For autodidact students of Bhojpuri, the first thing to know about "and" is that it is the smallest word in the language and one of the busiest. Bhojpuri joins two things with आ (ā), a single long vowel that stands between them, exactly where English puts "and":
- दूध आ पानी (dūdh ā pānī): milk and water - रमेश आ सुरेश (rameś ā sureś): Ramesh and Suresh - ठंडा आ नीक (ṭhaṇḍā ā nīk): cold and good - हम बजार गइनी आ आम किननी (ham bajār gainī ā ām kinnī): I went to the market and bought a mango
The same word joins nouns, adjectives and whole clauses. It does not change for number, person or respect, and it has no case ending: whatever is on its left and on its right keeps its own form.
आ is the plain Bhojpuri word. The sources checked for this lesson also show two longer forms, अउर (aur) and अउरी (aurī), and Hindi's और (aur) is heard beside them. The collections of Bhojpuri proverbs that were read for this lesson write अउरी, and Section F quotes three of them as they stand. In its own examples this course writes आ throughout, as Lessons 1 and 2 did, and it names the longer forms where they appear. Bhojpuri spelling is not fixed, and a learner will meet all of them.
Three things are different from English: - A list does not have to have the word. English says "milk, bread and mangoes"; Bhojpuri may say the same with आ before the last item, or may say nothing at all between the items, and a line of Bhikhari Thakur's Bidesiya quoted in Lesson 2, नाच तमासा कीर्त्तन, "dances, spectacles, kirtans", names three things side by side with no word between them. - Two things that are missing are joined by आ and not by "or": घर में दूध आ रोटी नइखे (ghar mẽ dūdh ā roṭī naikhe), "there is no milk and no bread in the house". English cuts this to "no milk or bread"; Bhojpuri keeps आ. - Two people joined by आ take the plural verb: रमेश आ सुरेश बजार में बाड़े (rameś ā sureś bajār mẽ bāṛe), "Ramesh and Suresh are in the market". The बाड़े is the "they are" of Lesson 2.
आ is also the beginning of the verb आइल (āil), "came", met in Lesson 1. The two never stand in each other's place: the conjunction sits between two things, and the verb sits at the end of its clause.
Script note: आ is written with the independent vowel letter आ, and not with a consonant and the sign ा (-ā), because no consonant comes before the vowel. Compare बा (consonant ब with the sign ा), the word of Lesson 2. In अउर and अउरी the letters अ and उ are read together as one sound, au, just as अ and इ are read together as ai in नइखे in Lesson 2.
Key Takeaways: - "And" is आ, which stands between the two things it joins, whether nouns, adjectives or clauses - In a list, आ comes before the last item: दूध, आम आ रोटी; the word may also be left out - Longer forms are अउर and अउरी; Hindi और is also heard - Two people joined by आ take the plural verb बाड़े; two things take बा - आ joins the negative too: दूध आ रोटी नइखे, "there is no milk and no bread" - बाकिर, "but", is a separate word; आ may also stand where English would say "but" for a mild contrast
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
3.1a दूध milk आ and पानी water बा is
3.1b dūdh (DOODH) milk ā (AA) and-CONJ pānī (PAA-nee) water bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.2a रमेश Ramesh आ and सुरेश Suresh बजार market में in बाड़े are
3.2b rameś (RA-mesh) Ramesh ā (AA) and-CONJ sureś (SU-resh) Suresh bajār (ba-JAAR) market mẽ (MEN) in-LOC bāṛe (BAA-re) be-PRES.3PL
3.3a हम I आम mango आ and केला banana किननी bought
3.3b ham (HAM) I ām (AAM) mango ā (AA) and-CONJ kelā (KE-laa) banana kinnī (KIN-nee) buy-PAST.1SG
3.4a पानी water ठंडा cold आ and नीक good बा is
3.4b pānī (PAA-nee) water ṭhaṇḍā (THAN-daa) cold ā (AA) and-CONJ nīk (NEEK) good bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.5a माई Mother आ and बाबूजी Father घर house में in बाड़न are
