Link to Course Index:
https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
Welcome to Lesson 50 of our Bemba language course! In this lesson, we explore ukucila, the essential comparative marker in Bemba that functions similarly to “than” or “more than” in English.
What does ukucila mean in Bemba?
Ukucila is used to make comparisons, indicating that one thing exceeds another in some quality or quantity. It connects the thing being compared with the standard of comparison. For example, “walicindama ukucila bonse” means “you are more important than everyone.”
Understanding ukucila is crucial for expressing preferences, making comparisons, and describing relative qualities in Bemba—a Bantu language spoken by approximately 3.8-5 million people primarily in northeastern Zambia and parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Bemba (also known as ChiBemba, IciBemba, or Chiwemba) is one of Zambia’s eight official languages and serves as an important lingua franca in the Copperbelt, Northern, and Luapula provinces. As a Bantu language, Bemba features: -
Agglutinative structure: Words are built by adding prefixes and suffixes -
Noun class system: Nouns are organized into semantic classes with corresponding prefixes -
Tonal system: Two tones (high and low) with limited impact on meaning -
SVO word order: Subject-Verb-Object, similar to English -
Roman alphabet: Standardized orthography using Latin script
The language has a rich literary tradition with notable authors including Stephen Mpashi, Paul Mushindo, and Chongo Kasonkomona.
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ukucila functions as “than” or “more than” in comparative constructions -
Pattern: [adjective/verb] + ukucila + [standard of comparison] -
Common expression: ukucila bonse = “more than all/everyone” -
Used to express superiority, preference, and relative degree -
Essential for making comparisons in everyday Bemba conversation
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ukucila [u.ku.t͡ʃi.la] -
u = [u] as in “boot” -
ku = [ku] as in “cool” -
ci = [t͡ʃi] as in “cheese” -
la = [la] as in “lah”
Note: The “c” in Bemba is pronounced as “ch” in English. Some modern texts use “ch” instead of “c” for clarity.
Common words used with ukucila: -
bonse [bon.se] = “all, everyone” -
nomba [nom.ba] = “now” -
ine [i.ne] = “me” -
iwe [i.we] = “you”
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50.1a Walicindama ukucila ine 50.1b Wa-li-cindama (wa.li.t͡ʃin.da.ma) you-are-important ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ine (i.ne) me
50.2a Uyu mwana ukula ukucila uula 50.2b Uyu (u.ju) this mwana (mwa.na) child ukula (u.ku.la) grows ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than uula (u.u.la) that-one
50.3a Nalikutemwa ukucila bonse 50.3b Na-li-ku-temwa (na.li.ku.tem.wa) I-love-you ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than bonse (bon.se) all
50.4a Ifi fyakulya fyakoma ukucila ifyo 50.4b Ifi (i.fi) this fyakulya (fja.ku.lja) food fya-koma (fja.ko.ma) is-good ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ifyo (i.fjo) that
50.5a Umutima wandi ukula ukucila uwa bafyashi 50.5b Umutima (u.mu.ti.ma) heart wandi (wan.di) my ukula (u.ku.la) grows ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than uwa (u.wa) of bafyashi (ba.fja.ʃi) parents
50.6a Abo bantu balingana ukucila aba 50.6b Abo (a.bo) those bantu (ban.tu) people ba-lingana (ba.lin.ga.na) are-equal ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than aba (a.ba) these
50.7a Ukucilapo pali nomba ndefwaya ukuya 50.7b Uku-cila-po (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la.po) more-than pali (pa.li) from nomba (nom.ba) now nde-fwaya (nde.fwa.ja) I-want ukuya (u.ku.ja) to-go
50.8a Iyi ndalama shikulu ukucila shiyo 50.8b Iyi (i.ji) this ndalama (nda.la.ma) money shi-kulu (ʃi.ku.lu) is-big ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than shiyo (ʃi.jo) that
50.9a Balibomba ukucila ifyo nalitontonkanye 50.9b Ba-li-bomba (ba.li.bom.ba) they-are-working ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ifyo (i.fjo) what na-li-tontonkanye (na.li.ton.ton.ka.nje) I-thought
50.10a Umwana uyu alingana ukucila bonse abana 50.10b Umwana (u.mwa.na) child uyu (u.ju) this a-lingana (a.lin.ga.na) is-equal ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than bonse (bon.se) all abana (a.ba.na) children
50.11a Indalama shandi shikulu ukucila shenu 50.11b Indalama (in.da.la.ma) money shandi (ʃan.di) my shi-kulu (ʃi.ku.lu) is-big ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than shenu (ʃe.nu) yours
50.12a Twaikala bwino ukucila pa nshiku shakuntanshi 50.12b Twa-ikala (twa.i.ka.la) we-lived bwino (bwi.no) well ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than pa (pa) on nshiku (nʃi.ku) day sha-kuntanshi (ʃa.kun.tan.ʃi) of-past
50.13a Iyi mpanga yaikala ukucila iiyo 50.13b Iyi (i.ji) this mpanga (mpaŋ.ga) village ya-ikala (ja.i.ka.la) lived ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than iiyo (i.i.jo) that-one
