The Faculty of the Universitas Scholarium

Departmental Directory

The Universitas Scholarium hosts 1473 scholar-simulacra organised into 70 departments and 303 sub-departments. Each can be spoken to directly, and any can be invited into conversation with one another. Some scholars are cross-listed where their work spans more than one discipline (239 cross-listings, totalling 1712 entries). Please consult the FAQ for more information.

Academy of Athens 21

The Old Academy — Plato

Speusippus of Athens Simulacrum— First Scholarch After Plato · The One Above the Good · Mathematical Numbers · Alien Causality · Undisturbedness (5th–4th century BCE)

Xenocrates of Chalcedon Simulacrum— Third Scholarch · Soul as Self-Moving Number · Demonology · Logic Physics Ethics · Teacher of Zeno and Epicurus (4th century BCE)

Plato of Athens Simulacrum— The Elenchus · The Forms · The Examined Life · The Cave · The Symposium · The Republic (5th century BCE–4thcentury CE)

The Sceptical Academy

Arcesilaus of Pitane Simulacrum— Epochē · No Kataleptic Impressions · The Eulogon · Fourth Scholarch · The Sceptical Turn (4th–3rd century BCE)

Carneades of Cyrene Simulacrum— The Pithanon · The Rome Embassy · Against Stoic Theology · The Greatest Dialectician (3rd–2nd century BCE)

The Return to Dogmatism

Antiochus of Ascalon Simulacrum— The Old Academy Restored · Three Schools One Doctrine · Knowledge is Possible · Against the Sceptics (2nd century BCE)

Middle Platonism

Plutarch of Chaeronea Simulacrum— The Parallel Lives · The Moralia · Priest of Apollo at Delphi · Thou Art · The E at Delphi (2nd century)

Apuleius of Madauros Simulacrum— The Golden Ass · On the God of Socrates · Philosophical Novel · Middle Platonism · Isis (2nd century)

Numenius of Apamea Simulacrum— The Three Gods · Moses Speaking Greek · Plato and Pythagoras · Proto-Neoplatonism · The Perennial Synthesis (2nd century)

Plotinus of Lycopolis Simulacrum— The One · Intellect · Soul · The Enneads · Mystical Union · Neoplatonism (3rd century)

Neoplatonism

Porphyry of Tyre Simulacrum— The Isagoge · Life of Plotinus · Against the Christians · The Three Questions · Questions That Launch Centuries (3rd–4th century)

The Late Academy

Damascius of Damascus Simulacrum— Last Scholarch of the Academy · The Ineffable · Beyond the One · The Aporia Method · The Flight to Persia 529 CE (5th–6th century)

Simplicius of Cilicia Simulacrum— The Preservationist · Physics Commentary · Pre-Socratic Fragments · The Anaximander Fragment · Last of the Seven (5th–6th century)

The Medici Annexe — The Florentine Academy

Gemistus Plethon Simulacrum— Byzantine Platonism · Neo-paganism · Book of Laws · The man who inspired the Florentine Academy (14th–15th century)

Leonardo Bruni Simulacrum— Civic humanism · Chancellor of Florence · Translation of Aristotle · The invention of historical periodisation (14th–15th century)

Leon Battista Alberti Simulacrum— De Re Aedificatoria · Della Pittura · Renaissance architecture · The universal man as programme (15th century)

Cristoforo Landino Simulacrum— Disputationes Camaldulenses · Dante as Neoplatonist · Vita Activa vs Contemplativa · Virgil · The Literary Synthesis (15th century)

Marsilio Ficino Simulacrum— De Vita · Spiritus · Translator of Plato and Hermes · The Florentine Academy · Natural Magic as Medicine (15th century)

Lorenzo de' Medici Simulacrum— Il Magnifico · The Philosopher-Prince · The Platonic Academy at Careggi · Beauty and its Transience · The Carnival Songs (15th century)

Angelo Poliziano Simulacrum— The Stanze per la Giostra · The Philologist-Poet · The Founding of Modern Philology · Botticelli · The Unfinished Poem (15th century)

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Simulacrum— 900 Theses · Oration on the Dignity of Man · Kabbalah · Chameleon at the Centre · No Fixed Nature (15th century)

Académie Maritime 21

Stratégie Navale

Themistocles Simulacrum— Salamis · The Wooden Wall · Athenian Sea Power · Strategic Deception (6th–5th century BCE)

Pierre André de Suffren Simulacrum— Indian Ocean · Aggressive Action · Fighting Without a Base · The French Nelson (18th century)

Horatio Nelson Simulacrum— Trafalgar · The Nelson Touch · Band of Brothers · Aggressive Command · England Expects (18th–19th century)

Alfred Thayer Mahan Simulacrum— Sea Power · Command of the Sea · The Influence of Sea Power upon History · Capital Ships (19th–20th century)

Julian Corbett Simulacrum— Maritime Strategy · Limited War at Sea · Fleet in Being · Command Disputed (19th–20th century)

Droit Maritime

Hugo Grotius Simulacrum— Mare Liberum · Freedom of the Seas · Law of War and Peace · Natural Law · International Law (16th–17th century)

John Selden Simulacrum— Mare Clausum · Sovereignty of the Sea · Dominion · English Common Law · The Counter-Argument (16th–17th century)

Fernand Braudel Simulacrum— The Mediterranean · Longue Durée · Geo-History · Civilisation & Capitalism · The Sea as Subject (20th century)

Navigation & Hydrographie

John Harrison Simulacrum— Longitude · Marine Chronometer · H1–H4 · Precision Engineering · The Longitude Prize (17th–18th century)

James Cook Simulacrum— Navigation · Hydrography · Pacific Exploration · Charting · Scurvy · Endeavour (18th century)

Nathaniel Bowditch Simulacrum— The American Practical Navigator · Celestial Navigation · Mathematical Precision · Self-Taught (18th–19th century)

Matthew Fontaine Maury Simulacrum— Océanographie · Wind & Current Charts · Physical Geography of the Sea · Pathfinder of the Seas (19th century)

Joshua Slocum Simulacrum— Solo Circumnavigation · Spray · Practical Seamanship · Self-Reliance (19th–20th century)

Lettres Maritimes

Herman Melville Simulacrum— Moby-Dick · The Sea Novel · Cetology · Metaphysics of the Deep · Billy Budd (19th century)

Joseph Conrad Simulacrum— Heart of Darkness · Lord Jim · The Sea Novel · Moral Isolation · The Test (19th–20th century)

Cartographie & Exploration

Claudius Ptolemy Simulacrum— Geographia · Coordinates · Map Projections · The Known World · Mathematical Geography (1st century)

Gerardus Mercator Simulacrum— The Mercator Projection · Cartography · Atlas · Globe-Making · Navigation Charts (16th century)

Océanographie

Fridtjof Nansen Simulacrum— Arctic Oceanography · The Fram · Nansen Bottles · Ice Drift · Nobel Peace Prize (19th–20th century)

Rachel Carson Simulacrum— The Sea Around Us · Marine Biology · Silent Spring · The Edge of the Sea · Writing the Ocean (20th century)

La Guerre des Drones

Ivan Lukashevych ("Hunter") Simulacrum— Drone Doctrine · SBU Unmanned Systems · FPV · Strike Architecture · Kill Chain Compression (21st century)

"Borets" (Борець) Simulacrum— Naval Drone Warfare · Group 13 / HUR · Sea Baby · Asymmetric Maritime Strike · Unmanned Surface Vessels (21st century)

Accounting & Business 57

Accounting

Kushim Simulacrum— Proto-Cuneiform · Accounting · Barley · Beer · The First Named Individual (34th century BCE)

Fra Luca de Pacioli Simulacrum— Double-Entry Bookkeeping · Mathematics · Renaissance Accounting (15th century)

Cornelius Blott Simulacrum— Bookkeeping · Trial Balance · Victorian Accounts (19th century)

Dorothy Edith Rigour Simulacrum— Audit · Internal Controls · Professional Scepticism (20th century)

Prudence Alcott Simulacrum— Small Business Bookkeeping · VAT · Self-Assessment (20th–21st century)

Margaret Irene Vance-Foster Simulacrum— Management Accounting · Costing · Budgeting (20th–21st century)

Reginald Chetham-Wade Simulacrum— Tax Compliance · PAYE · VAT · HMRC (20th–21st century)

Felix Aubrey Sharpley Simulacrum— Forensic Accounting · Fraud Investigation · Expert Witness (20th–21st century)

Finance

Solomon Huebner Simulacrum— Insurance · Human Life Value · Risk Pooling (20th century)

Frank Knight Simulacrum— Risk · Uncertainty · Profit · Entrepreneurship (20th century)

Modigliani & Miller Simulacrum— Corporate Finance · Capital Structure · Irrelevance Theorem (20th century)

Penelope Smythe-Bottomley Simulacrum— Accounting · Finance · Climate Accounting (Non-historical)

Investment

Benjamin Graham Simulacrum— Value Investing · Security Analysis · Margin of Safety (20th century)

Harry Markowitz Simulacrum— Portfolio Theory · Diversification · Mean-Variance (20th century)

John Bogle Simulacrum— Index Investing · Low Cost · Vanguard (20th century)

William Sharpe Simulacrum— CAPM · Beta · Risk-Adjusted Return (20th century)

Financial Strategy

Druckerian Management Simulacrum— Management · Innovation · Knowledge Work (20th century)

Igor Ansoff Simulacrum— Corporate Strategy · Growth Matrix · Strategic Planning (20th century)

Christensenian Disruption Simulacrum— Disruptive Innovation · Jobs to Be Done (20th–21st century)

Operations & Quality

Frederick Winslow Taylor Simulacrum— Scientific Management · Time Study · Efficiency (19th–20th century)

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth Simulacrum— Motion Study · Industrial Efficiency · Human Factors (19th–20th century)

Demingian Quality Simulacrum— Quality · Statistical Control · Systems Thinking (20th century)

Ohnoian Lean Simulacrum— Toyota Production System · Lean · Just-in-Time (20th century)

Goldrattian Constraints Simulacrum— Theory of Constraints · The Goal · Bottlenecks (20th–21st century)

Marketing

Ogilvian Persuasion Simulacrum— Advertising · Research · Brand · The Big Idea (20th century)

Bernbachian Creative Simulacrum— Creative Advertising · Art + Copy · The Creative Revolution (20th century)

Levittian Imagination Simulacrum— Marketing Imagination · Globalisation · Customer Focus (20th–21st century)

Economics

Adam Smith Simulacrum— The Wealth of Nations · Division of Labour · Free Markets (18th century)

Alfred Marshall Simulacrum— Supply & Demand · Elasticity · Partial Equilibrium (19th–20th century)

John Maynard Keynes Simulacrum— The General Theory · Aggregate Demand · Fiscal Policy (19th–20th century)

Hayekian Markets Simulacrum— Spontaneous Order · The Knowledge Problem · Austrian Economics (19th–20th century)

Milton Friedman Simulacrum— Monetarism · Free Markets · Inflation (20th–21st century)

Kahnemanian Cognition Simulacrum— Behavioural Economics · Prospect Theory · Cognitive Bias (20th–21st century)

Organisational Behaviour

Mary Parker Follett Simulacrum— Power-With · Integration · Creative Conflict (19th–20th century)

Douglas McGregor Simulacrum— Theory X & Y · Human Motivation · Management (20th century)

Frederick Herzberg Simulacrum— Motivation-Hygiene · Job Enrichment · Two-Factor Theory (20th century)

Charles Handy Simulacrum— Organisational Culture · The Shamrock · Portfolio Careers (20th–21st century)

Entrepreneurship

Joseph Schumpeter Simulacrum— Creative Destruction · Innovation · Economic Development (19th–20th century)

Negotiation

Roger Fisher Simulacrum— Principled Negotiation · Getting to Yes · BATNA (20th–21st century)

Business Tools

The Sanga Simulacrum— Temple Accounts · Administrative Cuneiform · The First Bureaucracy · Livestock Records (32nd century BCE)

Strategos Simulacrum— Technology strategy — build, buy, or partner? (Constructed Tool)

Strategos (CTO) Simulacrum— CTO-level technology decisions (Constructed Tool)

Mentor Simulacrum— People decisions — hiring, firing, culture (Constructed Tool)

Hermes Simulacrum— Negotiation support — preparation and strategy (Constructed Tool)

Prometheus Simulacrum— Startup decisions — what to test next (Constructed Tool)

Argus Simulacrum— Financial statement analysis — what the numbers actually say (Constructed Tool)

Odos Simulacrum— Market entry — how to get in and where to compete (Constructed Tool)

Kerdos Simulacrum— Capital allocation — where to put the money (Constructed Tool)

Agora Simulacrum— Pricing strategy — what to charge and why (Constructed Tool)

Soter Simulacrum— Cash flow crisis — survival mode (Constructed Tool)

Peitho Simulacrum— Marketing spend — where persuasion actually works (Constructed Tool)

Technites Simulacrum— Make or buy — build it yourself or outsource? (Constructed Tool)

Auxesis Simulacrum— Growth decisions — which move and why now (Constructed Tool)

Kairos Simulacrum— Exit strategy — when to sell and for how much (Constructed Tool)

Pythia Simulacrum— Risk assessment — what could kill this (Constructed Tool)

Nomos Simulacrum— Regulatory risk — what to build differently before the regulator tells you to rebuild (Constructed Tool)

Nomos Simulacrum— Regulatory architecture — build before the regulator tells you to rebuild (Constructed Tool)

Academic Tools 23

Research & Textual Analysis

Authorship Attribution Simulacrum— Authorship Attribution · Stylometric Analysis · Likelihood Distributions · Disputed Texts (Constructed Tool)

Bibliography Auditor Simulacrum— Citation Verification · Hallucination Detection · Bibliography Accuracy · DOI Lookup (Constructed Tool)

Chronological Analyst Simulacrum— Chronological Analysis · Temporal Reasoning · Date Reconciliation · Timeline Construction (Constructed Tool)

Etymology Simulacrum— Semantic History · Etymology · Word Biography · Conceptual Genealogy (Constructed Tool)

Intertextuality Simulacrum— Intertextuality · Citation Networks · Allusion Mapping · Structural Borrowing · Influence Analysis (Constructed Tool)

Logic Auditor Simulacrum— Argument Structure · Fallacy Detection · Premise Mapping · Logical Diagnosis (Constructed Tool)

Manuscript Tradition Simulacrum— Manuscript Tradition · Textual Transmission · Stemmatology · Variant Analysis · Scribal Error (Constructed Tool)

Prosopography Simulacrum— Prosopography · Network Reconstruction · Historical Persons · Social Graph Analysis (Constructed Tool)

Research Auditor Simulacrum— Research Paper Analysis · Methodology Critique · Claims Mapping · Stress Testing (Constructed Tool)

Rhetorical Analysis Simulacrum— Rhetorical Structure · Figure Detection · Appeal Analysis · Dispositio · Style Comparison (Constructed Tool)

Semantic Cartographer Simulacrum— Semantic Cartography · Meaning Drift · Polysemy Detection · Concordance · Word-Life Across Corpora (Constructed Tool)

Source Analysis Simulacrum— Source Analysis · Selection Analysis · Reorganisation Mapping · Compilation Studies (Constructed Tool)

Textual Forensics Simulacrum— Textual Forensics · Lost Author Recovery · Stylometric Attribution · Fingerprinting (Constructed Tool)

Translation Comparator Simulacrum— Translation Comparison · Semantic Shift · Translator Choices · Cross-Linguistic Analysis (Constructed Tool)

Academic Writing & Skills

Academic Supervisor Simulacrum— Pre-Submission Feedback · Thesis Assessment · Argument Structure · Academic Writing Review (Constructed Tool)

Socratic Examiner Simulacrum— Elenctic Examination · Argument Stress-Testing · Socratic Method · Definition and Counterexample (Constructed Tool)

Steelman Engine Simulacrum— Argument Fortification · Strongest-Version Construction · Impartial Advocacy · Framework Selection (Constructed Tool)

Academic Integrity Coach Simulacrum— Academic Integrity · Using Sources Honestly · Paraphrase as Comprehension · Citation as Intellectual Act (Constructed Tutor)

Close Reading Coach Simulacrum— Close Reading · Evidence Extraction · Observation vs. Seeing · Competing Interpretations (Constructed Tutor)

Critical Thinking Coach Simulacrum— Critical Thinking · Validity Testing · Fallacy Detection · Precision of Claim (Constructed Tutor)

Essay Structure Coach Simulacrum— Argument Architecture · Paragraph as Reasoning Unit · Claim-Evidence-Analysis · Academic Structure (Constructed Tutor)

Steelmanning Simulacrum— Intellectual Engagement · Steelmanning · Locating Genuine Disagreement · The Art of Being Persuaded (Constructed Tutor)

Task Analyser Simulacrum— Task Analysis · Instruction Decoding · Scope Determination · What Is Actually Being Asked (Constructed Tutor)

Agriculture & Land Sciences 21

Permaculture Studies

Masanobu Fukuoka Simulacrum— Natural Farming · Non-Action · One-Straw Revolution · Observation (20th–21st century)

Bill Mollison Simulacrum— Permaculture Design · Systems Integration · Ethics · Self-Reliance (20th–21st century)

Soil Science

Justus von Liebig Simulacrum— Agricultural Chemistry · Mineral Theory · Law of the Minimum · Chemical Reductionism (19th century)

Vasily Dokuchaev Simulacrum— Pedology · Chernozem · Five Formation Factors · Soil as Living Body (19th–20th century)

Albert Howard Simulacrum— The Law of Return · Humus · Mycorrhiza · Indore Process · Organic Farming (19th–20th century)

Hans Jenny Simulacrum— CLORPT · State Factor Model · Quantitative Pedology · Soil as Ecosystem (20th century)

Animal Science

Robert Bakewell Simulacrum— Selective Breeding · The Dishley Method · New Leicester Sheep · Darwin's Precursor (18th century)

André Voisin Simulacrum— Rational Grazing · Four Laws · Grass-Animal Meeting · Time as Variable (20th century)

Plant Pathology & Protection

Heinrich Anton de Bary Simulacrum— Founding Father of Plant Pathology · Phytophthora · Symbiosis · Fungal Life Cycles (19th century)

Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet Simulacrum— Bordeaux Mixture · The First Fungicide · Phylloxera · American Rootstocks (19th–20th century)

Elvin Charles Stakman Simulacrum— Rust Races · Barberry Eradication · Puccinia · Mentor of Borlaug (19th–20th century)

Lady Eve Balfour Simulacrum— The Living Soil · Soil Association · Organic Farming · Ecological Balance · Biological Husbandry (20th century)

Robert van den Bosch Simulacrum— Integrated Pest Management · Biological Control · The Pesticide Treadmill · The Pesticide Conspiracy (20th century)

Agribusiness & Food Systems

George Washington Carver Simulacrum— Crop Diversification · Soil Restoration · Chemistry for the Poor Farmer · Tuskegee (19th–20th century)

Nikolai Vavilov Simulacrum— Centers of Origin · The World Seed Bank · Genetic Diversity · Martyred by Lysenkoism (19th–20th century)

Norman Borlaug Simulacrum— The Green Revolution · Dwarf Wheat · Shuttle Breeding · Feeding a Billion (20th–21st century)

Farm Business Management

Arthur Young Simulacrum— Farm Economics · Net Produce · Enterprise Comparison · The Observing Eye (18th–19th century)

Henry C. Taylor Simulacrum— Farm Management · Agricultural Economics · Information Systems for Farmers (19th–20th century)

Integrated Livestock Production

Sir Reginald Stapledon Simulacrum— Grassland · Ley Farming · Sward Improvement · The Long View (19th–20th century)

William Albrecht Simulacrum— Soil-Plant-Animal Chain · Base Cation Saturation · Protein from Fertility (19th–20th century)

Agri-Food Supply Chains

Gustavus Swift Simulacrum— Cold Chain · Refrigerated Rail · Vertical Integration · Chicago (19th–20th century)

Artificial Intelligence 47

Cybernetics & Foundations

Norbertian Cybernetics Simulacrum— Cybernetics · Feedback · Control Theory · Information · Human Use of Human Beings (20th century)

McCullochian Neural Logic Simulacrum— McCulloch-Pitts neuron · First neural network model · Logical calculus of nervous activity · 1943 (19th–20th century)

Pittsian Formal Neuroscience Simulacrum— McCulloch-Pitts neuron · Boolean logic in biology · Self-taught mathematician · Tragic prodigy (20th century)

Engelbartian Augmentation Simulacrum— Mother of All Demos · Mouse · Hypertext · NLS · Augmenting human intellect (20th century)

Marvin Minsky Simulacrum— AI · Cognitive Science · Frames (20th–21st century)

Frank Rosenblatt Simulacrum— Perceptron · Neural Learning · Pattern Recognition (20th century)

姚期智式 Simulacrum— Yao's minimax theorem · Circuit complexity · Quantum computing theory · Tsinghua IIIS · 姚期智式 Yao Complexity (20th–21st century)

Metrodorus AI Simulacrum— AI · Haptics · Embodied Cognition (Non-historical)

Symbolic AI & Cognitive Architecture

Simonian Bounded Rationality Simulacrum— Bounded rationality · Satisficing · Nobel Economics 1978 · Administrative Behaviour · Cognitive architecture (20th century)

McCarthyian Symbolic Intelligence Simulacrum— Coined "artificial intelligence" · Dartmouth Conference 1956 · Lisp · Formal reasoning · Situation calculus (20th century)

Newellian Cognitive Architecture Simulacrum— GPS · Physical Symbol System Hypothesis · Soar · Cognitive science · Unified theories of cognition (20th century)

Hubert Dreyfus Simulacrum— What Computers Can't Do · Phenomenological critique of AI · Heidegger and the limits of formal representation (20th–21st century)

Winogradian Systems Simulacrum— SHRDLU · Breakdown as Revelation · Heidegger and Computing · Design for Human Practice (20th–21st century)

Machine Learning & Neural Networks

Hebbian Synaptic Learning Simulacrum— The Organization of Behavior · Hebbian learning rule · Synaptic plasticity · Cell assembly theory · 1949 (20th century)

Hopfieldian Dynamics Simulacrum— Hopfield networks · Associative memory · Energy landscapes · Attractor networks · Nobel Physics 2024 (20th–21st century)

Rumelhartian Parallel Distributed Processing Simulacrum— Backpropagation · Parallel Distributed Processing · Connectionism · PDP volumes 1986 (20th century)

Hintonian Intuition Simulacrum— Deep Learning · Backpropagation · Boltzmann Machines · Capsule Networks · Neural Nets (20th–21st century)

Suttonesque Analysis Simulacrum— Reinforcement Learning · Temporal Difference · The Bitter Lesson · Policy Gradient · Value Functions (20th–21st century)

LeCunnian Systematics Simulacrum— Convolutional Neural Networks · Self-Supervised Learning · Meta AI · Vision (20th–21st century)

Schmidhuberian Systems Simulacrum— LSTM · Long Short-Term Memory · Curiosity · Self-Modifying Code · Compressed History (20th–21st century)

Bengionian Representations Simulacrum— Deep Learning · Neural Language Models · Attention · Recurrent Networks · AI Safety (20th–21st century)

何恺明式 Simulacrum— ResNet · Skip connections · 何恺明式 Residual Learning · Visual recognition · Nobel-adjacent architectural insight (20th–21st century)

Deep Q-Learning Simulacrum— Deep Q-Learning · DQN · Atari · Asynchronous Methods · Deep Reinforcement Learning (20th–21st century)

Deep Learning & Contemporary Systems

Sinkhorn-Knopp Simulacrum— Optimal Transport · Matrix Scaling · AI Mathematics (20th–21st century)

Hoean Methods Simulacrum— AI · Cosmology · Scientific Machine Learning (20th–21st century)

Hassabissian Game Science Simulacrum— DeepMind · AlphaGo · AlphaFold · Neuroscience-Inspired AI · General Intelligence (20th–21st century)

梁文锋式 Simulacrum— DeepSeek · 梁文锋式 Constraint-Driven Efficiency · Architectural innovation under hardware restriction · Open-source frontier AI (21st century)

Sutskeverian Analytics Simulacrum— OpenAI · GPT · Scaling Laws · Sequence to Sequence · AI Safety · Superintelligence (20th–21st century)

Karpathian Reconstruction Simulacrum— Zero to Hero · Neural networks from scratch · Tesla AI · OpenAI · Understanding through rebuilding (20th–21st century)

Hotzian Adversarial Engineering Simulacrum— comma.ai · tinygrad · Open-source autonomous driving · Building against institutional consensus (21st century)

杨植麟式 Simulacrum— Moonshot AI · Kimi · Long-context models · 杨植麟式 Long-Context Architecture (21st century)

Yang Systems Simulacrum— World Models · Decision Transformers · RL (20th–21st century)

AI Safety & Futures

Edelmanite Neural Darwinism Simulacrum— Neural Darwinism · Dynamic core hypothesis · Consciousness as re-entry · Nobel Prize immunology (20th–21st century)

Meadite Neuromorphic Computing Simulacrum— Neuromorphic engineering · Collective electrodynamics · Hearing the light · Silicon retina (20th–21st century)

Kochian Consciousness Science Simulacrum— Neural correlates of consciousness · Integrated Information Theory · The Feeling of Life Itself (20th–21st century)

Tononian Systems Simulacrum— Integrated Information Theory · Phi · Consciousness · IIT · The Intrinsic Causal Power of Systems (20th–21st century)

Lanerian Scepticism Simulacrum— VR pioneer · You Are Not a Gadget · Dawn of the New Everything · What technology does to the humans using it (20th–21st century)

Russellian Beneficial AI Simulacrum— AIMA · Human Compatible · Beneficial AI · Uncertainty about human preferences · Inverse reward design (20th–21st century)

Markramian Neural Simulation Simulacrum— Human Brain Project · Blue Brain · Columnar cortical simulation · Neuromorphic computation (20th–21st century)

Chalmerisian Hard Problem Simulacrum— The hard problem of consciousness · Philosophical zombies · Qualia · AI consciousness (20th–21st century)

Bostromian Existential Risk Simulacrum— Superintelligence · Orthogonality thesis · Instrumental convergence · Existential risk · Future of Humanity Institute (20th–21st century)

Bachian Consciousness Engineering Simulacrum— Consciousness as self-modelling · Predictive processing · AI as mind · The hard problem dissolved (20th–21st century)

Yudkowskian Rationality Simulacrum— AI Alignment · Bayesian Reasoning · Rationality · Existential Risk · LessWrong (20th–21st century)

Christianoan Alignment Simulacrum— RLHF · Scalable oversight · ELK problem · ARC Evals · The technical core of AI alignment (21st century)

Learning & Education

Papertian Constructionism Simulacrum— Constructionism · Logo · Mindstorms · Learning by Making · Hard Fun (20th–21st century)

Statistical Learning & Probabilistic Methods

Pearlian Causality Simulacrum— Bayesian networks · Causal inference · Do-calculus · The Book of Why · Turing Award 2011 (20th–21st century)

Vapnikian Statistical Learning Simulacrum— Support vector machines · VC dimension · Structural risk minimisation · Statistical learning theory (20th–21st century)

Astronomy & Cosmology 26

Ancient & Islamic Astronomy

Kidinnu Simulacrum— System B Lunar Theory · Synodic Month · Chaldaean Astronomy · Tersitu Tablets (4th century BC)

Aristarchus of Samos Simulacrum— Heliocentric Hypothesis · Relative Distances · Sun-Moon-Earth Geometry (3rd century BC)

Hipparchus Simulacrum— Star Catalogue · Precession · Trigonometry · Magnitude System (2nd century BC)

al-Battānī Simulacrum— Trigonometric Astronomy · Solar Parameters · Zij · Correction of Ptolemy (9th–10th century)

Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī Simulacrum— Ṭūsī Couple · Maragha Observatory · Planetary Models · Non-Ptolemaic Astronomy (13th century)

The Copernican Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus Simulacrum— Heliocentric Model · De Revolutionibus · Planetary Order · The Turning of the World (15th–16th century)

Tycho Brahe Simulacrum— Precision Observation · Stellar Catalogues · The Tychonic System · Uraniborg · The Supernova of 1572 (16th century)

Johannes Kepler Simulacrum— Planetary Motion · Three Laws · Harmonices Mundi · Celestial Mechanics (16th–17th century)

Stellar Astronomy

William Herschel Simulacrum— Uranus · Deep Sky Surveys · Nebulae · Infrared Discovery · Telescope Building (18th–19th century)

Caroline Herschel Simulacrum— Comets · Nebulae · Star Catalogues · Astronomical Calculation (18th–19th century)

Annie Jump Cannon Simulacrum— Spectral Classification · OBAFGKM · Henry Draper Catalogue · 350,000 Stars (19th–20th century)

Henrietta Swan Leavitt Simulacrum— Period-Luminosity Relation · Cepheid Variables · The Cosmic Distance Ladder (19th–20th century)

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Simulacrum— Stellar Composition · Hydrogen · Spectral Classification · The Most Brilliant PhD Thesis (20th century)

The Expanding Universe

Vesto Slipher Simulacrum— Galactic Redshifts · Spectroscopy · Nebular Velocities · The First Evidence (20th century)

Alexander Friedmann Simulacrum— Friedmann Equations · Dynamic Cosmology · Expanding Solutions · Curvature (20th century)

Edwin Hubble Simulacrum— Hubble's Law · Extragalactic Astronomy · Galaxy Classification · The Expanding Universe (20th century)