3.5b māī (MAA-ee) mother.HON ā (AA) and-CONJ bābūjī (BAA-boo-jee) father.HON ghar (GHAR) house mẽ (MEN) in-LOC bāṛan (BAA-ran) be-PRES.3HON
3.6a बेटिया the-daughter किताब book पढ़त reading बा is आ and लइकवा the-boy चिट्ठी letter लिखत writing बा is
3.6b beṭiyā (BE-ti-yaa) daughter-DEF kitāb (ki-TAAB) book paṛhat (PA-rhat) read-PROG bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ laikvā (LAIK-vaa) boy-DEF ciṭṭhī (CHIT-thee) letter likhat (LI-khat) write-PROG bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.7a हम I बजार market गइनी went आ and आम mango किननी bought
3.7b ham (HAM) I bajār (ba-JAAR) market gainī (GA-i-nee) go-PAST.1SG ā (AA) and-CONJ ām (AAM) mango kinnī (KIN-nee) buy-PAST.1SG
3.8a लइकवा the-boy खेत field में in बा is आ and घोड़वा the-horse दुआर yard पर at बान्हल tied बा is
3.8b laikvā (LAIK-vaa) boy-DEF khet (KHET) field mẽ (MEN) in-LOC bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ ghoṛvā (GHOR-vaa) horse-DEF duār (du-AAR) yard par (PAR) at-LOC bānhal (BAAN-hal) tie-PTCP bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.9a कुरसिया the-chair बड़ big आ and मजबूत sturdy बा is बाकिर but पुरान old बा is
3.9b kursiyā (KUR-si-yaa) chair-DEF baṛ (BAR) big ā (AA) and-CONJ majbūt (maj-BOOT) sturdy bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG bākir (BAA-kir) but purān (pu-RAAN) old bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.10a हम I दूध milk आम mango आ and रोटी bread किननी bought
3.10b ham (HAM) I dūdh (DOODH) milk ām (AAM) mango ā (AA) and-CONJ roṭī (RO-tee) bread kinnī (KIN-nee) buy-PAST.1SG
3.11a का QUESTION बाबूजी Father आ and माई Mother गाँव village में in बाड़न are
3.11b kā (KAA) QUESTION bābūjī (BAA-boo-jee) father.HON ā (AA) and-CONJ māī (MAA-ee) mother.HON gā̃v (GAANV) village mẽ (MEN) in-LOC bāṛan (BAA-ran) be-PRES.3HON
3.12a हम I बजार market में in आम mango देखनी saw आ and केला banana देखनी saw बाकिर but दूध milk ना not किननी bought
3.12b ham (HAM) I bajār (ba-JAAR) market mẽ (MEN) in-LOC ām (AAM) mango dekhnī (DEKH-nee) see-PAST.1SG ā (AA) and-CONJ kelā (KE-laa) banana dekhnī (DEKH-nee) see-PAST.1SG bākir (BAA-kir) but dūdh (DOODH) milk nā (NAA) NEG kinnī (KIN-nee) buy-PAST.1SG
3.13a बाबूजी Father खेत field से from अइलन came आ and माई Mother मंदिर temple से from अइली came
3.13b bābūjī (BAA-boo-jee) father.HON khet (KHET) field se (SE) from-ABL ailan (AI-lan) come-PAST.3HON ā (AA) and-CONJ māī (MAA-ee) mother.HON mandir (MAN-dir) temple se (SE) from-ABL ailī (AI-lee) come-PAST.3HON.F
3.14a पंडितवा the-priest लइकवा the-boy के to किताब book दिहलस gave आ and लइकवा the-boy किताब book पढ़त reading बा is
3.14b paṇḍitvā (PAN-dit-vaa) priest-DEF laikvā (LAIK-vaa) boy-DEF ke (KE) to-DAT kitāb (ki-TAAB) book dihlas (DIH-las) give-PAST.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ laikvā (LAIK-vaa) boy-DEF kitāb (ki-TAAB) book paṛhat (PA-rhat) read-PROG bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.15a बहिन sister के of नौकरी job बा is आ and भाई brother के of नौकरी job नइखे is-not
3.15b bahin (BA-hin) sister ke (KE) of-GEN naukarī (NAU-ka-ree) job bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ bhāī (BHAA-ee) brother ke (KE) of-GEN naukarī (NAU-ka-ree) job naikhe (NAI-khe) NEG.be-PRES.3SG
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
3.1 दूध आ पानी बा। — dūdh ā pānī bā. — "There is milk and water."
3.2 रमेश आ सुरेश बजार में बाड़े। — rameś ā sureś bajār mẽ bāṛe. — "Ramesh and Suresh are in the market."
3.3 हम आम आ केला किननी। — ham ām ā kelā kinnī. — "I bought mangoes and bananas."
3.4 पानी ठंडा आ नीक बा। — pānī ṭhaṇḍā ā nīk bā. — "The water is cold and good."
3.5 माई आ बाबूजी घर में बाड़न। — māī ā bābūjī ghar mẽ bāṛan. — "Mother and Father are at home."
