What does "also" mean in Arabic?
English "also" (and its partners "too" and "as well") adds one more thing to something already said: "I like tea, and I also like coffee"; "She is a doctor too." Arabic does this job with one word above all others: أَيْضاً (ayḍan), "also, too, as well." It is one of the commonest words in the language, in books, newspapers and conversation alike.
أَيْضاً is not a particle like و (wa, "and") or ثُمَّ (thumma, "then"). It is a noun in the accusative case. It comes from the old verb آضَ / يَئِيضُ (āḍa / yaʾīḍu), "to go back, return; to become," whose verbal noun is أَيْض (ayḍ), "a returning." Put into the accusative, أَيْضاً once meant something like "returning (to what was said)," "once again." The great dictionary Lisān al-ʿArab explains it in exactly this way, and Section F reads its entry. From "once again" came "in addition," and from "in addition" came "also."
Because it is an accusative noun with tanwīn (the doubled vowel sign ً, pronounced -an), أيضاً ends in a written alif, like كثيراً (kathīran, "much") and دائماً (dāʾiman, "always"), which you have already met. It never changes its form. It does not agree with anything, and it has no feminine or plural.
Its most important letter is ض (ḍād), the emphatic d. Arabs call their language لغة الضاد (lughat aḍ-ḍād), "the language of the ḍād," because this sound is thought to be found in no other language. Every time you say ayḍan you say it.
Where English moves "also" around the sentence, Arabic usually puts أيضاً after the word or phrase it adds: هو طالب أيضاً (huwa ṭālib ayḍan), "he is a student too"; وأنا أيضاً (wa-anā ayḍan), "and me too." Its place shows what is being added. Section D sets out the rules.
- أَيْضاً (ayḍan) = "also, too, as well": it adds something to what has already been said - It is an accusative noun (a verbal noun of آضَ, "to return"), not a particle; it never changes form - Written with tanwīn and a final alif: أيضاً, pronounced ayḍan (at a pause, ayḍā) - It normally follows what it adds: وأنا أيضاً = "me too"; هي أيضاً = "she too" - In the negative it still means "either": وهو أيضاً لا يحبه = "he doesn't like it either" - "Not only… but also" = لا… فحسب، بل… أيضاً - Related words: كذلك (kadhālika, "likewise"), كما (kamā, "as, and also" in formal prose)
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54.1a وأنا and-I أيضاً also
54.1b wa-anā (wa-A-naa) and-I ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.2a هو he طالب student أيضاً also
54.2b huwa (HU-wa) he ṭālib (TAA-lib) student-M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.3a تعال come أنت you أيضاً also
54.3b taʿāla (ta-'AA-la) come-IMP.M.SG anta (AN-ta) you-M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.4a أحب I-love الشاي the-tea والقهوة and-the-coffee أيضاً also
54.4b uḥibbu (u-HIB-bu) I-love-PRES.1SG ash-shāy (ash-SHAAY) the-tea-ACC wa-l-qahwa (wal-QAH-wa) and-the-coffee-F.ACC ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.5a هي she أيضاً also تتكلم speaks العربية the-Arabic
54.5b hiya (HI-ya) she ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV tatakallamu (ta-ta-KAL-la-mu) speaks-PRES.3F.SG al-ʿarabiyya (al-'a-ra-BIY-ya) the-Arabic-F.ACC
54.6a زرنا we-visited القاهرة the-Cairo وزرنا and-we-visited الإسكندرية the-Alexandria أيضاً also
54.6b zurnā (ZUR-naa) we-visited-PAST.1PL al-Qāhira (al-QAA-hi-ra) the-Cairo-ACC wa-zurnā (wa-ZUR-naa) and-we-visited-PAST.1PL al-Iskandariyya (al-is-kan-da-RIY-ya) the-Alexandria-ACC ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.7a أخي my-brother طبيب doctor وأختي and-my-sister طبيبة doctor أيضاً also
54.7b akhī (A-khee) brother-NOM-my ṭabīb (ta-BEEB) doctor-M.SG wa-ukhtī (wa-UKH-tee) and-sister-NOM-my ṭabība (ta-BEE-ba) doctor-F.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.8a هل QUESTION تريد you-want أن that تأكل you-eat أيضاً؟ also
54.8b hal (hal) QUESTION turīdu (tu-REE-du) you-want-PRES.2M.SG an (an) that taʾkula (TA'-ku-la) you-eat-SUBJ.2M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.9a اشترت bought أمي my-mother خبزاً bread وحليباً and-milk واشترت and-she-bought أيضاً also تفاحاً apples
54.9b ishtarat (ish-TA-rat) bought-PAST.3F.SG ummī (UM-mee) mother-NOM-my khubzan (KHUB-zan) bread-ACC wa-ḥalīban (wa-ha-LEE-ban) and-milk-ACC wa-shtarat (wash-TA-rat) and-bought-PAST.3F.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV tuffāḥan (tuf-FAA-han) apples-COLL.ACC
54.10a أنا I لا not أحب I-love الحر the-heat وهو and-he أيضاً also لا not يحبه he-loves-it
