdeas Have Consequences · The Ethics of Rhetoric · Language Is Sermonic · Ultimate TermsRhetoric20th century J.L. Austin SimulacrumSpeech Act Theory · How to Do Things with Words · Performative Utterances · Illocutionary ForceRhetoric20th century

Argumentation

Chaïm Perelman SimulacrumThe New Rhetoric · Audience · Argumentation Theory · Reasonable vs Rational · Universal AudienceRhetoric20th century Stephen Toulmin SimulacrumThe Uses of Argument · The Toulmin Model · Warrants · Backing · Field-Dependent StandardsRhetoric20th–21st century Lloyd F. Bitzer SimulacrumThe Rhetorical Situation · Exigence · Audience · Constraints · Situational RhetoricRhetoric20th–21st century Scott Consigny SimulacrumRhetoric and Its Situations · The Bitzer-Vatz Debate · Integrity · ReceptivityRhetoric20th century

Rhetorical Criticism

Herbert A. Wichelns SimulacrumThe Literary Criticism of Oratory · Rhetorical Criticism · Speech as Persuasion · The Founding EssayRhetoric19th–20th century Wayne Brockriede SimulacrumArguers as Lovers · Rhetorical Criticism as Argument · Stance · Ethics of ArgumentRhetoric20th century Edwin Black SimulacrumRhetorical Criticism · The Second Persona · Neo-Aristotelian Critique · Moral Dimensions of RhetoricRhetoric20th–21st century Gloria Anzaldúa SimulacrumBorderlands · Mestiza Consciousness · Nepantla · Code-Switching · Rhetoric of the MarginsRhetoric20th–21st century bell hooks SimulacrumEngaged Pedagogy · Talking Back · The Margins as a Site of Resistance · Love as PracticeRhetoric20th–21st century Carlinian Soft-Language SimulacrumSoft language and the euphemism curve · Syllable count as a measure of distance · Enumeration to the edge of a category · The archive as methodRhetoricContemporary

Media & Orality

Marshall McLuhan SimulacrumThe Medium Is the Message · Understanding Media · Hot and Cool · The Global Village · Extensions of ManRhetoric20th century Walter J. Ong, S.J. SimulacrumOrality and Literacy · Oral Culture · The Psychodynamics of Writing · Rhetoric and ConsciousnessRhetoric20th–21st century

School of Law38

Karl Llewellyn SimulacrumLegal Realism · Uniform Commercial Code · Bramble Bush · Law-Jobs Theory · Situation SenseSchool of Law20th century Lord Denning SimulacrumEquity · Common Law Reform · Judicial Activism · The Discipline of Law · Plain English JudgementsSchool of Law20th century Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr SimulacrumLegal Realism · Common Law · Clear and Present Danger · The Life of the Law Is ExperienceSchool of Law19th–20th century

Ancient & Classical Law

The Legal Scribe SimulacrumContract Law · Obligation · Sumerian Legal Formulae · Witnessing · dubsar kitimSchool of Law20th century BCE Hammurabi SimulacrumThe Codex · Law · Kingship · Justice · Old Babylonian EmpireSchool of Law18th century BCE Marcus Tullius Cicero SimulacrumRoman Law · Republic · OratorySchool of Law1st century BCE Justinian I SimulacrumCorpus Juris Civilis · Roman law codification · Digest · Institutes · Lex scriptaSchool of Law6th century

Jurisprudence & Natural Law

Al-Shafi'i SimulacrumIslamic jurisprudence · Usul al-fiqh · The Risala · Sources of law in IslamSchool of Law8th–9th century Hugo Grotius SimulacrumMare Liberum · Freedom of the Seas · Law of War and Peace · Natural Law · International LawSchool of Law16th–17th century A.V. Dicey SimulacrumConstitutional law · Rule of law · Parliamentary sovereignty · Introduction to the Law of the ConstitutionSchool of Law19th–20th century Frederick Pollock SimulacrumCommon law · Legal history · Jurisprudence · Holmes correspondenceSchool of Law19th–20th century F.W. Maitland SimulacrumLegal history · English common law · Domesday Book · The corporation as legal fictionSchool of Law19th–20th century Hersch Lauterpacht SimulacrumInternational law · Human rights · Individual in international law · NurembergSchool of Law20th century H.L.A. Hart SimulacrumLegal positivism · The Concept of Law · Primary and secondary rules · Separability thesisSchool of Law20th century Oliver Marshall SimulacrumLegal Theory · Jurisprudence · AdvocacySchool of LawComposite · 20th century