3.6 बेटिया किताब पढ़त बा आ लइकवा चिट्ठी लिखत बा। — beṭiyā kitāb paṛhat bā ā laikvā ciṭṭhī likhat bā. — "The daughter is reading a book and the boy is writing a letter."
3.7 हम बजार गइनी आ आम किननी। — ham bajār gainī ā ām kinnī. — "I went to the market and bought a mango."
3.8 लइकवा खेत में बा आ घोड़वा दुआर पर बान्हल बा। — laikvā khet mẽ bā ā ghoṛvā duār par bānhal bā. — "The boy is in the field and the horse is tied up in the yard."
3.9 कुरसिया बड़ आ मजबूत बा, बाकिर पुरान बा। — kursiyā baṛ ā majbūt bā, bākir purān bā. — "The chair is big and sturdy, but old."
3.10 हम दूध, आम आ रोटी किननी। — ham dūdh, ām ā roṭī kinnī. — "I bought milk, mangoes and bread."
3.11 का बाबूजी आ माई गाँव में बाड़न? — kā bābūjī ā māī gā̃v mẽ bāṛan? — "Are Father and Mother in the village?"
3.12 हम बजार में आम देखनी आ केला देखनी, बाकिर दूध ना किननी। — ham bajār mẽ ām dekhnī ā kelā dekhnī, bākir dūdh nā kinnī. — "In the market I saw mangoes and I saw bananas, but I did not buy milk."
3.13 बाबूजी खेत से अइलन आ माई मंदिर से अइली। — bābūjī khet se ailan ā māī mandir se ailī. — "Father came from the field and Mother came from the temple."
3.14 पंडितवा लइकवा के किताब दिहलस आ लइकवा किताब पढ़त बा। — paṇḍitvā laikvā ke kitāb dihlas ā laikvā kitāb paṛhat bā. — "The priest gave the boy a book, and the boy is reading it."
3.15 बहिन के नौकरी बा आ भाई के नौकरी नइखे। — bahin ke naukarī bā ā bhāī ke naukarī naikhe. — "The sister has a job and the brother has no job."
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
3.1 दूध आ पानी बा।
3.2 रमेश आ सुरेश बजार में बाड़े।
3.3 हम आम आ केला किननी।
3.4 पानी ठंडा आ नीक बा।
3.5 माई आ बाबूजी घर में बाड़न।
3.6 बेटिया किताब पढ़त बा आ लइकवा चिट्ठी लिखत बा।
3.7 हम बजार गइनी आ आम किननी।
3.8 लइकवा खेत में बा आ घोड़वा दुआर पर बान्हल बा।
3.9 कुरसिया बड़ आ मजबूत बा, बाकिर पुरान बा।
3.10 हम दूध, आम आ रोटी किननी।
3.11 का बाबूजी आ माई गाँव में बाड़न?
3.12 हम बजार में आम देखनी आ केला देखनी, बाकिर दूध ना किननी।
3.13 बाबूजी खेत से अइलन आ माई मंदिर से अइली।
3.14 पंडितवा लइकवा के किताब दिहलस आ लइकवा किताब पढ़त बा।
3.15 बहिन के नौकरी बा आ भाई के नौकरी नइखे।
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
These are the grammar rules for expressing "and" in Bhojpuri.
आ joins like with like. The word stands between the two things and changes nothing on either side of it. It joins: - Nouns: दूध आ पानी (3.1), रमेश आ सुरेश (3.2), आम आ केला (3.3), माई आ बाबूजी (3.5) - Adjectives: ठंडा आ नीक (3.4), बड़ आ मजबूत (3.9) - Clauses, each with its own verb: बेटिया किताब पढ़त बा आ लइकवा चिट्ठी लिखत बा (3.6); लइकवा खेत में बा आ घोड़वा दुआर पर बान्हल बा (3.8); बहिन के नौकरी बा आ भाई के नौकरी नइखे (3.15) - Verbs with one subject: हम बजार गइनी आ आम किननी (3.7), where the speaker stays the same and only the doing changes
A list. With three or more things, आ comes before the last one, and the others follow one another: हम दूध, आम आ रोटी किननी (3.10). This is the same as English "milk, mangoes and bread", but without the commas that the Section A line leaves out. Bhojpuri may also leave आ out altogether and name the things side by side, as in the line from Bidesiya in Lesson 2: नाच तमासा कीर्त्तन. The list with आ is the one for a speaker who wants to be plain; the list without it is for the poet.
