Lesson 62

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Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

62.1 Vēris of spring tempore in time flores flowers variī various veniunt come

62.2 Plantae plants nōnnūllae some ex from Asiā Asia in into Eurōpam Europe vēnērunt came

62.3 Post after imbrem rain fungi mushrooms multī many venient will come

62.4 Botanicus botanist ad to īnsulam island quaesītum to seek herbās herbs rārās rare vēnit came

62.5 Cum when aestās summer vēnerit will have come, flōrēs flowers aperientur will open

62.6 Semina seeds ventō by wind dispersa scattered in into hortum garden meum my vēnērunt came

62.7 Ad to silvam forest studēre to study arbōrēs trees antīquās ancient vēnimus we came

62.8 Frūctūs fruits mātūrī ripe in in autumnō autumn veniunt come

62.9 Scientiae of science causā for sake multī many in to regionem region tropicam tropical vēnērunt came

62.10 Ad to flōrem flower rārum rare videndum seeing veniēbant they were coming studiōsī students

62.11 Pollinis of pollen grāna grains ad to stigma stigma venientia coming germinant germinate

62.12 Tempestāte with storm magnā great adveniente approaching, avēs birds in into nīdōs nests vēnērunt came

62.13 Cum when hiems winter vēnerit will have come, arbōrēs trees folia leaves āmittent will lose

62.14 Ōvum egg ex from quō which larva larva vēnit came in in labōrātōriō laboratory servāmus we preserve

62.15 Plantae plants ex from aliīs other continentibus continents vēnērunt came et and nunc now ubīque everywhere crēscunt grow

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

62.1 Vēris tempore flores variī veniunt. Various flowers come in the time of spring.

62.2 Plantae nōnnūllae ex Asiā in Eurōpam vēnērunt. Some plants came from Asia to Europe.

62.3 Post imbrem fungi multī venient. After the rain, many mushrooms will come.

62.4 Botanicus ad īnsulam quaesītum herbās rārās vēnit. The botanist came to the island to seek rare herbs.

62.5 Cum aestās vēnerit, flōrēs aperientur. When summer comes, the flowers will open.

62.6 Semina ventō dispersa in hortum meum vēnērunt. Seeds scattered by the wind came into my garden.

62.7 Ad silvam studēre arbōrēs antīquās vēnimus. We came to the forest to study ancient trees.

62.8 Frūctūs mātūrī in autumnō veniunt. Ripe fruits come in autumn.

62.9 Scientiae causā multī in regionem tropicam vēnērunt. For the sake of science, many came to the tropical region.

62.10 Ad flōrem rārum videndum veniēbant studiōsī. Students were coming to see the rare flower.

62.11 Pollinis grāna ad stigma venientia germinant. Pollen grains coming to the stigma germinate.

62.12 Tempestāte magnā adveniente, avēs in nīdōs vēnērunt. With a great storm approaching, birds came into their nests.

62.13 Cum hiems vēnerit, arbōrēs folia āmittent. When winter comes, trees will lose their leaves.

62.14 Ōvum ex quō larva vēnit in labōrātōriō servāmus. We preserve in the laboratory the egg from which the larva came.

62.15 Plantae ex aliīs continentibus vēnērunt et nunc ubīque crēscunt. Plants came from other continents and now grow everywhere.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

62.1 Vēris tempore flores variī veniunt.

62.2 Plantae nōnnūllae ex Asiā in Eurōpam vēnērunt.

62.3 Post imbrem fungi multī venient.

62.4 Botanicus ad īnsulam quaesītum herbās rārās vēnit.

62.5 Cum aestās vēnerit, flōrēs aperientur.

62.6 Semina ventō dispersa in hortum meum vēnērunt.

62.7 Ad silvam studēre arbōrēs antīquās vēnimus.

62.8 Frūctūs mātūrī in autumnō veniunt.

62.9 Scientiae causā multī in regionem tropicam vēnērunt.

62.10 Ad flōrem rārum videndum veniēbant studiōsī.

62.11 Pollinis grāna ad stigma venientia germinant.

62.12 Tempestāte magnā adveniente, avēs in nīdōs vēnērunt.

62.13 Cum hiems vēnerit, arbōrēs folia āmittent.

62.14 Ōvum ex quō larva vēnit in labōrātōriō servāmus.

