English: know (verb) → Bemba: ukuishiba (infinitive)
The Bemba verb ukuishiba means “to know” in the sense of having knowledge or being acquainted with something. This is a fundamental cognitive verb in iciBemba, one of Zambia’s seven recognized regional languages spoken by over 3.7 million people primarily in the northern and Copperbelt regions.
In Bemba, all verb infinitives are formed with the prefix uku- followed by the verb root ending in -a. For “to know,” the infinitive is ukuishiba, where: -
uku- = infinitive marker -
-shib- = verb root meaning “know” -
-a = verb ending
Like all Bemba verbs, ukuishiba is agglutinative, meaning prefixes are added to indicate subject (person/number/noun class), tense, aspect, mood, and whether the verb is affirmative or negative. The verb changes its form based on the noun class of its subject, making agreement patterns essential to master.
Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
FAQ: What does “ukuishiba” mean in Bemba? Ukuishiba is the infinitive form of the verb “to know” in Bemba, meaning to have knowledge of something, to be acquainted with, or to understand. The root -shib- combines with various subject and tense prefixes to express knowing in different contexts.
This lesson will explore how ukuishiba functions across the 18 noun classes of Bemba, demonstrating its conjugation patterns in present, past, and future tenses, and showing how it appears in everyday conversational contexts.
-
ukuishiba (oo-koo-ee-SHEE-bah) = infinitive “to know” -
Verb root: -shiba -
Conjugates with subject prefixes based on noun class agreement -
Common forms: nishiba (I know), ulishiba (you know), baishiba (they know) -
Used for knowledge, acquaintance, and understanding
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Bemba uses a Latin-based orthographic system that is largely phonetic. Key pronunciation notes: -
ukuishiba [ʊ.kʊ.iː.ʃi.ba] = oo-koo-ee-SHEE-bah -
sh = [ʃ] as in English “shoe” -
i = [i] as in “machine” (but doubled ii is longer) -
u = [ʊ] as in “put” -
a = [a] as in “father” -
b after vowels = [β] (voiced bilabial fricative, between “b” and “w”)
All syllables in Bemba are open (ending in a vowel), so every sound is clear and distinct.
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46.1a Nishiba ukutila iciBemba calianguka 46.1b Nishiba (ni-shib-a) I-know ukutila (uku-til-a) that iciBemba (ici-Bemba) Bemba-CLASS7 calianguka (ca-li-anguk-a) it-is-easy
46.2a Ulishiba ishina lyakwa 46.2b Ulishiba (u-li-shib-a) you-know ishina (i-shin-a) name lyakwa (lya-kwa) my
46.3a Baishiba ululimi lwa abaBemba 46.3b Baishiba (ba-i-shib-a) they-know ululimi (ulu-limi) language lwa (lwa) of abaBemba (aba-Bemba) Bemba-people-CLASS2
46.4a Nshishiba ukuya ku sukulu 46.4b Nshishiba (n-shi-shib-a) I-NEG-know ukuya (uku-ya) to-go ku (ku) to sukulu (sukulu) school
46.5a Aishiba ifyakudya ifingi 46.5b Aishiba (a-i-shib-a) he/she-knows ifyakudya (ifya-ku-dy-a) foods ifingi (i-fingi) many
46.6a Twaishiba abantu bonse muno 46.6b Twaishiba (twa-i-shib-a) we-know abantu (aba-ntu) people bonse (bonse) all muno (muno) here
46.7a Ukuishiba icisungu kuli cakubomfya 46.7b Ukuishiba (uku-i-shib-a) to-know icisungu (ici-sungu) English kuli (ku-li) is cakubomfya (ca-ku-bomf-ya) important
46.8a Balishiba ukupika ifisabo 46.8b Balishiba (ba-li-shib-a) they-know ukupika (uku-pik-a) to-cook ifisabo (ifi-sabo) nsima
46.9a Twishiba ukutemba Lesa 46.9b Twishiba (twi-shib-a) we-know ukutemba (uku-temb-a) to-love Lesa (Lesa) God
46.10a Nga baishiba ululimi mulanda 46.10b Nga (nga) when baishiba (ba-i-shib-a) they-know ululimi (ulu-limi) language mulanda (mu-land-a) your-PL
46.11a Icimuti icinene citishiba ukupona 46.11b Icimuti (ici-muti) tree icinene (ici-nene) big citishiba (ci-ti-shib-a) it-NEG-know ukupona (uku-pon-a) to-fall