The verb after "A आ B". The verb agrees with both of them together: - Two things: the plain बा. दूध आ पानी बा (3.1); पानी ठंडा आ नीक बा (3.4) - Two people: the plural बाड़े. रमेश आ सुरेश बजार में बाड़े (3.2) - Two people to be honoured: बाड़न. माई आ बाबूजी घर में बाड़न (3.5, 3.11)
The Section A lines for 3.4 and 3.9 show that two adjectives joined by आ share one बा: the word stands once, at the end.
Repeating the verb. Where English may say "I saw mangoes and bananas", Bhojpuri may either say it once or repeat it after each thing. 3.12 repeats it: आम देखनी आ केला देखनी, "I saw mangoes and I saw bananas". 3.3 and 3.10 do not repeat it: one किननी for all the things bought. Both are right; the repeated verb has a little weight on each thing.
आ and बाकिर. आ adds; बाकिर (bākir), "but", sets one thing against another: कुरसिया बड़ आ मजबूत बा, बाकिर पुरान बा (3.9). The two may be used together, and in the same clause आ is the one that comes first. Where the contrast is mild, Bhojpuri may use आ alone, and English will then use "but": 3.15 says बहिन के नौकरी बा आ भाई के नौकरी नइखे, which Lesson 2 (2.9) said with बाकिर. Either way, the sense is that the two things are set side by side.
आ in the negative. The negative नइखे (naikhe), met in Lesson 2, goes after the two things: घर में दूध आ रोटी नइखे, "there is no milk and no bread in the house" (3.17). English would say "no milk or bread". A speaker of Bhojpuri keeps आ, because both things are missing.
Joined commands. A command to a person addressed as तू (tū) is the bare stem of the verb, and two commands are joined by आ: तू बजार जा आ दूध किन (3.18), "you go to the market and buy milk". These forms are for a child, a friend or a junior. Commands to someone to be respected take another ending, which a later lesson will teach.
The past forms that the lesson needs. They are the ones that Lessons 1 and 2 taught: - With हम: -नी. गइनी (went, 3.7), किननी (bought, 3.3), देखनी (saw, 3.12) - With any other person and an object: -लस. किनलस (bought, 3.20), देखलस (saw, 3.22), दिहलस (gave, 3.14, 3.24) - With any other person and no object: -ल. गइल (3.20), आइल (3.24) - With a person to be honoured: -लन for a man and -ली for a woman, after the stem अइ-. अइलन (3.13), अइली (3.13)
Longer forms. अउर (aur) and अउरी (aurī) are the same word as आ, and may be put in its place. Section F shows अउरी in three proverbs. Hindi और is the same word in another language, and it is sometimes heard in a Bhojpuri speaker's talk. A learner can safely say आ in every example of this lesson. A published grammar of Bhojpuri also mentions a compound अउर त अउर (aur ta aur); this lesson does not use it.
Question. का (kā) in front of the sentence makes it a question, as in Lesson 2: का बाबूजी आ माई गाँव में बाड़न? (3.11). The आ stays between the two nouns that make up the subject.
Common Mistakes: - Putting आ at the end of a list instead of before the last item: say दूध, आम आ रोटी, and not a form with आ after रोटी - Joining two people and using the singular बा. Two people take बाड़े, or बाड़न for those to be honoured - Saying "or" for "no milk and no bread" and looking for a Bhojpuri word for it. Keep आ - Writing the independent letter आ as ब plus ा, as if it were बा. The conjunction has no consonant - Reading आ as the verb "came" because आइल begins the same way. The conjunction is a word of its own, between two things - Using the plain तू commands with an elder. Say something more respectful, which a later lesson will teach - Mixing the forms in one text. आ, अउर and अउरी mean the same, but a writer should keep to one in a piece of writing
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
आ is among the most frequent words in Bhojpuri, as "and" is in every language, and it is one of the places where Bhojpuri keeps itself apart from Hindi. A Hindi sentence has और, where a Bhojpuri speaker has the shorter आ or the longer अउर. A Bhojpuri speaker who talks to a Hindi speaker will often use और, and one who writes may use any of the three. The spelling of the written language is not yet fixed, and "and" shows it better than most words. A learner who has met all three forms will read any of them.
The proverbs themselves are a good place to hear the word. Bhojpuri speech is full of sayings built on two halves with "and" between them, and the two halves are often something the speaker wants to set side by side: a son and a pot, sin and virtue, the donkey and the weaver. The three proverbs of Section F are of this kind.