54.10b anā (A-naa) I lā (laa) not uḥibbu (u-HIB-bu) I-love-PRES.1SG al-ḥarr (al-HARR) the-heat-ACC wa-huwa (wa-HU-wa) and-he ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV lā (laa) not yuḥibbuhu (yu-HIB-bu-hu) he-loves-PRES.3M.SG-it-M
54.11a لا not يدرس he-studies اللغة the-language فحسب only بل but-rather يدرس he-studies تاريخها its-history أيضاً also
54.11b lā (laa) not yadrusu (YAD-ru-su) he-studies-PRES.3M.SG al-lugha (al-LUGH-a) the-language-F.ACC fa-ḥasb (fa-HASB) and-enough-only bal (bal) but-rather yadrusu (YAD-ru-su) he-studies-PRES.3M.SG tārīkhahā (taa-REE-kha-haa) history-ACC-its-F ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.12a قال said الوزير the-minister إن that الحكومة the-government ستبني will-build مدارس schools جديدة new وستبني and-will-build أيضاً also مستشفيين two-hospitals
54.12b qāla (QAA-la) said-PAST.3M.SG al-wazīr (al-wa-ZEER) the-minister-NOM inna (IN-na) that-EMPH al-ḥukūma (al-hu-KOO-ma) the-government-F.ACC sa-tabnī (sa-TAB-nee) will-build-FUT.3F.SG madārisa (ma-DAA-ri-sa) schools-PL.ACC jadīda (ja-DEE-da) new-F.SG.ACC wa-sa-tabnī (wa-sa-TAB-nee) and-will-build-FUT.3F.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV mustashfayayn (mus-tash-fa-YAYN) hospitals-DUAL.ACC
54.13a وجدنا we-found في in البيت the-house القديم the-old رسائل letters جدي my-grandfather ووجدنا and-we-found أيضاً also صوره his-photographs
54.13b wajadnā (wa-JAD-naa) we-found-PAST.1PL fī (fee) in al-bayt (al-BAYT) the-house-GEN al-qadīm (al-qa-DEEM) the-old-M.GEN rasāʾila (ra-SAA-'i-la) letters-PL.ACC.CONSTRUCT jaddī (JAD-dee) grandfather-GEN-my wa-wajadnā (wa-wa-JAD-naa) and-found-PAST.1PL ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV ṣuwarahu (SU-wa-ra-hu) photographs-PL.ACC-his
54.14a إذا if كنت you-were تتعلم you-learn العربية the-Arabic فاقرأ then-read الصحف the-newspapers أيضاً also
54.14b idhā (I-dhaa) if kunta (KUN-ta) you-were-PAST.2M.SG tataʿallamu (ta-ta-'AL-la-mu) you-learn-PRES.2M.SG al-ʿarabiyya (al-'a-ra-BIY-ya) the-Arabic-F.ACC fa-qraʾ (FAQ-ra') then-read-IMP.M.SG aṣ-ṣuḥuf (as-SU-huf) the-newspapers-PL.ACC ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.15a الأطفال the-children أيضاً also يفهمون understand أكثر more مما than-what نظن we-think
54.15b al-aṭfāl (al-at-FAAL) the-children-PL.NOM ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV yafhamūna (yaf-ha-MOO-na) understand-PRES.3M.PL akthara (AK-tha-ra) more-ACC mimmā (MIM-maa) from-what naẓunnu (na-ZUN-nu) we-think-PRES.1PL
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54.1 وأنا أيضاً — wa-anā ayḍan — "Me too."
54.2 هو طالب أيضاً — huwa ṭālib ayḍan — "He is a student too."
54.3 تعال أنت أيضاً — taʿāla anta ayḍan — "You come too." (to a man)
54.4 أحب الشاي والقهوة أيضاً — uḥibbu ash-shāy wa-l-qahwa ayḍan — "I love tea, and coffee as well."
54.5 هي أيضاً تتكلم العربية — hiya ayḍan tatakallamu al-ʿarabiyya — "She speaks Arabic too." (she, as well as others)
54.6 زرنا القاهرة، وزرنا الإسكندرية أيضاً — zurnā al-Qāhira, wa-zurnā al-Iskandariyya ayḍan — "We visited Cairo, and we visited Alexandria too."
54.7 أخي طبيب، وأختي طبيبة أيضاً — akhī ṭabīb, wa-ukhtī ṭabība ayḍan — "My brother is a doctor, and my sister is a doctor too."
54.8 هل تريد أن تأكل أيضاً؟ — hal turīdu an taʾkula ayḍan? — "Do you want to eat as well?"
54.9 اشترت أمي خبزاً وحليباً، واشترت أيضاً تفاحاً — ishtarat ummī khubzan wa-ḥalīban, wa-shtarat ayḍan tuffāḥan — "My mother bought bread and milk, and she also bought apples."
54.10 أنا لا أحب الحر، وهو أيضاً لا يحبه — anā lā uḥibbu al-ḥarr, wa-huwa ayḍan lā yuḥibbuhu — "I don't like the heat, and he doesn't like it either."
54.11 لا يدرس اللغة فحسب، بل يدرس تاريخها أيضاً — lā yadrusu al-lugha fa-ḥasb, bal yadrusu tārīkhahā ayḍan — "He studies not only the language but also its history."
54.12 قال الوزير إن الحكومة ستبني مدارس جديدة، وستبني أيضاً مستشفيين — qāla al-wazīr inna al-ḥukūma sa-tabnī madārisa jadīda, wa-sa-tabnī ayḍan mustashfayayn — "The minister said that the government will build new schools, and will also build two hospitals."
54.13 وجدنا في البيت القديم رسائل جدي، ووجدنا أيضاً صوره — wajadnā fī al-bayt al-qadīm rasāʾila jaddī, wa-wajadnā ayḍan ṣuwarahu — "In the old house we found my grandfather's letters, and we also found his photographs."
54.14 إذا كنت تتعلم العربية فاقرأ الصحف أيضاً — idhā kunta tataʿallamu al-ʿarabiyya fa-qraʾ aṣ-ṣuḥuf ayḍan — "If you are learning Arabic, read the newspapers too."
54.15 الأطفال أيضاً يفهمون أكثر مما نظن — al-aṭfāl ayḍan yafhamūna akthara mimmā naẓunnu — "Children, too, understand more than we think."