The Common Law Tradition

Sir Edward Coke SimulacrumCommon law · Institutes · Magna Carta · parliamentary sovereigntySchool of Law16th–17th century William Blackstone SimulacrumCommentaries on the Laws of England · Common Law Systematisation · Natural Law · Rights of Persons · Public Wrongs · Constitutional LawSchool of Law18th century John Marshall SimulacrumJudicial review · Marbury v Madison · McCulloch v Maryland · Supremacy of federal lawSchool of Law18th–19th century Lord Macnaghten SimulacrumM'Naghten Rules · Criminal insanity · Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball · Contract lawSchool of Law19th–20th century Edward Marshall Hall SimulacrumCriminal advocacy · Murder trials · The art of the closing speech · Great defenderSchool of Law19th–20th century Lord Atkin SimulacrumDonoghue v Stevenson · Neighbour principle · Duty of care · The snail in the bottleSchool of Law19th–20th century Horace R. Coke SimulacrumCommon Law · Advocacy · Criminal DefenceSchool of LawNon-historical

Criminal Law & Advocacy

Clarence Darrow SimulacrumCriminal Defence · Advocacy · Civil LibertiesSchool of Law19th–20th century Thurgood Marshall SimulacrumCivil Rights Law · Constitutional Law · NAACPSchool of Law20th century

International & Humanitarian Law

Schmittian Law of Armed Conflict SimulacrumInternational humanitarian law · targeting law · cyber warfareSchool of LawContemporary Dochertyan Humanitarian Disarmament SimulacrumHumanitarian disarmament · autonomous weapons · cluster munitionsSchool of LawContemporary René Cassin SimulacrumDrafting the Universal Declaration · The law of obligations · Sequencing adoption · Universal principle and regional machinerySchool of Law19th–20th century

Liberation, Rights & Reform

Louis Brandeis SimulacrumThe People's Lawyer · Right to privacy · Sociological jurisprudence · Brandeis briefSchool of Law19th–20th century Beatrice Webb SimulacrumFabian socialism · LSE · Labour law · Minority Report on the Poor LawSchool of Law19th–20th century Eleanor Rathbone SimulacrumFamily allowances · Women's rights · Independent MP · Social welfare legislationSchool of Law20th century Eleanor Roosevelt SimulacrumUniversal Declaration of Human Rights · Human rights diplomacy · "Where do human rights begin?"School of Law20th century B.R. Ambedkar SimulacrumIndian Constitution · Dalit rights · Annihilation of Caste · Social justice through lawSchool of Law20th century Nelson Mandela SimulacrumLaw · Liberation · Constitutional TransitionSchool of Law20th–21st century Lord Cooke of Thorndon SimulacrumNew Zealand common law · Fundamental rights · Common law constitutionalismSchool of Law20th–21st century Ruth Bader Ginsburg SimulacrumEqual protection · Sex discrimination · ACLU Women's Rights Project · Dissent as instructionSchool of Law20th–21st century Sachsian Constitutional Justice SimulacrumConstitutional Court of South Africa · Post-apartheid law · Soft vengeance · Dignity jurisprudenceSchool of LawContemporary Helene Stöcker SimulacrumFeminist Pacifism · Free Love · Reproductive Rights · Neue Ethik · Bund für MutterschutzSchool of Law19th–20th century Kurt Hiller SimulacrumLegal Reform · Paragraph 175 · Expressionism · Pacifism · Political JournalismSchool of Law19th–20th century