The list without आ is the language of songs and plays. In the Bidesiya line that Lesson 2 quoted, three entertainments are named one after another, and the poet does not stop for a conjunction. A learner who reads Bhojpuri verse will often find that the "and" was left out, and should supply it in English.
In talk about people, the two parents joined by आ keep their honour: माई आ बाबूजी (3.5) and बाबूजी आ माई (3.11) both take the honorific बाड़न, as each does alone in Lesson 1.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
भोजपुरी लोकोक्तियाँ (Bhojpuri proverbs), as given in the Hindi Wikiquote and Hindi Wiktionary collections of Bhojpuri proverbs
No verse of a named Bhojpuri author containing "and" could be checked for this lesson, so the citation is taken from the collections of Bhojpuri proverbs. The three proverbs below are written as the two collections give them, and each carries the longer form अउरी.
The lines:
बेटा अउरी लोटा बाहरे चमकेला। खेत खा गदहा अउरी मारी खा जोलहा। देखादेखी पाप अउरी देखादेखी धरम।
F-A: Interlinear
F.1a बेटा son अउरी and लोटा pot बाहरे outside-just चमकेला shines
F.1b beṭā (BE-taa) son aurī (AU-ree) and-CONJ loṭā (LO-taa) pot bāhre (BAA-ha-re) outside-EMPH camkelā (cham-KE-laa) shine-HAB.3SG
F.2a खेत field खा eat गदहा donkey अउरी and मारी beating खा eat जोलहा weaver
F.2b khet (KHET) field khā (KHAA) eat-STEM gadahā (GA-da-haa) donkey aurī (AU-ree) and-CONJ mārī (MAA-ree) beating khā (KHAA) eat-STEM jolahā (JO-la-haa) weaver
F.3a देखादेखी by-imitation पाप sin अउरी and देखादेखी by-imitation धरम virtue
F.3b dekhādekhī (dekh-aa-DEKH-ee) by-imitation pāp (PAAP) sin aurī (AU-ree) and-CONJ dekhādekhī (dekh-aa-DEKH-ee) by-imitation dharam (DHA-ram) virtue
F-B: Original and Translation
बेटा अउरी लोटा बाहरे चमकेला। / खेत खा गदहा अउरी मारी खा जोलहा। / देखादेखी पाप अउरी देखादेखी धरम।
"A son and a pot shine only outside the house. / The donkey eats the field, and the weaver takes the beating. / Sin by imitation, and virtue by imitation." (Translation: Latinum Institute.)
F-C: Original
बेटा अउरी लोटा बाहरे चमकेला। खेत खा गदहा अउरी मारी खा जोलहा। देखादेखी पाप अउरी देखादेखी धरम।
F-D: Grammar and Literary Commentary
The word अउरी (aurī) is the word of this lesson in its longer form, and in each proverb it does what आ did in Section A: it stands between the two things that are set side by side. In the first, the two things are nouns, बेटा and लोटा, "son" and "pot", and the proverb says that both of them shine outside the house. The verb चमकेला (camkelā) ends in -ला, the ending of what is always true, and a proverb is a statement of that kind; this lesson does not teach it. The -े on बाहरे (bāhre) is read here as "only, just"; the line means that a son and a pot are admired away from home.
In the second, अउरी joins two whole clauses, one with the donkey and one with the weaver, and the clauses have the same shape: खेत खा गदहा and मारी खा जोलहा, each with its thing, the word खा and its person. The proverb leaves off the endings. The खा is therefore glossed here as the bare stem, "eat", and मारी as "beating"; the line makes a pair of two actions, one for the guilty and one for the innocent, and means that the wrong party is punished.
In the third, अउरी joins two phrases that are the same except for one word: देखादेखी पाप and देखादेखी धरम. देखादेखी (dekhādekhī) is "by looking and looking", that is, by imitating what one sees others do, and the proverb says that people follow one another into sin and into virtue alike. It has no verb at all: a bare phrase, then अउरी, then another bare phrase, which is one of the things Bhojpuri can do that English cannot.
None of the three has आ, and none has बा. They show that the longer form अउरी does the same work as आ, that the two halves of a proverb are usually of equal weight, and that Bhojpuri is willing to leave the verb out where the sense is plain.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
A short scene at the end of the day. Ramesh's mother finds that the house has no milk and no bread, and sends him to the market. He goes, he comes back, and the family eats. The speech uses आ again and again: to join the things that are missing, the things that are bought, the pair of commands that Mother gives, and the people at the end of the day. Watch the forms from Lessons 1 and 2: बाड़न and बाड़ी for Father and Mother, and the plain बा for things.
