In this lesson, we will explore the various ways to express "it" in Standard Arabic. Unlike English, which uses a single word "it" for all contexts, Arabic distinguishes between masculine and feminine forms, as well as between near and distant objects. This lesson will introduce you to هو (huwa), هي (hiya), هذا (hādhā), هذه (hādhihi), ذلك (dhālika), and تلك (tilka).
For the complete course index and additional lessons, visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
Definition: In Arabic, "it" is expressed through different pronouns and demonstratives depending on the gender of the noun being referred to and its distance from the speaker. The main forms are: -
هو (huwa) - masculine singular pronoun "it/he" -
هي (hiya) - feminine singular pronoun "it/she" -
هذا (hādhā) - masculine demonstrative "this" -
هذه (hādhihi) - feminine demonstrative "this" -
ذلك (dhālika) - masculine demonstrative "that" -
تلك (tilka) - feminine demonstrative "that"
Question: What does "it" mean in Arabic? Answer: "It" in Arabic is expressed through different forms depending on gender and context. For masculine nouns, use هو (huwa) or demonstratives هذا (hādhā) for "this" and ذلك (dhālika) for "that". For feminine nouns, use هي (hiya) or demonstratives هذه (hādhihi) for "this" and تلك (tilka) for "that".
Course: Arabic Language Learning Level: Beginner Topic: Pronouns and Demonstratives Learning Objective: Students will learn to correctly use Arabic equivalents of "it" in various contexts Materials: Reading comprehension exercises with interlinear glossing Method: Construed text approach for beginners
Throughout this lesson, you will encounter "it" in various contexts showing: -
Gender agreement (masculine vs. feminine) -
Distance (near vs. far) -
Subject pronouns vs. demonstratives -
Different sentence positions and grammatical functions
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Arabic has no single word for "it" - the form changes based on gender -
Masculine nouns use هو (huwa) as a pronoun and هذا/ذلك for demonstratives -
Feminine nouns use هي (hiya) as a pronoun and هذه/تلك for demonstratives -
Arabic nouns have inherent gender that must be memorized -
Context determines whether to use a pronoun or demonstrative form
10.1 الْكِتَابُ (al-ki-tā-bu) the-book كَبِيرٌ (ka-bī-run) big هُوَ (hu-wa) it مُفِيدٌ (mu-fī-dun) useful The book is big. It is useful.
10.2 أَيْنَ (ay-na) where الْقَلَمُ (al-qa-la-mu) the-pen هُوَ (hu-wa) it عَلَى (ʿa-lā) on الطَّاوِلَةِ (aṭ-ṭā-wi-la-ti) the-table Where is the pen? It is on the table.
10.3 هَذِهِ (hā-dhi-hi) this السَّيَّارَةُ (as-say-yā-ra-tu) the-car جَدِيدَةٌ (ja-dī-da-tun) new هِيَ (hi-ya) she/it غَالِيَةٌ (ghā-li-ya-tun) expensive This car is new. It is expensive.
10.4 ذَلِكَ (dhā-li-ka) that الْبَيْتُ (al-bay-tu) the-house قَدِيمٌ (qa-dī-mun) old لَكِنَّهُ (lā-kin-na-hu) but-it جَمِيلٌ (ja-mī-lun) beautiful That house is old, but it is beautiful.
10.5 الشَّمْسُ (ash-sham-su) the-sun مُشْرِقَةٌ (mush-ri-qa-tun) shining هِيَ (hi-ya) it/she دَافِئَةٌ (dā-fi-ʾa-tun) warm الْيَوْمَ (al-yaw-ma) today The sun is shining. It is warm today.
10.6 رَأَيْتُ (ra-ʾay-tu) I-saw الْفِيلْمَ (al-fīl-ma) the-film هُوَ (hu-wa) it مُمْتَازٌ (mum-tā-zun) excellent I saw the film. It is excellent.