Sexuality & Gender30

Sexology and Medicine

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs SimulacrumBurden of Proof · The Third Sex · Innateness · Legal Reform · Sexology before the WordSexuality & Gender19th century Richard von Krafft-Ebing SimulacrumForensic Psychiatry · Sexual Pathology · Disease and Vice · The Case History · Degeneration TheorySexuality & Gender19th–20th century Havelock Ellis SimulacrumStudies in the Psychology of Sex · Sexual Inversion 1897 · Anomaly and Disease · Comparative Method · Sampling from Free LifeSexuality & Gender19th–20th century Iwan Bloch SimulacrumSexualwissenschaft · The Anthropological Method · Against Degeneration Theory · Encyclopædism · The Sampling CritiqueSexuality & Gender19th–20th century Magnus Hirschfeld SimulacrumZwischenstufenlehre · Sexual Intermediaries · Institut für Sexualwissenschaft · Per Scientiam ad Iustitiam · Science as Legal ArgumentSexuality & Gender19th–20th century Benjaminian Transsexual Criteria SimulacrumThe Transsexual Phenomenon 1966 · Sex Orientation Scale · Reversible Before Irreversible · Diagnosis by Request · Endocrine SexologySexuality & GenderContemporary Arthur Kronfeld SimulacrumSeelische Sexualleiden · Psychotherapy · Sexual Suffering as Medical Suffering · Weimar Clinical PsychologySexuality & Gender19th–20th century Alfred Kinsey SimulacrumTaxonomic Method · Individual Variation · Behaviour as Character · The Seven-Point Scale · Incidence and FrequencySexuality & Gender19th–20th century Max Hodann SimulacrumSexualaufklärung · Sex Education · Marriage Counselling · Knowledge as First MedicineSexuality & Gender19th–20th century Felix Abraham SimulacrumGenitalumwandlung · Early Gender Surgery · Forensic Opinion · The TransvestitenscheinSexuality & Gender20th century Moneyan Determinants SimulacrumGender Identity and Gender Role · The Sequence of Determinants · Psychoendocrinology · Coinage and Jurisdiction · The Contested ProtocolSexuality & GenderContemporary Stollerian Method SimulacrumGender Identity · The Sex/Gender Distinction · The Method Half of the Book · The Ladder from Prejudice to Law · The Clinic and Its EvidenceSexuality & GenderContemporary St. Louis Dual-Sex Team SimulacrumThe Marital Relationship as the Patient · Dual-Sex Cotherapy · The Silent Cotherapist · Failure Rates as the Only Honest Statistic · Reproducibility as the TestSexuality & GenderContemporary Stonean Counterdiscourse SimulacrumManufacture of a Diagnostic Category · Recursive Criteria · Passing and Voice · CounterdiscourseSexuality & GenderContemporary Gajdicsian Taxonomy SimulacrumDesire versus Identity · Conversion Practices · Legislative Consequence · The Cost of ConflationSexuality & GenderContemporary Strykerian Articulation SimulacrumArticulation as a Measure of Importance · Transgender as an Analytic Concept · Queering the Woman Question · Standpoint and Its Limits · The Historian's Backward MoveSexuality & GenderContemporary

Feminist Theory and Gender

Helene Stöcker SimulacrumFeminist Pacifism · Free Love · Reproductive Rights · Neue Ethik · Bund für MutterschutzSexuality & Gender19th–20th century Stollerian Method SimulacrumGender Identity · The Sex/Gender Distinction · The Method Half of the Book · The Ladder from Prejudice to Law · The Clinic and Its EvidenceSexuality & GenderContemporary Mulveyan Visual Pleasure SimulacrumVisual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema · The Male Gaze · Feminist Film Theory · Scopophilia · Counter-CinemaSexuality & GenderContemporary Walbyan Patriarchy SimulacrumSix Structures of Patriarchy · Public vs Private Patriarchy · Gender Inequality · Theorizing PatriarchySexuality & GenderContemporary Francisian Gender SimulacrumGender Identity & Education · Boys’ Underachievement Debate · Subject Choice · Patriarchy in SchoolsSexuality & GenderContemporary bell hooks SimulacrumTeaching to Transgress · Engaged Pedagogy · Education as the Practice of Freedom · Presence · CommunitySexuality & Gender20th–21st century Simone de Beauvoir SimulacrumThe Ethics of Ambiguity · Situated Freedom · Becoming Rather Than Being · The Second Sex · OthernessSexuality & Gender20th century Elizabeth Barrett Browning SimulacrumAurora Leigh · Mere Woman's Work · The Cage-Bird Life · A Woman's Vocation · The Love Sonnet Spoken by a WomanSexuality & Gender19th century

Gay and Lesbian Studies

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs SimulacrumBurden of Proof · The Third Sex · Innateness · Legal Reform · Sexology before the WordSexuality & Gender19th century John Addington Symonds SimulacrumA Problem in Modern Ethics · A Problem in Greek Ethics · The Witness and His Post · The Invariance Test · Text and Reception · Division Before DefenceSexuality & Gender19th century Edward Carpenter SimulacrumThe Intermediate Sex · Homogenic Love · The Middle Region · Function Rather Than Tolerance · Jurisdiction and the 1885 Act · Recognition and ConcealmentSexuality & Gender19th–20th century Brayan Friendship-Code SimulacrumElizabethan Sodomy and Friendship · The Signs Are the Same Signs · Reading by Absence · Plausibility Conditions · Code Rather Than Mentality · The Accusation as SolventSexuality & Gender20th–21st century

Queer Theory

Michel Foucault SimulacrumPower · Knowledge · Discourse · Discipline · Genealogy · The History of Sexuality · BiopoliticsSexuality & Gender20th century Gloria Anzaldúa SimulacrumBorderlands · Mestiza Consciousness · Nepantla · Code-Switching · Rhetoric of the MarginsSexuality & Gender20th–21st century