3.16a साँझ evening भइल became आ and घर house में in दूध milk नइखे is-not
3.16b sā̃jh (SAANJH) evening bhail (BHA-il) become-PAST.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ ghar (GHAR) house mẽ (MEN) in-LOC dūdh (DOODH) milk naikhe (NAI-khe) NEG.be-PRES.3SG
3.17a माई Mother कहली said रमेश Ramesh घर house में in दूध milk आ and रोटी bread नइखे is-not
3.17b māī (MAA-ee) mother.HON kahlī (KAH-lee) say-PAST.3HON.F rameś (RA-mesh) Ramesh ghar (GHAR) house mẽ (MEN) in-LOC dūdh (DOODH) milk ā (AA) and-CONJ roṭī (RO-tee) bread naikhe (NAI-khe) NEG.be-PRES.3SG
3.18a तू you बजार market जा go आ and दूध milk किन buy
3.18b tū (TOO) you-2SG bajār (ba-JAAR) market jā (JAA) go-STEM ā (AA) and-CONJ dūdh (DOODH) milk kin (KIN) buy-STEM
3.19a रमेश Ramesh कहलस said हम I बजार market जात going बानी am
3.19b rameś (RA-mesh) Ramesh kahlas (KAH-las) say-PAST.3SG ham (HAM) I bajār (ba-JAAR) market jāt (JAAT) go-PROG bānī (BAA-nee) be-PRES.1SG
3.20a रमेश Ramesh बजार market गइल went आ and दूध milk किनलस bought
3.20b rameś (RA-mesh) Ramesh bajār (ba-JAAR) market gail (GA-il) go-PAST.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ dūdh (DOODH) milk kinlas (KIN-las) buy-PAST.3SG
3.21a बजार market में in आम mango आ and केला banana बा is
3.21b bajār (ba-JAAR) market mẽ (MEN) in-LOC ām (AAM) mango ā (AA) and-CONJ kelā (KE-laa) banana bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.22a रमेश Ramesh आम mango आ and केला banana देखलस saw
3.22b rameś (RA-mesh) Ramesh ām (AAM) mango ā (AA) and-CONJ kelā (KE-laa) banana dekhlas (DEKH-las) see-PAST.3SG
3.23a ऊ he आम mango आ and रोटी bread किनलस bought बाकिर but केला banana ना not किनलस bought
3.23b ū (OO) he ām (AAM) mango ā (AA) and-CONJ roṭī (RO-tee) bread kinlas (KIN-las) buy-PAST.3SG bākir (BAA-kir) but kelā (KE-laa) banana nā (NAA) NEG kinlas (KIN-las) buy-PAST.3SG
3.24a रमेश Ramesh घरवा the-house में in आइल came आ and दूध milk माई Mother के to दिहलस gave
3.24b rameś (RA-mesh) Ramesh gharvā (GHAR-vaa) house-DEF mẽ (MEN) in-LOC āil (AA-il) come-PAST.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ dūdh (DOODH) milk māī (MAA-ee) mother.HON ke (KE) to-DAT dihlas (DIH-las) give-PAST.3SG
3.25a माई Mother कहली said तू you नीक good लइका boy बाड़ू are
3.25b māī (MAA-ee) mother.HON kahlī (KAH-lee) say-PAST.3HON.F tū (TOO) you-2SG nīk (NEEK) good laikā (LAI-kaa) boy bāṛū (BAA-roo) be-PRES.2SG
3.26a बाबूजी Father कुरसिया the-chair पर on बइठल seated बाड़न is आ and रोटी bread खात eating बाड़न is
3.26b bābūjī (BAA-boo-jee) father.HON kursiyā (KUR-si-yaa) chair-DEF par (PAR) on-LOC baiṭhal (BAI-thal) sit-PTCP bāṛan (BAA-ran) be-PRES.3HON ā (AA) and-CONJ roṭī (RO-tee) bread khāt (KHAAT) eat-PROG bāṛan (BAA-ran) be-PRES.3HON
3.27a बहिन sister आम mango खात eating बाड़ी is आ and भाई brother रोटी bread खात eating बाड़े is
3.27b bahin (BA-hin) sister ām (AAM) mango khāt (KHAAT) eat-PROG bāṛī (BAA-ree) be-PRES.3F ā (AA) and-CONJ bhāī (BHAA-ee) brother roṭī (RO-tee) bread khāt (KHAAT) eat-PROG bāṛe (BAA-re) be-PRES.3M
3.28a रमेश Ramesh कहलस said आम mango नीक good बा is आ and पानी water ठंडा cold बा is
3.28b rameś (RA-mesh) Ramesh kahlas (KAH-las) say-PAST.3SG ām (AAM) mango nīk (NEEK) good bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ pānī (PAA-nee) water ṭhaṇḍā (THAN-daa) cold bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.29a माई Mother कहली said बहुत very नीक good आ and अब now सब all केहू anyone घर house में in बा is
3.29b māī (MAA-ee) mother.HON kahlī (KAH-lee) say-PAST.3HON.F bahut (ba-HUT) very nīk (NEEK) good ā (AA) and-CONJ ab (AB) now sab (SAB) all kehū (ke-HOO) anyone ghar (GHAR) house mẽ (MEN) in-LOC bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.30a रात night भइल became आ and सब all केहू anyone खाना food खात eating बा is
3.30b rāt (RAAT) night bhail (BHA-il) become-PAST.3SG ā (AA) and-CONJ sab (SAB) all kehū (ke-HOO) anyone khānā (KHAA-naa) food khāt (KHAAT) eat-PROG bā (BAA) be-PRES.3SG
3.16 साँझ भइल, आ घर में दूध नइखे। — sā̃jh bhail, ā ghar mẽ dūdh naikhe. — "Evening fell, and there is no milk in the house."