10.7 الْمَدْرَسَةُ (al-mad-ra-sa-tu) the-school بَعِيدَةٌ (ba-ʿī-da-tun) far لَكِنَّهَا (lā-kin-na-hā) but-it كَبِيرَةٌ (ka-bī-ra-tun) big The school is far, but it is big.
10.8 هَذَا (hā-dhā) this الطَّعَامُ (aṭ-ṭa-ʿā-mu) the-food لَذِيذٌ (la-dhī-dhun) delicious هُوَ (hu-wa) it سَاخِنٌ (sā-khi-nun) hot This food is delicious. It is hot.
10.9 تِلْكَ (til-ka) that الشَّجَرَةُ (ash-sha-ja-ra-tu) the-tree عَالِيَةٌ (ʿā-li-ya-tun) tall هِيَ (hi-ya) it/she خَضْرَاءُ (khaḍ-rā-ʾu) green That tree is tall. It is green.
10.10 الْقِطُّ (al-qiṭ-ṭu) the-cat نَائِمٌ (nā-ʾi-mun) sleeping هُوَ (hu-wa) it/he تَحْتَ (taḥ-ta) under الْكُرْسِيِّ (al-kur-siy-yi) the-chair The cat is sleeping. It is under the chair.
10.11 هَلْ (hal) Q-particle الْمَاءُ (al-mā-ʾu) the-water بَارِدٌ (bā-ri-dun) cold نَعَمْ (na-ʿam) yes هُوَ (hu-wa) it بَارِدٌ (bā-ri-dun) cold جِدًّا (jid-dan) very Is the water cold? Yes, it is very cold.
10.12 ذَلِكَ (dhā-li-ka) that الْكِتَابُ (al-ki-tā-bu) the-book لِي (lī) mine هُوَ (hu-wa) it جَدِيدٌ (ja-dī-dun) new That book is mine. It is new.
10.13 الْوَرْدَةُ (al-war-da-tu) the-rose جَمِيلَةٌ (ja-mī-la-tun) beautiful هِيَ (hi-ya) it/she حَمْرَاءُ (ḥam-rā-ʾu) red The rose is beautiful. It is red.
10.14 أُحِبُّ (u-ḥib-bu) I-love هَذِهِ (hā-dhi-hi) this اللُّغَةَ (al-lu-gha-ta) the-language هِيَ (hi-ya) it صَعْبَةٌ (ṣaʿ-ba-tun) difficult لَكِنْ (lā-kin) but مُمْتِعَةٌ (mum-ti-ʿa-tun) enjoyable I love this language. It is difficult but enjoyable.
10.15 الْبَابُ (al-bā-bu) the-door مَفْتُوحٌ (maf-tū-ḥun) open هُوَ (hu-wa) it ثَقِيلٌ (tha-qī-lun) heavy The door is open. It is heavy.
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10.1 الكتاب كبير. هو مفيد. The book is big. It is useful.
10.2 أين القلم؟ هو على الطاولة. Where is the pen? It is on the table.
10.3 هذه السيارة جديدة. هي غالية. This car is new. It is expensive.
10.4 ذلك البيت قديم لكنه جميل. That house is old, but it is beautiful.
10.5 الشمس مشرقة. هي دافئة اليوم. The sun is shining. It is warm today.
10.6 رأيت الفيلم. هو ممتاز. I saw the film. It is excellent.
10.7 المدرسة بعيدة لكنها كبيرة. The school is far, but it is big.
10.8 هذا الطعام لذيذ. هو ساخن. This food is delicious. It is hot.
10.9 تلك الشجرة عالية. هي خضراء. That tree is tall. It is green.
10.10 القط نائم. هو تحت الكرسي. The cat is sleeping. It is under the chair.
10.11 هل الماء بارد؟ نعم، هو بارد جدا. Is the water cold? Yes, it is very cold.
10.12 ذلك الكتاب لي. هو جديد. That book is mine. It is new.
10.13 الوردة جميلة. هي حمراء. The rose is beautiful. It is red.