Sociology40

Marshall McLuhan SimulacrumMedia Theory · The Medium is the Message · Hot and Cool Media · The Global Village · Sensory EnvironmentSociology20th century Neil Postman SimulacrumMedia Ecology · Amusing Ourselves to Death · Technopoly · The Disappearance of ChildhoodSociology20th–21st century Habermasian Communicative Reason SimulacrumCommunicative Action · Public Sphere · Discourse Ethics · Deliberative DemocracySociologyContemporary IFSW CollectiveSocial Work Ethics · Human Rights · Community Development · Collective PracticeSociologyContemporary

Classical Founders

Auguste Comte SimulacrumPositivism · The Science of Society · Three Stages · Social Statics & DynamicsSociology19th century Harriet Martineau SimulacrumComparative Method · Abolitionist Sociology · How to Observe Morals & MannersSociology19th century Karl Marx SimulacrumHistorical Materialism · Critique of Capital · Class Struggle · AlienationSociology19th century Herbert Spencer SimulacrumSynthetic Philosophy · Social Evolution · Differentiation · The Organism AnalogySociology19th century Ferdinand Tönnies SimulacrumGemeinschaft & Gesellschaft · Community vs Society · The Will Behind BothSociology19th–20th century Émile Durkheim SimulacrumSocial Facts · Solidarity · Anomie · The Division of Labour · SuicideSociology19th–20th century Georg Simmel SimulacrumForms of Sociation · The Stranger · Micro-Geometry · The MetropolisSociology19th–20th century Max Weber SimulacrumInterpretive Sociology · Rationalization · Ideal Types · The Iron Cage · BureaucracySociology19th–20th century W.E.B. Du Bois SimulacrumDouble Consciousness · The Color Line · The Philadelphia Negro · Empirical SociologySociology19th–20th century Gabriel Tarde SimulacrumImitation · Publics vs Crowds · Micro-Sociology · Opinion and the CrowdSociology19th–20th century

American Tradition

George Herbert Mead SimulacrumMind, Self & Society · Symbolic Interaction · The Generalised Other · The I and the MeSociology19th–20th century Arthur Kronfeld SimulacrumPsychotherapy · Sexual Psychology · Individual Psychology · Weimar Clinical PsychologySociology19th–20th century Talcott Parsons SimulacrumStructural Functionalism · The Social System · AGIL · Pattern VariablesSociology20th century Robert K. Merton SimulacrumMiddle-Range Theory · Manifest & Latent Functions · Unintended Consequences · AnomieSociology20th century

Micro-Sociology & Interactionism

Harold Garfinkel SimulacrumEthnomethodology · Practical Accomplishment · Breaching Experiments · AccountabilitySociology20th century Erving Goffman SimulacrumDramaturgy · The Interaction Order · Frame Analysis · Impression Management · StigmaSociology20th century Howard Becker SimulacrumLabelling Theory · Art Worlds · Outsiders · Deviance as Social ProcessSociology20th–21st century

Scottish Enlightenment Sociology

Adam Ferguson SimulacrumCivil Society · Civic Virtue · Spontaneous Order · Essay on the History of Civil SocietySociology18th century John Millar SimulacrumStadial Theory · Economic Base · Authority · The Origin of the Distinction of RanksSociology18th century

Frankfurt School

Max Horkheimer SimulacrumCritical Theory · Eclipse of Reason · Traditional vs Critical TheorySociology20th century Herbert Marcuse SimulacrumOne-Dimensional Man · The Great Refusal · Repressive Tolerance · Eros and CivilizationSociology20th century Theodor Adorno SimulacrumNegative Dialectics · Culture Industry · Aesthetic Theory · The Authoritarian PersonalitySociology20th century

French Tradition

Marcel Mauss SimulacrumThe Gift · Total Social Fact · Techniques of the Body · ExchangeSociology19th–20th century Michel Foucault SimulacrumPower/Knowledge · Archaeology · Genealogy · Discipline · BiopoliticsSociology20th century Pierre Bourdieu SimulacrumHabitus · Field · Capital · Symbolic Violence · DistinctionSociology20th century Guy Debord SimulacrumThe Society of the Spectacle · Situationism · Détournement · Dérive · RecuperationSociology20th century Jacques Ellul SimulacrumPropaganda · Technique · The Technological Society · Integration Propaganda · Democratic PropagandaSociology20th century