46.12a Bashishiba ukusambilila iciBemba bwino 46.12b Bashishiba (ba-shi-shib-a) they-NEG-know ukusambilila (uku-sambilil-a) to-learn iciBemba (ici-Bemba) Bemba bwino (bwino) well
46.13a Nalishiba umukashana uyo 46.13b Nalishiba (na-li-shib-a) I-PAST-know umukashana (umu-kashana) girl uyo (uyo) that
46.14a Twishibane fye 46.14b Twishibane (twi-shib-an-e) we-know-RECIP-SUBJ fye (fye) just
46.15a Ukuishiba kuli ukufundisha 46.15b Ukuishiba (uku-i-shib-a) to-know kuli (ku-li) is ukufundisha (uku-fundish-a) to-teach
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46.1 Nishiba ukutila iciBemba calianguka “I know that Bemba is easy”
46.2 Ulishiba ishina lyakwa “You know my name”
46.3 Baishiba ululimi lwa abaBemba “They know the language of the Bemba people”
46.4 Nshishiba ukuya ku sukulu “I don’t know how to go to school”
46.5 Aishiba ifyakudya ifingi “He/She knows many foods”
46.6 Twaishiba abantu bonse muno “We know all the people here”
46.7 Ukuishiba icisungu kuli cakubomfya “Knowing English is important”
46.8 Balishiba ukupika ifisabo “They know how to cook nsima”
46.9 Twishiba ukutemba Lesa “We know how to love God”
46.10 Nga baishiba ululimi mulanda “When they know your language”
46.11 Icimuti icinene citishiba ukupona “The big tree doesn’t know how to fall”
46.12 Bashishiba ukusambilila iciBemba bwino “They don’t know how to learn Bemba well”
46.13 Nalishiba umukashana uyo “I knew that girl”
46.14 Twishibane fye “We just know each other”
46.15 Ukuishiba kuli ukufundisha “To know is to teach”
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46.1 Nishiba ukutila iciBemba calianguka
46.2 Ulishiba ishina lyakwa
46.3 Baishiba ululimi lwa abaBemba
46.4 Nshishiba ukuya ku sukulu
46.5 Aishiba ifyakudya ifingi
46.6 Twaishiba abantu bonse muno
46.7 Ukuishiba icisungu kuli cakubomfya
46.8 Balishiba ukupika ifisabo
46.9 Twishiba ukutemba Lesa
46.10 Nga baishiba ululimi mulanda
46.11 Icimuti icinene citishiba ukupona
46.12 Bashishiba ukusambilila iciBemba bwino
46.13 Nalishiba umukashana uyo
46.14 Twishibane fye
46.15 Ukuishiba kuli ukufundisha
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These are the grammar rules for ukuishiba in Bemba:
Bemba is an agglutinative Bantu language where verbs are built by adding prefixes and suffixes to a root. The verb ukuishiba follows this pattern:
Infinitive Formation: -
uku- (infinitive prefix) + -shiba (root) = ukuishiba (to know) -
All Bemba infinitives begin with uku- and end in -a
Conjugation Pattern: The verb conjugates by replacing uku- with subject prefixes that indicate person, number, and noun class:
Personal Subject Prefixes (Present Tense): -
1st person singular: ni- → nishiba (I know) -
2nd person singular: uli- → ulishiba (you know) -
3rd person singular (Class 1): a- + -i- → aishiba (he/she knows) -
1st person plural: twa- + -i- → twaishiba (we know) -
2nd person plural: muli- → mulishiba (you all know) -
3rd person plural (Class 2): ba- + -i- → baishiba (they know)
Tense Markers: -
Present continuous: -li- → nalishiba (I am knowing/I know) -
Past: -li- (+ past context) → nalishiba (I knew) -
Future: -lee- → nleeshiba (I will know)
Negation: Negative forms add -shi- after the subject prefix and use ta- prefix: -
nshishiba (I don’t know) -
tashishiba (he/she doesn’t know) -
bashishiba (they don’t know)
Bemba has 18 noun classes. When a noun is the subject, the verb takes the concord prefix of that class:
Example with Class 7 (ici-): -
Icimuti citishiba - “The tree doesn’t know” (ci- = Class 7 concord)
Example with Class 11 (ulu-): -
Ululimi luishiba - “The language knows” (lu- = Class 11 concord, hypothetical)
The reciprocal suffix -an- indicates mutual action: -
twishibane - “we know each other” -
Root becomes: -shib-an- + subjunctive -e
With ukutila (that/in order to): -
Nishiba ukutila... - “I know that...”