62.15 Plantae ex aliīs continentibus vēnērunt et nunc ubīque crēscunt.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

The verb "veniō" (to come) has several important features for English speakers to understand: -

Conjugation Pattern: -

Present: veniō, venīs, venit, venīmus, venītis, veniunt -

Imperfect: veniēbam, veniēbās, veniēbat, veniēbāmus, veniēbātis, veniēbant -

Future: veniam, veniēs, veniet, veniēmus, veniētis, venient -

Perfect: vēnī, vēnistī, vēnit, vēnimus, vēnistis, vēnērunt -

Pluperfect: vēneram, vēnerās, vēnerat, vēnerāmus, vēnerātis, vēnerant -

Future Perfect: vēnerō, vēneris, vēnerit, vēnerimus, vēneritis, vēnerint -

Key Features: -

Fourth conjugation verb (-iō, -īre) -

Perfect stem (vēn-) with long ē -

Supine form: ventum -

Often used with prepositions indicating direction (ad, in + acc.) -

Common Constructions: -

With supine to express purpose (quaesītum vēnit - "came to seek") -

In temporal clauses with cum + subjunctive (cum vēnerit - "when it comes/will have come") -

As present participle (venientia - "coming") -

With ablative absolute (tempestāte adveniente - "with the storm approaching") -

Specialized Botanical/Biological Uses: -

Describing plant origins and migrations -

Denoting seasonal appearances of flora and fauna -

Expressing biological processes (pollination, germination) -

Indicating developmental stages -

Compounds and Related Words: -

adveniō (to arrive, approach) -

conveniō (to come together, meet) -

inveniō (to find, discover) -

prōveniō (to come forth, grow, thrive) -

adventus (arrival) -

adventīcius (foreign, imported)

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Part E (Cultural Context)

For English speakers studying botanical Latin, understanding the verb "veniō" requires cultural and historical context: -

Historical Plant Migrations: -

Romans documented plant movements across their empire -

Many European plant names reflect their origins (e.g., Cedrus libani - Cedar of Lebanon) -

Botanical exploration from the 16th century onward used Latin to describe "new" plants -

Colonial botanical gardens served as acclimatization centers for plants "coming" from other regions -

Linnaeus and Taxonomy: -

Carl Linnaeus established binomial nomenclature in Latin -

Plants were classified partly by their origins (unde vēnērunt - "where they came from") -

"Adventive" species (from ad + veniō) describe non-native plants -

The concept of "provenance" (from prōveniō) remains important in modern botany -

Scientific Documentation: -

Post-classical Latin remained the language of science through the 18th century -

Herbals and botanical treatises recorded when plants "come" into flower or fruit -

Plant introduction histories were meticulously documented in Latin -

Modern botanical Latin preserves these traditions in scientific literature -

Modern Applications: -

Botanical Latin terms derived from "veniō" remain in scientific use -

"Adventitious" (from adventicius) describes plant structures arising in unusual places -

"Provenance" studies track where plant materials come from -

"Adventive" species describe recent arrivals to ecosystems -

Practical Relevance for Today's Students: -

Understanding plant movement terminology helps with ecological studies -

Latin plant provenances appear in historical and modern botanical literature -

Conservation biology uses this terminology for tracking plant migrations -

Horticultural texts use these terms to describe plant origins and behaviors

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Part F (Literary Citation)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

From Pliny the Elder's "Naturalis Historia" (Book XIX, Chapter 19):

Rapum turnip silvestre wild arvis in fields maximē especially nāscitur, grows, frūticōsum, bushy, semine with seed candidō, white, duplo twice maiōre larger quam than papāveris. of poppy. Saepe Often cum when terra soil rāsēre they have scraped sūrculi, little shoots, iēiūnō on empty solō ground veniunt. they come. Quōs Which agricolae farmers prēcīdentēs cutting off in into suīs their hortīs gardens serunt, they plant, et and ita thus usū by use quoque also grātiōra more pleasant fīunt. they become.

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

"Rapum silvestre arvis maximē nāscitur, frūticōsum, semine candidō, duplo maiōre quam papāveris. Saepe cum terra rāsēre sūrculi, iēiūnō solō veniunt. Quōs agricolae prēcīdentēs in suīs hortīs serunt, et ita usū quoque grātiōra fīunt."

"The wild turnip grows especially in fields, bushy, with white seed twice as large as that of the poppy. Often when shoots have scraped the earth, they come on empty ground. Farmers cut these off and plant them in their gardens, and thus they also become more pleasant through cultivation."