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54.1 وأنا أيضاً
54.2 هو طالب أيضاً
54.3 تعال أنت أيضاً
54.4 أحب الشاي والقهوة أيضاً
54.5 هي أيضاً تتكلم العربية
54.6 زرنا القاهرة، وزرنا الإسكندرية أيضاً
54.7 أخي طبيب، وأختي طبيبة أيضاً
54.8 هل تريد أن تأكل أيضاً؟
54.9 اشترت أمي خبزاً وحليباً، واشترت أيضاً تفاحاً
54.10 أنا لا أحب الحر، وهو أيضاً لا يحبه
54.11 لا يدرس اللغة فحسب، بل يدرس تاريخها أيضاً
54.12 قال الوزير إن الحكومة ستبني مدارس جديدة، وستبني أيضاً مستشفيين
54.13 وجدنا في البيت القديم رسائل جدي، ووجدنا أيضاً صوره
54.14 إذا كنت تتعلم العربية فاقرأ الصحف أيضاً
54.15 الأطفال أيضاً يفهمون أكثر مما نظن
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1. What kind of word it is. أَيْضاً is the verbal noun أَيْض (ayḍ), "a returning," in the accusative case with tanwīn. Its verb is آضَ / يَئِيضُ (āḍa / yaʾīḍu), "to go back; to become," a hollow verb of the root ء ي ض (ʾ-y-ḍ). The classical grammarians explain the accusative in more than one way. The usual account is that it is a مفعول مطلق (mafʿūl muṭlaq), a verbal noun standing for its own verb, which is left unsaid: "(I say it,) returning (to what went before)." Some treat it instead as a حال (ḥāl), a circumstantial accusative. For the learner, the practical point is simple: it is an adverb in function, it is always أيضاً, and it never takes any other ending.
2. Spelling and pronunciation. The word is spelt hamza on alif + yāʾ + ḍād + alif: أيضاً. The two strokes of the tanwīn (ً) are often left out in print, so you will usually see أيضا. Watch for two common faults: ايضا, without the hamza (very frequent online, but wrong in careful writing), and confusion of ض (ḍ) with ظ (ẓ), which sound alike in some dialects. In connected speech it is ayḍan; at the end of a sentence, in careful reading, the pausal form is ayḍā.
3. Where it goes. أيضاً normally comes after the word or phrase it adds, and its position shows what is being added:
- After a pronoun or noun subject: وأنا أيضاً (wa-anā ayḍan), "me too" (54.1); هي أيضاً تتكلم العربية (hiya ayḍan tatakallamu al-ʿarabiyya), "she, too, speaks Arabic" (54.5); الأطفال أيضاً (al-aṭfāl ayḍan), "children too" (54.15). - After a predicate or object, at the end of the clause: هو طالب أيضاً (huwa ṭālib ayḍan), "he is a student too" (54.2); وزرنا الإسكندرية أيضاً (wa-zurnā al-Iskandariyya ayḍan), "and we visited Alexandria too" (54.6). - Between a verb and its object, when the new thing is the object: واشترت أيضاً تفاحاً (wa-shtarat ayḍan tuffāḥan), "and she also bought apples" (54.9); وستبني أيضاً مستشفيين (wa-sa-tabnī ayḍan mustashfayayn) (54.12). This order is very common in written Arabic.
Compare: هي أيضاً تتكلم العربية (she as well as other people) with هي تتكلم العربية أيضاً (Arabic as well as other languages, or as well as doing other things). The second is ambiguous in the same way as English "she speaks Arabic too"; the first is not.
4. With و (wa). أيضاً usually goes together with و, "and," which joins the new item to the old: والقهوة أيضاً (wa-l-qahwa ayḍan), "and coffee too" (54.4); وأختي طبيبة أيضاً (54.7). In English one may drop the "and"; in Arabic the و is normally kept.
5. In the negative: "either." English changes "too" to "either" after a negative: "he doesn't like it either." Arabic does not change the word: وهو أيضاً لا يحبه (wa-huwa ayḍan lā yuḥibbuhu) (54.10). A short reply "me neither" is ولا أنا (wa-lā anā), literally "and not I."
6. "Not only… but also." The classical pattern is لا… فحسب، بل… أيضاً (lā… fa-ḥasb, bal… ayḍan): لا يدرس اللغة فحسب، بل يدرس تاريخها أيضاً (54.11). فحسب (fa-ḥasb) means "and that is enough," that is, "only." Modern writing also uses ليس… فقط، بل… أيضاً (laysa… faqaṭ, bal… ayḍan), with فقط (faqaṭ), "only." Both are correct. In both, بل (bal) means "but rather," as in 53.12.
7. With commands and questions. أيضاً can follow an imperative or close a question, as in English: تعال أنت أيضاً (taʿāla anta ayḍan), "you come too" (54.3); فاقرأ الصحف أيضاً (fa-qraʾ aṣ-ṣuḥuf ayḍan) (54.14); هل تريد أن تأكل أيضاً؟ (54.8). In 54.3 the pronoun أنت is added to give أيضاً something to follow: "you too."
8. Other ways to say "also."
- كَذَلِكَ (kadhālika), "likewise, in the same way": literally كَـ (ka-, "like") + ذلك (dhālika, "that"). It is close to أيضاً but stresses resemblance: وهو كذلك (wa-huwa kadhālika), "and so is he." أيضاً stresses addition, كذلك likeness. - كَمَا (kamā), "as, just as," is used in newspaper Arabic to add a new point: كما أعلن الوزير أن… (kamā aʿlana al-wazīr anna…), "the minister also announced that…". - In the dialects: Egyptian and Levantine كمان (kamān), "too": وأنا كمان (w-ana kamān), "me too"; Moroccan حتى (ḥtta) before the word: حتى أنا (ḥtta ana); Tunisian زادة (zāda); in the Gulf, بعد (baʿad): وأنا بعد (w-ana baʿad).
- Putting أيضاً before the verb to mean "also did." English "I also bought apples" tempts learners to write *أنا أيضاً اشتريت تفاحاً, which means "I too bought apples" (as well as other people). To add the apples, write اشتريت أيضاً تفاحاً or اشتريت تفاحاً أيضاً. - Changing it to "either" in the negative. There is no separate word: لا أحبه أيضاً, "I don't like it either," or وأنا أيضاً لا أحبه. - Writing it without the hamza or with ظ. Write أيضاً (or أيضا), never ايضا or أيظا. - Doubling up. *وكذلك أيضاً is a common redundancy in careless writing: choose one word. - Treating it as a particle that can begin any sentence. وأيضاً… at the head of a sentence ("And also…") is common in speech and journalism; careful prose prefers كما أن… (kamā anna…) or إضافةً إلى ذلك (iḍāfatan ilā dhālika), "in addition to that."