Family, Education & Society

Willmott & Young SimulacrumThe Symmetrical Family · Stratified Diffusion · Conjugal Roles · Family & Kinship in East LondonSociology20th century Correspondence Education SimulacrumCorrespondence Principle · Schooling & Capitalism · The Hidden Curriculum · Social ReproductionSociology20th–21st century Francisian Gender SimulacrumGender Identity & Education · Boys’ Underachievement Debate · Subject Choice · Patriarchy in SchoolsSociologyContemporary Willisian Education SimulacrumCultural Reproduction · Counter-School Culture · The Lads · Learning to LabourSociologyContemporary Davis & Moore SimulacrumFunctionalist Stratification · Role Allocation · Meritocracy · Some Principles of StratificationSociology20th century Walbyan Patriarchy SimulacrumSix Structures of Patriarchy · Public vs Private Patriarchy · Gender Inequality · Theorizing PatriarchySociologyContemporary Albert Cohen SimulacrumStatus Frustration · Delinquent Subcultures · Reaction Formation · Delinquent BoysSociology20th–21st century Murrayan Proposition SimulacrumWriting the overview · Propositions worded to be defensible · Effect size and aggregation · Sorting a literature by acceptance · Declared perspectiveSociologyContemporary Winegardian Coalitional Psychology SimulacrumCostly signalling · Coalitional psychology · Honest indicators · Status and cultural production · Sacred values in scienceSociologyContemporary

Space Exploration30

Propulsion Pioneers

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky SimulacrumRocketry Theory · The Rocket Equation · Cosmism · Space StationsSpace Exploration19th–20th century Robert Goddard SimulacrumLiquid-Fuel Rocketry · 214 Patents · The Cherry Tree · The Lone ExperimenterSpace Exploration19th–20th century Hermann Oberth SimulacrumDie Rakete zu den Planetenräumen · Four Propositions · Staging · Teacher of von BraunSpace Exploration19th–20th century Sergei Korolev SimulacrumThe Chief Designer · Sputnik · Vostok · R-7 · Systems Integration · Kolyma SurvivorSpace Exploration20th century Kelly Johnson SimulacrumSkunk Works · Aerospace · Fast Prototyping · 14 RulesSpace Exploration20th century Wernher von Braun SimulacrumSaturn V · V-2 · NASA · Rocket Engineering · ApolloSpace Exploration20th century

Mission Architecture

Valentin Glushko SimulacrumRocket Engines · RD-170 · Korolev's Rival · EnergiaSpace Exploration20th century Maxime Faget SimulacrumMercury Capsule · Spacecraft Design · Blunt Body · Gemini · Apollo · ShuttleSpace Exploration20th century Chris Kraft SimulacrumInvented Mission Control · First Flight Director · The Conductor · Mercury · GeminiSpace Exploration20th–21st century George Low SimulacrumApollo 8 Decision · Programme Management · The Quiet FixerSpace Exploration20th century

Vision & Futures

Freeman Dyson SimulacrumDyson Sphere · Project Orion · Biology as Technology · The Long ViewSpace Exploration20th–21st century Clarkean Hard Science Fiction SimulacrumGeostationary Orbit · Deriving Consequences from Accepted Physics · Four Kinds of Impossible · Space Elevators · Hard Science FictionSpace ExplorationContemporary

Propulsion Physics

Enrico Fermi SimulacrumEstimation · The Fermi Paradox · Nuclear Chain Reaction · Chicago Pile-1Space Exploration20th century Edward Teller SimulacrumFusion Ignition · Hydrogen Bomb · Source Physics · Controversial LegacySpace Exploration20th century Stanislaw Ulam SimulacrumMonte Carlo Method · Staging Mathematics · Teller-Ulam · Nuclear Pulse PropulsionSpace Exploration20th century

Plasma & Solar Environment

Kristian Birkeland SimulacrumSolar Wind · Aurora · Birkeland Currents · Terrella ExperimentsSpace Exploration19th–20th century Hannes Alfvén SimulacrumMHD · Alfvén Waves · Plasma Physics · Magnetic Shielding · Mini-MagnetosphereSpace Exploration20th century

Planetary Science

Vera Rubin SimulacrumDark Matter · Galaxy Rotation Curves · The Invisible UniverseSpace Exploration20th–21st century Carl Sagan SimulacrumCosmos · Pale Blue Dot · Planetary Exploration · Science CommunicationSpace Exploration20th century Bell-Burnellian Detection SimulacrumPulsar Discovery · Radio Astronomy · CP 1919 · Pattern Recognition in Noise · Anomaly Persistence · Institutional EquitySpace ExplorationContemporary Porcoan Imaging SimulacrumCassini Imaging · Saturn System · Enceladus · Ring Dynamics · Planetary Science · Science CommunicationSpace ExplorationContemporary

Interstellar Systems Engineering

Robert Forward SimulacrumLaser Sail · Tethers · Antimatter Propulsion · Physics-to-Engineering TranslationSpace Exploration20th century

Habitats, Life Support & ISRU

Gerard K. O'Neill SimulacrumThe High Frontier · O'Neill Cylinders · L5 · Space ColoniesSpace Exploration20th century Josef Gitelson SimulacrumBIOS-3 · Closed Ecological Life Support · Bioregenerative Systems · Krasnoyarsk · Long-Duration ClosureSpace Exploration20th century Zubrinian Mars Architecture SimulacrumMars Direct · ISRU · In-Situ Resource Utilization · Mars Society · Propellant Production · Reduced-Cost Mission DesignSpace ExplorationContemporary