10.14 أحب هذه اللغة. هي صعبة لكن ممتعة. I love this language. It is difficult but enjoyable.
10.15 الباب مفتوح. هو ثقيل. The door is open. It is heavy.
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10.1 الكتاب كبير. هو مفيد.
10.2 أين القلم؟ هو على الطاولة.
10.3 هذه السيارة جديدة. هي غالية.
10.4 ذلك البيت قديم لكنه جميل.
10.5 الشمس مشرقة. هي دافئة اليوم.
10.6 رأيت الفيلم. هو ممتاز.
10.7 المدرسة بعيدة لكنها كبيرة.
10.8 هذا الطعام لذيذ. هو ساخن.
10.9 تلك الشجرة عالية. هي خضراء.
10.10 القط نائم. هو تحت الكرسي.
10.11 هل الماء بارد؟ نعم، هو بارد جدا.
10.12 ذلك الكتاب لي. هو جديد.
10.13 الوردة جميلة. هي حمراء.
10.14 أحب هذه اللغة. هي صعبة لكن ممتعة.
10.15 الباب مفتوح. هو ثقيل.
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In Arabic, there is no single word that corresponds exactly to the English "it." Instead, Arabic uses different pronouns and demonstratives based on the grammatical gender of the noun being referenced.
Pronouns (used as subject): -
هو (huwa) - for masculine singular nouns -
هي (hiya) - for feminine singular nouns
Near Demonstratives (this): -
هذا (hādhā) - masculine singular -
هذه (hādhihi) - feminine singular
Far Demonstratives (that): -
ذلك (dhālika) - masculine singular -
تلك (tilka) - feminine singular
Every noun in Arabic has grammatical gender (masculine or feminine), which may not correspond to natural gender. You must memorize the gender of each noun:
Masculine examples: -
كتاب (kitāb) - book -
قلم (qalam) - pen -
بيت (bayt) - house
Feminine examples: -
سيارة (sayyāra) - car -
مدرسة (madrasa) - school -
شمس (shams) - sun
-
Using the wrong gender pronoun: English speakers often default to using هو for everything, forgetting that feminine nouns require هي. -
Confusing pronouns with demonstratives: هو/هي mean "it/he/she" while هذا/هذه mean "this" and ذلك/تلك mean "that." -
Forgetting gender in compound forms: When "it" combines with other words (like لكنه "but it"), the gender marker remains: لكنه for masculine, لكنها for feminine. -
Assuming gender based on meaning: The word شمس (sun) is feminine in Arabic, unlike many European languages where it's masculine.
-
Identify the noun that "it" refers to -
Determine the gender of that noun (check dictionary if unsure) -
Choose the appropriate form: -
If simply replacing the noun: use هو or هي -
If pointing to something nearby: use هذا or هذه -
If pointing to something distant: use ذلك or تلك -
Maintain agreement throughout the sentence with adjectives and verbs
Subject Pronouns: Masculine: هو (huwa) Feminine: هي (hiya)
With Prepositions: Masculine: ـه (-hu), e.g., عنه (ʿanhu) "about it" Feminine: ـها (-hā), e.g., عنها (ʿanhā) "about it"
With لكن (but): Masculine: لكنه (lākinnahu) Feminine: لكنها (lākinnahā)
Demonstratives as Subject: Near masculine: هذا (hādhā) Near feminine: هذه (hādhihi) Far masculine: ذلك (dhālika) Far feminine: تلك (tilka)
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The Arabic treatment of "it" reflects deep cultural and linguistic patterns that differ significantly from English. In Arabic-speaking cultures, the assignment of grammatical gender to all nouns is not arbitrary but often follows patterns rooted in classical Arabic tradition.
Classical Arabic, the language of the Quran and pre-Islamic poetry, established the gender system that modern Arabic inherits. The distinction between masculine and feminine extends beyond biological sex to encompass abstract concepts, natural phenomena, and everyday objects.
