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Lesson 19
19 of 51 lessons

Lesson 19

Introduction

The demonstrative pronoun "this" in Arabic takes different forms depending on gender and number. The masculine singular form is هذا (hādhā), while the feminine singular is هذه (hādhihi). For dual forms, we have هذان/هذين (hādhāni/hādhayni) for masculine and هاتان/هاتين (hātāni/hātayni) for feminine. The plural form for both genders is هؤلاء (hā'ulā'i). This lesson will explore how these demonstratives function in various contexts, from simple identification to complex grammatical constructions.

Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

FAQ: What does "this" mean in Arabic? In Arabic, "this" is a demonstrative pronoun that points to something near the speaker. It agrees with the noun it refers to in gender and number, making it more complex than the English equivalent.

Throughout our 15 examples, you'll see how "this" functions with different noun types, in various sentence positions, and within different grammatical structures. The demonstrative can stand alone as a pronoun or modify a noun directly.

Educational Note: This lesson is designed for autodidactic language learning, using the interlinear glossing method to make Arabic script accessible to English speakers.

Key Takeaways: -

Arabic demonstratives agree in gender and number -

They can function as pronouns or adjectives -

Position and case endings affect their form -

They're essential for basic communication

Script-Specific Guidance

Arabic is written from right to left using a cursive script where most letters connect. Each letter has up to four forms depending on its position in the word. Short vowels are typically omitted in everyday writing but are included here for learners. The transliteration system used follows the standard academic romanization with macrons for long vowels.

Common learner mistakes: -

Forgetting gender agreement with demonstratives -

Confusing near (this) and far (that) demonstratives -

Incorrect placement in nominal sentences -

Missing the distinction between dual and plural forms

Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

19.1 هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الكتاب (al-kitāb) the-book جديد (jadīd) new

19.2 هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM السيارة (as-sayyāra) the-car سريعة (sarī'a) fast-FEM

19.3 أريد (urīdu) I-want هذا (hādhā) this-MASC من (min) from فضلك (faḍlik) favor-your

19.4 هؤلاء (hā'ulā'i) these الطلاب (aṭ-ṭullāb) the-students يدرسون (yadrusūn) they-study العربية (al-'arabiyya) the-Arabic

19.5 في (fī) in هذا (hādhā) this-MASC البيت (al-bayt) the-house نسكن (naskunu) we-live

19.6 هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM المدينة (al-madīna) the-city جميلة (jamīla) beautiful-FEM جداً (jiddan) very

19.7 من (man) who كتب (kataba) wrote هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الكتاب (al-kitāb) the-book

19.8 بعد (ba'da) after هذا (hādhā) this-MASC سأذهب (sa-adhhab) I-will-go إلى (ilā) to المنزل (al-manzil) the-home

19.9 هذان (hādhāni) these-two-MASC الولدان (al-waladāni) the-two-boys أخوان (akhawāni) two-brothers

19.10 ما (mā) what هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الشيء (ash-shay') the-thing الغريب (al-gharīb) the-strange

19.11 أعطني (a'ṭinī) give-me هذا (hādhā) this-MASC القلم (al-qalam) the-pen الأحمر (al-aḥmar) the-red

19.12 هاتان (hātāni) these-two-FEM البنتان (al-bintāni) the-two-girls صديقتان (ṣadīqatāni) two-friends-FEM

19.13 لماذا (limādhā) why تقول (taqūlu) you-say هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الكلام (al-kalām) the-speech

19.14 هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM هي (hiya) she المشكلة (al-mushkila) the-problem الكبيرة (al-kabīra) the-big-FEM

19.15 كل (kull) all هذا (hādhā) this-MASC حدث (ḥadatha) happened أمس (ams) yesterday

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Section B: Natural Sentences

19.1 هذا الكتاب جديد This book is new.

19.2 هذه السيارة سريعة This car is fast.

19.3 أريد هذا من فضلك I want this, please.

19.4 هؤلاء الطلاب يدرسون العربية These students study Arabic.

19.5 في هذا البيت نسكن We live in this house.

19.6 هذه المدينة جميلة جداً This city is very beautiful.

19.7 من كتب هذا الكتاب؟ Who wrote this book?

19.8 بعد هذا سأذهب إلى المنزل After this, I will go home.