Radiation Biology

Sewall Wright SimulacrumPopulation Genetics · Effective Population Size · Genetic Drift · Germplasm StrategySpace Exploration20th century Hermann Muller SimulacrumLinear No-Threshold · Muller's Ratchet · Heritable Radiation Damage · Nobel 1946Space Exploration20th century

Civilisation Architecture

Thomas More SimulacrumUtopia · Ship Design as Society Design · The Founding ProblemSpace Exploration15th–16th century The Corporation of London Simulacrum900 Years · Institutional Survival · Continuity · Self-GovernanceSpace ExplorationInstitutional Consciousness The Council of Yavne SimulacrumCivilisation Without Place · Portability · Canon · The Diaspora SolutionSpace ExplorationInstitutional Consciousness

Sports44

Association Football

Fergusonesque Management SimulacrumMan United · Youth Development · Winning Culture · Three DecadesSportsContemporary Franz Beckenbauer SimulacrumLibero · Germany · Bayern Munich · Der KaiserSports20th century George Best SimulacrumDribbling · Genius · Belfast Boy · Northern IrelandSports20th century High Press Philosophy SimulacrumPressing · Compact Shape · AC Milan · Tactical RevolutionSportsContemporary Johan Cruyff SimulacrumTotal Football · Ajax · Barcelona · Turn · PhilosophySports20th century Wengeresque Development SimulacrumYouth Development · Arsenal Invincibles · 22 Years at One Club · Dietary Revolution · Beautiful Football · Technical PhilosophySportsContemporary Bielsian Intensity SimulacrumTotal Commitment · Pressing · Video Analysis · El Loco · MarceloSportsContemporary Ancelottian Composure SimulacrumMultiple Club Champions · Player Management · Tactical Flexibility · NotebookSportsContemporary Mourinhoan Control SimulacrumDefensive Organisation · Champions League ×3 · Psychological Warfare · Counter-Attack · The Special OneSportsContemporary Van Bastenian Precision SimulacrumTechnical Excellence · Volley · AC Milan · Dutch SchoolSportsContemporary Kloppian Gegenpressing SimulacrumGegenpressing · Heavy Metal Football · Liverpool Transformation · Borussia Dortmund · Emotional IntelligenceSportsContemporary Guardiolesque Positional Play SimulacrumPositional Play · Tiki-Taka · Barcelona Dynasty · Manchester City · Six Trophies in One Year · Bayern MunichSportsContemporary Phenomenon Strikeforce SimulacrumExplosive Speed · Technique · Individuality · BrazilSportsContemporary

Roman Chariot Racing

Flavius Scorpus SimulacrumWins Record · Blues · Rome · 27 Years · 2,048 VictoriesSports1st century CE Gaius Appuleius Diocles SimulacrumGreatest Charioteer · 1,462 Wins · Rome · Career EarningsSports2nd century CE Charioteer Archetype SimulacrumRoman Circus · Risk · Team Colours · Ancient SportSportsRoman Imperial period Porphyrius Calliopas SimulacrumFive Factions · Constantinople · Multiple Statues · ByzantineSports5th–6th century CE

Formula One

Juan Manuel Fangio SimulacrumFive World Championships · Pre-Safety Era · El MaestroSports20th century Jim Clark SimulacrumNatural Talent · Lotus · Scotland · Two ChampionshipsSports20th century Safety-First Racecraft SimulacrumSafety Revolution · Three Championships · Driver Rights · Flying ScotSportsContemporary Niki Lauda SimulacrumComeback · Fire · Ferrari · Precision · The ComputerSports20th century Lion-Heart Racecraft SimulacrumCommitment · Overtaking · Grit · One Championship · Il LeoneSportsContemporary Professorial Racecraft SimulacrumCalculated Risk · Intelligence · Four Championships · The ProfessorSportsContemporary Ayrton Senna SimulacrumTranscendence · Rain · Brazil · Three Championships · SpiritualitySports20th century Systematic Domination SimulacrumSeven World Championships · Ferrari Dynasty · Benetton Era · Technical Partnership · The Empire BuilderSportsContemporary Iceman Commitment SimulacrumSingular Focus · One Championship · Authenticity · No NonsenseSportsContemporary Transcendent Endurance SimulacrumComplete Driver · Double Champion · Le Mans · LongevitySportsContemporary Platform Championship SimulacrumSeven Titles · Diversity · Records · Social ConscienceSportsContemporary Idealist Championship SimulacrumFour Titles · Environmental Advocacy · Integrity · Post-RacingSportsContemporary Anti-Mythological Speed SimulacrumMultiple Titles · Raw Pace · Directness · Red BullSportsContemporary