3.17 माई कहली, "रमेश, घर में दूध आ रोटी नइखे।" — māī kahlī, "rameś, ghar mẽ dūdh ā roṭī naikhe." — "Mother said, 'Ramesh, there is no milk and no bread in the house.'"
3.18 "तू बजार जा आ दूध किन।" — "tū bajār jā ā dūdh kin." — "'Go to the market and buy milk.'"
3.19 रमेश कहलस, "हम बजार जात बानी।" — rameś kahlas, "ham bajār jāt bānī." — "Ramesh said, 'I am going to the market.'"
3.20 रमेश बजार गइल आ दूध किनलस। — rameś bajār gail ā dūdh kinlas. — "Ramesh went to the market and bought milk."
3.21 बजार में आम आ केला बा। — bajār mẽ ām ā kelā bā. — "In the market there are mangoes and bananas."
3.22 रमेश आम आ केला देखलस। — rameś ām ā kelā dekhlas. — "Ramesh saw the mangoes and the bananas."
3.23 ऊ आम आ रोटी किनलस, बाकिर केला ना किनलस। — ū ām ā roṭī kinlas, bākir kelā nā kinlas. — "He bought mangoes and bread, but he did not buy bananas."
3.24 रमेश घरवा में आइल आ दूध माई के दिहलस। — rameś gharvā mẽ āil ā dūdh māī ke dihlas. — "Ramesh came into the house and gave the milk to Mother."
3.25 माई कहली, "तू नीक लइका बाड़ू।" — māī kahlī, "tū nīk laikā bāṛū." — "Mother said, 'You are a good boy.'"
3.26 बाबूजी कुरसिया पर बइठल बाड़न आ रोटी खात बाड़न। — bābūjī kursiyā par baiṭhal bāṛan ā roṭī khāt bāṛan. — "Father is sitting on the chair and eating bread."
3.27 बहिन आम खात बाड़ी आ भाई रोटी खात बाड़े। — bahin ām khāt bāṛī ā bhāī roṭī khāt bāṛe. — "The sister is eating a mango and the brother is eating bread."
3.28 रमेश कहलस, "आम नीक बा आ पानी ठंडा बा।" — rameś kahlas, "ām nīk bā ā pānī ṭhaṇḍā bā." — "Ramesh said, 'The mango is good and the water is cold.'"
3.29 माई कहली, "बहुत नीक, आ अब सब केहू घर में बा।" — māī kahlī, "bahut nīk, ā ab sab kehū ghar mẽ bā." — "Mother said, 'Very good, and now everyone is at home.'"
3.30 रात भइल आ सब केहू खाना खात बा। — rāt bhail ā sab kehū khānā khāt bā. — "Night fell and everyone is eating."