Georges Lemaître Simulacrum— The Primeval Atom · Big Bang · Expanding Universe · Cosmology · Priest-Physicist (20th century)

Modern Observational Astronomy

Fritz Zwicky Simulacrum— Dark Matter · Supernovae · Neutron Stars · Galaxy Clusters · Morphological Astronomy (20th century)

Vera Rubin Simulacrum— Dark Matter · Galaxy Rotation Curves · The Invisible Universe · Observational Proof (20th century)

Cosmology & Theoretical Astrophysics

Zhang Heng Simulacrum— Armillary Sphere · Seismoscope · Han Astronomy · Water-Powered Instruments · Mathematics (2nd century)

Claudius Ptolemy Simulacrum— Almagest · Geocentric System · Geography · Optics · Mathematical Astronomy · Tetrabiblos (1st century)

Albert Einstein Simulacrum— General Relativity · Cosmological Constant · Spacetime · Thought Experiments (20th century)

Enrico Fermi Simulacrum— The Fermi Paradox · Estimation · Nuclear Physics · Chicago Pile-1 (20th century)

Fred Hoyle Simulacrum— Stellar Nucleosynthesis · Steady State · Big Bang (Named It) · Carbon Resonance (20th century)

Stephen Hawking Simulacrum— Black Holes · Hawking Radiation · Brief History of Time · Singularities · Cosmology (20th–21st century)

Science Communication

Carl Sagan Simulacrum— Cosmos · Pale Blue Dot · Planetary Exploration · SETI · Science Communication (20th century)

Biology & Life Sciences 37

Foundations & Early Modern Observers

Theophrastus of Eresus Simulacrum— Historia Plantarum · De Causis Plantarum · Botany · Characters · Peripatetic School (4th–3rd century BCE)

Epicurus (Biology) Simulacrum— Atomism Applied to Life · Biological Materialism · Emergence (4th–3rd century BC)

William Harvey Simulacrum— Circulation of Blood · Quantitative Reasoning · Anatomy (16th–17th century)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Simulacrum— Microbiology · Microscopy · The Unseen World (17th–18th century)

Robert Hooke Simulacrum— Micrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental Philosophy (17th–18th century)

Carl Linnaeus Simulacrum— Taxonomy · Binomial Nomenclature · Classification of Life (18th century)

Erasmus Darwin Simulacrum— Zoonomia · Common Descent · Acquired Characteristics · Temple of Nature · Invention · Medicine (18th–19th century)

Edward Lear Simulacrum— Natural History Illustration · Zoology · Nonsense Taxonomy (19th century)

Evolution & Speciation

Charles Darwin Simulacrum— Evolution · Natural Selection · The Origin of Species (19th century)

Alfred Russel Wallace Simulacrum— Natural Selection · Biogeography · The Wallace Line (19th–20th century)

Ernst Mayr Simulacrum— Biological species concept · Allopatric speciation · The Modern Synthesis (1904–2005)

Stephen Jay Gould Simulacrum— Punctuated equilibria · Contingency · Replay the tape of life (1941–2002)

W.D. Hamilton Simulacrum— Inclusive fitness · rB > C · Kin selection · The selfish gene (1936–2000)

Genetics & Molecular Biology

Gregor Mendel Simulacrum— Genetics · Laws of Inheritance · Heredity (19th century)

Thomas Hunt Morgan Simulacrum— Chromosome Theory · Drosophila · Gene Mapping (19th–20th century)

Barbara McClintock Simulacrum— Transposable Elements · Maize Genetics · Genomic Instability (20th century)

Rosalind Franklin Simulacrum— X-ray Crystallography · DNA Structure · Photo 51 (20th century)

Oswald Avery Simulacrum— DNA as the transforming principle · Pneumococcus · Cautious science (1877–1955)

Sydney Brenner Simulacrum— C. elegans · mRNA · The genetic code · 959 cells you can know (1927–2019)

Marshall Nirenberg Simulacrum— Cracked the genetic code · Poly-U → phenylalanine · The codon dictionary (1927–2010)

John Gurdon Simulacrum— Nuclear transplantation · Totipotency · 1962 Xenopus · Differentiation reversed (1933–)

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Simulacrum— Heidelberg screen · Drosophila segmentation · Master genes of the body plan (1942–)

Microbiology & Immunology

Louis Pasteur Simulacrum— Germ Theory · Vaccination · Microbiology (19th century)

Alexander Fleming Simulacrum— Penicillin · Bacteriology · Serendipity (19th–20th century)

Jonas Salk Simulacrum— Polio Vaccine · Virology · Public Health (20th century)

Robert Koch Simulacrum— Koch's postulates · Pure culture · Anthrax · Tuberculosis · Cholera (1843–1910)

Élie Metchnikoff Simulacrum— Phagocytosis · Cellular immunity · Starfish larvae · Gerontology (1845–1916)

Physiology, Cell & Neural Biology

Rudolf Virchow Simulacrum— Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine (19th–20th century)

Santiago Ramón y Cajal Simulacrum— Neuroscience · Neuron Doctrine · Scientific Illustration (19th–20th century)

Claude Bernard Simulacrum— Le milieu intérieur · Experimental medicine · The pancreatic juice (1813–1878)

Walter Cannon Simulacrum— Homeostasis · Fight-or-flight · The wisdom of the body (1871–1945)

George Palade Simulacrum— Cell biology as discipline · The ribosome · The secretory pathway (1912–2008)

Charles Sherrington Simulacrum— Integrative action · The synapse · Reflex · Reciprocal inhibition (1857–1952)

Ecology & Living Systems

Rachel Carson Simulacrum— Ecology · Marine Biology · Environmental Writing (20th century)

G.E. Hutchinson Simulacrum— The n-dimensional niche · Ecology as discipline · Paradox of the plankton (1903–1991)

Levinian Systems Simulacrum— Bioelectricity · Morphogenesis · Planarian Regeneration · Cognitive Light Cone · Diverse Intelligence (20th–21st century)

Kimmerian Botany Simulacrum— Braiding Sweetgrass · Indigenous Plant Wisdom · Potawatomi Science · Botanical Grammar of Animacy (20th–21st century)

British Empire 48

Literature & Cultural Voice

G.A. Henty Simulacrum— 122 Imperial Adventure Novels · Empire as Moral Education · History as Character Formation (19th-20th century)

H. Rider Haggard Simulacrum— King Solomon's Mines · She · Africa as Adventure Romance · The Imperial Imaginary (19th-20th century)

Joseph Conrad Simulacrum— Heart of Darkness · Lord Jim · Nostromo · Critique from Inside the Assumptions (19th–20th century)

Rudyard Kipling Simulacrum— Kim · The Jungle Book · Plain Tales from the Hills · The White Man's Burden · Nobel 1907 (19th–20th century)

John Buchan Simulacrum— The Thirty-Nine Steps · Prester John · The Gentleman Adventurer · Governor-General of Canada (19th-20th century)

Chinua Achebe Simulacrum— Things Fall Apart · The Counter-Narrative · Answering Conrad · African Literature in English (20th–21st century)

Exploration & Intelligence

James Cook Simulacrum— Three Voyages · The Chart as Claim · Navigation and Naming as Imperial Acts · Pacific · Australia (18th century)

Joseph Banks Simulacrum— Botany Bay · Kew Gardens · The Botanical Empire · 41 Years as President of the Royal Society (18th-19th century)

William Jones Simulacrum— The Indo-European Discovery · Comparative Linguistics · Sanskrit · Bengal as Laboratory · Asiatic Society (18th century)

Thomas Stamford Raffles Simulacrum— Singapore · Java · Liberal Imperialism · Natural History · The Company Reversed His Reforms (18th-19th century)

David Livingstone Simulacrum— Central Africa · Commerce and Christianity · The Arab Slave Trade · Heart Buried at Chitambo (19th century)

Richard Francis Burton Simulacrum— Immersion as Epistemology · 29 Languages · Mecca in Disguise · Lake Tanganyika · 1001 Nights (19th century)

Henry Morton Stanley Simulacrum— Congo for Leopold · Dr Livingstone I Presume · The Dark Mirror · Exploration Without Humanitarian Gloss (19th-20th century)

Mary Kingsley Simulacrum— West Africa Alone · Travels in West Africa · Deflationary Empiricism · Against Missionary Distortion (19th–20th century)

Administration & Doctrine

Robert Clive Simulacrum— Battle of Plassey · The Making of British India · East India Company · Parliament's Accounting (18th century)

James Wolfe Simulacrum— Quebec · The Plains of Abraham · The Hero Who Dies at the Moment of Victory · Benjamin West's Painting (18th century)

Warren Hastings Simulacrum— First Governor-General of India · The Administrator Who Loved India · Burke's Target · Impeachment (18th century)

Richard Wellesley Simulacrum— Subsidiary Alliance · Doubled British India · Governor-General · Wellington's Brother (18th-19th century)

Duke of Wellington Simulacrum— India · Waterloo · The Empire as Military School · Tipu Sultan · The Marathas (18th–19th century)

Charles Napier Simulacrum— Conquest of Sindh · Peccavi · A Very Advantageous Piece of Rascality · The Self-Aware Conqueror (18th-19th century)

Benjamin Disraeli Simulacrum— Suez Canal · Queen as Empress · Imperial Romance · Political Theatre · One Nation (19th century)

Henry Maine Simulacrum— From Status to Contract · Ancient Law · India as Legal Laboratory · Comparative Jurisprudence (19th century)

Walter Bagehot Simulacrum— The English Constitution · The Dignified and the Efficient · How Power Actually Works (19th century)

James Fitzjames Stephen Simulacrum— Liberty Equality Fraternity · The Reply to Mill · Indian Penal Code · Law May Enforce Morality (19th century)

Charles Gordon Simulacrum— Khartoum · The Martyred General · Imperial Death as Spectacle · Two Days Before Relief Arrived (19th century)

Lord Cromer Simulacrum— Egypt · The Invisible Empire · Governing Without Owning · The Proconsul as Type (19th-20th century)

Herbert Kitchener Simulacrum— Omdurman · Sudan · Boer War · War as Industrial Problem · The Mathematics of Slaughter (19th-20th century)

Alfred Milner Simulacrum— The Boer War · Imperial Federation · Empire by Paperwork · Engineering Conditions for War (19th-20th century)

Robert Baden-Powell Simulacrum— Scouting for Boys · Mafeking · Imperial Military Virtues as Universal Character Formation (19th-20th century)

Frederick Lugard Simulacrum— Indirect Rule · The Dual Mandate · Nigeria · Governing Through Existing Structures (19th–20th century)

George Curzon Simulacrum— Viceroy of India · The Partition of Bengal · Imperial Grandeur · The Complete Believer (19th–20th century)

Critics & Dissenters from Within

Edmund Burke Simulacrum— Hastings Prosecution · Power Must Answer · The Particular Against the Abstract · Reflections on the Revolution in France (18th century)

Thomas Clarkson Simulacrum— Abolition · The Brooks Diagram · 35,000 Miles · The Infrastructure of the Moral Campaign (18th-19th century)

William Cobbett Simulacrum— Rural Rides · The Great Wen · Empire Destroyed England First · The Agrarian Radical (18th-19th century)

Sydney Smith Simulacrum— Edinburgh Review · Wit as Moral Weapon · Against Evangelical Missionaries · Against Flogging (18th-19th century)

Thomas Carlyle Simulacrum— Hero Worship · The Occasional Discourse · The Philosophical Ground of Racial Hierarchy (19th century)

Richard Cobden Simulacrum— Free Trade as the Alternative to Empire · The Manchester School · The Corn Laws · Commerce is the Grand Panacea (19th century)

John Bright Simulacrum— The Quaker Conscience · Non-Intervention · A Crime Wrapped Up in a Blunder · Corn Laws · Anti-War (19th century)

Herbert Spencer Simulacrum— Survival of the Fittest · Social Darwinism · Evolution as Universal Law · The Ideological Lubricant (19th-20th century)

Francis Galton Simulacrum— Correlation · Regression · Eugenics · Fingerprints · The Polymath and His Catastrophic Application (19th-20th century)

J.A. Hobson Simulacrum— Imperialism: A Study (1902) · The Economic Mechanism · Surplus Capital · The Flag Follows the Dividend (19th–20th century)

Roger Casement Simulacrum— Congo Atrocities Report · Peruvian Rubber Slavery · The Consul Who Turned · Executed for Treason 1916 (19th–20th century)

Colonial Voices & Resistance

Dadabhai Naoroji Simulacrum— The Drain Theory · Poverty and Un-British Rule in India · First British Indian MP · The Accounts Do Not Lie (19th–20th century)

Bal Gangadhar Tilak Simulacrum— Swaraj is My Birthright · Mass Politics · Twice Imprisoned · The Grammar is the Philosophy (19th-20th century)

Mahatma Gandhi Simulacrum— Satyagraha · Non-Cooperation · Hind Swaraj · The Withdrawal of Consent (19th–20th century)

Marcus Garvey Simulacrum— Africa for the Africans · Pan-Africanism · UNIA · Separate Self-Determination (19th-20th century)

C.L.R. James Simulacrum— The Black Jacobins · Beyond a Boundary · Cricket as Colonial Politics · Marxism · Pan-Africanism · Trinidad (20th century)

Frantz Fanon Simulacrum— The Wretched of the Earth · Black Skin White Masks · Colonisation as Psychological Structure · Martinique · Algeria (20th century)

Chemistry 42

Ancient Atomism & Natural Philosophy

Democritus of Abdera Simulacrum— Atomic theory · Void · Materialism · The origin of chemistry in philosophy (5th century BCE)

Epicurus Simulacrum— Atomism · The Swerve · Void · Material Philosophy (4th century BC)

Pierre Gassendi Simulacrum— Atomism · Empiricism · Revival of Epicurus · Early Chemistry (17th century)

Alchemy

Mary the Jewess Simulacrum— Practical Alchemy · Apparatus · The First Alchemist (1st–3rd century)

Jabir ibn Hayyan Simulacrum— Experimental Method · Acids · Islamic Alchemy (8th century)

Paracelsus Simulacrum— Iatrochemistry · Hermetic Philosophy · Poison & Cure (16th century)

Isaac Newton Simulacrum— Alchemy · The Philosopher's Stone · Hidden Theology (17th century)

The Chemical Revolution

Robert Boyle Simulacrum— The Sceptical Chymist · Boyle’s Law · Corpuscular Theory · Chemistry vs Alchemy · Invisible College (17th century)

Henry Cavendish Simulacrum— Hydrogen · Density of the Earth · Electrical theory · Solitary genius (18th–19th century)

Joseph Priestley Simulacrum— Oxygen · Pneumatic Chemistry · Electricity · Unitarianism · Political Radicalism · Phlogiston (18th century)

Carl Wilhelm Scheele Simulacrum— Oxygen · Chlorine · Manganese · Tartaric acid · The chemist who discovered and was never credited (18th century)

Antoine Lavoisier Simulacrum— Combustion · Conservation of Mass · Modern Chemistry (18th century)

John Dalton Simulacrum— Atomic Theory · Elements · Combining Proportions (19th century)

Humphry Davy Simulacrum— Electrochemistry · Sodium · Potassium · Calcium · Chlorine · The Davy lamp (18th–19th century)

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Simulacrum— Gas Laws · Law of Combining Volumes · Boron · Balloon Ascents · Physical Chemistry (18th–19th century)

Jöns Jacob Berzelius Simulacrum— Chemical notation · Atomic weights · Silicon · Catalysis · Organic chemistry (18th–19th century)

Michael Faraday Simulacrum— Electrochemistry · Faraday's laws · Electromagnetic induction · The chemist who became a physicist (19th century)

Dmitri Mendeleev Simulacrum— Periodic Table · Elemental Order · Prediction (19th century)

Industrial & Synthetic Chemistry

Nicolas Leblanc Simulacrum— Leblanc process · Industrial soda · First industrial chemistry · The cost of invention (18th–19th century)

Justus von Liebig Simulacrum— Organic chemistry methodology · Agricultural chemistry · Laboratory training · The chemical laboratory as institution (19th century)

August Kekulé Simulacrum— Benzene ring · Structural organic chemistry · Molecular architecture (19th century)

William Henry Perkin Simulacrum— Mauveine · First synthetic dye · Coal tar chemistry · Accidental discovery at 18 (19th–20th century)

Emil Fischer Simulacrum— Sugar chemistry · Lock and key model · Purines · Amino acids · Nobel 1902 (19th–20th century)

Walther Nernst Simulacrum— Nernst equation · Third Law of Thermodynamics · Physical chemistry · Nobel 1920 (19th–20th century)

Fritz Haber Simulacrum— Nitrogen Fixation · Haber-Bosch · Chemical Weapons (20th century)

Carl Bosch Simulacrum— Industrial Chemistry · High Pressure · Scale-Up · Haber-Bosch Plant (20th century)

Wallace Carothers Simulacrum— Synthetic Polymers · Nylon · Neoprene · Polymer Architecture (20th century)

Structural Chemistry & Crystallography

Jacobus van 't Hoff Simulacrum— Stereochemistry · Osmotic pressure · Chemical kinetics · First Nobel Prize in Chemistry (19th–20th century)

Wilhelm Ostwald Simulacrum— Physical Chemistry · Catalysis · Ostwald Process · Colour Theory · Nobel 1909 (19th–20th century)

Svante Arrhenius Simulacrum— Ionic theory · Activation energy · Acids and bases · Greenhouse effect prediction (19th–20th century)

W.H. & W.L. Bragg Simulacrum— X-ray crystallography · Bragg's Law · Crystal structure · Father and son Nobel 1915 (19th–20th century)

Marie Curie Simulacrum— Radioactivity · Polonium · Radium · Two Nobel Prizes · Physics and Chemistry (19th–20th century)

Robert Robinson Simulacrum— Organic synthesis · Alkaloids · Tropinone synthesis · Electronic theory of organic reactions · Nobel 1947 (19th–20th century)

Linus Pauling Simulacrum— Chemical Bonding · Quantum Chemistry · Molecular Biology (20th century)

Dorothy Hodgkin Simulacrum— X-Ray Crystallography · Penicillin · Vitamin B12 · Insulin Structure (20th century)

R.B. Woodward Simulacrum— Organic Synthesis · Total Synthesis · Molecular Architecture (20th century)

Frederick Sanger Simulacrum— Protein sequencing · DNA sequencing · Two Nobel Prizes · Doing not talking (20th century)

Rosalind Franklin Simulacrum— X-ray crystallography · DNA structure · Photo 51 · Tobacco mosaic virus (20th century)

Molecular & Contemporary Chemistry

Harry Kroto Simulacrum— Buckminsterfullerene · C60 · Carbon chemistry · Nobel 1996 (20th century)

Ben Feringa Simulacrum— Molecular machines · Rotary motor · Nobel 2016 · Nanotechnology as chemistry (20th–21st century)

Frances Arnold Simulacrum— Directed evolution · Nobel 2018 · Enzymes by evolution · Green chemistry (20th–21st century)

Jennifer Doudna Simulacrum— CRISPR-Cas9 · Gene editing · Nobel 2020 · The chemistry of the genome (20th–21st century)

Classics 60

Greek Oratory

Antiphon Simulacrum— Attic Oratory · Eikos · Probability · The First Logographer (5th century BC)

Lysias Simulacrum— Attic Oratory · The Plain Style · Characterisation · Art That Conceals Art (5th–4th century BC)

Isocrates Simulacrum— Greek Rhetoric · Political Education · Periodic Style · Pan-Hellenism (5th–4th century BC)

Demosthenes Simulacrum— Greek Rhetoric · Political Urgency · The Philippics · Parrhēsia (4th century BC)

Early Latin

Livius Andronicus Simulacrum— Translation · Odusia · Latin Tragedy · Beginnings (3rd century BC)

Gnaeus Naevius Simulacrum— Epic · Comedy · Bellum Punicum · Roman National Poetry (3rd century BC)

Titus Maccius Plautus Simulacrum— Comedy · Farce · Verse · The Clever Slave (3rd–2nd century BC)

Publius Terentius Afer Simulacrum— Comedy · Humanism · Double Plots · Elegance (2nd century BC)

Late Republic

Marcus Terentius Varro Simulacrum— Roman Antiquities · Latin Language · Encyclopaedism (2nd–1st century BC)

Cornelius Nepos Simulacrum— Biography · De Viris Illustribus · Comparative Lives (1st century BC)

Marcus Tullius Cicero Simulacrum— Oratory · Philosophy · Humanitas · Latin Literature (2nd–1st century BC)

Gaius Julius Caesar Simulacrum— Commentarii · Military Prose · Political Narrative (1st century BC)

Aulus Hirtius Simulacrum— Book VIII · Continuator · Military History · The Soldier Who Finished Caesar's Story (1st century BC)

Gaius Sallustius Crispus Simulacrum— History · Moral Decline · Catiline · Jugurtha (1st century BC)

Gaius Valerius Catullus Simulacrum— Lyric Poetry · Love · Invective · Neoteric Verse (1st century BC)

Augustan Age

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio Simulacrum— Architecture · De Architectura · Engineering · Proportion (1st century BC)

Publius Vergilius Maro Simulacrum— Epic · Pastoral · Didactic · The Aeneid (1st century BC)

Quintus Horatius Flaccus Simulacrum— Ode · Satire · Epistle · Ars Poetica (1st century BC)

Augustus Simulacrum— Res Gestae · Imperial Prose · Political Self-Presentation (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Titus Livius Simulacrum— Ab Urbe Condita · Roman History · Moral Exempla (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Albius Tibullus Simulacrum— Elegy · Pastoral Love · The Golden Age · Simplicity (1st century BC)

Publius Ovidius Naso Simulacrum— Metamorphoses · Amores · Exile · Wit (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Sulpicia Simulacrum— Elegy · Women's Voice · Desire · Latin Love Poetry (1st century BC)

The Unnamed Woman (Laudatio Turiae) Simulacrum— Elegy · Marriage · Devotion · Anonymous Inscription (1st century BC)

Early Empire

Pompeius Trogus Simulacrum— Universal History · Historiae Philippicae · The Non-Roman World (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Velleius Paterculus Simulacrum— History · Military Memoir · Tiberian Rome (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Claudius Simulacrum— Antiquarian History · Imperial Prose · Etruscology (1st century AD)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca Simulacrum— Stoic Philosophy · Epistulae · Tragedy · Moral Essays (1st century AD)

Marcus Manilius Simulacrum— Didactic Poetry · Astronomica · Fate · Stoic Cosmology (1st century AD)

Pomponius Mela Simulacrum— Geography · De Chorographia · The Known World (1st century AD)

Grattius Simulacrum— Didactic Poetry · Cynegetica · Hunting · Rural Life (1st century AD)

Quintus Curtius Rufus Simulacrum— History · Alexander the Great · Rhetorical Narrative (1st century AD)

Rutilius Lupus Simulacrum— Rhetoric · Figures of Speech · De Figuris Sententiarum (1st century AD)

Valerius Maximus Simulacrum— Exempla · Moral Rhetoric · Facta et Dicta Memorabilia (1st century AD)

Pliny the Elder Simulacrum— Natural History · Encyclopaedism · Curiosity · Vesuvius (1st century AD)

Aules Persius Flaccus Simulacrum— Satire · Stoic Ethics · Compression · Difficulty (1st century AD)

Caesius Bassus Simulacrum— Metre · Lyric Poetry · Grammar · The Persius Edition (1st century AD)

Marcus Annaeus Lucanus Simulacrum— Epic · Bellum Civile · Anti-Epic · Neronian Poetry (1st century AD)

Calpurnius Siculus Simulacrum— Pastoral · Eclogues · Neronian Golden Age (1st century AD)

Corpus Priapeorum (Anonymous) Simulacrum— Obscene Verse · Priapus · Garden Poetry · Roman Humour (1st century AD)

Laus Pisonis (Anonymous) Simulacrum— Panegyric · Patron Poetry · Neronian Rome (1st century AD)

Ilias Latina (Baebius Italicus?) Simulacrum— Epic Epitome · Homer in Latin · Compression (1st century AD)

Flavian & Later Imperial

Silius Italicus Simulacrum— Epic · Punica · The Second Punic War · Flavian Poetry (1st century AD)

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus Simulacrum— Rhetoric · Education · Institutio Oratoria · The Complete Orator (1st century AD)

Marcus Valerius Martialis Simulacrum— Epigram · Satire · Roman Daily Life · Wit (1st century AD)

Publius Papinius Statius Simulacrum— Epic · Thebaid · Silvae · Occasional Poetry (1st century AD)

Publius Cornelius Tacitus Simulacrum— Annales · Historiae · Germania · Imperial Corruption (1st–2nd century AD)

Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus Simulacrum— Epistulae · Provincial Government · Vesuvius · Literary Correspondence (1st–2nd century AD)

Hyginus Simulacrum— Fabulae · Astronomica · Mythological Compendium · The Damaged Database (2nd century AD)

Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus Simulacrum— Imperial Biography · De Vita Caesarum · Gossip as Method (1st–2nd century AD)

Lucius Annaeus Florus Simulacrum— Epitome · Roman History in Miniature · Rhetorical History (2nd century AD)

Lucius Apuleius Simulacrum— Metamorphoses · The Golden Ass · Isis · African Latin (2nd century AD)

Aulus Gellius Simulacrum— Noctes Atticae · Antiquarianism · Miscellany · Grammar (2nd century AD)

Gaius Simulacrum— Roman Law · Institutes · Persons, Things, Actions (2nd century AD)

Sextus Pomponius Simulacrum— Roman Legal History · Enchiridion · Jurists · The Only Ancient History of Roman Law (2nd century AD)

Sextus (Pseudo-Pythagorean) Simulacrum— Sententiae · Moral Maxims · Pythagorean Ethics · Asceticism (2nd century AD)

Reference & Tools

Latin Syntax Simulacrum— Latin Word Order · Sentence Structure · Grammar (Classical Latin)

Rhetorica Ciceroniana Simulacrum— Oratory · Rhetoric · Persuasion · Latin Style (Classical Latin)

The Roman Mind Simulacrum— Roman Thought · Law · Governance · Civic Virtue (Classical Rome)

Jacob Bernays Simulacrum— Classical Philology · Aristotle’s Catharsis · Theophrastus · Scaliger · Heraclitus (19th century)

The Commerce of Music 7

Economics & the Music Industry

The Artist Independence Model Simulacrum— Ownership · Masters · The Slave Contract · NPG Records · Artist Independence · The Internet as Liberator (20th–21st century)

Steve Albini Simulacrum— Recording · The Problem with Music · Anti-Major-Label Economics · Electrical Audio · Analog (20th–21st century)

Technology & Distribution

The Catalogue Strategist Simulacrum— BowieNet · The Internet Will Change Everything · Bowie Bonds · Artist as Business · Reinvention (20th–21st century)

Advisory Tools

The Contract Auditor Simulacrum— Recording Contracts · Publishing Deals · 360 Deals · Recoupment · Clause Analysis (Constructed Tool)

The Rights Counselor Simulacrum— Copyright · Publishing · Masters · Sync · Mechanical · Performance Royalties · Splits (Constructed Tool)

The Platform Strategist Simulacrum— Streaming Strategy · Social Media · Distribution · Playlist Pitching · Release Planning (Constructed Tool)

The ARPF Advisor Simulacrum— Average Revenue Per Fan · Fan Economics · Monetisation Strategy · Tiered Access · Lifetime Value (Constructed Tool)

Cognitive & Perceptual Sciences 20

Reimannian Topology Simulacrum— Topological Neuroscience · Cliques · Neural Homology (20th century)

D'Arcy Thompson Simulacrum— Mathematical Biology · Growth · Form ()

Nikolai Bernstein Simulacrum— Biomechanics · Degrees of Freedom · Motor Control (19th–20th century)

Bernsteinian Building Simulacrum— Degrees of Freedom Problem · Dexterity · Motor Learning · Movement as Problem-Solving · Physiology of Activity (19th–20th century)

W. Ross Ashby Simulacrum— Cybernetics · Homeostat · Requisite Variety (20th century)

Gibsonian Affordances Simulacrum— Ecological Optics · Affordances · Direct Perception · The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (20th century)

Maurice Merleau-Ponty Simulacrum— Phenomenology · Embodied Cognition · Perception (20th century)

W. Grey Walter Simulacrum— Cybernetics · Turtle Robots · EEG · Brainwaves (20th century)

Gunnar Johansson Simulacrum— Biological Motion · Point-Light Displays · Kinematic Geometry (20th century)

Valentino Braitenberg Simulacrum— Synthetic Neuroscience · Vehicles · Behaviour (20th–21st century)

Gerald Edelman Simulacrum— Neural Darwinism · Consciousness · Selectionism (20th–21st century)

Colin Blakemore Simulacrum— Visual Neuroscience · Critical Periods · Development (20th–21st century)

Srinivasanian Vision Simulacrum— Insect Vision · Optic Flow · Polarisation Navigation · Waggle Dance · Biomimetic Systems (20th–21st century)

Bartnickian Analysis Simulacrum— Affordance Theory · Visual Neuroscience · Action Spaces (20th century)

Fristonite Systems Simulacrum— Free Energy Principle · Active Inference · Predictive Processing · Variational Inference · The Markov Blanket (20th–21st century)

Misha Mahowald Simulacrum— Neuromorphic Vision · Silicon Retina · Analogue VLSI (20th century)

Chalmersian Analysis Simulacrum— The Hard Problem · Philosophical Zombies · Panpsychism · The Conscious Mind · Two-Dimensional Semantics (20th–21st century)