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أيضاً is among the most frequent words of written Arabic, in every register from children's books to treaties. Newspaper Arabic is especially fond of the order verb + أيضاً + object (54.12), and of كما for adding one statement to another. In formal speeches you will hear the stately pair لا… فحسب، بل… أيضاً. A good learner's habit is to notice where each writer puts أيضاً, because its place tells you what is being added.
Educated speakers use أيضاً in every country, often pronounced ayḍan with its full emphatic ḍ, but each dialect also has an everyday word of its own: كمان (kamān) in Egypt and the Levant, حتى (ḥtta) in Morocco and Algeria, زادة (zāda) in Tunisia, بعد (baʿad) in the Gulf. "Me too" may therefore be وأنا أيضاً in a lecture hall, وأنا كمان in a Cairo café, and وأنا بعد in Kuwait.
The ḍ in أيضاً is the letter ض, the ḍād. The classical grammarians held it to be a sound peculiar to the Arabs, and لغة الضاد (lughat aḍ-ḍād), "the language of the ḍād," is a proud name for Arabic itself. Its old pronunciation was probably a lateral sound, made with the sides of the tongue; today it is an emphatic d /dˤ/ in most of the Arab world, and in many Bedouin and Gulf dialects it merges with ظ /ðˤ/.
- وأنا أيضاً (wa-anā ayḍan) — "me too" - ولا أنا (wa-lā anā) — "me neither" - لا… فحسب، بل… أيضاً (lā… fa-ḥasb, bal… ayḍan) — "not only… but also" - أكثرتَ من أيضٍ (aktharta min ayḍin) — "you have said 'also' too often," an old saying to someone who keeps adding things (see Section F)
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The citation is from Lisān al-ʿArab (لسان العرب, "The Tongue of the Arabs"), the great dictionary compiled by Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 AH / 1311 CE), from its entry on the root أيض. Ibn Manẓūr gathered the work of earlier lexicographers, and here he quotes Ibn Durayd (d. 933 CE) on the very word of this lesson. The entry explains where أيضاً comes from, shows it in use, and ends with a small joke about people who say it too often. The text below gives the opening of the entry, in the vowelled form of the islamweb.net library edition, checked against the text at almougem.com and arabiclexicon.hawramani.com. Where they differ, the reading followed is stated in F-D.
F.1a آضَ returned يَئِيضُ he-returns أَيْضاً a-returning سَارَ he-went وَعَادَ and-came-back
F.1b āḍa (AA-da) returned-PAST.3M.SG yaʾīḍu (ya-'EE-du) returns-PRES.3M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) returning-VN.ACC sāra (SAA-ra) went-PAST.3M.SG wa-ʿāda (wa-'AA-da) and-came-back-PAST.3M.SG
F.2a وَآضَ and-returned إِلَى to أَهْلِهِ his-family رَجَعَ he-went-back إِلَيْهِمْ to-them
F.2b wa-āḍa (wa-AA-da) and-returned-PAST.3M.SG ilā (I-laa) to ahlihi (AH-li-hi) family-GEN-his rajaʿa (RA-ja-'a) went-back-PAST.3M.SG ilayhim (i-LAY-him) to-them-M.PL
F.3a قَالَ said ابْنُ son دُرَيْدٍ Durayd وَفَعَلْتُ and-I-did كَذَا thus وَكَذَا and-thus أَيْضاً also مِنْ from هَذَا this
F.3b qāla (QAA-la) said-PAST.3M.SG Ibnu (IB-nu) son-NOM.CONSTRUCT Durayd (du-RAYD) Durayd-GEN wa-faʿaltu (wa-fa-'AL-tu) and-did-PAST.1SG kadhā (KA-dhaa) thus wa-kadhā (wa-KA-dhaa) and-thus ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV min (min) from hādhā (HAA-dhaa) this-M.SG
F.4a أَيْ that-is رَجَعْتُ I-went-back إِلَيْهِ to-it وَعُدْتُ and-I-returned
F.4b ay (ay) that-is rajaʿtu (ra-JA'-tu) went-back-PAST.1SG ilayhi (i-LAY-hi) to-it-M wa-ʿudtu (wa-'UD-tu) and-returned-PAST.1SG
F.5a وَتَقُولُ and-you-say افْعَلْ do ذَلِكَ that أَيْضاً also وَهُوَ and-it مَصْدَرُ verbal-noun آضَ āḍa يَئِيضُ yaʾīḍu أَيْضاً ayḍan أَيْ that-is رَجَعَ he-went-back
F.5b wa-taqūlu (wa-ta-QOO-lu) and-you-say-PRES.2M.SG ifʿal (IF-'al) do-IMP.M.SG dhālika (DHAA-li-ka) that-M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV wa-huwa (wa-HU-wa) and-it-M maṣdaru (MAS-da-ru) verbal-noun-NOM.CONSTRUCT āḍa (AA-da) returned-PAST.3M.SG yaʾīḍu (ya-'EE-du) returns-PRES.3M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) returning-VN.ACC ay (ay) that-is rajaʿa (RA-ja-'a) went-back-PAST.3M.SG
F.6a فَإِذَا so-when قِيلَ it-is-said لَكَ to-you فَعَلْتَ you-did ذَلِكَ that أَيْضاً also قُلْتَ you-say
F.6b fa-idhā (fa-I-dhaa) so-when qīla (QEE-la) was-said-PASS.PAST.3M.SG laka (LA-ka) to-you-M.SG faʿalta (fa-'AL-ta) did-PAST.2M.SG dhālika (DHAA-li-ka) that-M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV qulta (QUL-ta) said-PAST.2M.SG
F.7a أَكْثَرْتَ you-have-overdone مِنْ of أَيْضٍ "ayḍ" وَدَعْنِي and-leave-me مِنْ from أَيْضٍ "ayḍ"
F.7b aktharta (ak-THAR-ta) made-much-PAST.2M.SG min (min) of ayḍin (AY-din) returning-VN.GEN wa-daʿnī (wa-DA'-nee) and-leave-IMP.M.SG-me min (min) from ayḍin (AY-din) returning-VN.GEN
آضَ يَئِيضُ أَيْضاً: سَارَ وَعَادَ. وَآضَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ: رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِمْ. قَالَ ابْنُ دُرَيْدٍ: وَفَعَلْتُ كَذَا وَكَذَا أَيْضاً مِنْ هَذَا، أَيْ رَجَعْتُ إِلَيْهِ وَعُدْتُ. وَتَقُولُ: افْعَلْ ذَلِكَ أَيْضاً، وَهُوَ مَصْدَرُ آضَ يَئِيضُ أَيْضاً، أَيْ رَجَعَ. فَإِذَا قِيلَ لَكَ: فَعَلْتَ ذَلِكَ أَيْضاً، قُلْتَ: أَكْثَرْتَ مِنْ أَيْضٍ، وَدَعْنِي مِنْ أَيْضٍ.