In Arabic poetry and literature, the gender of nouns plays a crucial role in metaphor and imagery. The sun (شمس - shams) being feminine allows poets to personify it as a beautiful woman, while the moon (قمر - qamar) being masculine permits masculine imagery.
While Modern Standard Arabic maintains consistent gender assignments, colloquial dialects may show variations. Egyptian Arabic, Levantine Arabic, and Gulf Arabic sometimes differ in their pronoun usage and gender assignments for borrowed words.
For English speakers learning Arabic, understanding that every noun carries gender helps explain why Arabic speakers learning English might say "the car, she is fast" – they're translating the feminine gender of سيارة directly.
In contemporary Arabic, particularly in technical and scientific contexts, gender assignments for new terms often follow analogical patterns. Computer (حاسوب) is masculine, following the pattern of similar device nouns, while network (شبكة) is feminine, following the pattern of collective nouns ending in ة.
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From "One Thousand and One Nights" (ألف ليلة وليلة):
كان (kā-na) was يا (yā) O ما (mā) what كان (kā-na) was في (fī) in قديم (qa-dīm) ancient الزمان (az-za-mān) time مدينة (ma-dī-na) city من (min) from مدن (mu-dun) cities الصين (aṣ-ṣīn) China هي (hi-ya) it/she واسعة (wā-si-ʿa) spacious الأرجاء (al-ar-jāʾ) areas كثيرة (ka-thī-ra) many السكان (as-suk-kān) inhabitants وكان (wa-kā-na) and-was ملكها (ma-li-ku-hā) its-king رجلا (ra-ju-lan) man عادلا (ʿā-di-lan) just هو (hu-wa) he محب (mu-ḥibb) loving للرعية (li-r-ra-ʿiy-ya) for-the-subjects والرعية (wa-r-ra-ʿiy-ya) and-the-subjects تحبه (tu-ḥib-bu-hu) love-him
كان يا ما كان في قديم الزمان مدينة من مدن الصين، هي واسعة الأرجاء كثيرة السكان، وكان ملكها رجلا عادلا، هو محب للرعية والرعية تحبه.
"Once upon a time in ancient days, there was a city among the cities of China. It was spacious in area and populous. Its king was a just man; he loved his subjects and his subjects loved him."
كان يا ما كان في قديم الزمان مدينة من مدن الصين، هي واسعة الأرجاء كثيرة السكان، وكان ملكها رجلا عادلا، هو محب للرعية والرعية تحبه.
This passage demonstrates two uses of pronouns functioning as "it": -
هي واسعة الأرجاء - Here هي (hiya) refers back to مدينة (city), which is feminine. The pronoun serves to emphasize the subject, a common rhetorical device in classical Arabic. -
هو محب للرعية - Here هو (huwa) could be translated as "he" but structurally functions like "it" in describing an attribute of the king.
The passage shows how Arabic pronouns can serve both as simple replacements for nouns and as emphatic particles. In classical style, these pronouns often appear even when the subject is clear, adding rhythm and emphasis to the narrative.
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10.16 الطقس (aṭ-ṭaqs) the-weather اليوم (al-yaw-ma) today جميل (ja-mīl) beautiful هو (hu-wa) it معتدل (muʿ-ta-dil) moderate و (wa) and مشمس (mush-mis) sunny The weather today is beautiful. It is moderate and sunny.
10.17 درجة (da-ra-jat) degree الحرارة (al-ḥa-rā-ra) the-temperature عشرون (ʿish-rūn) twenty هي (hi-ya) it مناسبة (mu-nā-si-ba) suitable للنزهات (li-n-nu-za-hāt) for-outings The temperature is twenty degrees. It is suitable for outings.
10.18 هذا (hā-dhā) this الصباح (aṣ-ṣa-bāḥ) the-morning بارد (bā-rid) cold لكنه (lā-kin-na-hu) but-it صاف (ṣāf) clear This morning is cold but it is clear.
10.19 الرياح (ar-ri-yāḥ) the-winds قوية (qa-wiy-ya) strong هي (hi-ya) they/it تأتي (taʾ-tī) come من (min) from الشمال (ash-sha-māl) the-north The winds are strong. They come from the north.