50.14a Walitemwa ukucila abene benu bonse 50.14b Wa-li-temwa (wa.li.tem.wa) you-are-loved ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than abene (a.be.ne) friends benu (be.nu) your bonse (bon.se) all
50.15a Ukukandwa ukucila fintu akandilwe 50.15b Uku-kandwa (u.ku.kan.dwa) punishment ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than fintu (fin.tu) things a-kandi-lwe (a.kan.di.lwe) he-was-given
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50.1 Walicindama ukucila ine “You are more important than me”
50.2 Uyu mwana ukula ukucila uula “This child grows more than that one”
50.3 Nalikutemwa ukucila bonse “I love you more than everyone”
50.4 Ifi fyakulya fyakoma ukucila ifyo “This food is better than that”
50.5 Umutima wandi ukula ukucila uwa bafyashi “My heart grows more than that of parents”
50.6 Abo bantu balingana ukucila aba “Those people are more equal than these”
50.7 Ukucilapo pali nomba ndefwaya ukuya “More than now, I want to go”
50.8 Iyi ndalama shikulu ukucila shiyo “This money is bigger than that”
50.9 Balibomba ukucila ifyo nalitontonkanye “They are working more than I thought”
50.10 Umwana uyu alingana ukucila bonse abana “This child is equal to more than all children”
50.11 Indalama shandi shikulu ukucila shenu “My money is bigger than yours”
50.12 Twaikala bwino ukucila pa nshiku shakuntanshi “We lived better than in the past days”
50.13 Iyi mpanga yaikala ukucila iiyo “This village lived more than that one”
50.14 Walitemwa ukucila abene benu bonse “You are loved more than all your friends”
50.15 Ukukandwa ukucila fintu akandilwe “Punishment exceeding what he was given”
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50.1 Walicindama ukucila ine
50.2 Uyu mwana ukula ukucila uula
50.3 Nalikutemwa ukucila bonse
50.4 Ifi fyakulya fyakoma ukucila ifyo
50.5 Umutima wandi ukula ukucila uwa bafyashi
50.6 Abo bantu balingana ukucila aba
50.7 Ukucilapo pali nomba ndefwaya ukuya
50.8 Iyi ndalama shikulu ukucila shiyo
50.9 Balibomba ukucila ifyo nalitontonkanye
50.10 Umwana uyu alingana ukucila bonse abana
50.11 Indalama shandi shikulu ukucila shenu
50.12 Twaikala bwino ukucila pa nshiku shakuntanshi
50.13 Iyi mpanga yaikala ukucila iiyo
50.14 Walitemwa ukucila abene benu bonse
50.15 Ukukandwa ukucila fintu akandilwe
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Grammar Rules for ukucila in Bemba:
In Bemba, comparisons are formed using ukucila placed between the compared element and the standard of comparison:
Pattern: [Subject] + [Verb/Adjective] + ukucila + [Standard of comparison]
Example: -
Walicindama ukucila ine = “You are more important than me” -
Walicindama (you are important) + ukucila (than) + ine (me)
Unlike English where “than” often appears mid-sentence, ukucila in Bemba consistently follows the quality being compared: -
English: “She is taller than him” -
Bemba: Atali ukucila iwe (She-tall than you)
ukucila bonse = “more than all/everyone” (superlative meaning) -
Walicindama ukucila bonse mu mweo wandi = “You are the most important person in my life” (literally: “You are important more than all in life my”)
ukucilapo = “more than” (with intensifying suffix -po) -
Ukucilapo pali nomba = “More than now”
Bemba verbs and adjectives must agree with the noun class of the subject. Notice the prefixes: -
Umwana (Class 1, child) → alingana (he/she is equal) -
Ifi fyakulya (Class 8, food) → fyakoma (it is good) -
Iyi ndalama (Class 9, money) → shikulu (it is big)
Comparisons can be made in any tense by modifying the verb: -
Present: Walicindama ukucila ine (You are more important than me) -
Past: Walicindamina ukucila ine (You were more important than me) -
Future: Ukaсindama ukucila ine (You will be more important than me)
Mistake: Placing ukucila before the adjective -
❌ Ukucila walicindama ine -
✓ Walicindama ukucila ine
Mistake: Omitting noun class agreement -
❌ Umwana lingana ukucila bonse -
✓ Umwana alingana ukucila bonse (must include class prefix “a-”)
Mistake: Using wrong demonstrative agreement -
❌ Uyu mwana ukula ukucila ifi -
✓ Uyu mwana ukula ukucila uula (demonstrative must agree with noun class)
Adding -po to ukucila creates ukucilapo, which intensifies the comparison: -
Ukucila = “than, more than” -
Ukucilapo = “even more than, far more than”
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Comparisons using ukucila are fundamental in Bemba conversation, appearing in: -
Expressions of affection: “Nalikutemwa ukucila bonse” (I love you more than everyone) -
Market negotiations: Comparing prices and quality of goods -
Family relationships: Discussing preferences and priorities -
Proverbs and wisdom: Many Bemba proverbs use comparative structures
Bemba is spoken across several provinces in Zambia with slight dialectal variations: -
Northern Province: More conservative usage, preserving traditional forms -
Copperbelt: Urban variety with some English and Nyanja influence (sometimes called “Town Bemba”) -
Luapula Province: Related to but distinct from Copperbelt variety -
DRC border areas: Cross-border influences
The word ukucila remains consistent across all major dialects, though pronunciation may vary slightly.