āḍa yaʾīḍu ayḍan: sāra wa-ʿāda. wa-āḍa ilā ahlihi: rajaʿa ilayhim. qāla Ibnu Durayd: wa-faʿaltu kadhā wa-kadhā ayḍan min hādhā, ay rajaʿtu ilayhi wa-ʿudtu. wa-taqūlu: ifʿal dhālika ayḍan, wa-huwa maṣdaru āḍa yaʾīḍu ayḍan, ay rajaʿa. fa-idhā qīla laka: faʿalta dhālika ayḍan, qulta: aktharta min ayḍin, wa-daʿnī min ayḍin.
"Āḍa, yaʾīḍu, ayḍan: he went, and came back. Āḍa ilā ahlihi: he went back to his family. Ibn Durayd said: 'I did such-and-such ayḍan' comes from this, meaning 'I went back to it and did it again.' You say: 'Do that ayḍan' (do that also), and it is the verbal noun of āḍa, yaʾīḍu, that is, 'he went back.' And when someone says to you, 'You did that ayḍan,' you say: 'You have had a great deal of ayḍ; spare me your ayḍ!'"
— Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿArab, entry أيض (translation: Latinum Institute, kept close to the Arabic)
آضَ يَئِيضُ أَيْضاً: سَارَ وَعَادَ. وَآضَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ: رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِمْ. قَالَ ابْنُ دُرَيْدٍ: وَفَعَلْتُ كَذَا وَكَذَا أَيْضاً مِنْ هَذَا، أَيْ رَجَعْتُ إِلَيْهِ وَعُدْتُ. وَتَقُولُ: افْعَلْ ذَلِكَ أَيْضاً، وَهُوَ مَصْدَرُ آضَ يَئِيضُ أَيْضاً، أَيْ رَجَعَ. فَإِذَا قِيلَ لَكَ: فَعَلْتَ ذَلِكَ أَيْضاً، قُلْتَ: أَكْثَرْتَ مِنْ أَيْضٍ، وَدَعْنِي مِنْ أَيْضٍ.
- آضَ يَئِيضُ أَيْضاً. Arabic dictionaries name a verb by three forms: the past (آضَ, "he returned"), the present (يَئِيضُ, "he returns") and the verbal noun (أَيْض, here in the accusative أَيْضاً). The present tells you the hidden middle letter: يَئِيضُ shows a yāʾ, so the root is ء ي ض. آضَ is a "hollow" verb, like قال / يقول and باع / يبيع, whose middle letter becomes a long ā in the past. - سَارَ وَعَادَ. "He went and came back." The islamweb and hawramani texts both read سار here. Al-Layth, quoted later in the same entry, gives the other sense of آضَ, "to become" (صار), as in آضَ سوادُ شَعرِه بياضاً, "the black of his hair turned to white." - أَيْ (ay). "That is, I mean": the dictionary-maker's word for introducing a definition. Do not confuse it with أَيّ (ayy), "which?", which has a doubled y. - كَذَا وَكَذَا (kadhā wa-kadhā). "Such-and-such," a placeholder used like English "so-and-so." It is the same كَـ + ذا that you saw in كذلك (Section D). - مَصْدَرُ (maṣdar). "Verbal noun," literally "source." The Arab grammarians thought of the verbal noun as the source from which the verb flows. - قِيلَ (qīla). The passive of قال, "it was said." With إذا ("when, if") the past tense has present or general meaning: "when it is said to you." - أَكْثَرْتَ مِنْ أَيْضٍ. Here أيض is quoted as a word and so takes the genitive after مِن: أَيْضٍ (ayḍin), no longer أَيْضاً. The islamweb text vowels the verb أَكْثَرْتُ ("I have said a lot"), but the reply is addressed to the person who keeps saying أيضاً, and almougem's text of Lisān al-ʿArab vowels it أَكثرتَ, "you have said it a lot." That reading is followed here. The same saying, قد أكثرت من أيض، ودعني من أيض, is also found in al-Jawharī's earlier dictionary, the Ṣiḥāḥ. - دَعْنِي (daʿnī). The imperative of وَدَعَ / يَدَعُ, "to leave," with the suffix ـني, "me": "leave me (alone)."
Ibn Manẓūr's dictionary is one of the monuments of Arabic learning: twenty volumes in modern editions, built from the work of the lexicographers who went before him. It is arranged by the last letter of the root, and each entry gathers meanings, examples, poetry and the opinions of earlier scholars. This short entry shows how an everyday word keeps the memory of its origin. When an Arab says أيضاً, the language is saying "going back again": back to what was just said, to add one more thing. Al-Layth, quoted further on in the same entry, puts it neatly: when you say أيضاً, you are saying "give me back what has gone before." The little exchange at the end, "you've had a great deal of also; spare me your also!", shows that people tired of hearing the word over a thousand years ago.