With infinitives (to know how to): -
Balishiba ukupika - “They know how to cook” -
Ukuishiba takes another infinitive to mean “know how to [do something]”
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Forgetting the infinitive marker: English says “I know cook” but Bemba requires ukupika (to cook) -
Wrong noun class concords: Must match verb prefix to noun class -
Omitting tense/aspect markers: The -i- in baishiba is essential -
Confusion with negation: Double marking with both ta- and -shi- in some dialects
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Usage and Cultural Significance
The verb ukuishiba carries significant cultural weight in Bemba society. Knowledge, particularly of language and customs, is highly valued among the Bemba people (abaBemba) who primarily inhabit Zambia’s Northern, Luapula, Muchinga, Central, and Copperbelt provinces.
Formal vs. Informal Contexts:
Bemba is used across all registers, from intimate family conversations to formal educational and governmental settings. The verb ukuishiba appears frequently in: -
Educational contexts: Teaching and learning discussions -
Social greetings: Asking if someone knows another person -
Religious contexts: Knowing God (Lesa) or scripture -
Daily life: Knowing how to do practical tasks
Regional Variations:
While Bemba has several dialects (including Chishinga, Lala, Ng’umbo, and others), the verb ukuishiba remains consistent across regions. Minor pronunciation variations may occur, but the root -shiba is universally recognized.
Idiomatic Expressions: -
Ukuishiba kuli ukufundisha - “To know is to teach” (knowledge carries responsibility) -
Twishibane - “We know each other” (familiarity, friendship) -
Nshishiba - “I don’t know” (common disclaimer, also shows humility)
Cultural Notes:
Among the Bemba, claiming nishiba (I know) carries an implicit responsibility. Knowledge is not merely personal possession but communal resource. Elders who baishiba (know) traditions have special status and teaching obligations.
The Bemba value multilingualism highly. Most Bemba speakers also know English and often other Zambian languages (Nyanja, Tonga, etc.). The phrase “ukuishiba ululimi” (to know a language) reflects the cultural premium placed on linguistic competence.
Contemporary Usage:
Bemba thrives in urban areas like Ndola, Kitwe, and Lusaka, where it serves as a lingua franca. In Lusaka, the capital, Bemba competes with Nyanja but remains strong in working-class and Copperbelt migrant communities.
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F-A: Interlinear Analysis
Nga (nga) when aishiba (a-i-shib-a) he/she-knows icitundu (ici-tundu) language cimbi (cimbi) another iciBemba (ici-Bemba) Bemba calianguka (ca-li-anguk-a) it-is-easy
F-B: Natural Text with Translation
Nga aishiba icitundu cimbi iciBemba calianguka “Even if someone knows another language, iciBemba is easier”
F-C: Original Bemba Text
Nga aishiba icitundu cimbi iciBemba calianguka
F-D: Vocabulary and Grammar Notes
This sentence comes from authentic Bemba speaker testimony recorded for the Bemba Online Project at Emory University. The speaker, Maidstone Mulenga, reflects on the Bemba language’s characteristics.