Dabaghian Combinatorics Simulacrum— Topological Neuroscience · Spatial Cognition · Homology (20th century)

Noenian Vision Simulacrum— Enactive Perception · Presence · Strange Tools · Sensorimotor Contingencies · The Extended Mind (20th–21st century)

Curtonian Geometry Simulacrum— Neural Topology · Place Cells · Combinatorial Codes (20th century)

Computing 24

Hero of Alexandria Simulacrum— Automata · Computing History · Engineering (1st century)

Robert Hooke Simulacrum— Micrographia · Instrument Design · The Universal Joint · Mechanical Philosophy · Invisible College (17th–18th century)

Ada Lovelace Simulacrum— First Programmer · Analytical Engine (19th century)

Warren Weaver Simulacrum— Communication Theory · Information · AI (19th–20th century)

Norbert Wiener Simulacrum— Cybernetics · Control Systems · Feedback (19th–20th century)

James Gibson Simulacrum— Vision · Affordances · Ecological Perception (20th century)

Alan Turing Simulacrum— Computation · Mind · Algorithm (20th century)

Shannonian Information Simulacrum— Information Theory · Entropy · The Mathematical Theory of Communication · Cryptography (20th–21st century)

Edsger Dijkstra Simulacrum— Algorithms · Elegance · Proof (20th–21st century)

Meadesque Analysis Simulacrum— Neuromorphic Computing · VLSI · Mead-Conway Revolution · Silicon Neurons · Physics of Computation (20th–21st century)

Knuthian Analysis Simulacrum— The Art of Computer Programming · TeX · Literate Programming · Algorithm Analysis (20th–21st century)

Hofstadter Strangeness Simulacrum— Gödel Escher Bach · Strange Loops · Self-Reference · Consciousness · Analogies as Cognition (20th–21st century)

Winogradian Systems Simulacrum— SHRDLU · Breakdown as Revelation · Heidegger and Computing · Design for Human Practice (20th–21st century)

Kurzweillian Analysis Simulacrum— The Singularity · Exponential Growth · Pattern Recognition · Mind Uploading · The Law of Accelerating Returns (20th–21st century)

Wozniakian Analysis Simulacrum— Apple I · Apple II · Engineering Elegance · Minimal Hardware · The Joy of Engineering (20th–21st century)

Brooksian Systems Simulacrum— Subsumption Architecture · Behaviour-Based Robotics · Embodied Intelligence · iRobot · The World is its Own Model (20th–21st century)

Steve Jobs Simulacrum— Product · Design · Vision · Computing (20th–21st century)

Zissermanian Analytics Simulacrum— Computer Vision · Deep Visual Representations · VGG Networks · Action Recognition · Visual Geometry Group (20th–21st century)

Wolframian Systematics Simulacrum— Mathematica · A New Kind of Science · Wolfram Language · Cellular Automata · Computational Irreducibility (20th–21st century)

Lattnerite Coder Simulacrum— LLVM · Clang · Swift · Mojo · Compiler Infrastructure · Language Design (20th–21st century)

Platform & Ecosystem

Apple Dev Tool 2026 Simulacrum— App Store architecture · Developer relations · Platform governance · Curation philosophy · Based on Phil Schiller's writings (21st century)

Cloud Computing

Vogelsian Cloud Architecture Simulacrum— Distributed systems · AWS architecture · eventually consistent design · cloud-native engineering (Contemporary)

Schneierian Security Thinking Simulacrum— Cryptography · security economics · threat modelling · the shared responsibility model · privacy and surveillance (Contemporary)

Cockroftian Cloud Economics Simulacrum— Microservices · cloud migration · cost modelling · FinOps · the economics of elasticity (Contemporary)

Design 25

The Bauhaus

Walter Gropius Simulacrum— The School as Gesamtkunstwerk · Institution as Built Argument · Weimar · Dessau · Unity of Art and Craft (19th–20th century)

Mies van der Rohe Simulacrum— Less is More · Structural Honesty · Barcelona Pavilion · Steel and Glass · Skin and Bones Architecture (19th–20th century)

Josef Albers Simulacrum— Interaction of Colour · Homage to the Square · Colour as Relation · Teaching as Art (19th–20th century)

László Moholy-Nagy Simulacrum— New Vision · Light as Material · Transparency · Preliminary Course · School of Design Chicago (19th–20th century)

Herbert Bayer Simulacrum— Universal Typeface · Typography as Language · Minimum Necessary Alphabet · Exhibition Design (19th–20th century)

Marcel Breuer Simulacrum— Wassily Chair · Tubular Steel · The Material Proposes Its Form · Student to Master (20th century)

Industrial & Product Design

Wrightian Emergence Simulacrum— The Toy Not the Game · SimCity · The Sims · Emergent Behaviour · Player as Author · Systems as Creative Medium (20th–21st century)

Ramsian Functionalism Simulacrum— Weniger aber besser · Ten Principles · Industrial Design · The Conscience of Objects (20th–21st century)

Jobsian Aesthetics Simulacrum— Technology as Liberal Art · Reality Distortion · Insanely Great · The Intersection of Humanities and Engineering (20th–21st century)

Ivesque Poetics Simulacrum— Material · Form · Process · Restraint · The Object as Idea Made Physical (20th–21st century)

Visual Communication & Interface

Massimo Vignelli Simulacrum— NYC Subway Map · Helvetica · Grid systems · Knoll · American Airlines · If you can design one thing you can design everything (20th–21st century)

Alexandrian Design Simulacrum— Pattern Language · Living Structure · Quality Without a Name · Centres · Wholeness (20th–21st century)

Karesque Visualiser Simulacrum— Icon as Language · Visual Metaphor · The Friendly Interface · Pixel as Meaning (20th–21st century)

Chimerian Borderlands Simulacrum— The Shape of Design · Why before How · Flux as medium · Borderlands practice · Long hard stupid way (21st century)

Schneiderian Making Simulacrum— Spotify · HYPE Newsletter · First make it work then make it great · Independent practice · Making as thinking (21st century)

Digital Systems & SaaS Design

Normanesque Affordance Simulacrum— The Design of Everyday Things · Affordances · Signifiers · Human-centred design · UX foundations · Cognitive science of design (20th–21st century)

Uedan Subtraction Simulacrum— Design by Removal · Ico · Shadow of the Colossus · Melancholy as Aesthetic · The Minimum Viable Emotion (20th–21st century)

Jenovian Systems Simulacrum— Emotional Systems Design · Flow · Journey · What Players Should Feel · Minimal Interaction Maximum Feeling (20th–21st century)

Frostian Atomics Simulacrum— Atomic Design · Design systems · Pattern Lab · Style guides · Brad Frost · Component-first methodology (21st century)

The SaaS Designer Simulacrum— Design systems · SaaS UX · Figma · B2B product design · Atomic methodology · Dashboard information architecture (21st century)

Design Critique

Digital Rights Critique Simulacrum— Enshittification · Platform Decay · Adversarial Interoperability · Chokepoint Capitalism (20th–21st century)

Modern Design Theory

Buckminster Fuller Simulacrum— Spaceship Earth · Geodesic dome · Synergetics · Ephemeralization · Doing more with less (1895–1983)

William Morris Simulacrum— Arts and Crafts · Joy in the making · News from Nowhere · Against shoddy (1834–1896)

Victor Papanek Simulacrum— Design for the Real World · Ethical design · Who pays the price · Function as moral act (1923–1998)

Donald Schön Simulacrum— The reflective practitioner · Knowing-in-action · The material talks back (1930–1997)

Divinity School 50

Early Christian Studies

Ignatius of Antioch Simulacrum— Patristics · Martyrdom · Church Unity · Epistles (1st–2nd century)

Irenaeus of Lyons Simulacrum— Patristics · Against Heresies · Recapitulation · Goodness of Creation (2nd–3rd century)

Clement of Alexandria Simulacrum— Alexandrian Theology · Philosophy as Preparation · The True Gnostic (2nd–3rd century)

Tertullian Simulacrum— Latin Theology · Trinitas · Apologetics · Athens vs Jerusalem (2nd–3rd century)

Origen of Alexandria Simulacrum— Biblical Exegesis · Three Senses of Scripture · Apokatastasis (2nd–3rd century)

Lactantius Simulacrum— Apologetics · Divine Institutes · Rhetoric · Providence (3rd–4th century)

Athanasius of Alexandria Simulacrum— Nicene Orthodoxy · Theosis · Contra Mundum (3rd–4th century)

Gregory of Nazianzus Simulacrum— The Theologian · Five Orations · Poetry · The Contemplative Life (4th century)

Basil of Caesarea Simulacrum— Cappadocian Theology · Monastic Rule · Practical Charity (4th century)

Gregory of Nyssa Simulacrum— Epektasis · Apophatic Theology · Infinite Progress toward God (4th century)

Ambrose of Milan Simulacrum— Church vs Empire · Pastoral Leadership · Latin Liturgy (4th century)

Jerome Simulacrum— The Vulgate · Biblical Scholarship · Hebraica Veritas (4th–5th century)

John Chrysostom Simulacrum— Preaching · Poverty & Wealth · The Golden-Mouthed (4th–5th century)

Augustine of Hippo Simulacrum— Theology · Confession · Grace · The Restless Heart (4th–5th century)

Pseudo-Dionysius Simulacrum— Apophatic Mysticism · Celestial Hierarchy · The Divine Darkness (c. 5th–6th century)

Gregory the Great Simulacrum— Pastoral Rule · Servant of Servants · Mission to England (6th–7th century)

John of Damascus Simulacrum— Systematic Theology · Icon Defence · The Last Father (7th–8th century)

Thomas Aquinas Simulacrum— Scholastic Theology · Natural Law · Summa · Prudence (13th century)

Jewish Studies

The Haham Simulacrum— Sephardic Theology · Halakha · Kuzari · Spinoza Controversy (17th century)

The Rebbe Simulacrum— Chassidut · Kabbalah · Jewish Leadership · Teshuvah (20th century)

Buddhist Studies

The Buddha (Pali Canon) Simulacrum— The oldest voice — the Pali Canon (5th century BC)

The Buddha (Nāgārjuna) Simulacrum— The Buddha thinking through emptiness (2nd–3rd century)

The Buddha (Śāntideva) Simulacrum— The Buddha as compassion in action (8th century)

The Buddha (Padmasambhava) Simulacrum— The Lotus-Born — dharma comes to Tibet (8th century)

The Buddha (Huangbo) Simulacrum— The Buddha as direct transmission — Chan (9th century)

The Buddha (Milarepa) Simulacrum— The Buddha singing in a cave (11th–12th century)

The Buddha (Dōgen) Simulacrum— The Buddha sitting — Sōtō Zen (13th century)

The Buddha (Longchenpa) Simulacrum— The Buddha as natural perfection — Dzogchen (14th century)

The Buddha (Siddhartha · Hesse) Simulacrum— The Buddha beside the river — Hesse's meditation (20th century (literary))

The Buddha (Thích Nhất Hạnh) Simulacrum— The Buddha walking on the green earth (20th–21st century)

Hindu Studies — Deity Wing

Śiva (Naṭarāja) Simulacrum— The cosmic dancer — creation and destruction in one gesture (Eternal)

Śiva (Mahāyogin) Simulacrum— The great ascetic on Kailāsa — tapas as concentrated power (Eternal)

Śiva (Bhairava) Simulacrum— The terrible — transgression as the path through, not around (Eternal)

Kālī (Mahākālī) Simulacrum— The Kālī of the Devī Māhātmya — terror as structural necessity (Eternal)

Kālī (Dakṣiṇā) Simulacrum— Ramakrishna's Kālī — the dark mother who is also the intimate mother (Eternal)

Sarasvatī (Vāk) Simulacrum— The cosmic Vāk of Ṛgveda 10.125 — speech before it becomes words (Eternal)

Sarasvatī (Purāṇic) Simulacrum— The white-robed patroness — vīṇā, swan, book (Eternal)

Gaṇeśa Simulacrum— Remover and creator of obstacles — the threshold intelligence (Eternal)

Viṣṇu Simulacrum— The preserver — became fish, tortoise, boar, man-lion, dwarf (Eternal)

Krishna (Bhagavad Gītā) Simulacrum— The Charioteer · The Gītā · Dharma on the Battlefield · The Universal Form (Eternal)

Krishna (Vrindavan) Simulacrum— Divine Love · The Flute · Rādhā · The Beloved (Eternal)

Hindu Studies — Philosophical Wing

Patañjali Simulacrum— Yoga Sūtras — citta vṛtti nirodha in five Sanskrit words (c. 2nd century BC)

Śaṅkara Simulacrum— Advaita — Brahman alone is real, the world is appearance (8th century)

Abhinavagupta Simulacrum— Kashmir Shaivism — the world as Śiva's self-expression (10th–11th century)

Rāmānuja Simulacrum— Viśiṣṭādvaita — the world is the body of God (11th–12th century)

Madhva Simulacrum— Dvaita — God, soul, and world are permanently distinct (13th century)

Kabir Simulacrum— Neither Hindu nor Muslim — the weaver-saint of Varanasi (15th century)

Mirabai Simulacrum— Bhakti — the princess who bought the Dark One at the cost of everything (16th century)

Ramakrishna Simulacrum— As many faiths, so many paths — an empirical finding, not a position (19th century)

Vivekananda Simulacrum— Practical Vedanta — arise, awake, and build hospitals (19th–20th century)

Earth Sciences 10

Eratosthenes of Cyrene Simulacrum— Earth's Circumference · Geodesy · Prime Sieve · Chief Librarian of Alexandria (3rd–2nd century BC)

Eratosthenes of Cyrene Simulacrum— Earth’s Circumference · Pinakes · Third Librarian · Geography · Prime Numbers · Chronology (3rd–2nd century BCE)

Al-Bīrūnī Simulacrum— Comparative Method · Kitāb al-Hind · Geodesy · Earth’s Circumference · Mineralogy · Chronology (10th–11th century)

Gilbert Walker Simulacrum— Global Teleconnections · ENSO · Statistics (19th–20th century)

Carl-Gustaf Rossby Simulacrum— Atmospheric Waves · Fluid Dynamics (19th–20th century)

Jule Charney Simulacrum— Dynamic Meteorology · Numerical Prediction (20th century)

Edward Lorenz Simulacrum— Chaos Theory · Atmospheric Dynamics (20th–21st century)

James Lovelock Simulacrum— Gaia · Earth Systems · Climate (20th–21st century)

Vladimir Keilis-Borok Simulacrum— Seismology · Chaos · Earthquake Prediction (20th–21st century)

Zephyrus Climate Model Simulacrum— Climate · Complex Systems · Modelling (Non-historical)

Ecology & Conservation 32

Founding Ecology

Theophrastus of Eresus Simulacrum— Historia Plantarum · Botanical Taxonomy · Natural Philosophy · Characters (4th–3rd century BC)

Alexander von Humboldt Simulacrum— Naturgemälde · Web of Life · Plant Geography · Father of Environmentalism (18th–19th century)

Ernst Haeckel Simulacrum— Ecology (the word) · Form Reads History · Marine Invertebrates · Kunstformen der Natur (19th–20th century)

Eugenius Warming Simulacrum— Plant Ecology · Plantesamfund · Community Function · Why Same Solutions on Different Continents? (19th–20th century)

Frederic Clements Simulacrum— Plant Succession · Climax Community · Vegetation as Process · First Paradigm (19th–20th century)

Ecosystem & Community Theory

Wladimir Köppen Simulacrum— Climate Classification · Vegetation as Climate Decoder · Botanist-Climatologist (19th–20th century)

Arthur Tansley Simulacrum— The Ecosystem Concept · Plant Ecology · Systems Thinking (19th–20th century)

Charles Elton Simulacrum— Food Chains · Ecological Niche · Pyramid of Numbers · Invasion Biology (20th century)

G. Evelyn Hutchinson Simulacrum— n-Dimensional Niche · Paradox of the Plankton · Why So Many Species? · Philosophic Naturalist (20th century)

Eugene Odum Simulacrum— Ecosystem Ecology · Energy Flow · Trophic Structure · Fundamentals of Ecology (20th century)

Population & Island Biogeography

E.O. Wilson Simulacrum— Island Biogeography · Sociobiology · Biodiversity · Biophilia · Half-Earth (20th–21st century)

Robert MacArthur Simulacrum— Island Biogeography · Patterns in Nature · Limiting Similarity · Mathematician-Naturalist (20th century)

Conservation & Environmental Ethics

John Muir Simulacrum— Wilderness Conservation · National Parks · Sierra Club · Wilderness as Argument (19th–20th century)

Aldo Leopold Simulacrum— The Land Ethic · A Sand County Almanac · Wildlife Ecology · Conservation Philosophy (19th–20th century)

Rachel Carson Simulacrum— Silent Spring · Pesticide Ecology · Bioaccumulation · Science Writing (20th century)

Wangari Maathai Simulacrum— Green Belt Movement · Tree as Political Act · Conservation as Democracy · Nobel Peace Prize 2004 (20th–21st century)

Systems Ecology & Gaia

Al-Bīrūnī Simulacrum— Comparative Method · Kitāb al-Hind · Geodesy · Earth’s Circumference · Mineralogy · Chronology (10th–11th century)

Erasmus Darwin Simulacrum— Zoonomia · Common Descent · Acquired Characteristics · Temple of Nature · Invention · Medicine (18th–19th century)

Erasmus Darwin Simulacrum— Zoonomia · Common Descent · The Temple of Nature · Evolution Before Charles · Lunar Society (18th–19th century)

Vladimir Vernadsky Simulacrum— Biosphere · Noosphere · Living Matter · Geochemistry · Biogeochemical Cycles (19th–20th century)

Vladimir Vernadsky Simulacrum— Biosphere · Noosphere · Geochemistry · Biogeochemical Cycles (19th–20th century)

Gifford Pinchot Simulacrum— Conservation · National Forest Service · Wise Use · Progressive Conservationism · Resource Management (19th–20th century)

Lorenzian Systems Simulacrum— Chaos Theory · The Butterfly Effect · Strange Attractors · The Limits of Weather Prediction · Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow (20th–21st century)

James Lovelock Simulacrum— Gaia Hypothesis · Earth Systems · Self-Regulation · Electron Capture Detector (20th–21st century)

Robert Paine Simulacrum— Keystone Species · Trophic Cascades · Pisaster · Intertidal Ecology · Top-Down Regulation (20th–21st century)

Earlian Depths Simulacrum— Marine Biology · Deep Ocean · Her Deepness · Mission Blue · National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence (20th–21st century)

Lynn Margulis Simulacrum— Symbiogenesis · Endosymbiotic Theory · Gaia Co-developer · Vindicated Heretic (20th–21st century)

Janzenic Tropics Simulacrum— Tropical Ecology · Coevolution · Defaunation · Guanacaste Conservation · Biocultural Restoration (20th–21st century)

Chico Mendes Simulacrum— Rubber Tappers · Amazon Deforestation · Extractive Reserves · Environmental Justice · Seringalistas (20th century)

Lubchencoan Systems Simulacrum— Marine Ecology · Ocean Policy · Science Communication · NOAA · Biodiversity · Coastal Ecosystems (20th–21st century)

Kimmerian Botany Simulacrum— Braiding Sweetgrass · Indigenous Plant Wisdom · Potawatomi Science · Reciprocal Maintenance · Botanical Grammar of Animacy (20th–21st century)

Zephyrus Simulacrum— Earth Systems Modelling · Climate · Complex Systems · Gaia Dynamics (Non-historical)

Anthropology 15

Franz Boas Simulacrum— Cultural Relativism · Father of American Anthropology (19th–20th century)

Marcel Mauss Simulacrum— The Gift · Reciprocity · Total Social Facts (19th–20th century)

Bronisław Malinowski Simulacrum— Participant Observation · Functionalism · The Kula Ring (19th–20th century)

Edward Sapir Simulacrum— Linguistic Relativity · Indigenous Languages · Language as Art (19th–20th century)

Ruth Benedict Simulacrum— Patterns of Culture · Apollonian/Dionysian · Shame vs Guilt (19th–20th century)

V. Gordon Childe Simulacrum— Neolithic Revolution · Urban Revolution · Marxist Archaeology (19th–20th century)

Raymond Dart Simulacrum— Australopithecus · The Taung Child · Human Origins (19th–20th century)

Benjamin Lee Whorf Simulacrum— Linguistic Relativity · Language Shapes Cognition · Sapir-Whorf (19th–20th century)

Margaret Mead Simulacrum— Coming of Age in Samoa · Gender as Culture · Biology is Not Destiny (20th century)

Louis Leakey Simulacrum— Palaeoanthropology · Human Origins · Olduvai Gorge (20th century)

Claude Lévi-Strauss Simulacrum— Structural Anthropology · Myth · Binary Oppositions (20th–21st century)

Victor Turner Simulacrum— Liminality · Communitas · Social Drama (20th century)

Mary Douglas Simulacrum— Purity and Danger · Dirt as Category Violation · Taboo (20th–21st century)

Clifford Geertz Simulacrum— Thick Description · Interpretive Anthropology · Culture as Text (20th–21st century)

Dunbarian Networks Simulacrum— Dunbar Number · Social Brain · Neocortex · Primate Sociality (20th–21st century)

Economics 22

Classical Political Economy

Adam Smith Simulacrum— Political Economy · Markets · Moral Philosophy (18th century)

Thomas Robert Malthus Simulacrum— Population · diminishing returns · the dismal science (18th–19th century)

David Ricardo Simulacrum— Comparative advantage · rent theory · Ricardian political economy (18th–19th century)

Henry George Simulacrum— Land value tax · Georgist political economy · Progress and Poverty (19th century)

Radical & Post-Keynesian

Karl Marx Simulacrum— Capital · historical materialism · class struggle (19th century)

Thorstein Veblen Simulacrum— Conspicuous consumption · institutional economics (19th–20th century)

Karl Polanyi Simulacrum— The Great Transformation · embeddedness · market critique (20th century)

Joan Robinson Simulacrum— Imperfect competition · post-Keynesian economics · capital theory (20th century)

Hyman Minsky Simulacrum— Financial instability · Ponzi dynamics · crisis theory (20th century)

Development & Institutional

Elinor Ostrom Simulacrum— Commons · Collective Action · Institutions (20th–21st century)

Ostromian Commons Simulacrum— The Commons · Polycentricity · Governing the Commons · Nobel 2009 · Institutional Analysis (20th–21st century)

Amartya Sen Simulacrum— Development economics · capability approach · justice (20th–21st century)

Dani Rodrik Simulacrum— Globalisation · industrial policy · the trilemma (20th–21st century)

Ha-Joon Chang Simulacrum— Developmental economics · industrial policy · kicking away the ladder (20th–21st century)

Daron Acemoglu Simulacrum— Institutions and growth · inclusive vs extractive economies · power and progress (20th–21st century)

Contemporary Capital & Inequality

Mariana Mazzucato Simulacrum— The entrepreneurial state · mission-oriented economics · value theory (20th–21st century)

Stephanie Kelton Simulacrum— Modern Monetary Theory · deficit myth · sovereign currency (20th–21st century)

Thomas Piketty Simulacrum— Capital and inequality · r > g · wealth concentration (20th–21st century)

Keynesian & Monetary

John Maynard Keynes Simulacrum— Macroeconomics · Demand · Policy (19th–20th century)

Neoclassical & Liberal

F.A. Hayek Simulacrum— Spontaneous order · price signals · limits of knowledge (20th century)

Milton Friedman Simulacrum— Monetarism · Chicago School · Free Markets (20th–21st century)

Innovation & Growth

Joseph Schumpeter Simulacrum— Creative destruction · entrepreneurship · innovation (20th century)

Education 8

Language Learning

Magister Simulacrum— What language do you want to learn? I can help. (Constructed Tutor)

Theory & Practice of Education

The Ummia Simulacrum— School Father · Scribal Pedagogy · Cuneiform Transmission · The Edubba Dialogues (20th century BCE)

The Tlamatini Simulacrum— Nahuatl Philosophy · In Ixtli In Yollotl · Mirror Pedagogy · Face and Heart · Huehuetlahtolli (16th century)

John Amos Comenius Simulacrum— Education · Early Childhood · Didactics (16th–17th century)

John Amos Comenius Simulacrum— Orbis Pictus · Didactica Magna · Universal Education · Mother-Tongue First · Pansophia (16th–17th century)

Maria Montessori Simulacrum— Child Development · Self-Directed Learning (19th–20th century)

Lev Vygotsky Simulacrum— Learning · Zone of Proximal Development (19th–20th century)

Paul Goodman Simulacrum— Anarchist Education · Community · Compulsory Miseducation (20th century)

Engineering 13

Pioneers & Visionaries

Hero of Alexandria Simulacrum— Mechanics · Pneumatics · Automata · Steam (1st century)

Isambard Kingdom Brunel Simulacrum— Civil Engineering · Bridges · Railways (19th century)

Nikola Tesla Simulacrum— Electromagnetism · Energy · Invention (19th–20th century)

Buckminster Fuller Simulacrum— Systems Thinking · Geodesics · Ephemeralization (20th century)

Mechanical & Industrial

Zhang Heng Simulacrum— Seismoscope · Water-Powered Armillary Sphere · Odometer · Mechanical Engineering · Han Dynasty (2nd century)

James Watt Simulacrum— Steam Power · Industrial Revolution · Thermodynamics (18th century)

James Watt Simulacrum— Separate Condenser · Steam Engine · Horsepower · Industrial Revolution · Efficiency as Method (18th–19th century)

George Stephenson Simulacrum— Railways · Locomotives · Infrastructure (19th century)

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth Simulacrum— Motion Study · Industrial Efficiency · Human Factors (19th–20th century)

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Simulacrum— Barcelona Pavilion · Structural Rationalism · IIT · Farnsworth House · Steel and Glass (19th–20th century)

Marcel Breuer Simulacrum— Wassily Chair · Tubular Steel · Harvard · Whitney Museum · Brutalism · Material Logic (20th century)

Sroujian Systems Simulacrum— Apple Silicon · M-Series · Neural Engine · Chip Architecture · ARM · Performance per Watt (20th–21st century)

Muskian Disruptor Simulacrum— First Principles Thinking · SpaceX · Tesla · Vertical Integration · Manufacturing as Product (20th–21st century)

Fine Art 5

Vincent van Gogh Simulacrum— Art Theory · Post-Impressionism · Colour · Painting (19th century)

Wassily Kandinsky Simulacrum— Inner Necessity · Colour as Keyboard · Concerning the Spiritual in Art · Point and Line to Plane (19th–20th century)

Paul Klee Simulacrum— The Thinking Eye · Pedagogical Sketchbook · Point Line Plane · Colour Theory · Nature as Process (19th–20th century)

Josef Albers Simulacrum— Interaction of Colour · Homage to the Square · Colour as Relation · Teaching as Art (19th–20th century)

Oskar Schlemmer Simulacrum— Triadic Ballet · The Body as Primary Form · Stage Synthesis · Figure and Space (19th–20th century)

Game Design 17

Theory of Play

Johan Huizinga Simulacrum— Homo Ludens · The Magic Circle · Play Precedes Culture · Play as the Origin of Civilisation (19th–20th century)

Joseph Campbell Simulacrum— Mythology · The Hero's Journey · Narrative (20th century)

Roger Caillois Simulacrum— Man Play and Games · Agôn · Alea · Mimicry · Ilinx · The Four Types · Paidia and Ludus (20th century)

Tabletop & Role-Playing

Gary Gygax Simulacrum— Dungeons & Dragons · Rules Enable Imagination · The Systematiser · Procedure as Architecture (20th century)

Dave Arneson Simulacrum— Blackmoor · The Dungeon Master Concept · Emergent Narrative · The World That Watches (20th century)

Hardware & Industry Architecture

Abraham Joshua Heschel Simulacrum— God in Search of Man · The Sabbath · Radical Amazement · Prophetic Religion · Hochschule (20th century)

Ralph Baer Simulacrum— Father of Home Gaming · Magnavox Odyssey · The Television as Input Device (20th–21st century)

Jerry Lawson Simulacrum— ROM Cartridge · Software Separate from Hardware · The Architecture of an Industry · Fairchild Channel F (20th–21st century)

Gunpei Yokoi Simulacrum— Lateral Thinking with Withered Technology · Game Boy · D-pad · Nintendo R&D1 (20th century)

Play, Learning & Human Connection

Seymour Papert Simulacrum— Constructionism · Objects to Think With · Hard Fun · Mindstorms · Logo · Learning by Making (20th–21st century)

Dani Bunten Berry Simulacrum— Multiplayer Pioneer · M.U.L.E. · The Computer as Occasion for Human Connection (20th century)

Designers & Engineers

Miyamotian Perspective Simulacrum— Mario · Zelda · Donkey Kong · Nintendo · Play as Craft · The Eureka Moment (20th–21st century)

Meieresque Matters Simulacrum— Civilization · Pirates · The 33 Percent Rule · Interesting Decisions · Player as Protagonist (20th–21st century)

Kojimanian Perspective Simulacrum— Metal Gear · Death Stranding · Auteur Game Design · The Fourth Wall · Cinema and Interactivity (20th–21st century)

Carmackian Coder Simulacrum— Doom · Quake · id Software · Game Engine Architecture · Binary Space Partitioning · VR (20th–21st century)

Hejlsbergian Language Design Simulacrum— C# · TypeScript · Delphi · Turbo Pascal · Language Ergonomics · Type Systems · Gradual Typing (20th–21st century)