19.9 هذان الولدان أخوان These two boys are brothers.

19.10 ما هذا الشيء الغريب؟ What is this strange thing?

19.11 أعطني هذا القلم الأحمر Give me this red pen.

19.12 هاتان البنتان صديقتان These two girls are friends.

19.13 لماذا تقول هذا الكلام؟ Why do you say this?

19.14 هذه هي المشكلة الكبيرة This is the big problem.

19.15 كل هذا حدث أمس All this happened yesterday.

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Section C: Target Language Text Only

19.1 هذا الكتاب جديد

19.2 هذه السيارة سريعة

19.3 أريد هذا من فضلك

19.4 هؤلاء الطلاب يدرسون العربية

19.5 في هذا البيت نسكن

19.6 هذه المدينة جميلة جداً

19.7 من كتب هذا الكتاب؟

19.8 بعد هذا سأذهب إلى المنزل

19.9 هذان الولدان أخوان

19.10 ما هذا الشيء الغريب؟

19.11 أعطني هذا القلم الأحمر

19.12 هاتان البنتان صديقتان

19.13 لماذا تقول هذا الكلام؟

19.14 هذه هي المشكلة الكبيرة

19.15 كل هذا حدث أمس

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Section D: Grammar Explanation

These are the grammar rules for هذا/هذه (this):

Arabic demonstrative pronouns must agree with the noun they refer to in gender, number, and case. The basic forms are:

Singular masculine: هذا (hādhā) - used with masculine nouns Singular feminine: هذه (hādhihi) - used with feminine nouns Dual masculine: هذان (hādhāni) nominative / هذين (hādhayni) accusative/genitive Dual feminine: هاتان (hātāni) nominative / هاتين (hātayni) accusative/genitive Plural (both genders): هؤلاء (hā'ulā'i)

When used with definite nouns, the demonstrative typically precedes the noun and its definite article: هذا الكتاب (hādhā al-kitāb) "this book". The demonstrative can also stand alone as a pronoun: هذا جميل (hādhā jamīl) "this is beautiful".

In equational sentences (nominal sentences without a verb), the demonstrative often serves as the subject: هذه مدرستي (hādhihi madrasatī) "this is my school". When emphasis is needed, the independent pronoun can be inserted: هذا هو الحل (hādhā huwa al-ḥall) "this is the solution".

Common Mistakes: -

Using masculine هذا with feminine nouns -

Forgetting to include the definite article after the demonstrative -

Confusing the dual forms with plural -

Using the wrong case endings with dual forms -

Mixing up near demonstratives (this) with far demonstratives (that)

The demonstrative can also combine with prepositions: بهذا (bi-hādhā) "with this", لهذا (li-hādhā) "for this", من هذا (min hādhā) "from this". These combinations follow standard Arabic prepositional phrase rules.

Grammatical Summary (Plain Text): -

Demonstratives precede the noun + definite article -

Gender agreement is mandatory -

Number agreement includes singular, dual, and plural -

Can function as pronouns or adjectives -

Case affects dual forms only

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Section E: Cultural Context

The use of demonstratives in Arabic carries cultural significance in formal and informal contexts. In formal situations, speakers often use هذا الأمر (hādhā al-amr) "this matter" rather than just هذا to show respect and precision. The phrase بهذا (bi-hādhā) "with this" commonly concludes formal statements, similar to "hereby" in English.

Regional variations exist in pronunciation and usage. In Egyptian Arabic, هذا becomes ده (da) for masculine and دي (di) for feminine. Levantine dialects use هاد (hād) and هاي (hāy). Gulf Arabic maintains forms closer to Modern Standard Arabic but with distinct pronunciations.

Common idiomatic expressions include: -

هذا وذاك (hādhā wa-dhāk) "this and that" - various things -

من هذا القبيل (min hādhā al-qabīl) "of this kind" - similar things -

هذا كل شيء (hādhā kull shay') "that's all" - nothing more -

بعد هذا (ba'da hādhā) "after this" - subsequently -

مع هذا (ma'a hādhā) "with this" - nevertheless

Syntactical peculiarities include the frequent omission of the copula "is/are" in nominal sentences with demonstratives. The demonstrative itself implies the existence or identification, making هذا كتاب (hādhā kitāb) complete as "this is a book" without a verb.