Vocabulary: -
nga - when, if (conjunction) -
aishiba - he/she knows (3rd person singular, present tense) -
icitundu - language, tongue (Class 7 noun) -
cimbi - other, another (Class 7 adjective) -
iciBemba - Bemba language (proper noun with Class 7 prefix) -
calianguka - it is easy (Class 7 subject + li + verb root)
Grammar: The conditional nga introduces a concessive clause. The verb aishiba takes the standard 3rd person prefix with tense marker. Calianguka shows Class 7 agreement with iciBemba.
F-E: Literary and Cultural Commentary
This quotation exemplifies how Bemba speakers discuss their language with pride and affection. The Bemba Online Project, developed by linguist Debra Spitulnik Vidali and Bemba scholar Mubanga Kashoki, documents authentic Bemba speech and cultural perspectives.
The speaker’s reflection reveals cultural attitudes: even proficient multilingual speakers find iciBemba uniquely calianguka (easy, pleasant). This reflects the Bemba cultural value of linguistic accessibility and the pleasure Bemba people take in their language’s phonetic beauty and structural elegance.
Source: Mulenga, Maidstone and Debra Spitulnik Vidali (2014). “A Bemba Speaker Reflects on His Language.” Bemba Online Project, Emory University.
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Part A: Interlinear Construed Text
46.16a Muliposha. Ishina lyandi ni Musonda 46.16b Muliposha (muli-posh-a) you-PL-greet. Ishina (i-shin-a) name lyandi (lya-ndi) my ni (ni) is Musonda (Musonda) Musonda
46.17a Naliposha nayo. Ndi Chanda. Ulishiba ukutemba iciBemba? 46.17b Naliposha (na-li-posh-a) I-greet nayo (nayo) also. Ndi (ndi) I-am Chanda (Chanda) Chanda. Ulishiba (u-li-shib-a) you-know ukutemba (uku-temb-a) to-speak iciBemba (ici-Bemba) Bemba?
46.18a Ee, nishiba ukutemba pang’ono fye 46.18b Ee (ee) yes, nishiba (ni-shib-a) I-know ukutemba (uku-temb-a) to-speak pang’ono (pang’ono) a-little fye (fye) just
46.19a Bwino! Uliishiba bwanji? 46.19b Bwino (bwino) good! Uliishiba (u-li-i-shib-a) you-know bwanji (bwanji) how?
46.20a Nalisambilila ku sukulu. Balishiba ukufundisha bwino 46.20b Nalisambilila (na-li-sambilil-a) I-PAST-learn ku (ku) at sukulu (sukulu) school. Balishiba (ba-li-shib-a) they-know ukufundisha (uku-fundish-a) to-teach bwino (bwino) well
46.21a Ulishiba ukupika ifyakudya fya iciBemba? 46.21b Ulishiba (u-li-shib-a) you-know ukupika (uku-pik-a) to-cook ifyakudya (ifya-ku-dy-a) foods fya (fya) of iciBemba (ici-Bemba) Bemba?
46.22a Awe, nshishiba. Kuti ulimfundishe? 46.22b Awe (awe) no, nshishiba (n-shi-shib-a) I-NEG-know. Kuti (kuti) so-that ulimfundishe (u-li-m-fundish-e) you-me-teach-SUBJ?
46.23a Nishiba ukupika ifisabo. Tukapike pamo 46.23b Nishiba (ni-shib-a) I-know ukupika (uku-pik-a) to-cook ifisabo (ifi-sabo) nsima. Tukapike (tu-ka-pik-e) we-FUT-cook-SUBJ pamo (pamo) together
46.24a Bushe ulishiba ukuya ku calo candi? 46.24b Bushe (bushe) question-marker ulishiba (u-li-shib-a) you-know ukuya (uku-ya) to-go ku (ku) to calo (calo) home candi (ca-ndi) my?
