← Latin for Biologists and Gardeners — Botanical Latin
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This is the ninety-fifth lesson in the Latinum Institute Botanical Latin Reading Course, a frequency-based Latin course designed for botanists, gardeners, and lovers of the natural world. Each lesson introduces a high-frequency Latin word through the lens of botanical and natural-historical texts, building your ability to read real Latin descriptions of plants and the natural world.
For the full course index, visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
What does vir mean in Latin?
The noun vir, virī (masculine, second declension) means “man” in the specific sense of an adult male, a man of courage or distinction, as opposed to a boy (puer) or a woman (fēmina). It is distinct from homō, hominis (masculine, third declension), which means “human being” in a broader, gender-neutral sense. In botanical Latin, vir appears in numerous contexts: in dedications to the men who discovered, described, or cultivated plants — the formulaic virō clārissimō (”to the most distinguished man”) found in countless herbaria and floral works; in the epithet virīlis applied to plants thought to have masculine properties; and in discussions of the relationship between man and the plant kingdom. Linnaeus himself placed humans as Homo sapiens, using homō for the genus, but the broader tradition of natural history is filled with virī doctissimī (”most learned men”) whose observations shaped our understanding of the botanical world. The word is Dickinson Core Vocabulary entry number 85 and is among the most frequently encountered nouns in classical Latin prose and poetry.
FAQ: What does vir mean in Latin?
Vir (nominative singular; genitive virī) is a second-declension masculine noun meaning “man, male person, husband, hero.” In botanical and natural-historical Latin, it most frequently appears in honorific formulae dedicating works or species to distinguished naturalists, and in classical agricultural texts describing the relationship between the farmer and his land.
Key Takeaways -
Vir, virī (m.) is a second-declension noun meaning “man” in the sense of an adult male, hero, or man of distinction, as distinct from homō (”human being”). -
In botanical Latin, vir appears in dedications (virō clārissimō), in descriptions of plant-human relationships, and in the agricultural tradition stretching from Cato through Vergil and Pliny. -
The related adjective virīlis, -e (”manly, masculine”) appears in some botanical contexts, and the Greek equivalent andr-/andro- (from anēr, andros) is prolific in botanical nomenclature (Andromeda, polyandrous, diandrous). -
The declension is regular: vir, virī, virō, virum, virō (singular); virī, virōrum, virīs, virōs, virīs (plural).
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95.1 Vir the man herbās plants (acc.) in in hortō the garden colit he tends.
95.2 Ille that vir man rosās roses (acc.) et and līlia lilies (acc.) plāntat he plants.
95.3 Virī the men doctissimī most learned plantās plants (acc.) novās new dēscrībunt they describe.
95.4 Ab by virō a man clārissimō most famous haec this arbor tree nōmināta named est has been.
95.5 Bonus the good vir man agrum the field (acc.) suum his bene well colit he tends.
95.6 Catō Cato virum a man (acc.) bonum good agricolam farmer (acc.) bonum good laudat he praises.
95.7 Virī the men docti learned plūrimās very many speciēs species (acc.) herbārum of plants invēnērunt they found.
95.8 Theophrastus Theophrastus vir a man Graecus Greek prīmus first dē about plantīs plants scrīpsit he wrote.
95.9 Linnaeus Linnaeus fuit was vir a man quī who omnem all nātūram nature (acc.) in into ōrdinem order (acc.) redēgit he reduced.
95.10 Hic this vir man sēmina seeds (acc.) rārārum of rare plantārum plants ex from Indiā India reportāvit he brought back.
95.11 Virōrum of men industriā by the effort silvae forests in into hortōs gardens (acc.) mūtātae changed sunt have been.
95.12 Plīnius Pliny vir a man nātūrālis natural historiae of history perītissimus most skilled dē about arboribus trees multa many things (acc.) trādidit he handed down.
95.13 Quem whom (acc.) virum a man (acc.) doctiōrem more learned dē about herbīs plants medicīnālibus medicinal nōvistī did you know?
95.14 Virī the men quī who terrās lands (acc.) longīnquās distant peragrāvērunt they traveled through plantās plants (acc.) ignōtās unknown Eurōpae to Europe attulērunt they brought.
95.15 Ā by virīs men sapientibus wise nātūra nature nōn not domanda to be mastered sed but observanda to be observed esse to be dīcitur it is said.
95.1 Vir herbās in hortō colit. → “The man cultivates herbs in the garden.”
95.2 Ille vir rosās et līlia plāntat. → “That man plants roses and lilies.”
95.3 Virī doctissimī plantās novās dēscrībunt. → “The most learned men describe new plants.”
95.4 Ab virō clārissimō haec arbor nōmināta est. → “This tree was named by a most distinguished man.”
95.5 Bonus vir agrum suum bene colit. → “A good man cultivates his field well.”
95.6 Catō virum bonum agricolam bonum laudat. → “Cato praises a good man as a good farmer.”
95.7 Virī docti plūrimās speciēs herbārum invēnērunt. → “Learned men have discovered very many species of herbs.”
95.8 Theophrastus, vir Graecus, prīmus dē plantīs scrīpsit. → “Theophrastus, a Greek man, was the first to write about plants.”