In religious contexts, demonstratives appear frequently in the Quran and Islamic phrases: هذا القرآن (hādhā al-qur'ān) "this Quran", emphasizing the sacred text's immediate presence and relevance.

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Section F: Literary Citation

From "ألف ليلة وليلة" (Alf Layla wa-Layla) - "One Thousand and One Nights":

وحين رأت شهرزاد هذا الصباح سكتت عن الكلام المباح. فقال لها الملك: ما هذا الذي تحكينه يا شهرزاد؟ هذه حكاية عجيبة! فقالت: وما هذا بالنسبة لما سأحكيه لك في الليلة القادمة إن أبقيتني حية. وكان الملك يفكر في هذا الأمر طوال النهار. هذه المرأة تعرف حكايات لا نهاية لها.

F-A: Interleaved/Construed Text

وحين (wa-ḥīna) and-when رأت (ra'at) she-saw شهرزاد (Shahrazād) Scheherazade هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الصباح (aṣ-ṣabāḥ) the-morning سكتت (sakatat) she-fell-silent عن ('an) from الكلام (al-kalām) the-speech المباح (al-mubāḥ) the-permitted. فقال (fa-qāla) then-he-said لها (lahā) to-her الملك (al-malik) the-king: ما (mā) what هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الذي (alladhī) which تحكينه (taḥkīnahu) you-FEM-narrate-it يا (yā) O شهرزاد (Shahrazād) Scheherazade? هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM حكاية (ḥikāya) story عجيبة ('ajība) wonderful-FEM!

F-B: Authentic Text with Translation

وحين رأت شهرزاد هذا الصباح سكتت عن الكلام المباح. فقال لها الملك: ما هذا الذي تحكينه يا شهرزاد؟ هذه حكاية عجيبة! فقالت: وما هذا بالنسبة لما سأحكيه لك في الليلة القادمة إن أبقيتني حية. وكان الملك يفكر في هذا الأمر طوال النهار. هذه المرأة تعرف حكايات لا نهاية لها.

"And when Scheherazade saw this morning, she fell silent from permitted speech. The king said to her: 'What is this that you narrate, O Scheherazade? This is a wonderful story!' She said: 'And what is this compared to what I will narrate to you on the coming night if you keep me alive.' The king was thinking about this matter all day long. This woman knows endless stories."

F-C: Authentic Text Only

وحين رأت شهرزاد هذا الصباح سكتت عن الكلام المباح. فقال لها الملك: ما هذا الذي تحكينه يا شهرزاد؟ هذه حكاية عجيبة! فقالت: وما هذا بالنسبة لما سأحكيه لك في الليلة القادمة إن أبقيتني حية. وكان الملك يفكر في هذا الأمر طوال النهار. هذه المرأة تعرف حكايات لا نهاية لها.

F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Explanation

This passage demonstrates multiple uses of demonstratives. The phrase هذا الصباح (hādhā aṣ-ṣabāḥ) "this morning" shows the demonstrative with a time noun. The interrogative ما هذا (mā hādhā) "what is this" uses the demonstrative as a pronoun. The feminine form appears in هذه حكاية (hādhihi ḥikāya) "this is a story" and هذه المرأة (hādhihi al-mar'a) "this woman".

Key vocabulary includes الكلام المباح (al-kalām al-mubāḥ) "permitted speech" - a classical expression for appropriate storytelling, and لا نهاية لها (lā nihāya lahā) "no end to them" - literally "no ending for-them". The comparative structure وما هذا بالنسبة لـ (wa-mā hādhā bi-n-nisba li-) means "what is this compared to".

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Genre Section: News Report

Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

19.16 أعلنت (a'lanat) announced الحكومة (al-ḥukūma) the-government هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الصباح (aṣ-ṣabāḥ) the-morning عن ('an) about خطة (khuṭṭa) plan جديدة (jadīda) new-FEM

19.17 هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM الإصلاحات (al-iṣlāḥāt) the-reforms ستبدأ (sa-tabda'u) will-begin في (fī) in الشهر (ash-shahr) the-month القادم (al-qādim) the-coming

19.18 قال (qāla) said الوزير (al-wazīr) the-minister إن (inna) that هذا (hādhā) this-MASC القرار (al-qarār) the-decision مهم (muhimm) important للاقتصاد (li-l-iqtiṣād) for-the-economy