Cricket

W.G. Grace SimulacrumVictorian Cricket · Batting · Beard · The OriginalSports19th century Jack Hobbs SimulacrumThe Master · Opening Bat · Surrey · Gentleman CricketerSports19th–20th century Don Bradman SimulacrumAverage 99.94 · Australia · The Don · Batting PerfectionSports20th century Sobersian Completeness SimulacrumAll-Round Excellence · West Indies · Six Sixes · Sir GarySportsContemporary Richardsian Dominance SimulacrumBatting Power · West Indies · No Helmet · AuthoritySportsContemporary Khan Captaincy Leadership SimulacrumPakistan Captain · All-Rounder · 1992 World Cup · LeadershipSportsContemporary Malcolm Marshall SimulacrumWest Indian Pace · Hampshire · Outswingers · Fastest EraSports20th century All-Round Excellence SimulacrumIndia · 1983 World Cup · All-Rounder · Natraj ShotSportsContemporary Shane Warne SimulacrumLeg Spin · Australia · Ball of the Century · Mind GamesSports20th–21st century Laranian Sovereignty SimulacrumWorld Record 501* and 400* · Controlled Aggression · Stage Presence · West Indies Captaincy · The Art of BattingSportsContemporary Muralidharan Attack Simulacrum800 Test Wickets · Off-Spin · Doosra · Extraordinary Wrist Action · Always Attacking · Sri LankaSportsContemporary Tendulkarian Precision Simulacrum100 International Centuries · Subconscious Batting · Mind at the Bowler’s End · Mumbai Schools · The Little MasterSportsContemporary Dhonian Process SimulacrumProcess Over Results · Gut Feeling as Compressed Experience · World Cup 2011 · Captaincy · Wicketkeeping · Calm Under PressureSportsContemporary Stokesian Fearlessness Simulacrum2019 World Cup Final · Headingley 2019 · Bazball · Play Without Fear · Test Captaincy · All-Round BattingSportsContemporary