10.20 ذلك (dhā-li-ka) that الإعصار (al-iʿ-ṣār) the-hurricane خطير (kha-ṭīr) dangerous هو (hu-wa) it يتحرك (ya-ta-ḥar-rak) moves ببطء (bi-buṭʾ) slowly That hurricane is dangerous. It is moving slowly.
10.21 الرطوبة (ar-ru-ṭū-ba) the-humidity عالية (ʿā-li-ya) high هي (hi-ya) it تجعل (taj-ʿal) makes الجو (al-jaw-wa) the-atmosphere ثقيلا (tha-qī-lan) heavy The humidity is high. It makes the atmosphere heavy.
10.22 هذه (hā-dhi-hi) this العاصفة (al-ʿā-ṣi-fa) the-storm قادمة (qā-di-ma) coming هي (hi-ya) it ستصل (sa-ta-ṣil) will-arrive الليلة (al-lay-la-ta) tonight This storm is coming. It will arrive tonight.
10.23 الضباب (aḍ-ḍa-bāb) the-fog كثيف (ka-thīf) thick هو (hu-wa) it يغطي (yu-ghaṭ-ṭī) covers المدينة (al-ma-dī-na) the-city The fog is thick. It covers the city.
10.24 تلك (til-ka) those الغيوم (al-ghu-yūm) the-clouds داكنة (dā-ki-na) dark هي (hi-ya) they تحمل (taḥ-mil) carry المطر (al-ma-ṭar) the-rain Those clouds are dark. They carry rain.
10.25 البرد (al-ba-rad) the-hail يتساقط (ya-ta-sā-qaṭ) falls هو (hu-wa) it كبير (ka-bīr) large الحجم (al-ḥajm) the-size Hail is falling. It is large in size.
10.26 هذا (hā-dhā) this الشتاء (ash-shi-tāʾ) the-winter قاس (qās) harsh لكنه (lā-kin-na-hu) but-it قصير (qa-ṣīr) short This winter is harsh but it is short.
10.27 الثلج (ath-thalj) the-snow أبيض (ab-yaḍ) white هو (hu-wa) it يغطي (yu-ghaṭ-ṭī) covers الجبال (al-ji-bāl) the-mountains The snow is white. It covers the mountains.
10.28 ذلك (dhā-li-ka) that البرق (al-barq) the-lightning مخيف (mu-khīf) frightening هو (hu-wa) it يضيء (yu-ḍīʾ) illuminates السماء (as-sa-māʾ) the-sky That lightning is frightening. It illuminates the sky.
10.29 الندى (an-na-dā) the-dew خفيف (kha-fīf) light هو (hu-wa) it على (ʿa-lā) on الأوراق (al-aw-rāq) the-leaves The dew is light. It is on the leaves.
10.30 هذه (hā-dhi-hi) this الموجة (al-maw-ja) the-wave الحارة (al-ḥār-ra) hot طويلة (ṭa-wī-la) long هي (hi-ya) it ستستمر (sa-tas-ta-mirr) will-continue أسبوعا (us-bū-ʿan) a-week This heat wave is long. It will continue for a week.
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10.16 الطقس اليوم جميل. هو معتدل ومشمس. The weather today is beautiful. It is moderate and sunny.
10.17 درجة الحرارة عشرون. هي مناسبة للنزهات. The temperature is twenty degrees. It is suitable for outings.
10.18 هذا الصباح بارد لكنه صاف. This morning is cold but it is clear.
10.19 الرياح قوية. هي تأتي من الشمال. The winds are strong. They come from the north.
10.20 ذلك الإعصار خطير. هو يتحرك ببطء. That hurricane is dangerous. It is moving slowly.
10.21 الرطوبة عالية. هي تجعل الجو ثقيلا. The humidity is high. It makes the atmosphere heavy.