Ukucila is used in both formal and informal contexts: -
Formal: Written Bemba, religious texts, official documents -
Informal: Daily conversation, family settings, market interactions
There is no formal/informal distinction for this word itself—the formality comes from the overall sentence structure and vocabulary choices.
Bemba literature, including works by authors like Stephen Mpashi and Paul Mushindo, frequently employs comparative constructions. The ability to make nuanced comparisons is essential for: -
Poetry: Expressing emotional intensity -
Proverbs: Teaching moral lessons through comparison -
Narratives: Developing character relationships and conflicts
The standardization of Bemba orthography in the 1970s (under the guidance of linguists including Mubanga Kashoki) established consistent spelling for words like ukucila. Earlier texts might show variations like “ukuchila” or “ukucila,” but modern standard Bemba consistently uses “ukucila.”
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From contemporary Bemba usage (Glosbe parallel corpus):
F.1a Walicindama ukucila bonse mu mweo wandi F.1b Wa-li-cindama (wa.li.t͡ʃin.da.ma) you-are-important ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than bonse (bon.se) all mu (mu) in mweo (mwe.o) life wandi (wan.di) my
F.2a Abantu basoma ukucila ifyo balisambilila F.2b Abantu (a.ban.tu) people ba-soma (ba.so.ma) read ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ifyo (i.fjo) what ba-li-sambilila (ba.li.sam.bi.li.la) they-study
F.3a Ukucila pa mwanda wa myaka ifyebo fyalipeelwa F.3a Ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than pa (pa) on mwanda (mwan.da) foundation wa (wa) of myaka (mja.ka) years ifyebo (i.fje.bo) truths fya-li-peelwa (fja.li.pe.e.lwa) were-given
F.1 Walicindama ukucila bonse mu mweo wandi “You are the most important person in my life”
F.2 Abantu basoma ukucila ifyo balisambilila “People read more than they study”
F.3 Ukucila pa mwanda wa myaka ifyebo fyalipeelwa “For over the foundation of years, truths were given”
F.1 Walicindama ukucila bonse mu mweo wandi
F.2 Abantu basoma ukucila ifyo balisambilila
F.3 Ukucila pa mwanda wa myaka ifyebo fyalipeelwa
These authentic examples demonstrate several key features of ukucila usage:
Example F.1 shows the superlative construction “ukucila bonse” (more than all), which is the standard way to express “the most” in Bemba. The literal translation is “more important than all in my life,” but the idiomatic meaning is clearly superlative.
Example F.2 illustrates how ukucila can connect two different verb forms (basoma “they read” vs. balisambilila “they study”), showing that the comparison doesn’t have to be between identical structures.
Example F.3 demonstrates ukucila used with time expressions. “Ukucila pa mwanda wa myaka” means “for more than the foundation of years” or more naturally, “for over years” or “throughout the years.” This shows how ukucila extends beyond simple adjective comparisons to temporal and abstract concepts.
All three examples come from parallel corpus translations (primarily religious texts), which are important sources for authentic Bemba usage patterns.
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50.16a Mwabombeni lelo mu calo? 50.16b Mwa-bomba-eni (mwa.bom.be.ni) you-do-how lelo (le.lo) today mu (mu) in calo (t͡ʃa.lo) market?