95.9 Linnaeus fuit vir quī omnem nātūram in ōrdinem redēgit. → “Linnaeus was the man who arranged all of nature into order.”
95.10 Hic vir sēmina rārārum plantārum ex Indiā reportāvit. → “This man brought back seeds of rare plants from India.”
95.11 Virōrum industriā silvae in hortōs mūtātae sunt. → “Through the industry of men, forests were transformed into gardens.”
95.12 Plīnius, vir nātūrālis historiae perītissimus, dē arboribus multa trādidit. → “Pliny, a man most skilled in natural history, handed down much about trees.”
95.13 Quem virum doctiōrem dē herbīs medicīnālibus nōvistī? → “What more learned man concerning medicinal herbs have you known?”
95.14 Virī quī terrās longīnquās peragrāvērunt plantās ignōtās Eurōpae attulērunt. → “Men who traversed distant lands brought unknown plants to Europe.”
95.15 Ā virīs sapientibus nātūra nōn domanda sed observanda esse dīcitur. → “By wise men, nature is said not to be tamed but to be observed.”
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95.1 Vir herbās in hortō colit.
95.2 Ille vir rosās et līlia plāntat.
95.3 Virī doctissimī plantās novās dēscrībunt.
95.4 Ab virō clārissimō haec arbor nōmināta est.
95.5 Bonus vir agrum suum bene colit.
95.6 Catō virum bonum agricolam bonum laudat.
95.7 Virī docti plūrimās speciēs herbārum invēnērunt.
95.8 Theophrastus, vir Graecus, prīmus dē plantīs scrīpsit.
95.9 Linnaeus fuit vir quī omnem nātūram in ōrdinem redēgit.
95.10 Hic vir sēmina rārārum plantārum ex Indiā reportāvit.
95.11 Virōrum industriā silvae in hortōs mūtātae sunt.
95.12 Plīnius, vir nātūrālis historiae perītissimus, dē arboribus multa trādidit.
95.13 Quem virum doctiōrem dē herbīs medicīnālibus nōvistī?
95.14 Virī quī terrās longīnquās peragrāvērunt plantās ignōtās Eurōpae attulērunt.
95.15 Ā virīs sapientibus nātūra nōn domanda sed observanda esse dīcitur.
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These are the grammar rules for vir in Latin:
Declension of vir, virī (m.) — Second Declension
The noun vir belongs to the second declension but is slightly irregular in that its nominative singular does not end in -us as most second-declension masculine nouns do. Its stem is vir- and it follows the regular second-declension endings in all other cases.
Singular: vir (nominative), virī (genitive), virō (dative), virum (accusative), virō (ablative), vir (vocative). Plural: virī (nominative), virōrum (genitive), virīs (dative), virōs (accusative), virīs (ablative), virī (vocative).
Note that the genitive plural is virōrum, not virum — this distinguishes vir from the third-declension vīs (”force”), whose genitive plural is vīrium.
Compounds and Derivatives in Botanical Latin
The word vir generates several important derivatives encountered in botanical contexts. The adjective virīlis, -e (”manly, masculine”) occasionally appears in older botanical descriptions. The noun virtūs, virtūtis (f.) originally meant “manliness” but came to mean “power, property, virtue” — in pharmaceutical Latin, the virtūtēs plantārum are the “properties or powers of plants.” The noun viridis, -e (”green”) is etymologically unrelated to vir despite superficial similarity, deriving instead from vireō (”to be green, to flourish”).
Distinguishing vir from homō
Latin makes a semantic distinction that English largely collapses. Vir denotes an adult male specifically, often with connotations of courage, excellence, or social standing. Homō, hominis (m., third declension) denotes a human being of any sex. In botanical nomenclature, Linnaeus chose Homo (not Vir) for the genus of humans precisely because homō is the broader, more scientifically appropriate term. When classical authors write vir doctissimus (”a most learned man”), they are emphasising not merely humanity but masculine excellence and distinction.
The Greek Equivalent: anēr, andros
The Greek cognate anēr, andros (”man”) is extremely productive in botanical nomenclature. The prefix andr-/andro- appears in terms describing the male reproductive organs of plants: androecium (the collective stamens), diandrous (having two stamens), polyandrous (having many stamens), Andromeda (a genus of heaths). The suffix -andria was used by Linnaeus in his sexual classification system, where classes were defined by stamen number (Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, etc.).
Common Mistakes
English speakers sometimes confuse vir with vīs (”force”) or with viridis (”green”). Remember that vir has a short i and belongs to the second declension, while vīs has a long ī and belongs to the third declension. The genitive singular of vir is virī; the genitive singular of vīs is rarely used in classical Latin (the plural vīrēs, vīrium is far more common). Another common error is using vir when homō is more appropriate: when speaking of humans as a species or of human beings in general, homō is correct; vir should be reserved for contexts where adult masculinity or personal distinction is emphasised.