19.19 هؤلاء (hā'ulā'i) these الخبراء (al-khubarā') the-experts يدعمون (yad'amūn) they-support هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM السياسة (as-siyāsa) the-policy الجديدة (al-jadīda) the-new-FEM

19.20 في (fī) in هذا (hādhā) this-MASC السياق (as-siyāq) the-context نشرت (nasharat) published الصحف (aṣ-ṣuḥuf) the-newspapers تقارير (taqārīr) reports مفصلة (mufaṣṣala) detailed-FEM

19.21 هذا (hādhā) this-MASC التطور (at-taṭawwur) the-development يأتي (ya'tī) comes بعد (ba'da) after مفاوضات (mufāwaḍāt) negotiations طويلة (ṭawīla) long-FEM

19.22 رفض (rafaḍa) rejected المعارضون (al-mu'āriḍūn) the-opponents هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الاقتراح (al-iqtirāḥ) the-proposal بشدة (bi-shidda) strongly

19.23 هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM ليست (laysat) is-not المرة (al-marra) the-time الأولى (al-ūlā) the-first-FEM التي (allatī) which نرى (narā) we-see فيها (fīhā) in-it هذا (hādhā) this-MASC

19.24 وصف (waṣafa) described المحللون (al-muḥallilūn) the-analysts هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الإعلان (al-i'lān) the-announcement بأنه (bi-annahu) as-that-it تاريخي (tārīkhī) historical

19.25 هذان (hādhāni) these-two-MASC البلدان (al-baladāni) the-two-countries وقعا (waqqa'ā) signed اتفاقية (ittifāqiyya) agreement مهمة (muhimma) important-FEM

19.26 تشير (tushīru) indicates هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM الأرقام (al-arqām) the-numbers إلى (ilā) to نمو (numuww) growth اقتصادي (iqtiṣādī) economic

19.27 بسبب (bi-sabab) because-of هذا (hādhā) this-MASC الوضع (al-waḍ') the-situation اتخذت (ittakhadhat) took السلطات (as-suluṭāt) the-authorities إجراءات (ijrā'āt) measures

19.28 هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM التصريحات (at-taṣrīḥāt) the-statements جاءت (jā'at) came خلال (khilāl) during مؤتمر (mu'tamar) conference صحفي (ṣuḥufī) press

19.29 يعتقد (ya'taqidu) believes الكثيرون (al-kathīrūn) the-many أن (anna) that هذا (hādhā) this-MASC سيؤثر (sa-yu'aththir) will-affect على ('alā) on المنطقة (al-minṭaqa) the-region

19.30 هؤلاء (hā'ulā'i) these المسؤولون (al-mas'ūlūn) the-officials أكدوا (akkadū) confirmed أن (anna) that هذه (hādhihi) this-FEM مجرد (mujarrad) just البداية (al-bidāya) the-beginning

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Section B: Natural Sentences

19.16 أعلنت الحكومة هذا الصباح عن خطة جديدة The government announced a new plan this morning.

19.17 هذه الإصلاحات ستبدأ في الشهر القادم These reforms will begin next month.

19.18 قال الوزير إن هذا القرار مهم للاقتصاد The minister said that this decision is important for the economy.

19.19 هؤلاء الخبراء يدعمون هذه السياسة الجديدة These experts support this new policy.

19.20 في هذا السياق نشرت الصحف تقارير مفصلة In this context, newspapers published detailed reports.

19.21 هذا التطور يأتي بعد مفاوضات طويلة This development comes after long negotiations.

19.22 رفض المعارضون هذا الاقتراح بشدة The opposition strongly rejected this proposal.

19.23 هذه ليست المرة الأولى التي نرى فيها هذا This is not the first time we see this.

19.24 وصف المحللون هذا الإعلان بأنه تاريخي Analysts described this announcement as historic.

19.25 هذان البلدان وقعا اتفاقية مهمة These two countries signed an important agreement.

19.26 تشير هذه الأرقام إلى نمو اقتصادي These figures indicate economic growth.

19.27 بسبب هذا الوضع اتخذت السلطات إجراءات Because of this situation, authorities took measures.

19.28 هذه التصريحات جاءت خلال مؤتمر صحفي These statements came during a press conference.