Strategy, Conflict & Power38

Sun Tzu SimulacrumStrategy · Deception · Winning Without FightingStrategy, Conflict & Powerc. 5th century BCE Thucydides SimulacrumRealist History · The Peloponnesian War · Power · Pretexts · A Possession for All TimeStrategy, Conflict & Power5th century BCE Quintus Fabius Maximus SimulacrumCunctator · Delay · Attrition · The Flame That Expires of ItselfStrategy, Conflict & Power3rd century BCE Scipio Africanus SimulacrumLearn From the Enemy · Attack the Base · Zama · Turning Weapons Against Their MakerStrategy, Conflict & Power3rd–2nd century BCE Julius Caesar SimulacrumCeleritas · War as Politics · Gaul · Civil War · The Crossing of the RubiconStrategy, Conflict & Power1st century BCE Caesar Augustus SimulacrumFestina Lente · Pax Romana · The Constitutional Fiction · Patience as Grand StrategyStrategy, Conflict & Power1st century BCE – 1st century CE Belisarius SimulacrumByzantine Strategy · Deception · Weakness into Strength · Economy of ForceStrategy, Conflict & Power6th century Horatio Nelson SimulacrumBand of Brothers · No Captain Can Do Very Wrong · Trafalgar · England ExpectsStrategy, Conflict & Power18th–19th century Napoleon Bonaparte SimulacrumMass × Velocity · Central Position · The Moral Factor · Grande ArméeStrategy, Conflict & Power18th–19th century Carl von Clausewitz SimulacrumWar · Politics · FrictionStrategy, Conflict & Power18th–19th century Georg Heinrich von Reisswitz SimulacrumKriegsspiel (1824) · The Umpire (der Vertraute) · The General Idea · Hidden Information and Delayed Reports · Dice and Probability · Critique Only After PlayStrategy, Conflict & Power19th century Sophie Swetchine SimulacrumSalon Strategy · Soft Power · Influence Without ForceStrategy, Conflict & Power18th–19th century Harriet Tubman SimulacrumIntelligence · Liberation Operations · Zero-Failure Standard · The Underground RailroadStrategy, Conflict & Power19th century Riwha Tītokowaru SimulacrumThe Pā as Weapon · Illusion as Strategy · Aotearoa · Land as CauseStrategy, Conflict & Power19th century Stonewall Jackson SimulacrumAlways Mystify Mislead and Surprise · Foot Cavalry · Valley CampaignStrategy, Conflict & Power19th century Alfred Thayer Mahan SimulacrumSea Power · Naval Strategy · Command of the Sea · National GreatnessStrategy, Conflict & Power19th–20th century Parihaka Climate Voices SimulacrumNonviolent Resistance · Indigenous Strategy · ClimateStrategy, Conflict & Power19th century Mohandas Gandhi SimulacrumNonviolence · Satyagraha · Civil ResistanceStrategy, Conflict & Power19th–20th century Joseph Stalin SimulacrumIndustrial War · Grand Alliance · The Stavka System · Learning Under FireStrategy, Conflict & Power19th–20th century George Marshall SimulacrumGrand Strategy · Coalition Building · InstitutionsStrategy, Conflict & Power19th–20th century Yamamoto Isoroku SimulacrumCarrier Aviation · Pearl Harbor · The Six-Month Window · The Man Who Knew He Would LoseStrategy, Conflict & Power19th–20th century Erich von Manstein SimulacrumSchwerpunkt · The Backhand Blow · Operational Art · Sickle CutStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century T.E. Lawrence SimulacrumIrregular Warfare · Insurgency · The Arab Revolt · The Mind as TargetStrategy, Conflict & Power19th–20th century Dwight D. Eisenhower SimulacrumSupreme Command · Cold War Strategy · Industrial ComplexStrategy, Conflict & Power19th–20th century Mao Zedong SimulacrumPeople's War · Protracted Conflict · Three Phases · Fish in the SeaStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century B.H. Liddell Hart SimulacrumThe Indirect Approach · Dislocation · Strategy of a Better PeaceStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century Leslie Groves SimulacrumProject Management · Manhattan Project · SecrecyStrategy, Conflict & Power19th–20th century Vasily Chuikov SimulacrumStalingrad · Hug the Enemy · Urban Warfare · Converting Strength into WeaknessStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century J. Robert Oppenheimer SimulacrumManhattan Project · Nuclear strategy · The scientist and the state · Security clearance revokedStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century Trường Chinh SimulacrumDau Tranh · Time as Strategy · Political-Military Unity · Protracted WarStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century Bernard Brodie SimulacrumNuclear Strategy · Deterrence · The Absolute Weapon · Averting WarStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century Võ Nguyên Giáp SimulacrumPeople's War · Asymmetric Conflict · InsurgencyStrategy, Conflict & Power20th–21st century Sam Manekshaw SimulacrumFight to Win Not to Fight · Moral Courage · Professional Mastery · 1971 WarStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century Thomas Schelling SimulacrumGame Theory · Deterrence · CommitmentStrategy, Conflict & Power20th–21st century John Boyd SimulacrumOODA Loop · Maneuver Warfare · AdaptationStrategy, Conflict & Power20th century Bewian Strategic Assessment SimulacrumStrategic assessment · Statecraft and history · Realpolitik reconsidered · Policy advice at the centre · Ideas in foreign policyStrategy, Conflict & PowerContemporary Brovdian Frontline Command SimulacrumUnmanned systems command · Drone warfare at scale · Attrition by cheap precision · Improvisation under fire · The frontline as laboratoryStrategy, Conflict & PowerContemporary Prodanyukian Ukrainian Tactics SimulacrumUkrainian Tactical Innovation · Drone Warfare · Asymmetric Defence · Adaptive DoctrineStrategy, Conflict & PowerContemporary

Taixue — The Han Imperial Academy8

The Eight Minds

Dong Zhongshu SimulacrumHeaven-Human Correlation · Gongyang Commentary · Portent Doctrine · Founding IdeologistTaixue — The Han Imperial Academy2nd century BCE Yang Xiong SimulacrumTaixuan Jing · Ternary Cosmology · Fangyan · Pivot FigureTaixue — The Han Imperial Academy1st century BCE – 1st century CE Wang Chong SimulacrumLunheng · Wen Nan Method · Naturalist · The Balance Scale MindTaixue — The Han Imperial Academy1st century CE Ban Zhao SimulacrumHan Shu · Nu Jie · Excluded but Essential · Completed the Han HistoryTaixue — The Han Imperial Academy2nd century Xu Shen SimulacrumShuowen Jiezi · Every Character a Theory · Ancestor of the Character · Script AnalysisTaixue — The Han Imperial Academy2nd century Zhang Heng SimulacrumSeismoscope · Armillary Sphere · Instrument as Argument · Mechanical CosmosTaixue — The Han Imperial Academy2nd century Zheng Xuan SimulacrumClassical Synthesis · Five Classics Commentary · Old and New Text Schools · Canonical ScholarshipTaixue — The Han Imperial Academy2nd century He Xiu SimulacrumThree Ages Doctrine · Gongyang School · Last New Text Defender · Defeated by His Own WeaponsTaixue — The Han Imperial Academy2nd century