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54.16a كانت was سارة Sara تذهب goes إلى to المدرسة the-school وكان and-was يوسف Yusuf يريد wants أن that يذهب he-goes أيضاً also
54.16b kānat (KAA-nat) was-PAST.3F.SG Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM tadhhabu (TADH-ha-bu) goes-PRES.3F.SG ilā (I-laa) to al-madrasa (al-MAD-ra-sa) the-school-GEN wa-kāna (wa-KAA-na) and-was-PAST.3M.SG Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf-NOM yurīdu (yu-REE-du) wants-PRES.3M.SG an (an) that yadhhaba (YADH-ha-ba) goes-SUBJ.3M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.17a في in الصباح the-morning حملت carried سارة Sara حقيبتها her-bag فحمل so-carried يوسف Yusuf حقيبته his-bag أيضاً also
54.17b fī (fee) in aṣ-ṣabāḥ (as-sa-BAAH) the-morning-GEN ḥamalat (HA-ma-lat) carried-PAST.3F.SG Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM ḥaqībatahā (ha-QEE-ba-ta-haa) bag-ACC-her fa-ḥamala (fa-HA-ma-la) and-so-carried-PAST.3M.SG Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf-NOM ḥaqībatahu (ha-QEE-ba-ta-hu) bag-ACC-his ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.18a قالت said سارة Sara أنا I ذاهبة going إلى to المدرسة the-school قال said يوسف Yusuf وأنا and-I أيضاً also
54.18b qālat (QAA-lat) said-PAST.3F.SG Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM anā (A-naa) I dhāhiba (DHAA-hi-ba) going-ACT.PART.F.SG ilā (I-laa) to al-madrasa (al-MAD-ra-sa) the-school-GEN qāla (QAA-la) said-PAST.3M.SG Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf-NOM wa-anā (wa-A-naa) and-I ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.19a ضحكت laughed الأم the-mother وقالت and-she-said ستذهب you-will-go أنت you أيضاً also لكن but بعد after سنتين two-years
54.19b ḍaḥikat (DA-hi-kat) laughed-PAST.3F.SG al-umm (al-UMM) the-mother-NOM wa-qālat (wa-QAA-lat) and-said-PAST.3F.SG sa-tadhhabu (sa-TADH-ha-bu) will-go-FUT.2M.SG anta (AN-ta) you-M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV lākin (LAA-kin) but baʿda (BA'-da) after sanatayn (sa-na-TAYN) years-DUAL.GEN
54.20a في in المساء the-evening كتبت wrote سارة Sara واجباتها her-homework فأخذ so-took يوسف Yusuf ورقة a-sheet وكتب and-wrote أيضاً also
54.20b fī (fee) in al-masāʾ (al-ma-SAA') the-evening-GEN katabat (KA-ta-bat) wrote-PAST.3F.SG Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM wājibātihā (waa-ji-BAA-ti-haa) homework-F.PL.ACC-her fa-akhadha (fa-A-kha-dha) and-so-took-PAST.3M.SG Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf-NOM waraqatan (WA-ra-qa-tan) sheet-F.ACC wa-kataba (wa-KA-ta-ba) and-wrote-PAST.3M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.21a رسمت drew سارة Sara شمساً a-sun ورسم and-drew يوسف Yusuf شمساً a-sun أيضاً also
54.21b rasamat (RA-sa-mat) drew-PAST.3F.SG Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM shamsan (SHAM-san) sun-ACC wa-rasama (wa-RA-sa-ma) and-drew-PAST.3M.SG Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf-NOM shamsan (SHAM-san) sun-ACC ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.22a ثم then رسم he-drew قطة a-cat ورسم and-he-drew أيضاً also بيتاً a-house كبيراً big
54.22b thumma (THUM-ma) then rasama (RA-sa-ma) drew-PAST.3M.SG qiṭṭatan (QIT-ta-tan) cat-F.ACC wa-rasama (wa-RA-sa-ma) and-drew-PAST.3M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV baytan (BAY-tan) house-ACC kabīran (ka-BEE-ran) big-M.ACC
54.23a سألته she-asked-him سارة Sara لماذا why تفعل you-do أنت you أيضاً also كل all ما what أفعله؟ I-do-it
54.23b saʾalathu (sa-'A-lat-hu) asked-PAST.3F.SG-him Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM li-mādhā (li-MAA-dhaa) why tafʿalu (TAF-'a-lu) you-do-PRES.2M.SG anta (AN-ta) you-M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV kulla (KUL-la) all-ACC mā (maa) what afʿaluhu (AF-'a-lu-hu) I-do-PRES.1SG-it
54.24a قال said يوسف Yusuf لأني because-I أحبك I-love-you وأريد and-I-want أن that أتعلم I-learn أيضاً also
54.24b qāla (QAA-la) said-PAST.3M.SG Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf-NOM li-annī (li-AN-nee) because-I uḥibbuki (u-HIB-bu-ki) I-love-PRES.1SG-you-F.SG wa-urīdu (wa-u-REE-du) and-I-want-PRES.1SG an (an) that ataʿallama (a-ta-'AL-la-ma) I-learn-SUBJ.1SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.25a سكتت was-silent سارة Sara قليلاً a-little ثم then قالت she-said وأنا and-I أيضاً also أحبك I-love-you
54.25b sakatat (SA-ka-tat) was-silent-PAST.3F.SG Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM qalīlan (qa-LEE-lan) a-little-ACC.ADV thumma (THUM-ma) then qālat (QAA-lat) said-PAST.3F.SG wa-anā (wa-A-naa) and-I ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV uḥibbuka (u-HIB-bu-ka) I-love-PRES.1SG-you-M.SG