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Pliny uses "veniunt" here to describe how wild turnip shoots emerge or "come" from the ground. The passage illustrates: -

Contextual Meaning: -

"Veniunt" here means "they appear" or "they emerge" -

Shows how botanical Latin uses common verbs in specialized ways -

Connects to the natural process of plant colonization -

Literary Features: -

Concise, descriptive language typical of Pliny -

Practical information blended with botanical observation -

Use of present tense for timeless natural phenomena -

Historical Significance: -

Documents Roman agricultural practices -

Shows early understanding of plant domestication -

Describes how wild plants "come" into cultivation

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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"Veniunt" is third-person plural present indicative of "veniō" -

"Cum" introduces a temporal clause with perfect indicative ("rāsēre") -

"Iēiūnō solō" is ablative of place where (on empty ground) -

Note the specialized botanical vocabulary: -

"sūrculi" (shoots or sprouts) -

"frūticōsum" (bushy or shrubby) -

"prēcīdentēs" (present participle of "prēcīdō" - to cut off) -

"Grātiōra" is comparative adjective agreeing with implied "rapa" (turnips)

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Genre Section: Taxonomical Description

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

62.16 Species species nova new ex from Brasiliā Brazil in into hortōs gardens botanicōs botanical vēnit came

62.17 Plantae plants quae which cum with hominibus humans veniunt come adventīciae adventitious vocantur are called

62.18 Ad to Eurōpam Europe vēnit came Solānum Solanum tuberosum tuberous saecūlō in century sextō decimō sixteenth

62.19 Cum when explōrātōrēs explorers ex from terrā land novā new vēnērunt came, multa many genera genera plantārum of plants secum with themselves tulērunt they brought

62.20 Ūndē whence vēnērunt came hae these species species rārae rare nōndum not yet sciēbant they knew botanicī botanists

62.21 In in catalogō catalog Linnaeanō Linnaean plantae plants novae new nūper recently inventae discovered veniunt come

62.22 Vēnit comes nōmen name generis of genus ex from verbō word Graecō Greek significante signifying "flōs" "flower"

62.23 Quandō when vēnērunt came semina seeds tua your ex from herbāriō herbarium Kewēnsī? Kew?

62.24 Taxonomistae taxonomists ad to cōnferentiam conference internatiōnālem international venient will come species species novās new dēscrīptūrī about to describe

62.25 Ex from īnsula island Madāgascariēnsī Madagascan vēnit came genus genus Ravenāla Ravenala foliīs with leaves magnīs large flābellātīs fan-shaped

62.26 Pollinis of pollen grāna grains ad to flōrēs flowers aliōs other ventō by wind venientia coming fēcunditātem fertility efficiunt bring about

62.27 Plantae plants quae which spontē voluntarily veniunt come in in solō soil acidiōre more acidic indicātōrēs indicators bonī good sunt are

62.28 Cum when semina seeds ex from Chinā China vēnerint, will have come, statim immediately plantābimus we will plant ea them in in hortō garden experimentālī experimental

62.29 Familia family Orchidāceārum of Orchids ex from regionibus regions tropicīs tropical prīmum first vēnit came sed but nunc now ubīque everywhere invenitur is found

62.30 Ad to stigma stigma venientēs coming animālcula little animals pollinātōria pollinating nectare by nectar attrahuntur are attracted

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

62.16 Species nova ex Brasiliā in hortōs botanicōs vēnit. A new species came from Brazil into botanical gardens.

62.17 Plantae quae cum hominibus veniunt adventīciae vocantur. Plants which come with humans are called adventitious.

62.18 Ad Eurōpam vēnit Solānum tuberosum saecūlō sextō decimō. The potato came to Europe in the sixteenth century.

62.19 Cum explōrātōrēs ex terrā novā vēnērunt, multa genera plantārum secum tulērunt. When explorers came from the new land, they brought many genera of plants with them.

62.20 Ūndē vēnērunt hae species rārae nōndum sciēbant botanicī. Botanists did not yet know whence these rare species came.

62.21 In catalogō Linnaeanō plantae novae nūper inventae veniunt. Newly discovered plants come into the Linnaean catalog.

62.22 Vēnit nōmen generis ex verbō Graecō significante "flōs". The name of the genus comes from a Greek word signifying "flower".

62.23 Quandō vēnērunt semina tua ex herbāriō Kewēnsī? When did your seeds come from the Kew herbarium?

62.24 Taxonomistae ad cōnferentiam internatiōnālem venient species novās dēscrīptūrī. Taxonomists will come to the international conference to describe new species.

62.25 Ex īnsula Madāgascariēnsī vēnit genus Ravenāla foliīs magnīs flābellātīs. The genus Ravenala with large fan-shaped leaves came from the island of Madagascar.

62.26 Pollinis grāna ad flōrēs aliōs ventō venientia fēcunditātem efficiunt. Pollen grains coming to other flowers by wind bring about fertility.