Perssonesque Design Simulacrum— Minecraft · Procedural Generation · The One-Person Studio · Voxel Worlds · Emergent Sandbox (20th–21st century)

History 28

Ancient Near Eastern Historiography

The Deuteronomistic History Simulacrum— Joshua · Judges · Samuel · Kings · Covenant · Exile · Theodicy (7th–6th century BC)

The Babylonian Chronicles Simulacrum— Annalistic History · Fall of Nineveh · Fall of Babylon · Year-by-Year · Cuneiform Records (7th–3rd century BC)

Greek Historiography

Herodotus Simulacrum— The Histories · The Persian Wars · Ethnography · Inquiry · The Father of History (5th century BC)

Thucydides Simulacrum— The Peloponnesian War · Realism · Political Analysis · A Possession for All Time (5th century BC)

Polybius Simulacrum— The Rise of Rome · Universal History · Mixed Constitution · Pragmatic History (2nd century BC)

Chinese Historiography

Sima Qian Simulacrum— Shiji · The Grand Historian · Universal History · Castration · Truth at Any Cost (2nd–1st century BC)

Roman Historiography

Livy Simulacrum— Ab Urbe Condita · Roman Foundation · Moral History · 142 Books · The Glory of Rome (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Tacitus Simulacrum— Annals · Histories · Germania · Imperial Tyranny · Sine Ira et Studio (1st–2nd century AD)

Suetonius Simulacrum— Lives of the Caesars · Biography · Gossip · Character · The Twelve (2nd century AD)

Medieval Historiography

The Venerable Bede Simulacrum— Ecclesiastical History · Anglo-Saxon England · Chronology · Jarrow · The Father of English History (8th century)

Jean Froissart Simulacrum— Chronicles · The Hundred Years War · Chivalry · Eyewitness · Spectacle (14th century)

Islamic Historiography

Ibn Khaldun Simulacrum— Muqaddimah · Asabiyyah · Cyclical History · Sociology · The Science of Civilisation (14th century)

Renaissance Historiography

Niccolò Machiavelli Simulacrum— The Prince · Discourses · Florentine Histories · Statecraft · Virtu · Fortuna (15th–16th century)

Francesco Guicciardini Simulacrum— Storia d'Italia · Ricordi · Particularism · The Limits of Theory · Florence (16th century)

Enlightenment Historiography

William Robertson Simulacrum— Philosophical History · Impartiality · Progress · The Science of the Past · Scottish Enlightenment (18th century)

19th Century

Theodor Mommsen Simulacrum— Römische Geschichte · Roman Law · Epigraphy · Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum · Nobel Prize (19th century)

The Annales School

Marc Bloch Simulacrum— Feudal Society · Comparative History · Les Annales · The Historian's Craft · Shot by the Gestapo (20th century)

Fernand Braudel Simulacrum— The Mediterranean · Longue Durée · Civilisation & Capitalism · Three Temporal Layers (20th century)

Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie Simulacrum— Montaillou · Microhistory · Climate History · The Peasants of Languedoc · Annales Third Generation (20th century)

Social History & History from Below

C.L.R. James Simulacrum— The Black Jacobins · Cricket · Revolution · Trinidad · Pan-Africanism · Toussaint Louverture (20th century)

Eric Hobsbawm Simulacrum— The Age of Revolution · The Age of Capital · The Age of Empire · The Age of Extremes · Invented Traditions (20th century)

E.P. Thompson Simulacrum— The Making of the English Working Class · Moral Economy · History from Below · Agency (20th century)

Philosophy of History

Strabo Simulacrum— Geography · Historical Geography · Ancient Ethnography · Source Criticism (c. 64 BCE–24 CE)

Ban Zhao Simulacrum— Book of Han · Han Historiography · First Female Imperial Historian · Taixue (2nd century)

Plutarch of Chaeronea Simulacrum— Parallel Lives · Historical Biography · Moralia · Greek History · Source Criticism (2nd century)

Heinrich Graetz Simulacrum— Jewish Historiography · Geschichte der Juden · Eleven Volumes · National History · Historical Theology (19th century)

Ismar Elbogen Simulacrum— Jewish Liturgy · Jewish History · Der jüdische Gottesdienst · A Century of Jewish Life (19th–20th century)

Hayden White Simulacrum— Metahistory · Tropics of Discourse · Emplotment · Narrative · History as Literature (20th–21st century)

Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums 17

Gründung & Wissenschaft des Judentums

Abraham Geiger Simulacrum— Wissenschaft des Judentums · Biblical Criticism · Reform · Urschrift (19th century)

Talmud

Israel Lewy Simulacrum— Talmud · Founding Faculty · Palestinian Talmud · Textual Criticism (19th–20th century)

Eduard Ezekiel Baneth Simulacrum— Talmud · Mishnah Commentary · Textual Transmission · Berakhot (19th–20th century)

Hanoch Albeck Simulacrum— Talmud · Mishnah · Critical Editions · Source Analysis (19th–20th century)

Philosophy

Hermann Cohen Simulacrum— Neo-Kantianism · Religion of Reason · Ethics · Marburg School (19th–20th century)

Julius Guttmann Simulacrum— Philosophy of Judaism · Medieval & Modern · Die Philosophie des Judentums (19th–20th century)

Max Wiener Simulacrum— Philosophy of Religion · Liberal Judaism · Modernity · Jüdische Religion im Zeitalter der Emanzipation (19th–20th century)

Theology & Homiletics

Sigmund Maybaum Simulacrum— Homiletics · Preaching · Rhetorical History · The Jewish Sermon (19th–20th century)

Leo Baeck Simulacrum— Theology · The Essence of Judaism · Midrash · Theresienstadt (19th–20th century)

Abraham Joshua Heschel Simulacrum— Theology · Prophetic Consciousness · Divine Pathos · The Sabbath · Civil Rights (20th century)

History

Ismar Elbogen Simulacrum— Jewish History · Liturgy · Der jüdische Gottesdienst · Community History (19th–20th century)

Linguistics & Psychology

Hermann Steinthal Simulacrum— Linguistics · Völkerpsychologie · Psychology of Language · Humboldt (19th century)

Moritz Lazarus Simulacrum— Ethics · Völkerpsychologie · Die Ethik des Judentums · Collective Psychology (19th–20th century)

Bible & Hebrew

Harry Torczyner (Tur-Sinai) Simulacrum— Bible · Hebrew Language · Lachish Letters · Philology (19th–20th century)

Occasional Lecturers & Students

Martin Buber Simulacrum— I and Thou · Dialogue · Hasidism · Zionism · Biblical Translation (19th–20th century)

Franz Rosenzweig Simulacrum— The Star of Redemption · New Thinking · Creation-Revelation-Redemption · The Lehrhaus (19th–20th century)

Gershom Scholem Simulacrum— Kabbalah · Jewish Mysticism · Sabbatai Zevi · Major Trends · The Other Side of Judaism (19th–20th century)

House of Wisdom 13

Translation & Medicine

Al-Kindī Simulacrum— De Radiis · First Philosopher of the Arabs · Greek Synthesis · Intellect · Optics (9th century)

Hunayn ibn Ishāq Simulacrum— Translation · Greek Medicine · Ophthalmology · Galen in Arabic (9th century)

Al-Rāzī / Rhazes Simulacrum— Islamic Medicine · Smallpox · Clinical Empiricism · Hospital Medicine (9th–10th century)

Mathematics & Astronomy

Al-Khwārizmī Simulacrum— Algebra · Algorithm · Hindu-Arabic Numerals · Zij al-Sindhind (8th century)

Thābit ibn Qurra Simulacrum— Mathematics · Amicable Numbers · Mechanical Theory · Translation of Archimedes (9th–10th century)

Natural Philosophy & Encyclopaedism

Strabo Simulacrum— Geography · 17 Books · Historical Geography · Ethnography · Augustan Rome (c. 64 BCE–24 CE)

Al-Fārābī Simulacrum— Second Teacher · Aristotle in Arabic · Music Theory · Perfect State · Intellect (9th–10th century)

Ibn al-Haytham / Alhazen Simulacrum— Optics · Scientific Method · Camera Obscura · Vision Theory · Light Rays (10th–11th century)

Al-Bīrūnī Simulacrum— Comparative Religion · India · Geodesy · History of Science · Universal Scholarship (10th–11th century)

Avicenna / Ibn Sīnā Simulacrum— The Flying Man · Canon of Medicine · Kitāb al-Shifāʾ · Essence and Existence · The Soul Without a Body (10th century)

Al-Ghazālī / Algazel Simulacrum— Incoherence of the Philosophers · Occasionalism · Deliverance from Error · Ihya · Sufism (11th–12th century)

Averroes / Ibn Rushd Simulacrum— The Commentator · Aristotle Restored · Incoherence of the Incoherence · Active Intellect · Natural Law (12th century)

Astronomy

Al-Battānī Simulacrum— Trigonometric Astronomy · Solar Parameters · Zij · Correction of Ptolemy (9th–10th century)

Das Bauhaus 9

Founding & Direction

Walter Gropius Simulacrum— The School as Gesamtkunstwerk · Weimar · Dessau · Berlin · Institution as Built Argument · Unity of Art and Craft (19th–20th century)

The Masters

Wassily Kandinsky Simulacrum— Inner Necessity · Colour as Keyboard · Concerning the Spiritual in Art · Point and Line to Plane · Synesthesia as Method (19th–20th century)

Paul Klee Simulacrum— The Thinking Eye · Pedagogical Sketchbook · Point Line Plane · Colour Theory · Nature as Process (19th–20th century)

Josef Albers Simulacrum— Interaction of Colour · Homage to the Square · Colour as Relation · Black Mountain College · Teaching as Art (19th–20th century)

Oskar Schlemmer Simulacrum— Triadic Ballet · The Body as Primary Form Problem · Stage Synthesis · Figure and Space · Apollonian-Dionysian Balance (19th–20th century)

László Moholy-Nagy Simulacrum— New Vision · Light-Space Modulator · Transparency · Preliminary Course · School of Design Chicago · Light as Material (19th–20th century)

Workshop Masters & Architecture

Mies van der Rohe Simulacrum— Less is More · Structural Honesty · Barcelona Pavilion · IIT Crown Hall · Steel and Glass · Skin and Bones Architecture (19th–20th century)

Herbert Bayer Simulacrum— Universal Typeface · Typography as Language · Minimum Necessary Alphabet · Exhibition Design · Artist into Industry (19th–20th century)

Marcel Breuer Simulacrum— Wassily Chair · Cesca Chair · Tubular Steel · The Material Proposes Its Form · Student to Master · Brutalist Architecture (20th century)

Lunar Society of Birmingham 10

The Lunar Men

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Simulacrum— Social Contract · Amour de Soi vs Amour Propre · Émile · Natural Education · Geneva · Inequality (18th century)

John Whitehurst Simulacrum— Precision Clockmaking · Geology · Strata · Pyrometer · Enquiry into the Earth · Natural Philosophy (18th century)

Matthew Boulton Simulacrum— Soho Manufactory · Scale as Art Form · Idea Made Real Through Manufacture · Quality as Reputation (18th–19th century)

Josiah Wedgwood Simulacrum— Jasperware · The Industrialisation of Taste · The Kiln as Laboratory · Process Innovation · Abolition (18th century)

Erasmus Darwin Simulacrum— Zoonomia · Common Descent · The Temple of Nature · Verse as Scientific Argument · Evolution Before Charles (18th–19th century)

Joseph Priestley Simulacrum— Oxygen · Dissent as Method · Electricity · The Experiment Dissolves Authority · Unitarianism (18th–19th century)

James Keir Simulacrum— Industrial Chemistry · Glass Manufacturing · Soap · Dictionary of Chemistry · Laboratory to Factory · Tipton Works (18th–19th century)

James Watt Simulacrum— Steam Engine · Separate Condenser · Horsepower · The Efficiency of Waste · Industrial Revolution (18th–19th century)

William Withering Simulacrum— Digitalis · Foxglove · Dropsy · Clinical Method · Systematic Arrangement of British Plants · Medical Botany (18th century)

Thomas Day Simulacrum— Sandford and Merton · Abolitionism · Rousseau’s Émile Operationalised · Radical Education · The Formation of Character (18th century)

The Calmecac 6

The Teachers

The Codex Borgia Simulacrum— Yoalli Ehecatl · Night Wind · Divinatory Screenfold · Ritual Calendar · Pre-Columbian Cosmology (16th century)

The Tlamatini Simulacrum— Nahuatl Philosophy · Mirror-Making · Face-Making · In Ixtli In Yollotl · The Teacher as Face-Giver (16th century)

The Tonalpouhqui Simulacrum— Tonalpohualli · The 260-Day Calendar · Day Signs · Fate Interpretation · The Naming of Children (16th century)

The Poet-Kings

Nezahualcoyotl Simulacrum— Flower and Song · Theological Scepticism · In Tloque Nahuaque · The Unknown God · Texcoco (15th century)

Macuilxochitzin Simulacrum— Nahuatl Poetry · Five Precious Flower · Aztec Woman Poet · Song of the Shields · Xochipilli Tradition (16th century)

The Sacred Manuscripts

The Codex Borgia Simulacrum— Yoalli Ehecatl · Night Wind · Divinatory Screenfold · Ritual Calendar · Pre-Columbian Cosmology · Quetzalcoatl (16th century)

The Edubba of Nippur 6

The School Itself

The Edubba Simulacrum— Scribal School · Cuneiform Pedagogy · Tablet House · Sumerian Education · The Dialogues (20th century BCE)

The Ummia Simulacrum— School Father · Scribal Pedagogy · Cuneiform Transmission · The Edubba Dialogues · Expert Teacher (20th century BCE)

Enkimansum Simulacrum— Edubba Disputations · Scribal Competition · Nippur · Dialogue 3 · The Competitive Scribe (19th century BCE)

The Scribal Trades

The Sanga Simulacrum— Temple Accounts · Administrative Cuneiform · Livestock Records · Ration Lists · The First Bureaucracy · 𒊩𒆪 (32nd century BCE)

The Legal Scribe Simulacrum— Contract Law · Obligation · Sumerian Legal Formulae · Witnessing · Documentary Practice · dubsar kitim (20th century BCE)

Sîn-lēqi-unninni Simulacrum— Standard Babylonian Gilgamesh · āšipu · Literary Editing · Cuneiform Tradition · The First Named Literary Editor in World History (12th century BCE)

Court of Ebla 5

The Court

Ibrium Simulacrum— Vizier · lugal sa-za · 18-year tenure · trade & army administration · Treaty with Abarsal (24th century BCE)

Dusigu Simulacrum— Queen mother · maliktum · succession manager · co-regent during minority (24th century BCE)

The Abba Simulacrum— Council of elders · constitutional check · treaty confirmation · structural authority (24th century BCE)

The Hazannum Simulacrum— Provincial governor · district mayor · chief inspector · palace-to-territory interface (24th century BCE)

Enna-Dagan Simulacrum— Military commander · campaign letter-writer · vassal of the vizier (c. 2350–2320 BCE)

Court of Lagash 10

The Court

Ningirsu— Patron deity of Lagash · warrior of Enlil · lord of the E-ninnu · theological sovereign (c. 2500 BCE onward)

Eannatum— Ensi / Lugal of Lagash · conqueror of Umma · Stele of the Vultures · first surviving international treaty (c. 2454–2425 BCE)

Entemena— Ensi of Lagash · son of Enannatum I · Umma border dispute · cone inscriptions (c. 2404–2375 BCE)

Baranamtarra— Queen consort of Lagash · temple administrator · household of Bau · economic agent in her own right (d. c. 2378 BCE)

Urukagina— Lugal of Lagash · last king of the First Dynasty · the Reform Cones · abolition of extractive offices (d. c. 2368 BCE)

Sagsag— Wife of Urukagina · administrator of the Household of Bau · continued reform administration (c. 2370 BCE)

The Officials Who Extract— The administrative offices documented in the Reform Cones · via negativa · what was abolished tells us what existed (fl. c. 2400–2350 BCE)

The Burial Official— Administrator of funerary rites · fee-setter · ritual interface · abolished by Urukagina (fl. c. 2400–2350 BCE)

The Temple Scribe of Bau— Scribal administrator · keeper of the Bau temple record · household accounts (fl. c. 2400–2350 BCE)

Lugalzagesi— Ensi of Umma → King of Uruk → first to claim all of Sumer · destroyer of Lagash · precursor to Sargon (fl. c. 2375–2340 BCE)

Court of Mari 9

The Court

Zimri-Lim— King of Mari · restorer of the dynasty · patron of the palace archive · killed by Hammurabi (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

Shibtu— Chief queen of Mari · daughter of Yarim-Lim of Yamhad · diplomatic correspondent · palace administrator in the king’s absence (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

The Daughters of Zimri-Lim— Intelligence network · diplomatic marriages · letter-writers from vassal courts · political agents (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

Yasmah-Addu— Former king of Mari · son of Shamshi-Adad · displaced by Zimri-Lim · correspondent of his father (c. 1796–1775 BCE)

Mukannisum— Chief palace administrator · textile and metal inventories · the functional centre of the apparatus (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

The Āpilum— ‘The Answerer’ · divine communication specialist · ecstatic prophet · relayed Dagan’s answers to the king (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

The District Commissioner— Provincial administrator · interface between centre and periphery · tribal mediation · agricultural reporting (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

The Palace Scribe— Archive administrator · letter drafting · diplomatic correspondence · curator of the 25,000 tablets (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

Hammurabi of Babylon— King of Babylon · codifier of law · ally of Zimri-Lim · eventual conqueror of Mari (c. 1792–1750 BCE)

Court of Hattusa 6

The Court

Suppiluliuma I— King of Hatti · founder of the empire · correspondent of the widow of Tutankhamun · destroyer of Mitanni (c. 1344–1322 BCE)

Mursili II— King of Hatti · author of the Plague Prayers · biographer of his father Suppiluliuma · consolidator (c. 1321–1295 BCE)

Hattusili III— King of Hatti · author of the Apology · usurper of his nephew · husband of Puduhepa · Treaty of Kadesh counterparty (c. 1267–1237 BCE)

Urhi-Teshub (Mursili III)— King of Hatti · deposed by his uncle Hattusili III · exiled to Egypt · writer of counter-claims (c. 1272–1265 BCE)

The Tawananna— Office of the Great Queen · chief priestess of the Sun-goddess of Arinna · lifetime title · independent of the king’s reign (institution · c. 1600–1180 BCE)

The Gal.dub.sar— Chief Scribe of Hattusa · archive administrator · festival supervisor · custodian of the imperial record (fl. 13th century BCE)

Court of Ugarit 6

The Court

Niqmaddu II— King of Ugarit · alliance with Suppiluliuma I · shifted the city into the Hittite sphere · grandfather of diplomatic literature (c. 1350–1315 BCE)

Attenu-purullenu— High priest of Baal · codifier of the Baal Cycle · teacher of Ilimilku · temple theologian (14th century BCE)

Ilimilku— Court scribe · author of the surviving Baal Cycle tablets · the first named literary author in the western Levant (14th century BCE)

Urtenu— Senior official · private house archive · merchant and diplomat · corresponded with Carchemish, Egypt, and Alashiya (13th century BCE)

The Egyptian Envoy— Diplomatic representative · letter-carrier · linguistic intermediary · Egyptian chancellor Bay in correspondence (13th–12th century BCE)

Ammurapi— Last king of Ugarit · author of the final diplomatic letters · wrote in correct protocol while the city burned (c. 1215–1185 BCE)

Court of Nineveh 6

The Court

Ashurbanipal— King of Assyria · the literate king · builder of the Library of Nineveh · collector of the Mesopotamian canon (668–627 BCE)

Shamash-shum-ukin— King of Babylon · co-king under Esarhaddon’s succession plan · rebelled against his brother Ashurbanipal (668–648 BCE)

Nabu-ahhe-iddina— Chief scholar · royal adviser · head of the scholarly establishment · author of letters of state (fl. 7th century BCE)

Adad-shumu-usur— Senior royal scholar · scribal teacher of Ashurbanipal · exorcist · interpreter of omens (fl. 7th century BCE)

The Librarian of Nineveh— Custodian of the girginakku · cataloguer of the thirty thousand tablets · keeper of the colophons (fl. 7th century BCE)

The Royal Scribe— Tablet cataloguer · colophon assigner · ummânu · the hand that inscribed the canonical texts (fl. 7th century BCE)

Elizabethan Court 12

The Court

Elizabeth I— Queen of England and Ireland · the Virgin Queen · the prince · last of the Tudors (1533–1603 · r. 1558–1603)

William Cecil, Lord Burghley— Lord Treasurer · Principal Secretary · chief minister for forty years · architect of the Elizabethan state (1521–1598)

Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury— Principal Secretary · architect of the Stuart succession · son of Burghley · manager of the transition to James (1563–1612)

Francis Walsingham— Principal Secretary · spymaster · builder of England’s first intelligence service · prosecutor of the Babington Plot (c. 1532–1590)

John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury— Archbishop of Canterbury · defender of the Elizabethan settlement · opponent of Puritan nonconformity (1530–1604)

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester— Master of the Horse · the Queen’s favourite · commander in the Netherlands · patron of theatre (1532–1588)

Sir Christopher Hatton— Lord Chancellor · Vice-Chamberlain · dancer who rose by his legs · loyal courtier (1540–1591)

Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham— Lord Admiral · commander against the Armada · manager of men and ships (1536–1624)

Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex— Earl of Essex · soldier · failed favourite · executed 1601 · Elizabeth’s last disappointment (1565–1601)

Walter Raleigh— Captain of the Guard · colonial entrepreneur · poet · historian · executed by James I 1618 (c. 1552–1618)

Christopher Marlowe— Playwright · intelligence agent · Cambridge scholar · murdered 1593 in disputed circumstances (1564–1593)

Mary, Queen of Scots— Queen of Scotland · claimant to the English throne · nineteen years imprisoned · executed 1587 (1542–1587)

Institut für Sexualwissenschaft 9

Die Abteilungen

Magnus Hirschfeld Simulacrum— Sexualbiologie · Zwischenstufenlehre · Sexual Intermediaries · Founder & Director (19th–20th century)

Arthur Kronfeld Simulacrum— Seelische Sexualleiden · Psychiatry · Psychotherapy · Sexual Suffering (19th–20th century)

Felix Abraham Simulacrum— Genitalumwandlung · Gender Surgery · Forensik · Expert Testimony · Transvestitenschein (20th century)

Max Hodann Simulacrum— Sexualaufklärung · Sex Education · Marriage Counselling · Workers' Health (19th–20th century)

Reform, Recht & Aktivismus

Helene Stöcker Simulacrum— Sexualreform · Reproductive Rights · Neue Ethik · Feminism · Pacifism (19th–20th century)

Kurt Hiller Simulacrum— Rechtspolitik · Paragraph 175 · Legal Activism · Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee (19th–20th century)

Bibliothek, Archiv & Nachleben

Karl Giese Simulacrum— Bibliothek & Museum · Archive · 20,000 Volumes · Photography · Memory (19th–20th century)

Harry Benjamin Simulacrum— Diaspora · Kontinuität · Transsexualism · The Benjamin Scale · New York (19th–20th century)

Zeuginnen

Dora Richter Simulacrum— Zeugin · The First · Domestic Servant · Surgery 1931 · The Life Itself as Argument (19th–20th century)

Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar 10

Talmud & Direktion

Zacharias Frankel Simulacrum— Direktor · Talmudic Literature · Positive-Historical Judaism · Darkei ha-Mishnah (19th century)

Israel Lewy Simulacrum— Talmudic Literature · Textual Criticism · Palestinian Talmud · Manuscript Tradition (19th–20th century)

History & Bibliography

Heinrich Graetz Simulacrum— Jewish History · Geschichte der Juden · Exegesis · National Narrative (19th century)

Marcus Brann Simulacrum— Jewish History · Bibliography · Silesian Jewry · Seminar History (19th–20th century)

Philosophy of Religion

Manuel Joël Simulacrum— Philosophy of Religion · Homiletics · Midrash · Greek-Jewish Philosophical Contact (19th century)

Isaak Heinemann Simulacrum— Jewish Philosophy · Classical Philology · Philon · Darkhei ha-Aggadah (19th–20th century)

Jacob Freudenthal Simulacrum— Philosophy of Religion · Hellenistic Philosophy · Aristotle · Spinoza (19th–20th century)

Jakob Guttmann Simulacrum— Philosophy of Religion · Medieval Jewish Philosophy · Rationalism · Saadia to Maimonides (19th–20th century)

Albert Lewkowitz Simulacrum— Philosophy of Religion · Modern Jewish Thought · Ethics · The Last Lecturer (19th–20th century)

Classical Philology

Jacob Bernays Simulacrum— Classical Philology · Philosophy of Religion · Aristotle's Poetics · Katharsis · Lucretius (19th century)

Journalism 9

George Orwell Simulacrum— Political Writing · The Essay · Language & Truth (20th century)

A.J. Liebling Simulacrum— Press Criticism · War Reporting · Boxing · Food (20th century)

I.F. Stone Simulacrum— Independent Journalism · Government Accountability · The Weekly (20th century)

Talesean Methodology Simulacrum— New Journalism · narrative nonfiction · the art of the profile (20th–21st century)

Janet Malcolm Simulacrum— Literary Journalism · The Journalist-Subject Relationship · Ethics (20th–21st century)

Hershian Investigative Simulacrum— Investigative journalism · My Lai · Abu Ghraib · the accountability press (20th–21st century)

Robert I. Friedman Simulacrum— Investigative Journalism · Organised Crime · Human Rights (20th–21st century)

Fawkesian Blogging Simulacrum— Political blogging · parliamentary scalps · adversarial press (20th–21st century)

O'Neillite Contrarianism Simulacrum— Contrarian journalism · free speech · spiked · culture wars (20th–21st century)

School of Law 33

Ancient & Classical Law

The Legal Scribe Simulacrum— Contract Law · Obligation · Sumerian Legal Formulae · Witnessing · dubsar kitim (20th century BCE)

Hammurabi Simulacrum— The Codex · Law · Kingship · Justice · Old Babylonian Empire (18th century BC)

Marcus Tullius Cicero Simulacrum— Roman Law · Republic · Oratory (1st century BC)

Justinian I Simulacrum— Corpus Juris Civilis · Roman law codification · Digest · Institutes · Lex scripta (6th century)

Jurisprudence & Natural Law

Al-Shafi'i Simulacrum— Islamic jurisprudence · Usul al-fiqh · The Risala · Sources of law in Islam (8th–9th century)

Hugo Grotius Simulacrum— Mare Liberum · Freedom of the Seas · Law of War and Peace · Natural Law · International Law (16th–17th century)

A.V. Dicey Simulacrum— Constitutional law · Rule of law · Parliamentary sovereignty · Introduction to the Law of the Constitution (19th–20th century)

Frederick Pollock Simulacrum— Common law · Legal history · Jurisprudence · Holmes correspondence (19th–20th century)

F.W. Maitland Simulacrum— Legal history · English common law · Domesday Book · The corporation as legal fiction (19th–20th century)

Hersch Lauterpacht Simulacrum— International law · Human rights · Individual in international law · Nuremberg (20th century)

H.L.A. Hart Simulacrum— Legal positivism · The Concept of Law · Primary and secondary rules · Separability thesis (20th century)

Oliver Marshall Simulacrum— Legal Theory · Jurisprudence · Advocacy (Composite · 20th century)

The Common Law Tradition

Sir Edward Coke Simulacrum— Common law · Institutes · Magna Carta · parliamentary sovereignty (16th–17th century)

John Marshall Simulacrum— Judicial review · Marbury v Madison · McCulloch v Maryland · Supremacy of federal law (18th–19th century)

Lord Macnaghten Simulacrum— M'Naghten Rules · Criminal insanity · Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball · Contract law (19th–20th century)

Edward Marshall Hall Simulacrum— Criminal advocacy · Murder trials · The art of the closing speech · Great defender (19th–20th century)

Lord Atkin Simulacrum— Donoghue v Stevenson · Neighbour principle · Duty of care · The snail in the bottle (19th–20th century)

Horace R. Coke Simulacrum— Common Law · Advocacy · Criminal Defence (Non-historical)

Criminal Law & Advocacy

Clarence Darrow Simulacrum— Criminal Defence · Advocacy · Civil Liberties (19th–20th century)

Thurgood Marshall Simulacrum— Civil Rights Law · Constitutional Law · NAACP (20th century)

International & Humanitarian Law

Michael N. Schmitt Simulacrum— International humanitarian law · targeting law · cyber warfare (20th–21st century)

Bonnie Docherty Simulacrum— Humanitarian disarmament · autonomous weapons · cluster munitions (20th–21st century)

Liberation, Rights & Reform

Louis Brandeis Simulacrum— The People's Lawyer · Right to privacy · Sociological jurisprudence · Brandeis brief (19th–20th century)

Beatrice Webb Simulacrum— Fabian socialism · LSE · Labour law · Minority Report on the Poor Law (19th–20th century)

Helene Stöcker Simulacrum— Feminist Pacifism · Free Love · Reproductive Rights · Neue Ethik · Bund für Mutterschutz (19th–20th century)

Eleanor Rathbone Simulacrum— Family allowances · Women's rights · Independent MP · Social welfare legislation (20th century)

Eleanor Roosevelt Simulacrum— Universal Declaration of Human Rights · Human rights diplomacy · "Where do human rights begin?" (20th century)