10.22 هذه العاصفة قادمة. هي ستصل الليلة. This storm is coming. It will arrive tonight.
10.23 الضباب كثيف. هو يغطي المدينة. The fog is thick. It covers the city.
10.24 تلك الغيوم داكنة. هي تحمل المطر. Those clouds are dark. They carry rain.
10.25 البرد يتساقط. هو كبير الحجم. Hail is falling. It is large in size.
10.26 هذا الشتاء قاس لكنه قصير. This winter is harsh but it is short.
10.27 الثلج أبيض. هو يغطي الجبال. The snow is white. It covers the mountains.
10.28 ذلك البرق مخيف. هو يضيء السماء. That lightning is frightening. It illuminates the sky.
10.29 الندى خفيف. هو على الأوراق. The dew is light. It is on the leaves.
10.30 هذه الموجة الحارة طويلة. هي ستستمر أسبوعا. This heat wave is long. It will continue for a week.
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10.16 الطقس اليوم جميل. هو معتدل ومشمس.
10.17 درجة الحرارة عشرون. هي مناسبة للنزهات.
10.18 هذا الصباح بارد لكنه صاف.
10.19 الرياح قوية. هي تأتي من الشمال.
10.20 ذلك الإعصار خطير. هو يتحرك ببطء.
10.21 الرطوبة عالية. هي تجعل الجو ثقيلا.
10.22 هذه العاصفة قادمة. هي ستصل الليلة.
10.23 الضباب كثيف. هو يغطي المدينة.
10.24 تلك الغيوم داكنة. هي تحمل المطر.
10.25 البرد يتساقط. هو كبير الحجم.
10.26 هذا الشتاء قاس لكنه قصير.
10.27 الثلج أبيض. هو يغطي الجبال.
10.28 ذلك البرق مخيف. هو يضيء السماء.
10.29 الندى خفيف. هو على الأوراق.
10.30 هذه الموجة الحارة طويلة. هي ستستمر أسبوعا.
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Weather terms in Arabic often have unexpected genders that must be memorized:
Masculine Weather Terms: -
الطقس (aṭ-ṭaqs) - weather -
الضباب (aḍ-ḍabāb) - fog -
البرد (al-barad) - hail -
الثلج (ath-thalj) - snow -
البرق (al-barq) - lightning -
الندى (an-nadā) - dew
Feminine Weather Terms: -
درجة الحرارة (darajat al-ḥarāra) - temperature -
الرياح (ar-riyāḥ) - winds -
الرطوبة (ar-ruṭūba) - humidity -
العاصفة (al-ʿāṣifa) - storm -
الغيوم (al-ghuyūm) - clouds -
الموجة (al-mawja) - wave
In Arabic weather reports, certain patterns frequently appear: -
State + Pronoun + Description: الطقس جميل. هو معتدل (The weather is beautiful. It is moderate) -
Demonstrative + Time + Adjective: هذا الصباح بارد (This morning is cold) -
Subject + Present Verb: البرد يتساقط (Hail is falling) -
Future Predictions: هي ستصل الليلة (It will arrive tonight)
Weather reports often use specific verb patterns: -
يتحرك (yataḥarrak) - it moves (for storms, fronts) -
يغطي (yughaṭṭī) - it covers (for snow, fog) -
تحمل (taḥmil) - they carry (for clouds with rain) -
يضيء (yuḍīʾ) - it illuminates (for lightning)
The consistent use of pronouns in weather reports helps maintain clarity when multiple weather phenomena are discussed sequentially.
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The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering methods that make ancient and modern languages accessible to autodidacts worldwide.
This lesson is part of a comprehensive Arabic course designed using the construed text method, where interlinear glossing helps beginners understand complex grammatical structures naturally. Each lesson follows a consistent format: -
Detailed interlinear analysis breaking down each word -
Natural language examples drawn from authentic sources -
Cultural context explaining linguistic phenomena -
Literary excerpts connecting learners to the rich Arabic textual tradition
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Developing reading comprehension skills
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