62.27 Plantae quae spontē veniunt in solō acidiōre indicātōrēs bonī sunt. Plants which come spontaneously in more acidic soil are good indicators.

62.28 Cum semina ex Chinā vēnerint, statim plantābimus ea in hortō experimentālī. When the seeds will have come from China, we will immediately plant them in the experimental garden.

62.29 Familia Orchidāceārum ex regionibus tropicīs prīmum vēnit sed nunc ubīque invenitur. The family of Orchids first came from tropical regions but is now found everywhere.

62.30 Ad stigma venientēs animālcula pollinātōria nectare attrahuntur. Pollinating little animals coming to the stigma are attracted by nectar.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

62.16 Species nova ex Brasiliā in hortōs botanicōs vēnit.

62.17 Plantae quae cum hominibus veniunt adventīciae vocantur.

62.18 Ad Eurōpam vēnit Solānum tuberosum saecūlō sextō decimō.

62.19 Cum explōrātōrēs ex terrā novā vēnērunt, multa genera plantārum secum tulērunt.

62.20 Ūndē vēnērunt hae species rārae nōndum sciēbant botanicī.

62.21 In catalogō Linnaeanō plantae novae nūper inventae veniunt.

62.22 Vēnit nōmen generis ex verbō Graecō significante "flōs".

62.23 Quandō vēnērunt semina tua ex herbāriō Kewēnsī?

62.24 Taxonomistae ad cōnferentiam internatiōnālem venient species novās dēscrīptūrī.

62.25 Ex īnsula Madāgascariēnsī vēnit genus Ravenāla foliīs magnīs flābellātīs.

62.26 Pollinis grāna ad flōrēs aliōs ventō venientia fēcunditātem efficiunt.

62.27 Plantae quae spontē veniunt in solō acidiōre indicātōrēs bonī sunt.

62.28 Cum semina ex Chinā vēnerint, statim plantābimus ea in hortō experimentālī.

62.29 Familia Orchidāceārum ex regionibus tropicīs prīmum vēnit sed nunc ubīque invenitur.

62.30 Ad stigma venientēs animālcula pollinātōria nectare attrahuntur.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation with Taxonomical Focus)

In botanical Latin, the verb "veniō" takes on specialized meanings important for taxonomy and plant descriptions: -

Specialized Meanings in Taxonomy: -

Origin indication: "Ex Brasiliā vēnit" (It came from Brazil) - establishes plant provenance -

Introduction history: "Ad Eurōpam vēnit saecūlō sextō decimō" (It came to Europe in the sixteenth century) - documents plant introduction -

Etymology: "Nōmen vēnit ex verbō Graecō" (The name comes from a Greek word) - explains taxonomic derivation -

Classification: "In catalogō veniunt" (They come into the catalog) - describes taxonomic placement -

Grammatical Constructions in Taxonomic Literature: -

Relative clauses: "Plantae quae cum hominibus veniunt" - defines plant categories -

Participial forms: "Venientēs" (coming), "venientia" (coming things) - describes active processes -

Temporal clauses with cum: "Cum vēnerint" (when they will have come) - establishes conditions -

Interrogative forms: "Quandō vēnērunt?" (When did they come?) - scientific inquiry -

Future participle with purpose: "Venient dēscrīptūrī" (They will come to describe) - expresses scientific intent -

Word Order Patterns in Taxonomic Latin: -

Initial position for emphasis: "Vēnit nōmen ex verbō Graecō" - highlights derivation -

Medial position: "Plantae novae in catalogō veniunt" - neutral statement -

Varied verb placement: Compare "Ex Brasiliā vēnit species" vs. "Species nova vēnit ex Brasiliā" - different emphasis -

Specialized Vocabulary Associated with "veniō": -

adventīcius/a/um - plants that "come with" humans (non-native) -

prōveniēns - originating from (used in taxonomic descriptions) -

veniēns, -entis - coming (describing active biological processes) -

advenīre - to arrive (often used for newly introduced species) -

Modern Taxonomic Usage: -

In protologues (formal species descriptions) -

In floras and monographs describing plant distributions -

In etymological discussions of scientific names -

In historical accounts of plant introductions -

Contextual Markers in Taxonomic Texts: -

Geographic origin markers: "ex Chinā" (from China) -

Temporal markers: "saecūlō sextō decimō" (in the sixteenth century) -

Institutional sources: "ex herbāriō Kewēnsī" (from the Kew herbarium) -

Ecological contexts: "in solō acidiōre" (in more acidic soil)

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