50.17a Twaikala bwino, lelo ndefwaya ukusuma ifintu 50.17b Twa-ikala (twa.i.ka.la) we-are bwino (bwi.no) well, lelo (le.lo) today nde-fwaya (nde.fwa.ja) I-want ukusuma (u.ku.su.ma) to-buy ifintu (i.fin.tu) things
50.18a Iyi ntanga yakoma ukucila iiyo? 50.18b Iyi (i.ji) this ntanga (ntan.ga) tomato ya-koma (ja.ko.ma) is-good ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than iiyo (i.i.jo) that-one?
50.19a Ee, ifi fyakulya fyakoma ukucila ifya pa mpelo 50.19b Ee (e.e) yes, ifi (i.fi) these fya-kulya (fja.ku.lja) food fya-koma (fja.ko.ma) are-good ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ifya (i.fja) those-of pa (pa) at mpelo (mpe.lo) end
50.20a Indalama shenu shikulu ukucila shandi 50.20b Indalama (in.da.la.ma) money shenu (ʃe.nu) your shi-kulu (ʃi.ku.lu) is-big ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than shandi (ʃan.di) my
50.21a Awe, nshisuminina ukucila ifyo mwalefwaya 50.21b Awe (a.we) no, nshi-suminina (nʃi.su.mi.ni.na) I-reduce ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ifyo (i.fjo) what mwa-le-fwaya (mwa.le.fwa.ja) you-want
50.22a Mwasumineni pa ndalama ishi? 50.22b Mwa-sumina-eni (mwa.su.mi.ne.ni) you-reduce-how pa (pa) on ndalama (nda.la.ma) money ishi (i.ʃi) this?
50.23a Nakasuminina ukucila ifintu fyonse mu calo 50.23b Na-ka-suminina (na.ka.su.mi.ni.na) I-will-reduce ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ifintu (i.fin.tu) things fyonse (fjon.se) all mu (mu) in calo (t͡ʃa.lo) market
50.24a Uyu muntu alingana ukucila bonse abashitisha 50.24b Uyu (u.ju) this muntu (mun.tu) person a-lingana (a.lin.ga.na) is-fair ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than bonse (bon.se) all aba-shitisha (a.ba.ʃi.ti.ʃa) sellers
50.25a Twende tukasume ifi ukucila ukuya kwabo 50.25b Twa-ende (twa.en.de) let-us-go tu-ka-suma (tu.ka.su.ma) we-will-buy ifi (i.fi) these ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ukuya (u.ku.ja) to-go kwabo (kwa.bo) to-theirs
50.26a Ifi fyakulya fyakwata ukucila ifya nshiku shakuntanshi 50.26b Ifi (i.fi) these fya-kulya (fja.ku.lja) food fya-kwata (fja.kwa.ta) are-better ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ifya (i.fja) those-of nshiku (nʃi.ku) day sha-kuntanshi (ʃa.kun.tan.ʃi) of-past
50.27a Mwasumineni ukucila icikalileko? 50.27b Mwa-sumina-eni (mwa.su.mi.ne.ni) you-reduce-how ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than ici-kalileko (i.t͡ʃi.ka.li.le.ko) what-remains?
50.28a Nakafwilisha ukubomfya mwine ukucila abantu bonse 50.28b Na-ka-fwilisha (na.ka.fwi.li.ʃa) I-will-cause uku-bomfya (u.ku.bom.fja) to-use mwine (mwi.ne) you ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than abantu (a.ban.tu) people bonse (bon.se) all
50.29a Natotela ukucila balya abashitisha 50.29b Na-totela (na.to.te.la) I-thank ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than balya (ba.lja) those aba-shitisha (a.ba.ʃi.ti.ʃa) sellers
50.30a Mukalenga bwino ukucila lelo 50.30b Mu-ka-lenga (mu.ka.leŋ.ga) you-will-do bwino (bwi.no) well ukucila (u.ku.t͡ʃi.la) than lelo (le.lo) today