54.26a علمته taught-him سارة Sara الحروف the-letters وعلمته and-she-taught-him أيضاً also الأرقام the-numbers
54.26b ʿallamathu ('al-LA-mat-hu) taught-PAST.3F.SG-him Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM al-ḥurūf (al-hu-ROOF) the-letters-PL.ACC wa-ʿallamathu (wa-'al-LA-mat-hu) and-taught-PAST.3F.SG-him ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV al-arqām (al-ar-QAAM) the-numbers-PL.ACC
54.27a يوم on-day الجمعة the-Friday جاء came الجد the-grandfather والجدة and-the-grandmother أيضاً also
54.27b yawma (YAW-ma) day-ACC.CONSTRUCT al-jumʿa (al-JUM-'a) the-Friday-GEN jāʾa (JAA-'a) came-PAST.3M.SG al-jadd (al-JADD) the-grandfather-NOM wa-l-jadda (wal-JAD-da) and-the-grandmother-NOM ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.28a كتب wrote يوسف Yusuf اسمه his-name أمامهما in-front-of-the-two وكتب and-he-wrote أيضاً also اسم name أخته his-sister
54.28b kataba (KA-ta-ba) wrote-PAST.3M.SG Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf-NOM ismahu (IS-ma-hu) name-ACC-his amāmahumā (a-maa-ma-hu-MAA) in-front-of-them-DUAL wa-kataba (wa-KA-ta-ba) and-wrote-PAST.3M.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV isma (IS-ma) name-ACC.CONSTRUCT ukhtihi (UKH-ti-hi) sister-GEN-his
54.29a فرح was-glad الجد the-grandfather وقال and-said أحسنت well-done يا O يوسف Yusuf وأحسنتِ and-well-done أنتِ you أيضاً also يا O سارة Sara
54.29b fariḥa (FA-ri-ha) was-glad-PAST.3M.SG al-jadd (al-JADD) the-grandfather-NOM wa-qāla (wa-QAA-la) and-said-PAST.3M.SG aḥsanta (ah-SAN-ta) did-well-PAST.2M.SG yā (yaa) O-VOC Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf wa-aḥsanti (wa-ah-SAN-ti) and-did-well-PAST.2F.SG anti (AN-ti) you-F.SG ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV yā (yaa) O-VOC Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara
54.30a ومنذ and-since ذلك that اليوم the-day كلما whenever قرأت read سارة Sara كتاباً a-book قرأ read يوسف Yusuf كتاباً a-book أيضاً also
54.30b wa-mundhu (wa-MUN-dhu) and-since dhālika (DHAA-li-ka) that-M.SG al-yawm (al-YAWM) the-day-GEN kullamā (KUL-la-maa) whenever qaraʾat (QA-ra-'at) read-PAST.3F.SG Sāra (SAA-ra) Sara-NOM kitāban (ki-TAA-ban) book-ACC qaraʾa (QA-ra-'a) read-PAST.3M.SG Yūsuf (YOO-suf) Yusuf-NOM kitāban (ki-TAA-ban) book-ACC ayḍan (AY-dan) also-ACC.ADV
54.16 كانت سارة تذهب إلى المدرسة، وكان يوسف يريد أن يذهب أيضاً — kānat Sāra tadhhabu ilā al-madrasa, wa-kāna Yūsuf yurīdu an yadhhaba ayḍan — "Sara went to school, and Yusuf wanted to go too."
54.17 في الصباح حملت سارة حقيبتها، فحمل يوسف حقيبته أيضاً — fī aṣ-ṣabāḥ ḥamalat Sāra ḥaqībatahā, fa-ḥamala Yūsuf ḥaqībatahu ayḍan — "In the morning Sara picked up her bag, so Yusuf picked up his bag too."
54.18 قالت سارة: أنا ذاهبة إلى المدرسة. قال يوسف: وأنا أيضاً! — qālat Sāra: anā dhāhiba ilā al-madrasa. qāla Yūsuf: wa-anā ayḍan! — "Sara said: I'm going to school. Yusuf said: Me too!"
54.19 ضحكت الأم وقالت: ستذهب أنت أيضاً، لكن بعد سنتين — ḍaḥikat al-umm wa-qālat: sa-tadhhabu anta ayḍan, lākin baʿda sanatayn — "Their mother laughed and said: You'll go too, but in two years' time."
54.20 في المساء كتبت سارة واجباتها، فأخذ يوسف ورقة وكتب أيضاً — fī al-masāʾ katabat Sāra wājibātihā, fa-akhadha Yūsuf waraqatan wa-kataba ayḍan — "In the evening Sara did her homework, so Yusuf took a sheet of paper and wrote too."
54.21 رسمت سارة شمساً، ورسم يوسف شمساً أيضاً — rasamat Sāra shamsan, wa-rasama Yūsuf shamsan ayḍan — "Sara drew a sun, and Yusuf drew a sun too."
54.22 ثم رسم قطة، ورسم أيضاً بيتاً كبيراً — thumma rasama qiṭṭatan, wa-rasama ayḍan baytan kabīran — "Then he drew a cat, and he also drew a big house."
54.23 سألته سارة: لماذا تفعل أنت أيضاً كل ما أفعله؟ — saʾalathu Sāra: li-mādhā tafʿalu anta ayḍan kulla mā afʿaluhu? — "Sara asked him: Why do you do everything I do as well?"
54.24 قال يوسف: لأني أحبك، وأريد أن أتعلم أيضاً — qāla Yūsuf: li-annī uḥibbuki, wa-urīdu an ataʿallama ayḍan — "Yusuf said: Because I love you, and I want to learn too."
54.25 سكتت سارة قليلاً، ثم قالت: وأنا أيضاً أحبك — sakatat Sāra qalīlan, thumma qālat: wa-anā ayḍan uḥibbuka — "Sara was quiet for a moment, then said: I love you too."
54.26 علمته سارة الحروف، وعلمته أيضاً الأرقام — ʿallamathu Sāra al-ḥurūf, wa-ʿallamathu ayḍan al-arqām — "Sara taught him the letters, and she taught him the numbers as well."
54.27 يوم الجمعة جاء الجد والجدة أيضاً — yawma al-jumʿa jāʾa al-jadd wa-l-jadda ayḍan — "On Friday Grandpa came, and Grandma too."
54.28 كتب يوسف اسمه أمامهما، وكتب أيضاً اسم أخته — kataba Yūsuf ismahu amāmahumā, wa-kataba ayḍan isma ukhtihi — "Yusuf wrote his name in front of them both, and he wrote his sister's name too."
