Shadowing is a language learning technique where you listen to the target language while reading a vernacular translation. Reverse Shadowing is where you read a literal translation while listening to the Latin. This method disappeared from western classrooms in the 1800s but was once well known, advocated by Comenius and others. Latinum is now publishing specialist literal translations in audio for the first time, including texts from John Stirling (late 1700s) and the Hamiltonian System (1800s).