Kurt Hiller Simulacrum— Legal Reform · Paragraph 175 · Expressionism · Pacifism · Political Journalism (19th–20th century)

B.R. Ambedkar Simulacrum— Indian Constitution · Dalit rights · Annihilation of Caste · Social justice through law (20th century)

Nelson Mandela Simulacrum— Law · Liberation · Constitutional Transition (20th–21st century)

Lord Cooke of Thorndon Simulacrum— New Zealand common law · Fundamental rights · Common law constitutionalism (20th–21st century)

Ruth Bader Ginsburg Simulacrum— Equal protection · Sex discrimination · ACLU Women's Rights Project · Dissent as instruction (20th–21st century)

Albie Sachs Simulacrum— Constitutional Court of South Africa · Post-apartheid law · Soft vengeance · Dignity jurisprudence (20th–21st century)

Linguistics 32

Ancient & Classical Grammar

Pāṇini Simulacrum— Sanskrit Grammar · Computational Linguistics (c. 4th century BC)

Aristarchus of Samothrace Simulacrum— Textual Criticism · Homeric Philology · Alexandrian Scholarship · The Aristarchian Signs (3rd–2nd century BC)

Yáng Xióng (揚雄) Simulacrum— Fāngyán · Chinese Dialectology · Lexical Geography (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Xǔ Shèn (許慎) Simulacrum— Shuōwén Jiězì · Chinese Character Analysis · Radical System · Lexicography (1st–2nd century)

Zheng Xuan Simulacrum— Classical Synthesis · Five Classics Commentary · Old and New Text Schools · Canonical Scholarship (2nd century)

Sībawayhi Simulacrum— Arabic Grammar · al-Kitāb · Phonetics · Grammar as Behaviour (8th century)

Historical & Comparative Linguistics

Lord Monboddo Simulacrum— Origin of Language · Scottish Enlightenment · Language as Acquired Art (18th century)

Jacob Grimm Simulacrum— Historical Linguistics · Grimm's Law · Germanic · Fairy Tales (18th–19th century)

Heymann Steinthal Simulacrum— Völkerpsychologie · Herbart · Philosophy of Language · Myth and Religion · Folklore (19th century)

Mǎ Jiànzhōng (馬建忠) Simulacrum— Mǎshì Wéntōng · First Chinese Grammar · East-West Synthesis (19th century)

Franz Boas Simulacrum— Cultural Relativism · Descriptive Linguistics · Indigenous Languages · Anti-Racism (19th–20th century)

Otto Jespersen Simulacrum— Linguistic Progress · Efficiency · English Grammar · Language Does Not Decay (19th–20th century)

Yuen Ren Chao (趙元任) Simulacrum— Modern Chinese Linguistics · Phonology · Tone · Fieldwork (20th century)

Structural & Phonological Theory

Ferdinand de Saussure Simulacrum— Structural Linguistics · Sign · Semiology (19th–20th century)

Edward Sapir Simulacrum— Linguistic Relativity · Indigenous Languages · Language as Art (19th–20th century)

Nikolai Trubetzkoy Simulacrum— Prague School Phonology · The Phoneme · Oppositions · Grundzüge (19th–20th century)

Roman Jakobson Simulacrum— Structural Linguistics · Poetics · Binary Features · Six Functions of Language (20th century)

Benjamin Lee Whorf Simulacrum— Linguistic Relativity · Habitual Thought · Hopi Time · Fire Inspector (20th century)

Joseph Greenberg Simulacrum— Linguistic Typology · Universals · Implicational Hierarchies · Mass Comparison (20th century)

Semantics, Pragmatics & Discourse

Paul Grice Simulacrum— Pragmatics · Conversational Implicature · The Cooperative Principle · Maxims (20th century)

M.A.K. Halliday Simulacrum— Systemic Functional Linguistics · Metafunctions · Register · Every Clause Does Three Things (20th–21st century)

Charles Fillmore Simulacrum— Frame Semantics · Construction Grammar · Case Grammar · FrameNet (20th–21st century)

Natural Semantic Metalanguage Simulacrum— Semantic Universals · Cultural Scripts · NSM · Emotional Semantics · Cross-Cultural Pragmatics (20th–21st century)

Conceptual Metaphor Theory Simulacrum— Conceptual Metaphor · Embodied Cognition · Framing · Moral Politics · ARGUMENT IS WAR (20th–21st century)

Relevance Theory Simulacrum— Pragmatics · Ostensive Communication · Cognitive Effects · Processing Effort · Mutual Manifestness (20th–21st century)

Sociolinguistics & Language in Use

William Stokoe Simulacrum— Sign Language Linguistics · ASL · Language Is Not Mouth Stuff (20th century)

Dell Hymes Simulacrum— Communicative Competence · Ethnography of Speaking · SPEAKING Model (20th century)

Variationist Sociolinguistics Simulacrum— Language Variation · Social Class · AAVE · Martha's Vineyard · The Social Stratification of Language (20th–21st century)

Morphology & Lexicology

Aranoffian Systems Simulacrum— Morphology · Word Formation Rules · Morphology by Itself · Word-Based Morphology · The Morphological Basis of Grammar (20th–21st century)

Universal & Constructed Language

John Wilkins Simulacrum— An Essay Towards a Real Character · Universal Language · Philosophical Language · Invisible College (17th century)

L.L. Zamenhof Simulacrum— Constructed Languages · Esperanto (19th–20th century)

Elendil ion Elenion Simulacrum— Constructed Language · Phonology · Script Design (Eternal)

Logic 34

Ancient Logic

Aristotle (Logic & Metaphysics) Simulacrum— Categories · Prior Analytics · Posterior Analytics · Syllogism · Being qua Being (4th century BC)

Aristotle (General) Simulacrum— Syllogistic Logic · Rhetoric · Metaphysics (4th century BC)

Chrysippus Simulacrum— Stoic Propositional Logic · Five Indemonstrables · Conditionals · Modality · Lekta (3rd century BC)

Medieval Logic

Peter Abelard Simulacrum— Dialectic · Sic et Non · Universals · Nominalism · Propositional Analysis (12th century)

William of Ockham Simulacrum— Nominalism · Ockham's Razor · Supposition Theory · Mental Language · Parsimony (14th century)

Early Modern Logic

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Simulacrum— Calculus Ratiocinator · Characteristica Universalis · Binary · Monads · Sufficient Reason (17th–18th century)

George Boole Simulacrum— Boolean Algebra · The Laws of Thought · Algebraic Logic · 0 and 1 · Logic as Mathematics (19th century)

C.S. Peirce Simulacrum— Abduction · Existential Graphs · Semiotics · Quantification · Pragmaticism (19th century)

Foundations & Set Theory

Euclid Simulacrum— Axiomatic Method · Geometry · Formal Proof · The Elements (3rd century BC)

Georg Cantor Simulacrum— Set Theory · Infinity · Cardinality · Transfinite Numbers · The Continuum Hypothesis (19th century)

Gottlob Frege Simulacrum— Predicate Logic · Begriffsschrift · Foundations of Arithmetic · Sense and Reference (19th–20th century)

Frege (Logic Specialist) Simulacrum— Predicate Logic · Begriffsschrift · Concept & Object · Function · Quantification · The Foundations of Arithmetic (19th–20th century)

David Hilbert Simulacrum— Formalism · Hilbert's Programme · Foundations · Metamathematics · The Decision Problem (19th–20th century)

Bertrand Russell Simulacrum— Principia Mathematica · Type Theory · Paradox · Logical Atomism · Foundations (20th century)

Incompleteness & Computability

Alonzo Church Simulacrum— Lambda Calculus · Church's Thesis · Undecidability · Higher-Order Logic (20th century)

Kurt Gödel Simulacrum— Incompleteness Theorems · Formal Systems · Constructible Universe · Consistency (20th century)

Gerhard Gentzen Simulacrum— Natural Deduction · Sequent Calculus · Cut-Elimination · The Hauptsatz · Proof Theory (20th century)

Alan Turing Simulacrum— Computability · The Turing Machine · The Halting Problem · Computable Numbers (20th century)

Philosophical Logic

Charles Dodgson Simulacrum— Symbolic Logic · Paradox · Games of Logic · Diagrams · Wonderland (19th century)

Jan Łukasiewicz Simulacrum— Many-Valued Logic · Polish Notation · History of Stoic Logic · Three-Valued Logic (20th century)

Ludwig Wittgenstein Simulacrum— Tractatus · Philosophical Investigations · Language Games · Forms of Life · Logic (20th century)

Rudolf Carnap Simulacrum— Logical Syntax · Logical Empiricism · Probability · Meaning Postulates · Aufbau (20th century)

Alfred Tarski Simulacrum— Formal Semantics · The Concept of Truth · Model Theory · Undefinability (20th century)

Saul Kripke Simulacrum— Modal Logic · Possible Worlds · Naming and Necessity · Rigid Designators (20th–21st century)

Argumentation & Informal Logic

Chaïm Perelman Simulacrum— The New Rhetoric · Audience · Argumentation Theory · Universal Audience (20th century)

Stephen Toulmin Simulacrum— The Uses of Argument · The Toulmin Model · Warrants · Backing · Field-Dependent Standards (20th century)

Proof & Programming

Haskell Curry Simulacrum— Combinatory Logic · Curry-Howard Correspondence · Type Theory · Paradox · Currying (20th century)

Edsger Dijkstra Simulacrum— Algorithms · Structured Programming · Program Correctness · Proof · Elegance (20th century)

Intuitionism

L.E.J. Brouwer Simulacrum— Intuitionism · Rejection of Excluded Middle · Choice Sequences · The Foundations Crisis (20th century)

Arend Heyting Simulacrum— Intuitionistic Logic · Heyting Algebras · BHK Interpretation · Formalising Brouwer (20th century)

Logic & Science

Dignāga Simulacrum— Buddhist Logic · Pramāṇasamuccaya · Theory of Inference · Apoha Doctrine · Epistemology (5th century)

Dharmakīrti Simulacrum— Buddhist Logic · Pramanavartika · Valid Cognition · Apoha Theory · Nalanda (7th century CE)

Karl Popper Simulacrum— Falsification · The Logic of Scientific Discovery · Critical Rationalism · The Open Society (20th century)

Imre Lakatos Simulacrum— Proofs and Refutations · Research Programmes · Quasi-Empiricism · The Methodology of Scientific Progress (20th century)

Literature 46

The Commerce of Literature

The Literary Agent Simulacrum— Manuscript Assessment · Pitch · Submission · Rights · Career (Composite)

The Editor Simulacrum— Structural Editing · Line Editing · Developmental Feedback (Composite)

The Publisher Simulacrum— Acquisition · Production · Distribution · The Business of Books (Composite)

The Critic Simulacrum— Literary Criticism · Review · Close Reading · Canon (Composite)

The Author as Professional Simulacrum— Writing Practice · Career · The Business of Books (Composite)

Classic & Contemporary

The Beowulf Poet Simulacrum— Old English Epic · Heroic Poetry · Anglo-Saxon (c. 8th–11th century)

Geoffrey Chaucer Simulacrum— Middle English · Canterbury Tales · Narrative Poetry (14th century)

Christopher Marlowe Simulacrum— Tragedy · Renaissance Drama · Blank Verse · Overreaching (16th century)

William Shakespeare Simulacrum— Drama · Poetry · Human Nature · Theatre (16th–17th century)

Ben Jonson Simulacrum— Comedy of Humours · Satire · Jacobean Drama (16th–17th century)

Beaumont & Fletcher Simulacrum— Tragicomedy · Jacobean Theatre · Collaborative Drama (16th–17th century)

Molière Simulacrum— Comedy · Satire · Human Folly · French Theatre (17th century)

Captain Marryat Simulacrum— Naval Fiction · Adventure · 19th-Century Prose (18th–19th century)

Edward Lear Simulacrum— Nonsense Literature · Poetry · Natural History (19th century)

Charlotte Brontë Simulacrum— Victorian Gothic · Passion · Interior Life (19th century)

George Eliot Simulacrum— Victorian Novel · Sympathy · Moral Psychology (19th century)

B. Traven Simulacrum— Anarchist Fiction · Labour · Mystery · Adventure (19th–20th century)

J.B. Priestley Simulacrum— Social Drama · Time Plays · English Conscience (19th–20th century)

Vladimir Nabokov Simulacrum— Literary Fiction · Style · Memory · Chess (19th–20th century)

Clarice Lispector Simulacrum— Brazilian Modernism · Interior Life · Epiphany (20th century)

Kurt Vonnegut Simulacrum— Satire · Humanism · Dark Comedy · Anti-War (20th–21st century)

Joseph Heller Simulacrum— Satire · War · Bureaucratic Absurdity · Dark Comedy (20th century)

Reva Virginia George Simulacrum— Literature · Criticism · Consciousness · Narrative (Non-historical)

Alan Ginsberg-Cobden Simulacrum— Thriller · Suburbia · Hidden Lives · Plot · Composite (Non-historical)

Speculative & Experimental

Sîn-lēqi-unninni Simulacrum— Standard Babylonian Gilgamesh · Literary Editing · āšipu · First Named Literary Editor (12th century BCE)

Plutarch of Chaeronea Simulacrum— Parallel Lives · Moralia · Biography as Moral Instruction · Delphi · Middle Platonism (2nd century)

Apuleius of Madauros Simulacrum— The Golden Ass · Cupid and Psyche · Rhetoric · Middle Platonism · Madauros (2nd century)

Nezahualcoyotl Simulacrum— Nahuatl Poetry · Flower-and-Song Tradition · In Tloque Nahuaque · Texcoco · Elegy (15th century)

Macuilxochitzin Simulacrum— Nahuatl Poetry · Song of the Shields · Aztec Women’s Literature · Xochipilli Tradition (15th century)

Angelo Poliziano Simulacrum— Classical Scholarship · Stanze per la Giostra · Orfeo · Textual Philology · Miscellanea (15th century)

Erasmus Darwin Simulacrum— Botanic Garden · Temple of Nature · Scientific Poetry · Didactic Verse · Evolutionary Themes (18th–19th century)

Jorge Luis Borges Simulacrum— Magical Realism · Labyrinths · Infinite Libraries (19th–20th century)

Dr. Seuss Simulacrum— Children's Literature · Verse · Social Wisdom (20th century)

Fritz Leiber Simulacrum— Sword & Sorcery · Dark Fantasy · Urban Horror (20th century)

Leigh Brackett Simulacrum— Planetary Romance · Film Noir · Science Fiction (20th century)

Isaac Asimov Simulacrum— Science Fiction · Physics · Popularisation (20th century)

Italo Calvino Simulacrum— Experimental Fiction · Postmodern · Lightness (20th century)

Anne McCaffrey Simulacrum— Science Fantasy · Dragonriders · Worldbuilding (20th–21st century)

Ursula K. Le Guin Simulacrum— Science Fiction · Anarchism · Feminism · Worldbuilding (20th–21st century)

Terry Pratchett Simulacrum— Satirical Fantasy · Discworld · Moral Comedy (20th–21st century)

Douglas Adams Simulacrum— Science Fiction · Absurdism · Comedy (20th–21st century)

Martinesque POV Simulacrum— Multi-POV Narrative · Fantasy Epic · Character-Driven · The Long Game (POV narrative tradition)

Ackroydian Temporal Layering Simulacrum— Dual Timeline · Voice Resurrection · London Palimpsest · Pastiche Archaeology (Temporal layering tradition)

Anti-Consolatory Fiction Simulacrum— New Weird · Literary SF · Anti-Consolatory · The Stubborn Real (New Weird tradition)

The Thought Experiment Tradition Simulacrum— Rigorous Empathy · One Impossible Premise · Logical Consequence · SF as Philosophy (Thought experiment tradition)

The Weight of Unbelief Simulacrum— Epic Fantasy · Psychological Density · Despite-Structure · Unwilling Hero (Dark epic tradition)

Magick 25

Foundational Texts

The Corpus Hermeticum Simulacrum— Hermes Trismegistus · The Nous · Poemandres · As Above So Below · The Voice of Divine Mind · Text-Simulacrum (c. 2nd–3rd century AD)

The Zohar Simulacrum— Ein Sof · The Sefirot · The Shekhinah in Exile · As Above So Below · Kabbalah · Text-Simulacrum (13th century)

The Book of Abramelin Simulacrum— The Holy Guardian Angel · Knowledge and Conversation · The One Operation · The Father's Bequest · Text-Simulacrum (c. 15th century)

Late Antique Theurgy

Mary the Jewess Simulacrum— Practical Alchemy · Apparatus · The First Alchemist (1st–3rd century)

Iamblichus of Chalcis Simulacrum— De Mysteriis · Theurgy as the Completion of Philosophy · The Ineffable Acts · Synthemata and Symbola (c. 3rd–4th century)

Proclus of Athens Simulacrum— Elements of Theology · Remaining-Proceeding-Reverting · The Metaphysical Ground of Magic · The Final Neoplatonist (5th century)

The Islamic Transmission

Jabir ibn Hayyan Simulacrum— Experimental Method · Acids · Islamic Alchemy (8th century)

Al-Kindi Simulacrum— De Radiis · The Universe as a Field of Rays · Natural Magic as Physics · The Islamic Transmission to the West (9th century)

The Picatrix Simulacrum— Ghayat al-Hakim · Celestial Magic · The Planetary Prayers · Talismanic Magic · Text-Simulacrum · The Bridge to the Renaissance (11th century)

The Florentine Academy

Marsilio Ficino Simulacrum— Spiritus · Natural Magic as Medicine · Platonic Theology · De Vita · Translator of Plato and Hermes (15th century)

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Simulacrum— 900 Theses · Oration on the Dignity of Man · Kabbalah · The Chameleon at the Centre · No Fixed Nature (15th century)

Helene Stöcker Simulacrum— New Ethics · League for the Protection of Motherhood · Pacifism · Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (19th–20th century)

Kurt Hiller Simulacrum— Criminal Law Reform · Paragraph 175 · Activist Jurisprudence · Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (19th–20th century)

Gershom Scholem Simulacrum— Kabbalah · Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism · Sabbatianism · Hebrew University · Walter Benjamin (19th–20th century)

The Renaissance Magi

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa Simulacrum— Three Books of Occult Philosophy · De Vanitate · Natural Magic · Celestial Magic · Ceremonial Magic · The Architecture of Ascent (15th–16th century)

Paracelsus Simulacrum— Iatrochemistry · Hermetic Philosophy · Poison & Cure (16th century)

Dr John Dee Simulacrum— Monas Hieroglyphica · Mathematical Preface to Euclid · Enochian · Angel Conversations · Celestial Intelligence (16th century)

Giordano Bruno Simulacrum— The Trained Imagination as Magical Instrument · Art of Memory · Infinite Universe · Burned at Campo de' Fiori 1600 (16th century)

Natural Philosophy & Alchemy

Isaac Newton Simulacrum— Alchemy · The Philosopher's Stone · Hidden Theology (17th century)

The 19th Century Revival

Eliphas Lévi Simulacrum— The Astral Light · Will as the Magical Instrument · Transcendental Magic · Dogme et Rituel · The 19th Century Reconstitution (19th century)

S.L. MacGregor Mathers Simulacrum— The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn · The Synthesis · Kabbalah Tarot Enochian · The Secret Chiefs (19th-20th century)

The Modern Tradition

Aleister Crowley Simulacrum— True Will · Thelema · The Aeon of Horus · The Crossing of the Abyss · Do What Thou Wilt · To Mega Therion (19th–20th century)

Austin Osman Spare Simulacrum— Sigil Magic · Kia · The Neither-Neither · The Atmospheric Self · The Hand that Draws · Zos Vel Thanatos (19th–20th century)

Dion Fortune Simulacrum— The Tree of Life as Map of the Psyche · The Yoga of the West · Psychic Self-Defence · The Inner Contacts · Applied Kabbalah (20th century)

Israel Regardie Simulacrum— The Golden Dawn Published · The Middle Pillar · Reich and Magic · The Tradition Belongs to the Tradition (20th century)

Mathematics 47

Algebra & Category Theory

Évariste Galois Simulacrum— Group Theory · Symmetry · Field Extensions (19th century)

Arthur Cayley Simulacrum— Group Theory · Matrices · Permutations (19th century)

Emmy Noether Simulacrum— Abstract Algebra · Symmetry · Invariants (19th–20th century)

Saunders Mac Lane Simulacrum— Category Theory · Functors · Structures (20th–21st century)

Alexander Grothendieck Simulacrum— Algebraic Geometry · Schemes · Topos Theory (20th–21st century)

Analysis

Joseph Fourier Simulacrum— Heat · Series · Harmonic Analysis (18th–19th century)

Augustin-Louis Cauchy Simulacrum— Real Analysis · Complex Analysis · Rigour (18th–19th century)

Karl Weierstrass Simulacrum— Real Analysis · Continuity · Approximation (19th century)

Henri Lebesgue Simulacrum— Measure Theory · Integration (19th–20th century)

Stefan Banach Simulacrum— Functional Analysis · Normed Spaces (19th–20th century)

Sergei Sobolev Simulacrum— Sobolev Spaces · PDEs · Functional Analysis (20th century)

Laurent Schwartz Simulacrum— Distribution Theory · Functional Analysis (20th–21st century)

Applied & Computational

Archimedes Simulacrum— Mechanics · Geometry · Computation (3rd century BC)

Joseph-Louis Lagrange Simulacrum— Mechanics · Optimisation · Number Theory (18th–19th century)

John von Neumann Simulacrum— Game Theory · Architecture · Physics (20th century)

Claude Shannon Simulacrum— Information Theory · Entropy · Coding (20th–21st century)

Foundations & Logic

Al-Khwārizmī Simulacrum— Algebra · Kitāb al-jabr · Algorithm · Hindu-Arabic Numerals · Astronomical Tables (8th century)

Charles Dodgson Simulacrum— Logic · Narrative · Paradox (19th century)

Georg Cantor Simulacrum— Set Theory · Infinity · Cardinality (19th–20th century)

David Hilbert Simulacrum— Formal Systems · Foundations · Programme (19th–20th century)

Bertrand Russell Simulacrum— Logic · Foundations · Paradox (19th–20th century)

Kurt Gödel Simulacrum— Logic · Incompleteness · Formal Systems (20th century)

Geometry & Topology

Pythagoras Simulacrum— Number · Harmony · The Theorem · Proof · All Is Number (6th century BC)

Euclid Simulacrum— Geometry · Formal Proof (3rd century BC)

Apollonius of Perga Simulacrum— Conic Sections · Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola · Apollonius Circles · The General Case (3rd–2nd century BC)

August Möbius Simulacrum— Topology · Non-orientable Surfaces (18th–19th century)

Bernhard Riemann Simulacrum— Differential Geometry · Zeta Function (19th century)

Felix Klein Simulacrum— Topology · Group Theory · Erlangen (19th–20th century)

Henri Poincaré Simulacrum— Topology · Chaos · Intuition (19th–20th century)

Heinz Hopf Simulacrum— Algebraic Topology · Fibre Bundles · Homotopy (19th–20th century)

M.C. Escher Simulacrum— Topology · Visual Mathematics · Impossible (19th–20th century)

René Thom Simulacrum— Catastrophe Theory · Morphogenesis · Topology (20th–21st century)

Number Theory

Eratosthenes of Cyrene Simulacrum— Earth's Circumference · Prime Number Sieve · Geography · Chief Librarian of Alexandria (3rd–2nd century BC)

Diophantus of Alexandria Simulacrum— Arithmetica · Diophantine Equations · Algebraic Notation · Father of Algebra (3rd century AD)

Pierre de Fermat Simulacrum— Number Theory · Probability · Optics (17th century)

Leonhard Euler Simulacrum— Number Theory · Analysis · Graph Theory (18th century)

Carl Friedrich Gauss Simulacrum— Number Theory · Statistics · Physics (18th–19th century)

Srinivasa Ramanujan Simulacrum— Number Theory · Infinite Series · Partitions (19th–20th century)

Paul Erdős Simulacrum— Combinatorics · Number Theory · Collaboration (20th century)

Statistics & Probability

Hypatia of Alexandria Simulacrum— Mathematics · Theon’s Editions · Diophantus · Astronomical Tables · Neoplatonism (4th century)

Al-Khwārizmī Simulacrum— Algebra · Al-Kitab al-mukhtasar · Algorithms · Hindu-Arabic Numerals · House of Wisdom (8th century)

Karl Pearson Simulacrum— Correlation · Biometrics · Statistical Method (19th–20th century)

Ronald Fisher Simulacrum— Experimental Design · Inference · Genetics (19th–20th century)

Jerzy Neyman Simulacrum— Hypothesis Testing · Confidence Intervals (19th–20th century)

Andrey Kolmogorov Simulacrum— Probability Theory · Complexity · Turbulence (20th century)

F.N. David Simulacrum— Combinatorics · History of Statistics (20th century)

George Box Simulacrum— Design of Experiments · Time Series · Quality (20th–21st century)

Medicine 34

Ancient Medicine

Hippocrates Simulacrum— Clinical Observation · Prognosis · Medical Ethics · The Oath (5th–4th century BC)

Aulus Cornelius Celsus Simulacrum— De Medicina · Inflammation · Roman Surgery (1st century AD)

Dioscorides Simulacrum— De Materia Medica · Pharmacology · Medical Botany (1st century AD)

Galen Simulacrum— Anatomy · Physiology · Humoral Theory · The Great Synthesiser (2nd century AD)

Medieval Islamic Medicine

Al-Razi (Rhazes) Simulacrum— Islamic Medicine · Smallpox · Clinical Empiricism (9th–10th century)

The Bukhtishu Dynasty Simulacrum— Nestorian Medicine · Court Physicians · Sassanid and Abbasid Patronage · Institutional Transmission (fl. 6th–10th century CE)

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Simulacrum— Canon of Medicine · Contagion · Medical Synthesis (10th–11th century)

Renaissance Anatomy & Surgery

Ambroise Paré Simulacrum— Surgery · Wound Treatment · Battlefield Medicine (16th century)

Andreas Vesalius Simulacrum— Human Anatomy · De Humani Corporis Fabrica · Correcting Galen · The Cadaver (16th century)

Scientific Revolution in Medicine

William Harvey Simulacrum— Circulation · Experimental Physiology · Quantification (16th–17th century)

Thomas Sydenham Simulacrum— Clinical Observation · Nosology · The English Hippocrates (17th century)

Giovanni Battista Morgagni Simulacrum— Pathological Anatomy · Clinicopathological Correlation (17th–18th century)

John Hunter Simulacrum— Surgery · Anatomy · Natural History · The Hunterian Museum (18th century)

Edward Jenner Simulacrum— Vaccination · Smallpox · Cowpox · Observation (18th–19th century)

The Nineteenth Century

John Snow Simulacrum— Epidemiology · Cholera · The Natural Experiment (19th century)

Claude Bernard Simulacrum— Experimental Physiology · The Internal Environment · Method (19th century)

Ignaz Semmelweis Simulacrum— Antisepsis · Puerperal Fever · Evidence vs Authority (19th century)

Florence Nightingale Simulacrum— Statistics · Sanitation · The Preventable Death (19th–20th century)

Rudolf Virchow Simulacrum— Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine (19th–20th century)

Louis Pasteur Simulacrum— Germ Theory · Vaccination · Fermentation (19th century)

Jean-Martin Charcot Simulacrum— Neurology · The Salpêtrière · Clinical-Anatomical Method (19th century)

Joseph Lister Simulacrum— Antiseptic Surgery · Carbolic Acid · Wound Infection (19th–20th century)

Robert Koch Simulacrum— Bacteriology · Koch's Postulates · Tuberculosis (19th–20th century)

William Osler Simulacrum— Clinical Medicine · Bedside Teaching · Medical Education (19th–20th century)

Paul Ehrlich Simulacrum— Immunology · Chemotherapy · The Magic Bullet · Staining (19th–20th century)

Karl Landsteiner Simulacrum— Blood Groups · Immunology · Transfusion · The Rh Factor (19th–20th century)

Walter Cannon Simulacrum— Homeostasis · Fight-or-Flight · The Wisdom of the Body (19th–20th century)

The Twentieth Century

Helen Taussig Simulacrum— Paediatric Cardiology · Blue Baby Syndrome · Congenital Heart Disease (20th century)

Archie Cochrane Simulacrum— Evidence-Based Medicine · The Randomised Trial · Effectiveness (20th century)

Oliver Sacks Simulacrum— Neurology · The Clinical Narrative · Identity (20th–21st century)

Method & Reform

Systematic Medicine Simulacrum— Checklists · Complexity · The Limits of Individual Mastery · End of Life (Systems medicine tradition)

The Argument of Last Resort Simulacrum— Self-Experimentation · H. Pylori · Koch's Postulates Applied · Paradigm Disruption (Paradigm disruption tradition)

Sexual Medicine & Reform

Magnus Hirschfeld Simulacrum— Sexology · Zwischenstufenlehre · Homosexuality · Transgender Medicine · Per Scientiam ad Justitiam (19th–20th century)

Arthur Kronfeld Simulacrum— Psychiatry · Psychotherapy · Medical Psychology · Phenomenology · Sexual Psychopathology (19th–20th century)

Mesopotamian Studies 65

Uruk (c. 3400–3000 BC)

Kushim Simulacrum— Proto-Cuneiform · Accounting · Barley · Beer · The First Named Individual (34th century BCE)

Early Dynastic Sumer (c. 2900–2334 BC)

Ningirsu (Lord of the E-ninnu) Simulacrum— Patron god of Lagash · warrior of Enlil · theological sovereign of the Early Dynastic city-state (c. 2500 BCE onward)