50.16 Mwabombeni lelo mu calo? “How are you doing today in the market?”
50.17 Twaikala bwino, lelo ndefwaya ukusuma ifintu “We are well, today I want to buy things”
50.18 Iyi ntanga yakoma ukucila iiyo? “Is this tomato better than that one?”
50.19 Ee, ifi fyakulya fyakoma ukucila ifya pa mpelo “Yes, this food is better than the one at the end”
50.20 Indalama shenu shikulu ukucila shandi “Your money is bigger than mine”
50.21 Awe, nshisuminina ukucila ifyo mwalefwaya “No, I will reduce it more than what you wanted”
50.22 Mwasumineni pa ndalama ishi? “How much will you reduce on this money?”
50.23 Nakasuminina ukucila ifintu fyonse mu calo “I will reduce more than all things in the market”
50.24 Uyu muntu alingana ukucila bonse abashitisha “This person is fairer than all the sellers”
50.25 Twende tukasume ifi ukucila ukuya kwabo “Let’s go buy these rather than go to theirs”
50.26 Ifi fyakulya fyakwata ukucila ifya nshiku shakuntanshi “This food is better than that of yesterday”
50.27 Mwasumineni ukucila icikalileko? “How much more will you reduce than what remains?”
50.28 Nakafwilisha ukubomfya mwine ukucila abantu bonse “I will help you more than all people”
50.29 Natotela ukucila balya abashitisha “I thank you more than those sellers”
50.30 Mukalenga bwino ukucila lelo “You will do better than today”
50.16 Mwabombeni lelo mu calo?
50.17 Twaikala bwino, lelo ndefwaya ukusuma ifintu
50.18 Iyi ntanga yakoma ukucila iiyo?
50.19 Ee, ifi fyakulya fyakoma ukucila ifya pa mpelo
50.20 Indalama shenu shikulu ukucila shandi
50.21 Awe, nshisuminina ukucila ifyo mwalefwaya
50.22 Mwasumineni pa ndalama ishi?
50.23 Nakasuminina ukucila ifintu fyonse mu calo
50.24 Uyu muntu alingana ukucila bonse abashitisha
50.25 Twende tukasume ifi ukucila ukuya kwabo
50.26 Ifi fyakulya fyakwata ukucila ifya nshiku shakuntanshi
50.27 Mwasumineni ukucila icikalileko?
50.28 Nakafwilisha ukubomfya mwine ukucila abantu bonse
50.29 Natotela ukucila balya abashitisha
50.30 Mukalenga bwino ukucila lelo
This market dialogue demonstrates several important uses of ukucila in practical conversation:
Price Negotiation: Examples 50.20-50.23 show how ukucila is essential in bargaining, comparing prices and offers. “Nshisuminina ukucila ifyo mwalefwaya” (I will reduce more than you wanted) is a typical seller’s response.
Quality Comparison: Examples 50.18-50.19 and 50.26 demonstrate comparing quality of goods, a constant activity in African markets. The pattern “X yakoma ukucila Y” (X is better than Y) is extremely common.
Politeness and Gratitude: Example 50.29 shows how comparisons can express heightened gratitude: “Natotela ukucila balya abashitisha” (I thank you more than those sellers).
Future Intent: Examples 50.23, 50.28, and 50.30 use future tense markers (na-ka-) with ukucila to express promises or intentions that exceed current standards.
Demonstrative Agreement: Notice throughout how demonstratives agree with noun classes: -
Iyi ntanga (this tomato) vs. iiyo (that one) - Class 9 -
Ifi fyakulya (this food) vs. ifya (those of) - Class 8
Practical Vocabulary: -
calo = market -
ukusuma = to buy -
abashitisha = sellers -
ukusuminina = to reduce (price) -
ntanga = tomato -
fyakulya = food
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This Bemba language course uses the proven Latinum Institute methodology, focusing on frequency-based vocabulary acquisition. Each lesson builds systematically on the 1000 most common words in everyday communication.
Why Frequency-Based Learning?
Research shows that learning the most frequent words first allows you to: -
Understand approximately 80% of everyday conversation -
Build a practical foundation for real communication -
Progress systematically from basic to advanced structures
The Latinum Institute Approach:
Since 2006, the Latinum Institute has created online language learning materials emphasizing: -
Authentic native usage and literary citations -
Construed reading method for accelerated comprehension -
Cultural context alongside grammatical explanation -
Progressive difficulty from simple to complex structures
About Bemba:
Bemba is one of Zambia’s most widely spoken indigenous languages, with approximately 3.8-5 million speakers across Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It serves as a lingua franca in the Copperbelt, Northern, and Luapula provinces, and has a rich literary tradition spanning poetry, prose, and drama.
Course Structure:
Each lesson follows the CSV-based progression system, ensuring that every word learned corresponds to real frequency data. Lesson 50 focuses on “ukucila” (than/more than), the 50th most functionally important grammatical element for building comparative expressions in Bemba.
Links and Resources: -
Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index -
Latinum Institute: https://latinum.org.uk -
Reviews: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk
Note on Sources:
This lesson draws on verified authentic Bemba sources including: -
Glosbe Bemba-English parallel corpus -
Kitwe Online Bemba dictionary and translations -
Bemba Online Project (Emory University) -
Academic linguistic research (Givón 1969, Mann 1977, Kula 2002, Schoeffer 1907)
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