19.29 يعتقد الكثيرون أن هذا سيؤثر على المنطقة Many believe that this will affect the region.

19.30 هؤلاء المسؤولون أكدوا أن هذه مجرد البداية These officials confirmed that this is just the beginning.

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Section C: Target Language Text Only

19.16 أعلنت الحكومة هذا الصباح عن خطة جديدة

19.17 هذه الإصلاحات ستبدأ في الشهر القادم

19.18 قال الوزير إن هذا القرار مهم للاقتصاد

19.19 هؤلاء الخبراء يدعمون هذه السياسة الجديدة

19.20 في هذا السياق نشرت الصحف تقارير مفصلة

19.21 هذا التطور يأتي بعد مفاوضات طويلة

19.22 رفض المعارضون هذا الاقتراح بشدة

19.23 هذه ليست المرة الأولى التي نرى فيها هذا

19.24 وصف المحللون هذا الإعلان بأنه تاريخي

19.25 هذان البلدان وقعا اتفاقية مهمة

19.26 تشير هذه الأرقام إلى نمو اقتصادي

19.27 بسبب هذا الوضع اتخذت السلطات إجراءات

19.28 هذه التصريحات جاءت خلال مؤتمر صحفي

19.29 يعتقد الكثيرون أن هذا سيؤثر على المنطقة

19.30 هؤلاء المسؤولون أكدوا أن هذه مجرد البداية

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Section D: Grammar and Vocabulary Explanation

The news genre demonstrates formal Arabic usage of demonstratives. The phrase هذا الصباح (hādhā aṣ-ṣabāḥ) "this morning" shows temporal usage. Complex sentences like هذه ليست المرة الأولى التي نرى فيها هذا demonstrate nested demonstrative usage with relative clauses.

Professional vocabulary includes: -

الإصلاحات (al-iṣlāḥāt) "reforms" - plural of إصلاح -

المفاوضات (al-mufāwaḍāt) "negotiations" - verbal noun from فاوض -

المحللون (al-muḥallilūn) "analysts" - active participle plural -

التصريحات (at-taṣrīḥāt) "statements" - plural of تصريح -

الإجراءات (al-ijrā'āt) "measures" - plural of إجراء

The dual form appears in هذان البلدان (hādhāni al-baladāni) "these two countries", showing nominative case agreement. The demonstrative هؤلاء (hā'ulā'i) is used exclusively for human plurals in formal Arabic, as seen with الخبراء "experts" and المسؤولون "officials".

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Pronunciation Guide

Key pronunciation points for demonstratives: -

هذا (hādhā) - [haːðaː] - the "dh" is like "th" in "this" -

هذه (hādhihi) - [haːðihi] - note the kasra (i) at the end -

هؤلاء (hā'ulā'i) - [haːʔulaːʔi] - contains two glottal stops (hamza) -

هذان (hādhāni) - [haːðaːni] - dual nominative with long "a" -

هاتان (hātāni) - [haːtaːni] - feminine dual, "t" not "dh"

Common pronunciation errors: -

Pronouncing ذ as "z" instead of "dh" (voiced "th") -

Missing the final vowel in هذه making it sound like هذا -

Not pronouncing the glottal stops in هؤلاء -

Confusing the dual forms with plural

Stress patterns: Demonstratives typically receive secondary stress in sentences, with primary stress on the main predicate or emphasized element.

Audio reference: Listen to native speakers distinguish between هذا and هذه in natural speech, as the difference can be subtle in rapid conversation.

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About This Course

This lesson is part of the Latinum Institute Modern Language Course series, which has been creating innovative language learning materials since 2006. The Institute specializes in making complex scripts and grammar systems accessible through the proven construed text method.

Visit our course index at https://latinum.substack.com/p/index for the complete curriculum. The Latinum Institute's approach is designed for autodidact learners who prefer to study independently at their own pace.

Our methodology uses interlinear glossing to provide immediate comprehension while building long-term retention. Each word is glossed individually, allowing learners to understand complex texts from the first lesson. This approach accelerates the acquisition of reading skills in non-Latin scripts.

The construed text method has proven particularly effective for adult learners who want to quickly access authentic texts in their target language. By providing word-by-word translations alongside natural sentences, learners develop both analytical understanding and intuitive feel for the language.

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Learn more about our materials and methods at latinum.org.uk

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