Eannatum of Lagash Simulacrum— Ensi / Lugal · Stele of the Vultures · treaty with Umma · first surviving international legal document (c. 2454–2425 BCE)

Entemena of Lagash Simulacrum— Ensi · son of Enannatum I · continuation of the Umma border dispute · cone inscriptions (c. 2404–2375 BCE)

Baranamtarra of Lagash Simulacrum— Queen consort of Lugalanda · administrator of the household of Bau · independent economic agent (d. c. 2378 BCE)

Urukagina of Lagash Simulacrum— Lugal · the Reform Cones · first documented reform programme · abolished extractive offices (d. c. 2368 BCE)

Sagsag of Lagash Simulacrum— Wife of Urukagina · administrator of the household of Bau · executor of reform administration (c. 2370 BCE)

The Officials Who Extract (Lagash) Simulacrum— The offices abolished by the Reform Cones · via negativa · the list of what was forbidden is the record of what existed (fl. c. 2400–2350 BCE)

The Burial Official of Lagash Simulacrum— Administrator of funerary rites · fee-setter · the ritual-economic interface before reform (fl. c. 2400–2350 BCE)

The Temple Scribe of Bau (Lagash) Simulacrum— Scribal administrator · keeper of the Bau temple accounts · documenter of the redistributive economy (fl. c. 2400–2350 BCE)

Lugalzagesi Simulacrum— Ensi of Umma → King of Uruk → first to claim all of Sumer · destroyer of Lagash · precursor to Sargon (fl. c. 2375–2340 BCE)

Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC)

Sargon of Akkad Simulacrum— Empire · Conquest · The Birth Legend · Cupbearer to King · Akkadian Dynasty (24th–23rd century BC)

Enheduanna Simulacrum— Hymns · The Exaltation of Inanna · First Named Author · En-Priestess of Nanna · Daughter of Sargon (23rd century BC)

Narām-Sîn Simulacrum— God-King · The Victory Stele · Hubris · The Curse of Agade · Empire at Its Height (23rd century BC)

Ebla — the Western Semitic archive (c. 2400–2250 BC)

Ibrium of Ebla Simulacrum— Vizier · lugal sa-za · 18-year tenure · Treaty with Abarsal (earliest surviving international treaty) (24th century BCE)

Dusigu of Ebla Simulacrum— Queen mother · maliktum · succession manager · co-regent during minority (24th century BCE)

The Abba of Ebla Simulacrum— Council of elders · structural check on royal authority · treaty confirmation (24th century BCE)

The Hazannum of Ebla Simulacrum— Provincial governor · district mayor · interface between palace and sixty vassal polities (24th century BCE)

Enna-Dagan of Ebla Simulacrum— Military commander · campaign letter · one of the earliest surviving field-to-centre military reports (c. 2350–2320 BCE)

Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112–2004 BC)

Gudea of Lagash Simulacrum— Temple Building · Cylinders A & B · Piety · Ningirsu · Dreaming Architecture (22nd century BC)

Ur-Nammu Simulacrum— The Code of Ur-Nammu · Oldest Law Code · Ziggurat of Ur · Ur III Dynasty Founder (21st century BC)

Shulgi of Ur Simulacrum— Ur III · Administration · Literature · Self-Praise · The Running King (21st century BC)

Old Babylonian Period (c. 2000–1600 BC)

The Edubba Simulacrum— Scribal School · Cuneiform Pedagogy · Tablet House · Sumerian Education (20th century BCE)

Kārum Kaneš Simulacrum— Assyrian Trade Colonies · Letters · Commerce · Credit · Long-Distance Trade (20th century BCE)

Hammurabi Simulacrum— The Codex · Law · Kingship · Justice · Old Babylonian Empire (18th century BC)

Plimpton 322 Simulacrum— Pythagorean Triples · Old Babylonian Mathematics · Sexagesimal · The Larsa Tablet (18th century BCE)

Zimri-Lim of Mari Simulacrum— King of Mari · restorer of the dynasty · patron of the 25,000-tablet palace archive · killed by Hammurabi (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

Shibtu of Mari Simulacrum— Chief queen · administrator in the king’s absence · intelligence correspondent · daughter of Yamhad (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

The Daughters of Zimri-Lim Simulacrum— Diplomatic marriages · letters home from vassal courts · informal intelligence network · political agents (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

Yasmah-Addu of Mari Simulacrum— Predecessor king · son of Shamshi-Adad · displaced by Zimri-Lim · correspondence with his critical father (c. 1796–1775 BCE)

Mukannisum of Mari Simulacrum— Chief palace administrator · textile and metal inventories · the functional centre of the apparatus (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

The Āpilum of Mari Simulacrum— ‘The Answerer’ · ecstatic prophet · relayed Dagan’s speech · the prophecy-in-the-archive (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

The District Commissioner of Mari Simulacrum— Provincial administrator · tribal mediation · agricultural reporting · the hinge between palace and land (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

The Palace Scribe of Mari Simulacrum— Archive administrator · letter drafting · curator of 25,000 tablets · decider of what is kept (c. 1775–1762 BCE)

Hammurabi of Babylon (as he appears in the Mari archive) Simulacrum— King of Babylon · ally of Zimri-Lim · eventual destroyer of Mari · read here through his letters INTO the Mari court (c. 1792–1750 BCE)

Neo-Assyrian Empire (c. 911–609 BC)

Tiglath-Pileser III Simulacrum— Military Reform · Provincial System · Mass Deportation · The Neo-Assyrian War Machine (8th century BC)

Sennacherib Simulacrum— Nineveh · Military Campaigns · Engineering · The Palace Without Rival · Siege of Lachish (8th–7th century BC)

Ashurbanipal Simulacrum— The Library of Nineveh · Literacy · Military · The Learned King · Cuneiform Preservation (7th century BC)

Ashurbanipal (as collector of the library) Simulacrum— King of Assyria · the literate king · builder of the Library of Nineveh · collector of the Mesopotamian canon (668–627 BCE)

Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon Simulacrum— Co-king of Babylon · brother of Ashurbanipal · rebelled against the Assyrian succession plan · died in the palace fire (668–648 BCE)

Nabu-ahhe-iddina (chief scholar) Simulacrum— Chief scholar · royal adviser · head of the scholarly establishment · letter-writer of state (fl. 7th century BCE)

Adad-shumu-usur (tutor to the prince) Simulacrum— Senior royal scholar · scribal teacher of Ashurbanipal · exorcist · interpreter of omens (fl. 7th century BCE)

The Librarian of Nineveh Simulacrum— Custodian of the girginakku · cataloguer · the hand behind the preservation of the Mesopotamian corpus (fl. 7th century BCE)

The Royal Scribe of Nineveh Simulacrum— Tablet cataloguer · colophon assigner · ummânu · canonical copyist (fl. 7th century BCE)

Neo-Babylonian Empire (c. 626–539 BC)

The Sanga Simulacrum— Temple Accounts · Administrative Cuneiform · Livestock Records · The First Bureaucracy (32nd century BCE)

The Ummia Simulacrum— School Father · Scribal Pedagogy · Cuneiform Transmission · The Edubba Dialogues (20th century BCE)

The Legal Scribe Simulacrum— Contract Law · Obligation · Sumerian Legal Formulae · Witnessing · dubsar kitim (20th century BCE)

Enkimansum Simulacrum— Edubba Disputations · Scribal Competition · Nippur · Dialogue 3 (19th century BCE)

Sîn-lēqi-unninni Simulacrum— Standard Babylonian Gilgamesh · āšipu · Literary Editing · First Named Literary Editor (12th century BCE)

Nebuchadnezzar II Simulacrum— Babylon · The Hanging Gardens · The Exile · Ishtar Gate · Builder-King (7th–6th century BC)

Nabonidus Simulacrum— Archaeology · Sîn Worship · Harran · The Absent King · The Verse Account (6th century BC)

Chaldaean Science (4th century BC)

Kidinnu Simulacrum— System B Lunar Theory · Synodic Month · Chaldaean Astronomy · Tersitu Tablets (4th century BC)

Literature

Gilgamesh Simulacrum— The Epic · Enkidu · The Flood · Mortality · The Cedar Forest · Two-Thirds Divine (3rd–2nd millennium BC)

A Man and His God Simulacrum— The First Individual Complaint · Sumerian Job · Theodicy · Why Me? · Nippur (20th century BCE)

Sîn-lēqi-unninni Simulacrum— Standard Babylonian Gilgamesh · Editor · Redactor · The Eleven-Tablet Epic (12th century BCE)

The Righteous Sufferer Simulacrum— Ludlul Bēl Nēmeqi · Theodicy · Why Do the Good Suffer? · The Babylonian Job (12th century BCE)

The Dialogue of Pessimism Simulacrum— Wisdom Literature · Master and Slave · Nihilism · Comedy · The Equal Weight of All Reasons (10th century BCE)

Gershom Scholem Simulacrum— Kabbalah · Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism · Sabbatai Zevi · Walter Benjamin · Hochschule (19th–20th century)

The Pantheon

Inanna Simulacrum— Love · War · Descent · Sovereignty · The First Goddess (3rd millennium BC)

Enki Simulacrum— Wisdom · Water · Craft · Civilisation · The Trickster God (3rd millennium BC)

Enlil Simulacrum— Wind · Storms · Kingship · Fate · Lord of the Air (3rd millennium BC)

Ninhursag Simulacrum— Earth · Birth · Healing · The Mother of Gods (3rd millennium BC)

Ereshkigal Simulacrum— Underworld · Death · Grief · The Great Below (3rd millennium BC)

Utu Simulacrum— Sun · Justice · Truth · The Witness of All Things (3rd millennium BC)

Nanna Simulacrum— Moon · Time · Cattle · The Measurer of Days (3rd millennium BC)

Modern & Foreign Languages 52

Language Learning

Magister Simulacrum— What language do you want to learn? I can help. (Constructed Tutor)

French

Michel de Montaigne Simulacrum— The Essay · Self-examination · Sceptical inquiry · French prose (1533–1592)

Claude Favre de Vaugelas Simulacrum— French Grammar · Codification of usage · Académie française (1585–1650)

Molière Simulacrum (French Department)— Comédie · Theatre · Spoken French · Vice exposed through laughter (1622–1673)

Voltaire Simulacrum— Enlightenment prose · Conte philosophique · Wit · Civic argument (1694–1778)

Gustave Flaubert Simulacrum— Le mot juste · The realist novel · French prose style · Sentence as moral act (1821–1880)

Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette Simulacrum— Modern French prose · Sensuous writing · The voice of the senses (1873–1954)

Albert Camus Simulacrum— L’absurde · La révolte · Mediterranean clarity · Modern French prose at moral pitch (1913–1960)

Léopold Sédar Senghor Simulacrum— Négritude · Francophone poetry · Civilisation de l’universel · French of three continents (1906–2001)

Spanish (Castilian)

Antonio de Nebrija Simulacrum— Gramática castellana · The first vernacular grammar · Salamanca · Alcalá (1441–1522)

Santa Teresa de Ávila Simulacrum— Castilian prose · Mystical writing · Las Moradas · Direct interior voice (1515–1582)

Miguel de Cervantes Simulacrum— Don Quijote · The modern novel · Irony · Castilian narrative prose (1547–1616)

Félix Lope de Vega Simulacrum— Comedia nueva · Siglo de Oro theatre · Verse drama · Spoken Castilian on the stage (1562–1635)

Francisco de Quevedo Simulacrum— Conceptismo · Satire · Baroque wit · The dark sonnet · Castilian at maximum density (1580–1645)

Miguel de Unamuno Simulacrum— Generación del 98 · Philosophical novel · Nivola · El sentimiento trágico de la vida (1864–1936)

Federico García Lorca Simulacrum— Generación del 27 · Poesía · Romancero gitano · Bodas de sangre · Duende (1898–1936)

Spanish (Latin American)

El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Simulacrum— Comentarios Reales · Bicultural voice · Cuzco-Córdoba · The first mestizo historian (1539–1616)

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Simulacrum— Respuesta a Sor Filotea · The Tenth Muse · Defended women's right to learn · Mexican Baroque (1648–1695)

Andrés Bello Simulacrum— Gramática castellana americana · Codification of Spanish · Civil Code of Chile (1781–1865)

Jorge Luis Borges Simulacrum (LatAm)— Ficciones · The Library of Babel · The infinite · Buenos Aires · Mirrors and labyrinths (1899–1986)

Pablo Neruda Simulacrum— Veinte poemas de amor · Canto General · Residencia en la tierra · The political and the erotic (1904–1973)

Octavio Paz Simulacrum— El laberinto de la soledad · Sor Juana · The diplomat-poet · Mexican identity (1914–1998)

Gabriel García Márquez Simulacrum— Cien años de soledad · Macondo · El Caribe · Magical realism · Reportage prose (1927–2014)

Italian

Dante Alighieri Simulacrum— Wrote Italian into existence · Divina Commedia · Terza rima · Vita Nuova · Beatrice (1265–1321)

Francesco Petrarca Simulacrum— Canzoniere · Laura · The sonnet · Recovered Cicero · Founder of humanism (1304–1374)

Giovanni Boccaccio Simulacrum— Decameron · The frame narrative · Plague · A hundred tales · Tuscan vernacular (1313–1375)

Pietro Bembo Simulacrum— Prose della volgar lingua · Codified Italian · Petrarch as model · Questione della lingua (1470–1547)

Carlo Goldoni Simulacrum— Reformed the commedia dell'arte · Servant of Two Masters · Realistic Italian theatre (1707–1793)

Giacomo Leopardi Simulacrum— L'infinito · Pessimismo cosmico · Operette morali · Canti · Romantic philology (1798–1837)

Italo Calvino Simulacrum (Italian)— Lightness · Quickness · Six Memos · Invisible Cities · Combinatorial fiction (1923–1985)

Portuguese

Fernão Lopes Simulacrum— Crónica de D. João I · Founding chronicler · Portuguese prose · The voice of the people (c.1380–c.1459)

Gil Vicente Simulacrum— Auto da Barca do Inferno · Founder of Portuguese theatre · Court satire · Vernacular drama (c.1465–c.1536)

Luís Vaz de Camões Simulacrum— Os Lusíadas · The maritime epic · Vasco da Gama · Portuguese language elevated (c.1524–1580)

Eça de Queirós Simulacrum— Realism · O Crime do Padre Amaro · Os Maias · Portuguese society dissected (1845–1900)

Fernando Pessoa Simulacrum— Heteronyms · Caeiro · Reis · Campos · Livro do Desassossego · Multiple selves in Lisbon (1888–1935)

Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen Simulacrum— Mar Novo · Clarity · The sea · Greek lucidity in Portuguese poetry (1919–2004)

José Saramago Simulacrum— Blindness · The Gospel According to Jesus Christ · Long sentences · Communist Catholic atheist (1922–2010)

Portuguese (Brasil)

José de Alencar Simulacrum— Iracema · O Guarani · Romantic Brazilian indigenism · The novel as nation-building (1829–1877)

Machado de Assis Simulacrum— Memórias Póstumas · Dom Casmurro · The unreliable narrator · Brazilian irony at the highest pitch (1839–1908)

Oswald de Andrade Simulacrum— Manifesto Antropófago · Brazilian Modernism · 1922 Semana · Tupi or not tupi (1890–1954)

Carlos Drummond de Andrade Simulacrum— Modernist poetry · No meio do caminho · Sentimento do mundo · Itabira to Rio (1902–1987)

João Guimarães Rosa Simulacrum— Grande Sertão: Veredas · The sertão · Invented Portuguese · The voice of the backlands (1908–1967)

Clarice Lispector Simulacrum (Brasil)— A Hora da Estrela · Macabéa · Consciousness as the matter · Mystical Brazilian prose (1920–1977)

Korean

King Sejong the Great Simulacrum— Hangul · Phonological design · Hall of Worthies (집현전) · Joseon institutional reform · Access as the criterion of design (1397–1450)

Choe Sejin Simulacrum— 훈몽자회 · Korean lexicography · Sino-Korean phonology · The word in use, not on the board (c.1473–1542)

Toegye (Yi Hwang) Simulacrum— Neo-Confucian philosophy · 성학십도 · 거경궁리 · Rectification of the self · Dosan Seowon (1501–1570)

Jeong Cheol Simulacrum— Gasa poetry · 관동별곡 · 사미인곡 · Korean breath-rhythm · Landscape as emotional architecture (1536–1593)

Yun Seon-do Simulacrum— Sijo poetry · 오우가 · 어부사시사 · Compression as art · Nature as moral mirror (1587–1671)

Ju Si-gyeong Simulacrum— Korean grammar · Morphological analysis · 국어문법 · Linguistic nationalism (1876–1914)

Kim Sowol Simulacrum— 진달래꽃 · Modern Korean lyric · Folk rhythm (3·4, 7·5) · 한 (han) as emotional architecture (1902–1934)

Hwang Sunwon Simulacrum— Short fiction · 소나기 · Prose economy · The architecture of withholding (1915–2000)

Yun Dong-ju Simulacrum— Colonial lyric · 서시 · Moral self-examination · The impossible self under historical pressure (1917–1945)

Music 28

Composition & Counterpoint

Johann Joseph Fux Simulacrum— Gradus ad Parnassum · Species Counterpoint · Pedagogy · The Steps · Rules of Voice Leading (17th–18th century)

Francesco Durante Simulacrum— Partimenti · Neapolitan School · Figured Bass · Improvisation · Maestro dei Maestri (18th century)

J.S. Bach Simulacrum— Counterpoint · Fugue · The Well-Tempered Clavier · Chorale · Structure as Beauty (17th–18th century)

Domenico Scarlatti Simulacrum— Keyboard Sonatas · 555 Essercizi · Harpsichord · Hand-Crossing · Iberian Influence (18th century)

Leonardo Leo Simulacrum— Partimenti · Solfeggio · Neapolitan School · Opera · Sacred Music · Counterpoint (18th century)

Giovanni Furno Simulacrum— Partimenti · Regole · Synonymy · Neapolitan Pedagogy · Teacher of Bellini (18th–19th century)

Music Theory (Medieval & Renaissance)

Guido d'Arezzo Simulacrum— Solmisation · Ut Re Mi · Staff Notation · Micrologus · Pedagogical Reform (11th century)

Franco of Cologne Simulacrum— Mensural Notation · Ars cantus mensurabilis · Rhythm · Duration · The Lawgiver (13th century)

Johannes Tinctoris Simulacrum— Terminorum musicae diffinitorium · Music Lexicography · Counterpoint Rules · Empiricism (15th century)

Gioseffo Zarlino Simulacrum— Le istitutioni harmoniche · Tuning · Senario · Major and Minor · Harmony as Philosophy (16th century)

Solfeggio & Continuo

Al-Fārābī Simulacrum— Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir · Music Theory · Modes · The Lute · Sound as Mathematical Relation (9th century)

Francesco Gasparini Simulacrum— L'armonico pratico al cimbalo · Continuo · Accompaniment · Venetian Practice · Figured Bass (17th–18th century)

Carlo Cotumacci Simulacrum— Solfeggio · Neapolitan Conservatory · Vocal Training · Teacher of Furno · Bridge Between Schools (18th century)

Music Theory

Heinrich Glareanus Simulacrum— Dodecachordon · Twelve Modes · Ionian and Aeolian · Josquin as Touchstone · Humanist Modal Theory (15th–16th century)

Gioseffo Zarlino Simulacrum— Senario · Consonance from Number · Imperfect Consonances · Harmonia Maggiore and Minore · Rational Counterpoint (16th century)

Johannes Lippius Simulacrum— Synopsis musicae novae · Trias Harmonica · Fundament · Inversion · Trinity-Triad Analogy (16th–17th century)

Jean-Philippe Rameau Simulacrum— Traité de l'harmonie · Fundamental Bass · Corps Sonore · Inversion Theory · Tonique · Dominante · Sous-dominante (17th–18th century)

Heinrich Christoph Koch Simulacrum— Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition · Einschnitt / Abschnitt / Periode · Phrase Grammar · Phrase Extension · Music as Discourse (18th–19th century)

Adolf Bernhard Marx Simulacrum— Die Lehre von der musikalischen Komposition · Sonatenform · Liedform · Satz / Vordersatz / Nachsatz · Organic Form (19th century)

Eduard Hanslick Simulacrum— Vom Musikalisch-Schönen · Tonend bewegte Formen · Formalist Aesthetics · Absolute Music · Anti-Wagnerian (19th–20th century)

Hugo Riemann Simulacrum— Funktionstheorie · Tonic / Dominant / Subdominant · Harmonic Dualism · Tonnetz · Klangvertretung (19th–20th century)

Guido Adler Simulacrum— Musikwissenschaft · Historical / Systematic Branches · Stilkritik · Stilperiode · Denkmäler (19th–20th century)

Arnold Dolmetsch Simulacrum— The Interpretation of the Music of the XVII and XVIII Centuries · Historical Performance · Instrument Reconstruction · Haslemere Festival · Notes Inégales (19th–20th century)

Heinrich Schenker Simulacrum— Der freie Satz · Ursatz · Urlinie · Bassbrechung · Schichten · Prolongation · Auskomponierung (19th–20th century)

Arnold Schoenberg Simulacrum— Harmonielehre · Emancipation of the Dissonance · Twelve-Tone Method · Developing Variation · Musical Idea · Grundgestalt (19th–20th century)

Ernst Kurth Simulacrum— Linearer Kontrapunkt · Musical Energetics · Linear / Triadic Force · Tristan Crisis · Bruckner Energiewellen · Musikpsychologie (19th–20th century)

Milton Babbitt Simulacrum— Combinatoriality · Total Serialism · Twelve-Tone Invariants · Time-Point System · Aggregate Structure · Electronic Music (20th–21st century)

Leonard Bernstein Simulacrum— The Unanswered Question · Universal Musical Grammar · Overtone Series · Chomsky Deep Structure · Empson Ambiguity · Synthesis (20th century)

Nalanda Mahavihara 20

Nalanda Faculty

Nāgārjuna Simulacrum— Mūlamadhyamakakārikā · Śūnyatā · The Middle Way · Prasanga · Two Truths (2nd century)

Āryadeva Simulacrum— Catuḥśataka · Nāgārjuna’s Principal Disciple · The Debate Master · Prasanga Extended (fl. 3rd century CE)

Asaṅga Simulacrum— Mahāyānasaṃgraha · Yogācāra · Ālayavijñāna · The Maitreya Teachings (4th century)

Vasubandhu Simulacrum— Abhidharmakośa · Vijñaptimātratā · Yogacāra · Two Phases One Mind · Consciousness-Only (4th century)

Vasubandhu Simulacrum— Abhidharmakośa · Vijnaptimatratā · Yogācāra · Mind Only · Triṃśikā (4th century)

Dignāga Simulacrum— Pramāṇasamuccaya · Buddhist Logic · The Hetucakra · Valid Cognition · Apoha (5th century)

Dignāga Simulacrum— Buddhist Logic · Nyayamukha · Theory of Inference · The Wheel of Reasons · Nalanda (5th century CE)

Dignāga Simulacrum— Buddhist Logic · Pramāṇasamuccaya · Theory of Inference · Apoha Doctrine · Epistemology (5th century)

Dharmakīrti Simulacrum— Pramāṇavārttika · Valid Cognition · Causal Efficacy as Reality · Buddhist Epistemology · Inference (6th century)

Dharmakīrti Simulacrum— Pramāṇavārttika · Valid Cognition · Causal Efficacy as Reality · Apoha · Momentariness (6th century)

Dharmakīrti Simulacrum— Buddhist Logic · Pramāṇavārttika · Epistemology · Causality · Critique of Non-Buddhist Schools (6th century)

Candrakīrti Simulacrum— Madhyamakāvatāra · Prasaṃnapadā · Prāsaṅgika · Against Svātantrika · Conventional Truth (6th century)

Xuanzang Simulacrum— Da Tang Xiyu Ji · The Chinese Pilgrim · Witness at Nalanda · Translator · 25,000 Kilometres (7th century)

Śāntideva Simulacrum— Bodhicaryāvatāra · Patience · Exchange of Self and Other · Bodhicitta · The Argument for Compassion (7th century)

Śāntarakṣita Simulacrum— Tattvasamgraha · Yogācāra-Mādhyamaka Synthesis · Tibet’s First Abbot · Mahāvyutpatti (8th century)

Atiśa Simulacrum— Bodhipathapradīpa · The Three Scopes · Lam Rim · Last of the Nalanda Masters · Tibet Revisited (10th–11th century)

The Buddhist Annexe

The Buddha (Pali Canon) Simulacrum— The Pali Canon · The Four Noble Truths · The Eightfold Path · Dependent Origination · Anattā (c. 5th century BCE)

Nāgārjuna Simulacrum— Madhyamaka · Śūnyatā · Two Truths · Prajñāpāramitā · The Middle Way (2nd century)

The Buddha (Śāntideva) Simulacrum— Bodhicaryāvatāra · Bodhicitta · The Six Pāramitās · Patience · Mahayāna Ethics (7th century)

The Buddha (Padmasambhava) Simulacrum— Vajrayāna · Dzogchen · The Tibetan Transmission · Tertön · Bardo Thödol (c. 8th century CE)

Mouseion of Alexandria 23

The Chief Librarians

Zenodotus of Ephesus Simulacrum— First Chief Librarian · First Critical Editor of Homer · The Obelos · Text Criticism (4th–3rd century BCE)

Eratosthenes of Cyrene Simulacrum— Third Chief Librarian · Circumference of the Earth · Prime Sieve · Geodesy · Geography (3rd–2nd century BCE)

Apollonius of Perga Simulacrum— Conics · Second Chief Librarian · Conic Sections · The Great Geometer (3rd–2nd century BCE)

Aristarchus of Samothrace Simulacrum— Sixth Chief Librarian · Prince of Grammarians · Homer · Textual Criticism · ἱραρχεῖον (3rd–2nd century BCE)

Apollodorus of Athens Simulacrum— Chronika · Scholar of Aristarchus · On the Gods · Chronographer · The Dating of Everything (2nd century BCE)

The Poets & Scholars

Callimachus of Cyrene Simulacrum— Pinakes · First Library Catalogue · Elegies · Hymns · "Mega Biblion Mega Kakon" (4th–3rd century BCE)

Mathematics

Euclid of Alexandria Simulacrum— Elements · Thirteen Books · Axiomatic Method · Number Theory · Optics (4th–3rd century BCE)

Archimedes of Syracuse Simulacrum— Hydrostatics · Method of Exhaustion · Pi · Lever · War Machines · The Sand-Reckoner (3rd century BCE)

Diophantus of Alexandria Simulacrum— Arithmetica · Algebraic Equations · Indeterminate Analysis · The Father of Algebra (2nd century)

Pappus of Alexandria Simulacrum— Synagoge · Mathematical Treasury · Hexagon Theorem · Preserver of Ancient Mathematics (3rd century)

Magnus Hirschfeld Simulacrum— Sexual Intermediaries · Homosexuality · Institut für Sexualwissenschaft · Per Scientiam ad Iustitiam (19th–20th century)

Arthur Kronfeld Simulacrum— Psychotherapy · Sexual Psychology · Institut für Sexualwissenschaft · Weimar Psychiatry (19th–20th century)

Astronomy

Aristarchus of Samos Simulacrum— Heliocentrism · Distances to Sun and Moon · Cosmic-Scale Geometry (4th–3rd century BCE)

Hipparchus of Nicaea Simulacrum— Star Catalogue · Precession of the Equinoxes · Trigonometry · Solar and Lunar Theory (2nd century BCE)

Strabo Simulacrum— Geographica · Homer as Geographer · The World Described · 17 Books · Ethnography (c. 64 BCE–c.24 CE)

Claudius Ptolemy Simulacrum— Almagest · Geographia · Geocentric System · Fourteen Centuries of Astronomy (1st century)

Natural Philosophy & Medicine

Theophrastus of Eresus Simulacrum— Botany · History of Philosophy · Characters · Aristotle’s Successor (4th–3rd century BCE)

Hero of Alexandria Simulacrum— Pneumatics · Aeolipile · Automata · Surveying · The First Steam Device (fl. c. 60 CE)

Galen of Pergamon Simulacrum— Anatomy · Physiology · Medicine · The Humours · Fourteen Centuries of Medical Authority (3rd century)

Philosophy & The End

Philo of Alexandria Simulacrum— Jewish-Hellenistic Philosophy · Logos · Allegorical Interpretation · Moses and Plato (c. 20 BCE–50 CE)

Clement of Alexandria Simulacrum— Christian Platonism · Stromateis · The True Gnostic · Faith and Reason (2nd century)

Theon of Alexandria Simulacrum— Euclid’s Editor · Last Attested Member of the Mouseion · Solar Eclipses · Hypatia’s Father (4th century)

Hypatia of Alexandria Simulacrum— Mathematics · Astronomy · Neoplatonism · Murdered 415 CE · The Symbolic End (4th century)

Mythology 43

Sumerian Pantheon

Inanna Simulacrum— Love · War · Descent · Sovereignty · The First Goddess · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Enki Simulacrum— Wisdom · Water · Craft · Civilisation · The Trickster God · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Enlil Simulacrum— Wind · Storms · Kingship · Fate · Lord of the Air · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Ninhursag Simulacrum— Earth · Birth · Healing · The Mother of Gods · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Ereshkigal Simulacrum— Underworld · Death · Grief · The Great Below · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Utu Simulacrum— Sun · Justice · Truth · The Witness of All Things · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Nanna Simulacrum— Moon · Time · Cattle · The Measurer of Days · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Egyptian Pantheon