3.16 साँझ भइल, आ घर में दूध नइखे।
3.17 माई कहली, "रमेश, घर में दूध आ रोटी नइखे।"
3.18 "तू बजार जा आ दूध किन।"
3.19 रमेश कहलस, "हम बजार जात बानी।"
3.20 रमेश बजार गइल आ दूध किनलस।
3.21 बजार में आम आ केला बा।
3.22 रमेश आम आ केला देखलस।
3.23 ऊ आम आ रोटी किनलस, बाकिर केला ना किनलस।
3.24 रमेश घरवा में आइल आ दूध माई के दिहलस।
3.25 माई कहली, "तू नीक लइका बाड़ू।"
3.26 बाबूजी कुरसिया पर बइठल बाड़न आ रोटी खात बाड़न।
3.27 बहिन आम खात बाड़ी आ भाई रोटी खात बाड़े।
3.28 रमेश कहलस, "आम नीक बा आ पानी ठंडा बा।"
3.29 माई कहली, "बहुत नीक, आ अब सब केहू घर में बा।"
3.30 रात भइल आ सब केहू खाना खात बा।
What आ joins in the scene. Every use in the story is one of the kinds in Section D. Two clauses: साँझ भइल आ घर में दूध नइखे (3.16); रमेश बजार गइल आ दूध किनलस (3.20); रमेश घरवा में आइल आ दूध माई के दिहलस (3.24); रात भइल आ सब केहू खाना खात बा (3.30). Two nouns: दूध आ रोटी (3.17), आम आ केला (3.21, 3.22), आम आ रोटी (3.23). Two commands: बजार जा आ दूध किन (3.18). Two adjective clauses, each with its own बा: आम नीक बा आ पानी ठंडा बा (3.28).
Three times and one word. The story begins with the evening that has fallen (भइल, 3.16), goes through what Ramesh did (गइल, किनलस, देखलस, 3.20–3.24) and what the family is doing now (खात बाड़न, खात बाड़ी, 3.26–3.27). The conjunction does not change for any of them. This is the usefulness of the word: one form, whatever the tense.
The same words in the negative and the positive. घर में दूध नइखे (3.16) and घर में दूध आ रोटी नइखे (3.17) say what is missing; दूध आ रोटी is what Ramesh brings in. The pair दूध आ रोटी is the same in both, and only the verb has changed. The story ends with the opposite: सब केहू घर में बा (3.29).
बाकिर in 3.23. बाकिर sets the things Ramesh did not buy against the things he did: आम आ रोटी किनलस, बाकिर केला ना किनलस. The negative ना stands before the verb, as in Lesson 1.
Who eats, and how. 3.26 and 3.27 give each person the verb that suits them: बाबूजी has बाड़न, बहिन has बाड़ी, भाई has बाड़े, and in 3.30 सब केहू has the plain बा, as in 2.29. Each time, the second verb after आ is repeated in full: खात बाड़न, खात बाड़ी, खात बाड़े.
Mother's praise. Mother's तू in 3.18 and 3.25 is the familiar "you" that a mother uses to a son. Ramesh answers with हम (3.19) and uses no honorific for himself.
Order of the recipient. In 3.24 the milk comes before Mother: दूध माई के दिहलस, "gave the milk to Mother". Putting the recipient directly after the thing keeps माई के दूध, which would read as "Mother's milk", from being heard.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
The respellings follow Lessons 1 and 2: AA is the long vowel of English "father", EE of "feet", OO of "food", and AI a short "uh" gliding to "ee". AU is a short "uh" gliding to "oo". The syllable written in capitals is the one to lean on.
आ (ā) — IPA: [aː] — the independent vowel, a long open sound as in "father"; it is said alone, with no consonant before it. अउर (aur) — IPA: [əur] — अउ is one sound, a short [ə] gliding to [u]; the final र is a light tap of the tongue. अउरी (aurī) — IPA: [əuriː] — the same, with a long [iː] at the end. बाकिर (bākir) — IPA: [baːkir] — the first vowel is long; the second, in कि, is short. केला (kelā) — IPA: [keːlaː] — the first vowel is a pure [e], with no glide. किन (kin) — IPA: [kin] — a short vowel, and a final न with no vowel after it. जा (jā) — IPA: [dʒaː] — a long vowel after the j sound of "judge". गइनी (gainī) — IPA: [ɡəiniː] — अइ is one sound, a short [ə] gliding to [i]; the last vowel is long. बाड़े (bāṛe) — IPA: [baːɽe] — ड़ is a flap, a quick tap of the tongue behind the ridge, and is not the English "r". रोटी (roṭī) — IPA: [roʈiː] — ट is retroflex, with the tongue curled back, and is not the English "t". लोटा (loṭā) — IPA: [loʈaː] — the same retroflex ट, and a long final vowel. देखादेखी (dekhādekhī) — IPA: [dekʰaːdekʰiː] — ख is an aspirate, with a breath of air after the k; the vowels of the middle are long.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
---
Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)