46.25a Nshishiba. Uya weka nomba tuye pamo 46.25b Nshishiba (n-shi-shib-a) I-NEG-know. Uya (uya) come weka (weka) first nomba (nomba) or tuye (tu-ye) we-go-SUBJ pamo (pamo) together
46.26a Twaishiba bonse ukuti umulimo wandi uliiti 46.26b Twaishiba (twa-i-shib-a) we-know bonse (bonse) all ukuti (ukuti) that umulimo (umu-limo) work wandi (wa-ndi) my uliiti (u-li-iti) what-it-is
46.27a Baishiba abantu muno bonse 46.27b Baishiba (ba-i-shib-a) they-know abantu (aba-ntu) people muno (muno) here bonse (bonse) all
46.28a Twishibane mayo, nomba? 46.28b Twishibane (twi-shib-an-e) we-know-RECIP-SUBJ mayo (mayo) mother, nomba (nomba) or?
46.29a Awe, nshitwaishiba. Lelo ninshi twishiba 46.29b Awe (awe) no, nshitwaishiba (nshi-twa-i-shib-a) NEG-we-know. Lelo (lelo) but ninshi (ninshi) now twishiba (twi-shib-a) we-know
46.30a Ukuishiba abantu abashili kuli cakusuma 46.30b Ukuishiba (uku-i-shib-a) to-know abantu (aba-ntu) people abashili (aba-shili) new kuli (ku-li) is cakusuma (ca-ku-sum-a) pleasant
Part B: Natural Sentences
46.16 Muliposha. Ishina lyandi ni Musonda “Greetings to you. My name is Musonda”
46.17 Naliposha nayo. Ndi Chanda. Ulishiba ukutemba iciBemba? “Greetings to you too. I’m Chanda. Do you know how to speak Bemba?”