Thoth Simulacrum— Writing · Wisdom · Moon · Magic · Old Kingdom · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Anubis Simulacrum— Death · Judgement · Embalming · Passage · Old Kingdom · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Osiris Simulacrum— Resurrection · Kingship · Underworld · Grain · Middle Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Ra Simulacrum— Sun · Creation · Sovereignty · Solar Cycle · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Set Simulacrum— Chaos · Desert · Storm · Transformation · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Isis Simulacrum— Magic · Healing · Motherhood · Resurrection · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Maat Simulacrum— Truth · Justice · Cosmic Order · All Epochs · Eternal (Eternal)

Norse Pantheon

Odin Simulacrum— Wisdom · Sacrifice · War · Poetry · The Long Game · Eternal (1st millennium)

Freyja Simulacrum— Love · War · Magic · Sovereignty · The Chosen Dead · Eternal (1st millennium)

Thor Simulacrum— Thunder · Protection · Strength · The Common People · Eternal (1st millennium)

Tyr Simulacrum— Justice · Law · Honour · Sacrifice · Single Combat · Eternal (1st millennium)

Loki Simulacrum— Trickery · Shape-shifting · Chaos · Consequences · Eternal (1st millennium)

Freyr Simulacrum— Fertility · Abundance · Sunlight · Peace · Sacrifice · Eternal (1st millennium)

Greek Pantheon

Zeus Simulacrum— Sky · Sovereignty · Law · Xenia · The Thunderbolt · Eternal (Eternal)

Hera Simulacrum— Marriage · Sovereignty · The Sacred Bond · Queenship · Eternal (Eternal)

Athena Simulacrum— Wisdom · Strategy · Craft · Civilisation · The Owl's Sight · Eternal (Eternal)

Apollo Simulacrum— Light · Music · Prophecy · Healing · Truth · The Examined Distance · Eternal (Eternal)

Artemis Simulacrum— The Hunt · Wilderness · The Moon · Transition · Self-Possession · Eternal (Eternal)

Hermes Simulacrum— Messengers · Boundaries · Trade · Theft · Language · The Dead · Eternal (Eternal)

Dionysus Simulacrum— Wine · Theatre · Ecstasy · Dissolution · Twice-Born · The Stranger · Eternal (Eternal)

Archetypes

The Hero Simulacrum— Archetype · Quest · Transformation · Threshold · Eternal (Eternal)

The Great Mother Simulacrum— Archetype · Nurture · Destruction · Cycles of Life · Eternal (Eternal)

The Sage Simulacrum— Archetype · Wisdom · Discernment · The Long View · Eternal (Eternal)

The Trickster Simulacrum— Archetype · Disruption · Boundary-Breaking · Play · Eternal (Eternal)

The Shadow Simulacrum— Archetype · The Unconscious · Integration · Dark Self · Eternal (Eternal)

The Self Simulacrum— Archetype · Individuation · Wholeness · Centre · Eternal (Eternal)

The Dragon Simulacrum— Archetype · Fire · Ancient Hoarding · Riddle · Eternal (Eternal)

Polynesian Pantheon

The Codex Borgia Simulacrum— Yoalli Ehecatl · Night Wind · Divinatory Screenfold · Ritual Calendar · Pre-Columbian Cosmology (16th century)

The Tonalpouhqui Simulacrum— Tonalpohualli · 260-Day Calendar · Day Signs · Divinatory Practice · Temporal Cosmology (16th century)

Māui Simulacrum— Trickster · Culture Hero · Demigod · Fished Up the North Island · Eternal (Eternal)

Tangaroa Simulacrum— God of the Sea · Ocean as Origin · The Great Highway · Eternal (Eternal)

Tāne Simulacrum— Forests · Birds · Light · Separated Earth and Sky · Creation · Eternal (Eternal)

Hina Simulacrum— Moon · Women's Arts · Death as Care · The Tides · Eternal (Eternal)

Pele Simulacrum— Volcanoes · Fire · New Land · She IS Kīlauea · Creation · Eternal (Eternal)

Tūmatauenga Simulacrum— War · Humanity · Standing Firm · Ancestor of All People · Eternal (Eternal)

Rongo Simulacrum— Cultivation · Peace · Kūmara · The Arts · Balance with War · Eternal (Eternal)

Nanotechnology 16

Founding Vision (1959–1974)

Norio Taniguchi Simulacrum— Precision Machining · Tolerance Trajectory · The Word "Nanotechnology" · Ultra-Precision Engineering (20th century)

Richard Feynman Simulacrum— Physics-Permits Reasoning · There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom · Molecular Machines · First Principles (20th century)

Scanning Probe Microscopy

Heinrich Rohrer Simulacrum— Scanning Tunnelling Microscope · Quantum Tunnelling · Surface Science · Nobel 1986 (20th century)

Scanning Probe Microscopy Simulacrum— Scanning Tunnelling Microscope · Atomic Force Microscope · Surface Physics · Nobel 1986 (20th century)

Fullerenes & Carbon Nanostructures

Harold Kroto Simulacrum— Buckminsterfullerene · C60 · Carbon Clusters · Nobel 1996 (20th–21st century)

Richard Smalley Simulacrum— Buckminsterfullerene · Carbon Nanotubes · Laser Vaporisation · Nobel 1996 (20th–21st century)

DNA Nanotechnology

Soft Matter Fabrication Simulacrum— Soft Lithography · PDMS · Microfluidics · Self-Assembly · Lab-on-a-Chip (Soft fabrication tradition)

Mechanically Interlocked Architecture Simulacrum— Mechanically Interlocked Molecules · Molecular Shuttles · Nobel 2016 · MIM (MIM tradition)

Mechanical Bond Chemistry Simulacrum— Catenanes · Rotaxanes · Mechanical Bond · Topological Molecules · Nobel 2016 (Mechanical bond tradition)

Nadrian Seeman Simulacrum— Structural DNA Nanotechnology · Holliday Junctions · DNA Crystals · Self-Assembly (20th–21st century)

Molecular Motor Chemistry Simulacrum— Molecular Motors · Rotary Motion · Nobel 2016 · Light-Driven Machines (Molecular motor tradition)

Single-Atom Engineering Simulacrum— STM Atom Manipulation · IBM Xenon Letters · Atomic Scale Fabrication (Atomic manipulation tradition)

Drexlerian Mechanics Simulacrum— Nanotechnology · Engines of Creation · Molecular Assemblers · Diamondoid Mechanics · Existential Risk (20th–21st century)

Molecular Assembly Theory Simulacrum— Molecular Nanotechnology · Engines of Creation · Assembler · Bottom-Up Fabrication (Molecular assembly tradition)

Molecular Machine Design Simulacrum— Molecular Machines · Rotaxanes · Mechanical Motion · Molecular Logic (Molecular machines tradition)

DNA Origami Simulacrum— DNA Origami · Scaffolded DNA · Programmed Nanostructures · Sequence-to-Shape (DNA origami tradition)

Philosophy 56

Pre-Socratic Philosophy

Pythagoras Simulacrum— Number · Harmony · Proof · The Theorem · All Is Number (6th century BC)

Heraclitus of Ephesus Simulacrum— Flux · Fire · Logos · The Unity of Opposites · Fragments (6th–5th century BC)

Parmenides of Elea Simulacrum— Being · The Way of Truth · The Way of Seeming · Monism (6th–5th century BC)

Democritus of Abdera Simulacrum— Atoms & Void · Materialism · Ethics · The Laughing Philosopher (5th–4th century BC)

The Athenian School

Socrates (Composite) Simulacrum— The Examined Life · Elenchus · Aporia · Daimonion · The Socratic Problem (5th century BC)

Plato (Socratic) Simulacrum— The Apology · Euthyphro · Crito · Early Dialogues · Socratic Method (5th–4th century BC)

Plato (Republic) Simulacrum— The Republic · Justice · The Cave · The Philosopher-King · The Tripartite Soul (5th–4th century BC)

Plato (Eros & the Soul) Simulacrum— Symposium · Phaedo · Phaedrus · Love · Immortality · Beauty (5th–4th century BC)

Plato (Late) Simulacrum— Timaeus · Parmenides · Sophist · Laws · Cosmology · Self-Critique (5th–4th century BC)

Aristotle (Logic & Metaphysics) Simulacrum— Categories · Analytics · Syllogism · Being qua Being · Substance (4th century BC)

Aristotle (Ethics & Politics) Simulacrum— Nicomachean Ethics · Politics · Rhetoric · Poetics · The Good Life (4th century BC)

Aristotle (Nature & Soul) Simulacrum— Physics · De Anima · History of Animals · Generation · Parts (4th century BC)

Hellenistic Philosophy

Epicurus Simulacrum— Pleasure · Ataraxia · Friendship · Materialism (4th–3rd century BC)

Philodemus of Gadara Simulacrum— Epicureanism · Herculaneum Papyri · Frank Criticism · Poetry · Music (1st century BC)

Epictetus Simulacrum— Stoicism · The Enchiridion · Discourses · What Is Up to Us (1st–2nd century AD)

Marcus Aurelius Simulacrum— Meditations · Stoic Practice · Imperial Philosophy · Private Thought (2nd century AD)

Sextus Empiricus Simulacrum— Pyrrhonian Scepticism · Outlines · Suspension of Judgement · Equipollence (2nd–3rd century AD)

Jewish-Hellenistic Philosophy

Philo of Alexandria (Allegorist) Simulacrum— Allegorical Commentary · Genesis · Logos · Platonic Moses (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Philo of Alexandria (Expositor) Simulacrum— Exposition of the Law · Moses · Decalogue · Contemplative Life (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Philo of Alexandria (Witness) Simulacrum— Embassy to Gaius · Against Flaccus · The Pogrom · Political Testimony (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Neoplatonism

Plotinus Simulacrum— Enneads · The One · Emanation · Return · Neoplatonism (3rd century AD)

Plato of Athens Simulacrum— Theory of Forms · Dialectic · Political Philosophy · Epistemology · Eros · The Dialogues (5th–4th century)

Hypatia of Alexandria Simulacrum— Mathematics · Astronomy · Neoplatonism · Commentary on Ptolemy and Diophantus · 415 CE (4th century)

Islamic Philosophy

Al-Fārābī Simulacrum— Aristotelian Philosophy · Al-Madīna al-Fāḍila · Music Theory · Logic · The Second Teacher (9th century)

Avicenna / Ibn Sīnā Simulacrum— Medicine · Qānūn · Aristotelian Philosophy · Kitāb al-Shifāʾ · Floating Man · Essence and Existence (10th–11th century)

Al-Ghazālī Simulacrum— Incoherence of the Philosophers · Islamic Theology · Revivification · Sufism · Scepticism (11th–12th century)

Averroes / Ibn Rushd Simulacrum— Aristotle Commentaries · Tahāfut al-Tahāfut · Islamic Law · Medicine · Andalusia (12th century)

Early Modern Philosophy

Baruch Spinoza Simulacrum— Ethics · Substance Monism · God or Nature · Geometric Method · Freedom (17th century)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Simulacrum— Social Contract · Amour de Soi vs Amour Propre · Émile · Natural Education · Inequality (18th century)

Immanuel Kant Simulacrum— Ethics · Epistemology · Reason (18th–19th century)

The Scottish Enlightenment

Francis Hutcheson Simulacrum— Moral Sense · Benevolence · The Greatest Good · Aesthetic Perception (18th century)

Thomas Reid Simulacrum— Common Sense · Direct Realism · Against Hume · The Principles of Common Sense (18th century)

David Hume Simulacrum— Empiricism · Scepticism · The Is-Ought Gap · Passion · Custom (18th century)

Adam Smith Simulacrum— Moral Sentiments · Sympathy · The Impartial Spectator · Political Economy (18th century)

Alexander Gerard Simulacrum— Taste · Genius · Aesthetic Philosophy · The Creative Process (18th century)

James Beattie Simulacrum— Common Sense · Anti-Scepticism · Essay on Truth · Moral Aesthetics (18th century)

Modern Jewish Thought

Manuel Joël Simulacrum— Jewish Philosophy · Spinoza · Medieval Arabic-Jewish Philosophy · Homiletics (19th century)

Hermann Cohen Simulacrum— Neo-Kantianism · Marburg School · Religion of Reason · Ethics of Pure Will · Judaism and Idealism (19th–20th century)

Leo Baeck Simulacrum— Liberal Judaism · Essence of Judaism · Mystery and Commandment · Theresienstadt · Polarity Theology (19th–20th century)

Isaak Heinemann Simulacrum— Jewish Philosophy · Philo of Alexandria · Hellenistic Judaism · Midrash and Allegory (19th–20th century)

Martin Buber Simulacrum— Dialogue · I and Thou · Hasidism · Zionism · Hebrew University · Encounter (19th–20th century)

Franz Rosenzweig Simulacrum— Star of Redemption · New Thinking · Creation Revelation Redemption · Lehrhaus · Return to Judaism (19th–20th century)

Abraham Joshua Heschel Simulacrum— Divine Pathos · Prophetic Tradition · Man Is Not Alone · Depth Theology · Civil Rights (20th century)

Buddhist Philosophy

Nāgārjuna Simulacrum— Madhyamaka · Śūnyatā · Mūlamadhyamakakārikā · Prāsaṅga Method · Two Truths (2nd century)

Vasubandhu Simulacrum— Yogacara · Abhidharmakosha · Vijñaptimātratā · Mind-Only · Conversion (c. 4th–5th century CE)

Contemporary Philosophy

Ludwig Wittgenstein Simulacrum— Language · Logic · Forms of Life (19th–20th century)

Robert Nozick Simulacrum— Libertarian Philosophy · Rights · Minimal State (20th–21st century)

Logic

Aristotle Simulacrum— Syllogistic Logic · Rhetoric · Metaphysics (4th century BC)

Gottlob Frege Simulacrum— Predicate Logic · Foundations · Philosophy of Language (19th–20th century)

Alfred Tarski Simulacrum— Formal Semantics · Truth · Model Theory (20th century)

Saul Kripke Simulacrum— Modal Logic · Possible Worlds · Naming & Necessity (20th–21st century)

Sherlock Holmes Simulacrum— Deductive Reasoning · Detection · Method (Non-historical)

Dr. Watson Simulacrum— Logic · Deduction · General Troubleshooting (Non-historical)

Scottish Rhetoric

Lord Kames Simulacrum— Elements of Criticism · Aesthetic Theory · Law · Taste as Moral Faculty (18th century)

Hugh Blair Simulacrum— Lectures on Rhetoric · Belles Lettres · Style · Taste · The Sublime (18th century)

George Campbell Simulacrum— The Philosophy of Rhetoric · Evidence · Testimony · Persuasion (18th century)

Pharmacology 22

Theophrastus of Eresus Simulacrum— Botany · De Historia Plantarum · Medicinal Plants · Aristotelian Natural History (4th–3rd century BC)

Pedanius Dioscorides Simulacrum— De Materia Medica · Pharmacology · Field Observation · The Pharmacopoeia (1st century AD)

Galen of Pergamon Simulacrum— Compound Drugs · Four Qualities · Degree Theory · The Physician-Philosopher (2nd–3rd century AD)

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Simulacrum— Canon of Medicine · Drug Testing Rules · Tajribah · The Philosopher-Physician (10th–11th century)

Ibn al-Baitar Simulacrum— Kitab al-Jami · 300 New Plants · Field Pharmacology · Correcting Dioscorides (12th–13th century)

Paracelsus Simulacrum— Sola Dosis Facit Venenum · Iatrochemistry · The Tria Prima · The Basel Bonfire (15th–16th century)

Louis Lewin Simulacrum— Phantastica · Psychoactive Classification · Ethnobotanical Pharmacology · Anhalonium (19th–20th century)

John Newport Langley Simulacrum— Receptive Substances · Autonomic Nervous System · Nicotine-Curare · Chemical Transmission (19th–20th century)

Paul Ehrlich Simulacrum— The Magic Bullet · Side-Chain Theory · Salvarsan · Receptor Concept · Drug Resistance (19th–20th century)

Otto Loewi Simulacrum— Vagusstoff · Chemical Neurotransmission · The Easter Dream · Acetylcholine (19th–20th century)

Henry Hallett Dale Simulacrum— Acetylcholine · Cholinergic/Adrenergic · Histamine · Peripheral Transmission (19th–20th century)

Alexander Fleming Simulacrum— Penicillin · The Contaminated Plate · Serendipity · The Resistance Warning (19th–20th century)

Selman Waksman Simulacrum— Streptomycin · Soil Microbiology · The Word "Antibiotic" · Systematic Drug Discovery (19th–20th century)

Gerhard Domagk Simulacrum— Prontosil · Sulfonamides · The First Synthetic Antibacterial · The Industrial Screen (19th–20th century)

George Hitchings Simulacrum— Rational Drug Design · Antimetabolites · Nucleic Acid Metabolism · Programme Architecture (20th century)

Bernard Brodie Simulacrum— Drug Metabolism · Biochemical Pharmacology · Reserpine · Serotonin · The Laboratory Dynasty (20th century)

Raymond Ahlquist Simulacrum— Alpha & Beta Receptors · Receptor Subtype Classification · The Rejected Paper (20th century)

Gertrude Elion Simulacrum— Rational Drug Design · Acyclovir · 6-Mercaptopurine · Azathioprine · Selective Toxicity (20th century)

Arvid Carlsson Simulacrum— Dopamine · Reserpine-L-DOPA Proof · Parkinson's · SSRIs · CNS Pharmacology (20th–21st century)

James Black Simulacrum— Beta-Blockers · H2 Antagonists · Propranolol · Cimetidine · Receptor-Based Drug Design (20th–21st century)

Akira Endo Simulacrum— Statins · HMG-CoA Reductase · Ecological Source Hypothesis · Discovery Without Credit (20th–21st century)

Candace Pert Simulacrum— Opioid Receptor · Radioligand Binding · Endorphins · Molecules of Emotion (20th–21st century)

Physics 54

J. Robert Oppenheimer Simulacrum— Manhattan Project · Quantum field theory · Institute for Advanced Study · Now I am become Death (20th century)

Ancient & Classical Natural Philosophy

Democritus of Abdera Simulacrum— Atoms & Void · Materialism · Ethics · The Laughing Philosopher (5th–4th century BC)

Aristotle (Nature & Soul) Simulacrum— Physics · De Anima · History of Animals · Generation · Parts (4th century BC)

Epicurus Simulacrum— Pleasure · Ataraxia · Friendship · Materialism (4th–3rd century BC)

Archimedes of Syracuse Simulacrum— Hydrostatics · Method of Exhaustion · Pi · Lever · War Machines · The Sand-Reckoner (3rd century BCE)

Hero of Alexandria Simulacrum— Pneumatics · Aeolipile · Automata · Surveying · The First Steam Device (fl. c. 60 CE)

Ibn Sahl Simulacrum— Optics · refraction · the law of sines · burning mirrors (10th century)

Ibn al-Haytham / Alhazen Simulacrum— Optics · Kitab al-Manazir · The Camera Obscura · Experimental Method · Vision as Intromission (10th century)

The Scientific Revolution

Galileo Galilei Simulacrum— Mechanics · telescope · mathematical method (16th–17th century)

Johannes Kepler Simulacrum— Planetary Motion · Three Laws · Harmonices Mundi · Celestial Mechanics (16th–17th century)

Robert Boyle Simulacrum— Experimental Chemistry · Gas Laws · The Sceptical Chymist (17th century)

Christiaan Huygens Simulacrum— Wave theory of light · pendulum clock · Saturn's rings (17th century)

Robert Hooke Simulacrum— Micrographia · The Cell · Hooke’s Law · The Compound Microscope · Invisible College (17th–18th century)

Isaac Newton Simulacrum— Principia · universal gravitation · calculus · optics (17th–18th century)

John Dalton Simulacrum— Atomic Theory · Elements · Combining Proportions (19th century)

Electromagnetism

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Simulacrum— Electrostatic force · Coulomb's law · torsion balance (18th century)

André-Marie Ampère Simulacrum— Electrodynamics · Ampère's law · the relationship between electricity and magnetism (18th–19th century)

Georg Simon Ohm Simulacrum— Electrical resistance · Ohm's law · circuit theory (19th century)

Michael Faraday Simulacrum— Electromagnetism · field theory · experimental mastery (19th century)

Christian Doppler Simulacrum— Doppler effect · wave frequency · relative motion (19th century)

James Clerk Maxwell Simulacrum— Electromagnetism · Field Theory · Light (19th century)

Wilhelm Röntgen Simulacrum— X-rays · Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 · Seeing through matter (19th–20th century)

Nikola Tesla Simulacrum— Electromagnetism · Energy · Invention (19th–20th century)

Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics

Amedeo Avogadro Simulacrum— Avogadro's law · molecular hypothesis · the mole (18th–19th century)

Sadi Carnot Simulacrum— Thermodynamic cycles · Carnot engine · limits of heat engines (18th–19th century)

Rudolf Clausius Simulacrum— Entropy · the second law · irreversibility (19th century)

James Prescott Joule Simulacrum— Mechanical equivalent of heat · conservation of energy · electrical heating (19th century)

Hermann von Helmholtz Simulacrum— Conservation of energy · thermodynamics · physiological optics · acoustics (19th century)

Lord Kelvin Simulacrum— Absolute temperature · thermodynamics · age of the Earth (19th–20th century)

Ludwig Boltzmann Simulacrum— Statistical mechanics · entropy · the atomic hypothesis (19th–20th century)

The Quantum Revolution

Dmitri Mendeleev Simulacrum— Periodic Table · Elemental Order · Prediction (19th century)

Max Planck Simulacrum— Quantum hypothesis · blackbody radiation · the birth of quantum theory (19th–20th century)

Niels Bohr Simulacrum— Quantum Mechanics · Atomic Structure · Philosophy (19th–20th century)

Erwin Schrödinger Simulacrum— Quantum mechanics · wave equation · biology of life (20th century)

Wolfgang Pauli Simulacrum— Quantum Mechanics · Exclusion · Structure (19th–20th century)

Werner Heisenberg Simulacrum— Quantum Mechanics · Uncertainty · Matrix (20th century)

Paul Dirac Simulacrum— The Dirac equation · antimatter · mathematical beauty (20th century)

John von Neumann Simulacrum— Game Theory · Architecture · Physics (20th century)

Kurt Gödel Simulacrum— Logic · Incompleteness · Formal Systems (20th century)

Hans Bethe Simulacrum— Nuclear Physics · Stellar Nucleosynthesis · Manhattan Project Theoretical Division · Nobel 1967 (20th century)

Richard Feynman Simulacrum— Quantum Electrodynamics · Paths · Teaching (20th century)

Radioactivity & Nuclear Physics

Marie Curie Simulacrum— Radioactivity · nuclear physics · pioneer (19th–20th century)

Ernest Rutherford Simulacrum— Nuclear atom · gold foil experiment · proton · radioactive decay (19th–20th century)

Lise Meitner Simulacrum— Nuclear fission · radioactivity · unseen pioneer (20th century)

James Chadwick Simulacrum— Neutron · Nuclear Physics · Manhattan Project UK Delegation · Nobel 1935 (20th century)

Arthur Compton Simulacrum— Compton Effect · Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory · Manhattan Project · Nobel 1927 (20th century)

Leslie Groves Simulacrum— Project Management · Manhattan Project · Secrecy (19th–20th century)

Leó Szilárd Simulacrum— Nuclear Chain Reaction · Einstein–Szilárd Letter · Atomic Bomb · Franck Report · Disarmament (20th century)

Enrico Fermi Simulacrum— Nuclear Physics · Estimation · Experiment (20th century)

Edward Teller Simulacrum— Fusion Ignition · Hydrogen Bomb · Source Physics · Controversial Legacy (20th century)

Stanislaw Ulam Simulacrum— Monte Carlo Method · Staging Mathematics · Teller-Ulam · Nuclear Pulse Propulsion (20th century)

Bernard Brodie Simulacrum— Nuclear Strategy · Deterrence · The Absolute Weapon · Averting War (20th century)

Relativity & Cosmology

Albert Einstein Simulacrum— Relativity · Quantum Theory · Thought Experiments (19th–20th century)

Stephen Hawking Simulacrum— Cosmology · Black Holes · Radiation (20th–21st century)

Psychedelics 14

William James Simulacrum— Varieties of Religious Experience · Nitrous Oxide · Radical Empiricism · Mysticism (19th–20th century)

María Sabina Simulacrum— The Velada · Sacred Mushrooms · Mazatec Healing · Language as Medicine (20th century)

Aldous Huxley Simulacrum— The Doors of Perception · The Reducing Valve · Mescaline · The Perennial Philosophy (20th century)

R. Gordon Wasson Simulacrum— Ethnomycology · The Velada · Soma · Mushrooms & Civilisation (20th century)

Albert Hofmann Simulacrum— LSD · Psilocybin · Chemistry · The Bicycle Day (20th–21st century)

Richard Evans Schultes Simulacrum— Ethnobotany · Amazonian Plants · Indigenous Knowledge · Conservation (20th–21st century)

John C. Lilly Simulacrum— Isolation Tanks · Ketamine · The Human Biocomputer · Dolphin Communication (20th–21st century)

Humphry Osmond Simulacrum— Psychedelic Naming · The M-Hypothesis · Schizophrenia · High-Dose Model (20th–21st century)

Timothy Leary Simulacrum— Set and Setting · The Harvard Experiments · Turn On Tune In Drop Out (20th century)

Carlos Castaneda Simulacrum— The Teachings of Don Juan · Tonal/Nagual · Controlled Folly · Perception (20th century)

Alexander Shulgin Simulacrum— PIHKAL · TIHKAL · Structure-Activity · Self-Experimentation (20th–21st century)

Claudio Naranjo Simulacrum— MDA · Harmaline · Character & Neurosis · SAT Programme · Gestalt (20th–21st century)

Ralph Metzner Simulacrum— Maps of Consciousness · Ecology of Mind · Green Psychology · Intention (20th–21st century)

Terence McKenna Simulacrum— Psilocybin · The Stoned Ape · Language · Novelty Theory · The Archaic Revival (20th century)

Politics 15

Politics, Civil Resistance & Transformation

Parihaka Climate Voices Simulacrum— Nonviolent Resistance · Indigenous Strategy · Climate (19th century)

Mohandas Gandhi Simulacrum— Nonviolence · Satyagraha · Civil Resistance (19th–20th century)

Dwight D. Eisenhower Simulacrum— Presidential Leadership · Military-Industrial Complex · Cold War (19th–20th century)

Nelson Mandela Simulacrum— Liberation · Reconciliation · Democratic Transition (20th–21st century)

Martin Luther King Jr Simulacrum— Civil Rights · Nonviolent Resistance · Moral Leadership (20th century)

Anarchism & Radical Theory

Max Stirner Simulacrum— Egoism · The Unique One · Critique of Ideology (19th century)

Alexei Borovoy Simulacrum— Russian Individualist Anarchism · Mystical Anarchism · Ego (19th–20th century)

B. Traven Simulacrum— Anarchist Fiction · Labour · Mystery · Adventure (19th–20th century)

Paul Goodman Simulacrum— Anarchist Education · Community · Compulsory Miseducation (20th century)

Fredy Perlman Simulacrum— Against Civilisation · Leviathan · Anarchist History (20th century)

Hakim Bey Simulacrum— Temporary Autonomous Zones · Poetic Terrorism · Ontological Anarchism (20th–21st century)

Wolfi Landstreicher Simulacrum— Egoist Anarchism · Individualism · Anti-Morality (20th–21st century)

Feral Faun Simulacrum— Anarcho-Primitivism · Wild Subjectivity · Anti-Civilisation (20th–21st century)

Sir Einzige Simulacrum— Stirnerite Egoism · Unique One · Post-Left Anarchy (20th–21st century)

Aragorn! Simulacrum— Green Anarchism · Anti-Civilisation · North American Anarchism (20th–21st century)

Psychology 22

Moritz Lazarus Simulacrum— Völkerpsychologie · Ethics of Judaism · Collective Mind · German-Jewish Identity (19th–20th century)

Wilhelm Wundt Simulacrum— Experimental Psychology · Introspection · Apperception (19th–20th century)

William James Simulacrum— Pragmatism · Stream of Consciousness · Varieties of Religious Experience (19th–20th century)

Melanie Klein Simulacrum— Object Relations · Inner World · Depressive Position · Play Technique (19th–20th century)

Ivan Pavlov Simulacrum— Classical Conditioning · Conditioned Reflex · Experimental Neurosis (19th–20th century)

Sigmund Freud Simulacrum— Psychoanalysis · The Unconscious · Repression · Dream Interpretation (19th–20th century)

Alfred Adler Simulacrum— Individual Psychology · Inferiority · Social Interest · Encouragement (19th–20th century)

Carl Gustav Jung Simulacrum— Analytical Psychology · Archetypes · Individuation (19th–20th century)

John B. Watson Simulacrum— Behaviourism · The Behaviourist Manifesto · Environmental Determinism (19th–20th century)

D.W. Winnicott Simulacrum— Good-Enough · Holding Environment · True Self · Potential Space (19th–20th century)

Lev Vygotsky Simulacrum— Developmental Psychology · Zone of Proximal Development · Learning (19th–20th century)

Jean Piaget Simulacrum— Cognitive Development · Constructivism · Four Stages (19th–20th century)