54.29 فرح الجد وقال: أحسنت يا يوسف، وأحسنتِ أنتِ أيضاً يا سارة — fariḥa al-jadd wa-qāla: aḥsanta yā Yūsuf, wa-aḥsanti anti ayḍan yā Sāra — "Grandpa was delighted and said: Well done, Yusuf, and well done to you too, Sara."
54.30 ومنذ ذلك اليوم، كلما قرأت سارة كتاباً، قرأ يوسف كتاباً أيضاً — wa-mundhu dhālika al-yawm, kullamā qaraʾat Sāra kitāban, qaraʾa Yūsuf kitāban ayḍan — "And from that day on, whenever Sara read a book, Yusuf read a book too."
54.16 كانت سارة تذهب إلى المدرسة، وكان يوسف يريد أن يذهب أيضاً
54.17 في الصباح حملت سارة حقيبتها، فحمل يوسف حقيبته أيضاً
54.18 قالت سارة: أنا ذاهبة إلى المدرسة. قال يوسف: وأنا أيضاً!
54.19 ضحكت الأم وقالت: ستذهب أنت أيضاً، لكن بعد سنتين
54.20 في المساء كتبت سارة واجباتها، فأخذ يوسف ورقة وكتب أيضاً
54.21 رسمت سارة شمساً، ورسم يوسف شمساً أيضاً
54.22 ثم رسم قطة، ورسم أيضاً بيتاً كبيراً
54.23 سألته سارة: لماذا تفعل أنت أيضاً كل ما أفعله؟
54.24 قال يوسف: لأني أحبك، وأريد أن أتعلم أيضاً
54.25 سكتت سارة قليلاً، ثم قالت: وأنا أيضاً أحبك
54.26 علمته سارة الحروف، وعلمته أيضاً الأرقام
54.27 يوم الجمعة جاء الجد والجدة أيضاً
54.28 كتب يوسف اسمه أمامهما، وكتب أيضاً اسم أخته
54.29 فرح الجد وقال: أحسنت يا يوسف، وأحسنتِ أنتِ أيضاً يا سارة
54.30 ومنذ ذلك اليوم، كلما قرأت سارة كتاباً، قرأ يوسف كتاباً أيضاً
- "Me too" and "you too." The story turns on وأنا أيضاً (54.18, 54.25). When the addition is a person, Arabic names the person with a pronoun and puts أيضاً after it: ستذهب أنت أيضاً (54.19), لماذا تفعل أنت أيضاً (54.23), وأحسنتِ أنتِ أيضاً (54.29). The pronoun is not needed for the verb, which already shows the person; it is there to carry the "too." - Two places for the object. Compare ورسم يوسف شمساً أيضاً (54.21), with أيضاً at the end, and ورسم أيضاً بيتاً كبيراً (54.22), with أيضاً between verb and object. Both are good Arabic. The second puts more weight on the new thing that is added. - أيضاً with a verb alone. In 54.20 وكتب أيضاً, "and he wrote too," there is no object: the addition is the action itself. - Masculine and feminine "you." Yusuf says أحبكِ (uḥibbuki, 54.24) to his sister; she answers أحبكَ (uḥibbuka, 54.25). The grandfather says أحسنتَ (aḥsanta) to Yusuf and أحسنتِ أنتِ (aḥsanti anti) to Sara (54.29). Unvowelled, each pair looks the same; context tells you which. - Two objects. علّم (ʿallama), "to teach," a Form II verb like فكّر in Lesson 53, takes two objects: the person taught and the thing taught: علّمته الحروف (ʿallamathu al-ḥurūf), "she taught him the letters" (54.26). - كلما + past… past. In 54.30, as in 53.14, كلما ("whenever") is followed by two past-tense verbs, but the meaning is a habit: "whenever she read, he read." - يوم الجمعة. Time words stand in the accusative without a preposition: يومَ الجمعة (yawma al-jumʿa), "on Friday" (54.27).
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- IPA: /ˈʔaj.dˤan/; at a pause /ˈʔaj.dˤaː/ - أ (hamza on alif) = /ʔ/, the glottal stop, as in the catch in English "uh-oh." - ـيْـ (yāʾ with sukūn) = /j/ closing the first syllable: ay, rhyming with English "eye." - ض (ḍād) = /dˤ/, an emphatic d. Say d with the back of the tongue raised towards the soft palate. It darkens the vowel after it: the a of ayḍan sounds more like the u of English "but" than the a of "cat." - ـاً (tanwīn fatḥ) = /an/. The alif is written but not pronounced as a long vowel in connected speech. - Stress: AY-dan, on the first syllable.
- ض /dˤ/ in أيضاً vs د /d/ in يدرس: the emphatic is "darker" and fuller. - ض /dˤ/ vs ظ /ðˤ/ in نظن (54.15): ḍ is a stop, ẓ a "th" sound. Many speakers merge them; learners should keep them apart. - أَيْ (ay, "that is") vs أَيّ (ayy, "which?"): the second has a doubled y.
- ع (ʿayn) /ʕ/ in تعال, العربية, علمته, الجمعة: the voiced constriction in the throat. Written ' in the respellings. - ح (ḥāʾ) /ħ/ in أحب, الحر, حقيبتها, أحسنت: the whispered h from the throat. - خ (khāʾ) /x/ in أخي, خبزاً, تاريخها: the rough sound of Scottish loch. - ق (qāf) /q/ in القاهرة, القهوة, قطة, ورقة: a k made at the uvula. - The emphatics ص ط ض ظ in الصحف, طبيب, ضحكت, نظن: tongue raised at the back, darkening the vowels.
Before sun letters the l of the article assimilates: الشاي → ash-shāy, الصحف → aṣ-ṣuḥuf, الصباح → aṣ-ṣabāḥ. After و and فـ a word-initial hamzat al-waṣl drops out: واشترت → wa-shtarat, فاقرأ → fa-qraʾ.
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