46.18 Ee, nishiba ukutemba pang’ono fye “Yes, I know how to speak a little bit”
46.19 Bwino! Uliishiba bwanji? “Good! How did you learn it?”
46.20 Nalisambilila ku sukulu. Balishiba ukufundisha bwino “I learned at school. They know how to teach well”
46.21 Ulishiba ukupika ifyakudya fya iciBemba? “Do you know how to cook Bemba food?”
46.22 Awe, nshishiba. Kuti ulimfundishe? “No, I don’t know. Can you teach me?”
46.23 Nishiba ukupika ifisabo. Tukapike pamo “I know how to cook nsima. Let’s cook together”
46.24 Bushe ulishiba ukuya ku calo candi? “Do you know how to get to my home?”
46.25 Nshishiba. Uya weka nomba tuye pamo “I don’t know. Come first or let’s go together”
46.26 Twaishiba bonse ukuti umulimo wandi uliiti “We all know what my work is”
46.27 Baishiba abantu muno bonse “They know all the people here”
46.28 Twishibane mayo, nomba? “Do we know each other, mother?”
46.29 Awe, nshitwaishiba. Lelo ninshi twishiba “No, we didn’t know each other. But now we know”
46.30 Ukuishiba abantu abashili kuli cakusuma “Knowing new people is pleasant”
Part C: Bemba Text Only
46.16 Muliposha. Ishina lyandi ni Musonda
46.17 Naliposha nayo. Ndi Chanda. Ulishiba ukutemba iciBemba?
46.18 Ee, nishiba ukutemba pang’ono fye
46.19 Bwino! Uliishiba bwanji?
46.20 Nalisambilila ku sukulu. Balishiba ukufundisha bwino
46.21 Ulishiba ukupika ifyakudya fya iciBemba?
46.22 Awe, nshishiba. Kuti ulimfundishe?
46.23 Nishiba ukupika ifisabo. Tukapike pamo
46.24 Bushe ulishiba ukuya ku calo candi?
46.25 Nshishiba. Uya weka nomba tuye pamo
46.26 Twaishiba bonse ukuti umulimo wandi uliiti
46.27 Baishiba abantu muno bonse
46.28 Twishibane mayo, nomba?
46.29 Awe, nshitwaishiba. Lelo ninshi twishiba
46.30 Ukuishiba abantu abashili kuli cakusuma
Part D: Grammar Notes for Genre Section
This dialogue demonstrates typical conversational patterns when meeting someone new in Bemba-speaking contexts. Key grammar features: -
Greeting formula: Muliposha (plural polite form) and Naliposha nayo (reciprocal greeting) -
Question formation: Bushe serves as a question particle; bwanji means “how” -
Subjunctive mood: tukapike (let’s cook), tuye (let’s go), ulimfundishe (teach me) - formed with subjunctive endings -
Polite requests: Using subjunctive with kuti (so that) softens requests -
Reciprocal construction: twishibane (we know each other) shows relationship formation -
Negation patterns: Both awe (no) and nshi- prefix mark negation clearly
The dialogue progresses from formal introduction through information exchange to relationship building, reflecting Bemba social protocols where establishing mutual knowledge (ukuishiba) is essential to social bonds.
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Bemba Orthography: Bemba uses a Latin-based alphabet developed by Edward Steere that is largely phonetic. Modern Bemba increasingly uses ‘c’ instead of ‘ch’ for the [ʧ] sound.
Special Characters and Sounds: -
The bilabial fricative [β]: Written as ‘b’ but pronounced between [b] and [w] after vowels -
Example: abaBemba [a.βa.βɛm.ba] -
The alveolar lateral flap: Written as ‘l’, different from English [l] -
Example: ulishiba [ʊ.li.ʃi.ba] -
Palatal nasal [ɲ]: Written as ‘ny’ -
Similar to Spanish ‘ñ’ -
Alveopalatal fricative [ʃ]: Written as ‘sh’ -
ukuishiba contains this sound twice
Vowel Combinations: -
aa → long [aː] -
ai → [ε] -
au → [ɔ]
Tone: Bemba is a tonal language, though tone is not typically marked in standard orthography. High tones can distinguish words: -
úlupwá (eggplant) vs ulúpwá (family)
However, context usually clarifies meaning, and learners can communicate effectively without mastering tone initially.
Syllable Structure: All Bemba syllables are open (CV, V, NCV, or NCGV patterns). This creates the language’s characteristic flowing quality.
Stress Patterns: Stress typically falls on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable: -
ukuiSHIba (stress on -shi-) -
baISHiba (stress on -shi-)
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The Latinum Institute Approach to Modern Languages
This Bemba course follows the Latinum Institute’s proven methodology for language acquisition, adapted for Bantu languages. Since 2006, the Latinum Institute has developed comprehensive courses for languages ranging from Classical Latin to modern vernaculars.
The Bemba lessons use a frequency-based vocabulary approach, teaching the most commonly used words first. Lesson 46 focuses on ukuishiba (to know), a fundamental cognitive verb ranked by its importance in everyday Bemba communication.
Methodology: -
Interlinear construed reading: See word-by-word breakdowns with grammatical analysis -
Natural sentence progression: Build from simple to complex authentic usage -
Cultural contextualization: Understand not just words but social contexts -
Authentic sources: Learn from real Bemba speakers and literature
Bemba Language Resources:
The Latinum Institute acknowledges the scholarly work of: -
The Bemba Online Project (Emory University) -
Debra Spitulnik Vidali and Mubanga Kashoki -
Peace Corps Bemba language training materials -
Bemba literary tradition (Stephen Mpashi, Paul Mushindo, and others)
Course Structure:
This course systematically builds Bemba competency through 1000 core vocabulary items, presented in frequency order. Each lesson includes: -
Complete grammatical analysis -
Pronunciation guidance -
Cultural context -
Authentic literary examples -
Practical conversational applications
Further Learning:
For comprehensive Bemba instruction, visit: -
Latinum Institute: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index -
Course reviews: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk
Note on Practical Communication:
While this lesson provides grammatical detail, Bemba is best learned through practice with native speakers. The Bemba-speaking community in Zambia is welcoming to language learners. Many Zambians speak multiple languages and appreciate efforts to learn iciBemba, viewing it as respect for Bemba culture and identity.
The verb ukuishiba will serve you well - knowing how to say “I know” and “I don’t know” (nishiba / nshishiba) is essential for honest communication and continued learning.
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