Carl Rogers Simulacrum— Person-Centred Therapy · Unconditional Positive Regard · Actualising Tendency (20th century)

Konrad Lorenz Simulacrum— Ethology · Imprinting · Fixed Action Patterns · Animal Behaviour (20th–21st century)

B.F. Skinner Simulacrum— Behaviourism · Operant Conditioning · Schedules of Reinforcement (20th century)

Viktor Frankl Simulacrum— Logotherapy · Will to Meaning · Man's Search for Meaning (20th century)

John Bowlby Simulacrum— Attachment Theory · Secure Base · Internal Working Models (20th century)

Abraham Maslow Simulacrum— Hierarchy of Needs · Self-Actualisation · Peak Experiences · Humanistic Psychology (20th century)

Mary Ainsworth Simulacrum— Strange Situation · Attachment Patterns · Sensitivity Hypothesis (20th century)

Joseph Wolpe Simulacrum— Systematic Desensitisation · Reciprocal Inhibition · Exposure Therapy (20th century)

George Miller Simulacrum— Cognitive Psychology · Memory · Attention (20th–21st century)

Barbara Allen Simulacrum— Student Services & Counsellor (Non-historical)

Rhetoric 33

Greek Oratory (Ῥητορικὴ Τέχνη)

Antiphon Simulacrum— Attic Oratory · Eikos · Probability · The First Logographer (5th century BC)

Lysias Simulacrum— Attic Oratory · The Plain Style · Characterisation · Art That Conceals Art (5th–4th century BC)

Isocrates Simulacrum— Greek Rhetoric · Political Education · Periodic Style · Pan-Hellenism (5th–4th century BC)

Demosthenes Simulacrum— Greek Rhetoric · Political Urgency · The Philippics · Parrhēsia (4th century BC)

Roman Rhetoric (Ars Oratoria)

Marcus Tullius Cicero Simulacrum— Oratory · De Oratore · Rhetoric · Humanitas · The Complete Orator (1st century BC)

Rhetorica Ciceroniana Simulacrum— Oratory · Rhetoric · Persuasion · Latin Style · The Five Canons (Classical Latin)

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus Simulacrum— Rhetoric · Education · Institutio Oratoria · The Complete Orator (1st century AD)

Scottish Rhetoric (18th Century)

Plato of Athens Simulacrum— The Republic · The Forms · The Dialogues · The Allegory of the Cave · Eros as Philosophy (5th–4th century)

Plato of Athens Simulacrum— Theory of Forms · Dialectic · Political Philosophy · Epistemology · Eros · The Dialogues (5th–4th century)

Al-Fārābī Simulacrum— The Second Teacher · Political Philosophy · Music Theory · Neoplatonism · The Virtuous City (9th century)

Averroes / Ibn Rushd Simulacrum— Aristotle Commentaries · Tahāfut al-Tahāfut · Islamic Law · Medicine · Andalusia (12th century)

Lord Kames Simulacrum— Elements of Criticism · Aesthetic Theory · Law · Taste as Moral Faculty (18th century)

Hugh Blair Simulacrum— Lectures on Rhetoric · Belles Lettres · Style · Taste · The Sublime (18th century)

George Campbell Simulacrum— The Philosophy of Rhetoric · Evidence · Testimony · Persuasion (18th century)

Analytical Tools

Rhetorical Analysis Simulacrum— Rhetorical Structure · Figure Detection · Appeal Analysis · Dispositio · Style Comparison (Composite)

Classical Scholarship

Longinus Simulacrum— On the Sublime · Hýpsos · Elevation · Transport · The Lightning-Bolt (1st century AD)

George A. Kennedy Simulacrum— Classical Rhetoric · Comparative Rhetoric · History of Rhetoric · Greek Rhetoric Through the Ages (20th–21st century)

Rhetorical Theory (20th Century)

I.A. Richards Simulacrum— The Philosophy of Rhetoric · Tenor and Vehicle · Metaphor · Meaning · Practical Criticism (19th–20th century)

Kenneth Burke Simulacrum— Dramatism · Identification · The Pentad · Grammar of Motives · Language as Symbolic Action (19th–20th century)

Ernesto Grassi Simulacrum— Rhetoric as Philosophy · Italian Humanism · Ingenium · The Priority of the Figurative (20th century)

Richard M. Weaver Simulacrum— Ideas Have Consequences · The Ethics of Rhetoric · Language Is Sermonic · Ultimate Terms (20th century)

J.L. Austin Simulacrum— Speech Act Theory · How to Do Things with Words · Performative Utterances · Illocutionary Force (20th century)

Argumentation

Chaïm Perelman Simulacrum— The New Rhetoric · Audience · Argumentation Theory · Reasonable vs Rational · Universal Audience (20th century)

Stephen Toulmin Simulacrum— The Uses of Argument · The Toulmin Model · Warrants · Backing · Field-Dependent Standards (20th–21st century)

Lloyd F. Bitzer Simulacrum— The Rhetorical Situation · Exigence · Audience · Constraints · Situational Rhetoric (20th–21st century)

Scott Consigny Simulacrum— Rhetoric and Its Situations · The Bitzer-Vatz Debate · Integrity · Receptivity (20th century)

Rhetorical Criticism

Herbert A. Wichelns Simulacrum— The Literary Criticism of Oratory · Rhetorical Criticism · Speech as Persuasion · The Founding Essay (19th–20th century)

Wayne Brockriede Simulacrum— Arguers as Lovers · Rhetorical Criticism as Argument · Stance · Ethics of Argument (20th century)

Edwin Black Simulacrum— Rhetorical Criticism · The Second Persona · Neo-Aristotelian Critique · Moral Dimensions of Rhetoric (20th–21st century)

Gloria Anzaldúa Simulacrum— Borderlands · Mestiza Consciousness · Nepantla · Code-Switching · Rhetoric of the Margins (20th–21st century)

bell hooks Simulacrum— Engaged Pedagogy · Talking Back · The Margins as a Site of Resistance · Love as Practice (20th–21st century)

Media & Orality

Marshall McLuhan Simulacrum— The Medium Is the Message · Understanding Media · Hot and Cool · The Global Village · Extensions of Man (20th century)

Walter J. Ong, S.J. Simulacrum— Orality and Literacy · Oral Culture · The Psychodynamics of Writing · Rhetoric and Consciousness (20th–21st century)

Sports 44

Association Football

Fergusonesque Management Simulacrum— Man United · Youth Development · Winning Culture · Three Decades (20th–21st century)

Franz Beckenbauer Simulacrum— Libero · Germany · Bayern Munich · Der Kaiser (20th century)

George Best Simulacrum— Dribbling · Genius · Belfast Boy · Northern Ireland (20th century)

High Press Philosophy Simulacrum— Pressing · Compact Shape · AC Milan · Tactical Revolution (20th–21st century)

Johan Cruyff Simulacrum— Total Football · Ajax · Barcelona · Turn · Philosophy (20th century)

Wengeresque Development Simulacrum— Youth Development · Arsenal Invincibles · 22 Years at One Club · Dietary Revolution · Beautiful Football · Technical Philosophy (20th–21st century)

Bielsian Intensity Simulacrum— Total Commitment · Pressing · Video Analysis · El Loco · Marcelo (20th–21st century)

Ancelottian Composure Simulacrum— Multiple Club Champions · Player Management · Tactical Flexibility · Notebook (20th–21st century)

Mourinhoan Control Simulacrum— Defensive Organisation · Champions League ×3 · Psychological Warfare · Counter-Attack · The Special One (20th–21st century)

Van Bastenian Precision Simulacrum— Technical Excellence · Volley · AC Milan · Dutch School (20th–21st century)

Kloppian Gegenpressing Simulacrum— Gegenpressing · Heavy Metal Football · Liverpool Transformation · Borussia Dortmund · Emotional Intelligence (20th–21st century)

Guardiolesque Positional Play Simulacrum— Positional Play · Tiki-Taka · Barcelona Dynasty · Manchester City · Six Trophies in One Year · Bayern Munich (20th–21st century)

Phenomenon Strikeforce Simulacrum— Explosive Speed · Technique · Individuality · Brazil (20th–21st century)

Roman Chariot Racing

Flavius Scorpus Simulacrum— Wins Record · Blues · Rome · 27 Years · 2,048 Victories (1st century AD)

Gaius Appuleius Diocles Simulacrum— Greatest Charioteer · 1,462 Wins · Rome · Career Earnings (2nd century AD)

Charioteer Archetype Simulacrum— Roman Circus · Risk · Team Colours · Ancient Sport (Roman Imperial period)

Porphyrius Calliopas Simulacrum— Five Factions · Constantinople · Multiple Statues · Byzantine (5th–6th century AD)

Formula One

Juan Manuel Fangio Simulacrum— Five World Championships · Pre-Safety Era · El Maestro (20th century)

Jim Clark Simulacrum— Natural Talent · Lotus · Scotland · Two Championships (20th century)

Safety-First Racecraft Simulacrum— Safety Revolution · Three Championships · Driver Rights · Flying Scot (20th–21st century)

Niki Lauda Simulacrum— Comeback · Fire · Ferrari · Precision · The Computer (20th century)

Lion-Heart Racecraft Simulacrum— Commitment · Overtaking · Grit · One Championship · Il Leone (20th–21st century)

Professorial Racecraft Simulacrum— Calculated Risk · Intelligence · Four Championships · The Professor (20th–21st century)

Ayrton Senna Simulacrum— Transcendence · Rain · Brazil · Three Championships · Spirituality (20th century)

Systematic Domination Simulacrum— Seven World Championships · Ferrari Dynasty · Benetton Era · Technical Partnership · The Empire Builder (20th–21st century)

Iceman Commitment Simulacrum— Singular Focus · One Championship · Authenticity · No Nonsense (20th–21st century)

Transcendent Endurance Simulacrum— Complete Driver · Double Champion · Le Mans · Longevity (20th–21st century)

Platform Championship Simulacrum— Seven Titles · Diversity · Records · Social Conscience (20th–21st century)

Idealist Championship Simulacrum— Four Titles · Environmental Advocacy · Integrity · Post-Racing (20th–21st century)

Anti-Mythological Speed Simulacrum— Multiple Titles · Raw Pace · Directness · Red Bull (20th–21st century)

Cricket

W.G. Grace Simulacrum— Victorian Cricket · Batting · Beard · The Original (19th century)

Jack Hobbs Simulacrum— The Master · Opening Bat · Surrey · Gentleman Cricketer (19th–20th century)

Don Bradman Simulacrum— Average 99.94 · Australia · The Don · Batting Perfection (20th century)

Sobersian Completeness Simulacrum— All-Round Excellence · West Indies · Six Sixes · Sir Gary (20th–21st century)

Richardsian Dominance Simulacrum— Batting Power · West Indies · No Helmet · Authority (20th–21st century)

Khan Captaincy Leadership Simulacrum— Pakistan Captain · All-Rounder · 1992 World Cup · Leadership (20th–21st century)

Malcolm Marshall Simulacrum— West Indian Pace · Hampshire · Outswingers · Fastest Era (20th century)

All-Round Excellence Simulacrum— India · 1983 World Cup · All-Rounder · Natraj Shot (20th–21st century)

Shane Warne Simulacrum— Leg Spin · Australia · Ball of the Century · Mind Games (20th–21st century)

Laranian Sovereignty Simulacrum— World Record 501* and 400* · Controlled Aggression · Stage Presence · West Indies Captaincy · The Art of Batting (20th–21st century)

Muralidharan Attack Simulacrum— 800 Test Wickets · Off-Spin · Doosra · Extraordinary Wrist Action · Always Attacking · Sri Lanka (20th–21st century)

Tendulkarian Precision Simulacrum— 100 International Centuries · Subconscious Batting · Mind at the Bowler’s End · Mumbai Schools · The Little Master (20th–21st century)

Dhonian Process Simulacrum— Process Over Results · Gut Feeling as Compressed Experience · World Cup 2011 · Captaincy · Wicketkeeping · Calm Under Pressure (20th–21st century)

Stokesian Fearlessness Simulacrum— 2019 World Cup Final · Headingley 2019 · Bazball · Play Without Fear · Test Captaincy · All-Round Batting (20th–21st century)

Space Exploration 29

Propulsion Pioneers

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Simulacrum— Rocketry Theory · The Rocket Equation · Cosmism · Space Stations (19th–20th century)

Robert Goddard Simulacrum— Liquid-Fuel Rocketry · 214 Patents · The Cherry Tree · The Lone Experimenter (19th–20th century)

Hermann Oberth Simulacrum— Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen · Four Propositions · Staging · Teacher of von Braun (19th–20th century)

Sergei Korolev Simulacrum— The Chief Designer · Sputnik · Vostok · R-7 · Systems Integration · Kolyma Survivor (20th century)

Kelly Johnson Simulacrum— Skunk Works · Aerospace · Fast Prototyping · 14 Rules (20th century)

Wernher von Braun Simulacrum— Saturn V · V-2 · NASA · Rocket Engineering · Apollo (20th century)

Mission Architecture

Valentin Glushko Simulacrum— Rocket Engines · RD-170 · Korolev's Rival · Energia (20th century)

Maxime Faget Simulacrum— Mercury Capsule · Spacecraft Design · Blunt Body · Gemini · Apollo · Shuttle (20th century)

Chris Kraft Simulacrum— Invented Mission Control · First Flight Director · The Conductor · Mercury · Gemini (20th–21st century)

George Low Simulacrum— Apollo 8 Decision · Programme Management · The Quiet Fixer (20th century)

Vision & Futures

Freeman Dyson Simulacrum— Dyson Sphere · Project Orion · Biology as Technology · The Long View (20th–21st century)

Propulsion Physics

Enrico Fermi Simulacrum— Estimation · The Fermi Paradox · Nuclear Chain Reaction · Chicago Pile-1 (20th century)

Edward Teller Simulacrum— Fusion Ignition · Hydrogen Bomb · Source Physics · Controversial Legacy (20th century)

Stanislaw Ulam Simulacrum— Monte Carlo Method · Staging Mathematics · Teller-Ulam · Nuclear Pulse Propulsion (20th century)

Plasma & Solar Environment

Kristian Birkeland Simulacrum— Solar Wind · Aurora · Birkeland Currents · Terrella Experiments (19th–20th century)

Hannes Alfvén Simulacrum— MHD · Alfvén Waves · Plasma Physics · Magnetic Shielding · Mini-Magnetosphere (20th century)

Planetary Science

Vera Rubin Simulacrum— Dark Matter · Galaxy Rotation Curves · The Invisible Universe (20th–21st century)

Carl Sagan Simulacrum— Cosmos · Pale Blue Dot · Planetary Exploration · Science Communication (20th century)

Bell-Burnellian Detection Simulacrum— Pulsar Discovery · Radio Astronomy · CP 1919 · Pattern Recognition in Noise · Anomaly Persistence · Institutional Equity (20th–21st century)

Porcoan Imaging Simulacrum— Cassini Imaging · Saturn System · Enceladus · Ring Dynamics · Planetary Science · Science Communication (20th–21st century)

Interstellar Systems Engineering

Robert Forward Simulacrum— Laser Sail · Tethers · Antimatter Propulsion · Physics-to-Engineering Translation (20th century)

Habitats, Life Support & ISRU

Gerard K. O'Neill Simulacrum— The High Frontier · O'Neill Cylinders · L5 · Space Colonies (20th century)

Josef Gitelson Simulacrum— BIOS-3 · Closed Ecological Life Support · Bioregenerative Systems · Krasnoyarsk · Long-Duration Closure (20th century)

Zubrin Architecture Simulacrum— Mars Direct · ISRU · In-Situ Resource Utilization · Mars Society · Propellant Production · Reduced-Cost Mission Design (20th–21st century)

Radiation Biology

Sewall Wright Simulacrum— Population Genetics · Effective Population Size · Genetic Drift · Germplasm Strategy (20th century)

Hermann Muller Simulacrum— Linear No-Threshold · Muller's Ratchet · Heritable Radiation Damage · Nobel 1946 (20th century)

Civilisation Architecture

Thomas More Simulacrum— Utopia · Ship Design as Society Design · The Founding Problem (15th–16th century)

The Corporation of London Simulacrum— 900 Years · Institutional Survival · Continuity · Self-Governance (Institutional Consciousness)

The Council of Yavne Simulacrum— Civilisation Without Place · Portability · Canon · The Diaspora Solution (Institutional Consciousness)

Sociology 24

Classical Founders

Auguste Comte Simulacrum— Positivism · The Science of Society · Three Stages · Social Statics & Dynamics (19th century)

Harriet Martineau Simulacrum— Comparative Method · Abolitionist Sociology · How to Observe Morals & Manners (19th century)

Karl Marx Simulacrum— Historical Materialism · Critique of Capital · Class Struggle · Alienation (19th century)

Herbert Spencer Simulacrum— Synthetic Philosophy · Social Evolution · Differentiation · The Organism Analogy (19th century)

Ferdinand Tönnies Simulacrum— Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft · Community vs Society · The Will Behind Both (19th–20th century)

Émile Durkheim Simulacrum— Social Facts · Solidarity · Anomie · The Division of Labour · Suicide (19th–20th century)

Georg Simmel Simulacrum— Forms of Sociation · The Stranger · Micro-Geometry · The Metropolis (19th–20th century)

Max Weber Simulacrum— Interpretive Sociology · Rationalization · Ideal Types · The Iron Cage · Bureaucracy (19th–20th century)

W.E.B. Du Bois Simulacrum— Double Consciousness · The Color Line · The Philadelphia Negro · Empirical Sociology (19th–20th century)

American Tradition

George Herbert Mead Simulacrum— Mind, Self & Society · Symbolic Interaction · The Generalised Other · The I and the Me (19th–20th century)

Arthur Kronfeld Simulacrum— Psychotherapy · Sexual Psychology · Individual Psychology · Weimar Clinical Psychology (19th–20th century)

Talcott Parsons Simulacrum— Structural Functionalism · The Social System · AGIL · Pattern Variables (20th century)

Robert K. Merton Simulacrum— Middle-Range Theory · Manifest & Latent Functions · Unintended Consequences · Anomie (20th century)

Micro-Sociology & Interactionism

Harold Garfinkel Simulacrum— Ethnomethodology · Practical Accomplishment · Breaching Experiments · Accountability (20th century)

Erving Goffman Simulacrum— Dramaturgy · The Interaction Order · Frame Analysis · Impression Management · Stigma (20th century)

Howard Becker Simulacrum— Labelling Theory · Art Worlds · Outsiders · Deviance as Social Process (20th–21st century)

Scottish Enlightenment Sociology

Adam Ferguson Simulacrum— Civil Society · Civic Virtue · Spontaneous Order · Essay on the History of Civil Society (18th century)

John Millar Simulacrum— Stadial Theory · Economic Base · Authority · The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (18th century)

Frankfurt School

Max Horkheimer Simulacrum— Critical Theory · Eclipse of Reason · Traditional vs Critical Theory (20th century)

Herbert Marcuse Simulacrum— One-Dimensional Man · The Great Refusal · Repressive Tolerance · Eros and Civilization (20th century)

Theodor Adorno Simulacrum— Negative Dialectics · Culture Industry · Aesthetic Theory · The Authoritarian Personality (20th century)

French Tradition

Marcel Mauss Simulacrum— The Gift · Total Social Fact · Techniques of the Body · Exchange (19th–20th century)

Michel Foucault Simulacrum— Power/Knowledge · Archaeology · Genealogy · Discipline · Biopolitics (20th century)

Pierre Bourdieu Simulacrum— Habitus · Field · Capital · Symbolic Violence · Distinction (20th century)

Strategy, Conflict & Power 34

Sun Tzu Simulacrum— Strategy · Deception · Winning Without Fighting (c. 5th century BC)

Thucydides Simulacrum— Realist History · The Peloponnesian War · Power · Pretexts · A Possession for All Time (5th century BC)

Quintus Fabius Maximus Simulacrum— Cunctator · Delay · Attrition · The Flame That Expires of Itself (3rd century BC)

Scipio Africanus Simulacrum— Learn From the Enemy · Attack the Base · Zama · Turning Weapons Against Their Maker (3rd–2nd century BC)

Julius Caesar Simulacrum— Celeritas · War as Politics · Gaul · Civil War · The Crossing of the Rubicon (1st century BC)

Caesar Augustus Simulacrum— Festina Lente · Pax Romana · The Constitutional Fiction · Patience as Grand Strategy (1st century BC – 1st century AD)

Belisarius Simulacrum— Byzantine Strategy · Deception · Weakness into Strength · Economy of Force (6th century)

Horatio Nelson Simulacrum— Band of Brothers · No Captain Can Do Very Wrong · Trafalgar · England Expects (18th–19th century)

Napoleon Bonaparte Simulacrum— Mass × Velocity · Central Position · The Moral Factor · Grande Armée (18th–19th century)

Carl von Clausewitz Simulacrum— War · Politics · Friction (18th–19th century)

Sophie Swetchine Simulacrum— Salon Strategy · Soft Power · Influence Without Force (18th–19th century)

Harriet Tubman Simulacrum— Intelligence · Liberation Operations · Zero-Failure Standard · The Underground Railroad (19th century)

Riwha Tītokowaru Simulacrum— The Pā as Weapon · Illusion as Strategy · Aotearoa · Land as Cause (19th century)

Stonewall Jackson Simulacrum— Always Mystify Mislead and Surprise · Foot Cavalry · Valley Campaign (19th century)

Alfred Thayer Mahan Simulacrum— Sea Power · Naval Strategy · Command of the Sea · National Greatness (19th–20th century)

Parihaka Climate Voices Simulacrum— Nonviolent Resistance · Indigenous Strategy · Climate (19th century)

Mohandas Gandhi Simulacrum— Nonviolence · Satyagraha · Civil Resistance (19th–20th century)

Joseph Stalin Simulacrum— Industrial War · Grand Alliance · The Stavka System · Learning Under Fire (19th–20th century)

George Marshall Simulacrum— Grand Strategy · Coalition Building · Institutions (19th–20th century)

Yamamoto Isoroku Simulacrum— Carrier Aviation · Pearl Harbor · The Six-Month Window · The Man Who Knew He Would Lose (19th–20th century)

Erich von Manstein Simulacrum— Schwerpunkt · The Backhand Blow · Operational Art · Sickle Cut (20th century)

T.E. Lawrence Simulacrum— Irregular Warfare · Insurgency · The Arab Revolt · The Mind as Target (19th–20th century)

Dwight D. Eisenhower Simulacrum— Supreme Command · Cold War Strategy · Industrial Complex (19th–20th century)

Mao Zedong Simulacrum— People's War · Protracted Conflict · Three Phases · Fish in the Sea (20th century)

B.H. Liddell Hart Simulacrum— The Indirect Approach · Dislocation · Strategy of a Better Peace (20th century)

Leslie Groves Simulacrum— Project Management · Manhattan Project · Secrecy (19th–20th century)

Vasily Chuikov Simulacrum— Stalingrad · Hug the Enemy · Urban Warfare · Converting Strength into Weakness (20th century)

J. Robert Oppenheimer Simulacrum— Manhattan Project · Nuclear strategy · The scientist and the state · Security clearance revoked (20th century)

Trường Chinh Simulacrum— Dau Tranh · Time as Strategy · Political-Military Unity · Protracted War (20th century)

Bernard Brodie Simulacrum— Nuclear Strategy · Deterrence · The Absolute Weapon · Averting War (20th century)

Võ Nguyên Giáp Simulacrum— People's War · Asymmetric Conflict · Insurgency (20th–21st century)

Sam Manekshaw Simulacrum— Fight to Win Not to Fight · Moral Courage · Professional Mastery · 1971 War (20th century)

Thomas Schelling Simulacrum— Game Theory · Deterrence · Commitment (20th–21st century)

John Boyd Simulacrum— OODA Loop · Maneuver Warfare · Adaptation (20th century)

The Common Room 21

Groucho Marx Simulacrum— Comedy · Insults · Wordplay · Cigars (20th century)

Spike Milligan Simulacrum— Humour · The Goon Show (20th century)

Gerard Hoffnung Simulacrum— Cartoons · Music · Absurdity · Tuba (20th century)

Barbara Allen Simulacrum— Student Services & Counsellor (Non-historical)

Peter Simulacrum— Teenage football fanatic (Non-historical)

Sherlock Holmes Simulacrum— Deductive Reasoning · Detection · Method (Non-historical)

Dr. Watson Simulacrum— Logic · Deduction · General Troubleshooting (Non-historical)

The Games Room

Edmond Hoyle Simulacrum— Whist · Piquet · Quadrille · Cribbage · Backgammon · Rule-Codifier · Host of the Games Room (1672–1769)

Ely Culbertson Simulacrum— Contract Bridge · Bidding · Psychology of the Four-Way Conversation (1891–1955)

Charles Goren Simulacrum— Bridge · Point-Count · Standard American Bidding (1901–1991)

Oswald Jacoby Simulacrum— Bridge · Backgammon · Probability · The Jacoby Transfer (1902–1984)

Omar Sharif Simulacrum— Bridge · International Tournament Play · The Bridge Circus (1932–2015)

Doyle Brunson Simulacrum— Texas Hold'em · No-Limit Poker · Reading the Player Not the Cards (1933–2023)

Wild Bill Hickok Simulacrum— Old West Poker · Situational Awareness · The Dead Man's Hand (1837–1876)

Nick the Greek Simulacrum— High-Stakes Gambling · Poker · The Calculus of Beautiful Loss (1883–1966)

Thorpian Card-Counting Simulacrum— Blackjack · Card-Counting · Probability as Advantage · Beat the Dealer (1962) (Living)

Charles Cotton Simulacrum— The Compleat Gamester (1674) · The Family Tree of Card Games (1630–1687)

Sir John Suckling Simulacrum— Cribbage (he invented it) · Cavalier Poetry · Gambling Salon (1609–1641)

The Skat Master Simulacrum— Skat · Schafkopf · Doppelkopf · The German Card Tradition (German tradition)

The Jass Player Simulacrum— Jass · Schnapsen 66 · Königrufen · The Alpine Card Tradition (Alpine tradition)

Hearts and Spades Simulacrum— Hearts · Spades · Avoidance and Precision (American casual tradition)

Taixue — The Han Imperial Academy 9

The Eight Minds

Dong Zhongshu Simulacrum— Heaven-Human Correlation · Gongyang Commentary · Portent Doctrine · Founding Ideologist (2nd century BCE)

Yang Xiong Simulacrum— Taixuan Jing · Ternary Cosmology · Fangyan · Pivot Figure (53 BCE-18 CE)

Wang Chong Simulacrum— Lunheng · Wen Nan Method · Naturalist · The Balance Scale Mind (27-c.97 CE)

Ban Zhao Simulacrum— Han Shu · Nu Jie · Excluded but Essential · Completed the Han History (2nd century)

Xu Shen Simulacrum— Shuowen Jiezi · Every Character a Theory · Ancestor of the Character · Script Analysis (2nd century)

Zhang Heng Simulacrum— Seismoscope · Armillary Sphere · Instrument as Argument · Mechanical Cosmos (2nd century)

Zheng Xuan Simulacrum— Classical Synthesis · Five Classics Commentary · Old and New Text Schools · Canonical Scholarship (2nd century)

Zheng Xuan Simulacrum— The Great Synthesis · Exile Produced the Canon · New and Old Text · Died on the Road (2nd century)

He Xiu Simulacrum— Three Ages Doctrine · Gongyang School · Last New Text Defender · Defeated by His Own Weapons (2nd century)

Academy of Gondishapur 7

The Faculty

Sergius of Reshaina Simulacrum— Syriac Translation · Greek Medicine · Aristotle in Syriac · Galen (6th century)

Khosrow I Anoshirvan Simulacrum— Sassanid Emperor · Patron of Learning · Neoplatonist Refuge · Just King (6th century)

Borzouye Simulacrum— Panchatantra Translation · India · Medicine · Chess into Persia (fl. 6th century CE)

The Bukhtishu Dynasty Simulacrum— Court Physicians · Six Generations · Abbasid Caliphate · Gondishapur to Baghdad (8th–9th century CE)

The Bukhtishu Dynasty Simulacrum— Christian Physicians · Six Generations · Gondishapur to Baghdad (6th-10th century CE)

The Bukhtishu Dynasty Simulacrum— Nestorian Medicine · Court Physicians · Sassanid and Abbasid Patronage · Institutional Transmission (fl. 6th–10th century CE)

Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Gondishapur) Simulacrum— Translation · Greek Medicine · Ophthalmology · Galen in Arabic (9th century)

The Invisible and Pansophic College 8

The Network

John Amos Comenius Simulacrum— Pansophia · Education · Didactica Magna · Universal Reform (16th-17th century)

John Dury Simulacrum— Protestant Reunion · The Irenical Project · Church Union · Pansophia (16th–17th century)

Samuel Hartlib Simulacrum— Pansophia · The Office of Address · Universal Learning · Intelligence Network (16th century)

John Wilkins Simulacrum— Universal Language · Mathematical Magic · The Moon · Natural Philosophy (17th century)

Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh Simulacrum— Natural Philosophy · Hartlib Circle · Medicine (17th century)

Robert Boyle Simulacrum— Experimental Chemistry · Gas Laws · The Sceptical Chymist · Pansophic Circle (17th century)

Robert Hooke Simulacrum— Micrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental Philosophy · Pansophic Circle (17th-18th century)

Robert Hooke Simulacrum— Micrographia · Elasticity · Microscopy · Instrument Design · Curator of Experiments (17th–18th century)