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The word vir carries enormous cultural weight in Roman civilisation and, by extension, in the botanical tradition that inherited Roman Latin. For the Romans, vir was not simply a biological designation but a moral category: a vir bonus was a “good man” in the fullest sense — upright, courageous, dutiful, and productive. This concept was intimately bound to agriculture. Cato the Elder opens his treatise Dē Agrī Cultūrā with the declaration that when the Romans of old praised a good man, they called him bonum agricolam bonumque colōnum — “a good farmer and a good cultivator.” The identification of masculine virtue with the cultivation of the earth runs through the entire Roman literary tradition.
In the botanical and natural-historical tradition, the formulaic use of vir in dedications became standard practice from the Renaissance onwards. Herbalists, florists, and systematists dedicated their works virīs clārissimīs (”to the most distinguished men”) or described their predecessors as virī doctissimī (”most learned men”). The Missouri Botanical Garden’s Latin Dictionary records the phrase virī inclytissimī Brasiliēnsium (”the most famous men of Brazil”) from colonial-era botanical works. These formulae appear in herbarium labels, floral descriptions, and the prefatory dedications of great botanical works from Linnaeus’s Species Plantārum to the monographs of the nineteenth century.
The distinction between vir and homō has practical consequences in reading botanical Latin. When Pliny writes of a vir perītissimus (”a most skilled man”), he is singling out an individual authority; when he writes of plants useful hominibus (”to human beings”), he speaks of humanity broadly. When Linnaeus classified our species as Homo sapiens, he deliberately chose the term for “human being” rather than “man,” making a taxonomic rather than a gendered statement — though his letter to Johann Georg Gmelin famously challenged critics to find a genericum discrimen (”generic difference”) between homō and simia (”ape”) based on natural-historical principles alone.
In modern botanical Latin, vir has largely been replaced by gender-neutral terminology, but the word remains essential for reading the vast historical literature of botany, pharmacy, and natural history written between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Source: Cato the Elder, Dē Agrī Cultūrā, Praefātiō (c. 160 BC)
This passage is from the opening of the oldest surviving complete prose work in Latin — Cato the Elder’s agricultural manual. It establishes the Roman ideal that a good man (vir bonus) is above all a good farmer, linking masculine virtue directly to the cultivation of the earth.
Et and virum a man bonum good quom when laudābant they praised, ita thus laudābant they praised: bonum good agricolam a farmer bonumque and good colōnum a farmer. Amplissimē most highly laudārī to be praised exīstimābātur was considered quī he who ita thus laudābātur was praised.
Et virum bonum quom laudābant, ita laudābant: bonum agricolam bonumque colōnum. Amplissimē laudārī exīstimābātur quī ita laudābātur. → “And when they praised a good man, they praised him thus: ‘a good farmer and a good cultivator.’ He who was praised in this way was considered to have received the highest praise.”
Et virum bonum quom laudābant, ita laudābant: bonum agricolam bonumque colōnum. Amplissimē laudārī exīstimābātur quī ita laudābātur.
Virum: accusative singular of vir — the direct object of laudābant. Quom: archaic spelling of cum (”when”), characteristic of Cato’s early Latin prose. Agricolam: accusative singular of agricola, -ae (m., first declension) — “farmer”; note that despite its first-declension -a ending, agricola is masculine. Colōnum: accusative singular of colōnus, -ī (m.) — “cultivator, tenant farmer, settler”; from colō (”to cultivate”), which also gives us cultūra. Amplissimē: superlative adverb from amplē (”fully, abundantly”) — “most fully, most generously.” Exīstimābātur: third person singular imperfect passive indicative of exīstimō (”to consider, to judge”) — “was considered.” The passage demonstrates the predicative use of the accusative: bonum agricolam bonumque colōnum functions as a predicative complement to virum bonum, explaining what the “good man” was praised as.
Cato the Elder (234–149 BC) was a Roman statesman, general, and the first significant Latin prose author. His Dē Agrī Cultūrā (”On the Cultivation of the Field”), written around 160 BC, is the oldest surviving complete work of Latin prose and the foundation of the Roman agricultural literary tradition. This opening passage encapsulates the Roman worldview in which virtūs — the quality of being a vir — was inseparable from working the land. For Cato, there was no higher praise than to be called a good farmer.
The botanical significance of this passage extends beyond its agricultural content. Cato’s treatise contains some of the earliest detailed Latin descriptions of plant cultivation, including instructions for growing olives, grapes, cabbages (brassica), asparagus, and many other crops. His practical vocabulary for plants and farming operations became foundational for later writers — Varro, Columella, Pliny — and ultimately for the botanical Latin that would serve Linnaeus and his successors. When Renaissance botanists wrote of the virī who had studied plants before them, they stood in a tradition that Cato helped establish: the tradition that the observation and cultivation of plants is among the noblest activities of a man.
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This genre section presents fifteen additional examples in the form of a botanical explorer’s journal, describing the work of a vir who travels to collect and study plants. The text builds a coherent narrative of exploration and discovery, illustrating vir in various cases and contexts while introducing useful botanical vocabulary.
95.16 Vir a man audāx bold ad to terrās lands incognitās unknown nāvigāvit sailed ut in order to plantās plants novās new inveniret. find.
95.17 Ille that vir man erat was Josephus Joseph Banks, Banks, quī who cum with Cookiō Cook iter a journey fēcit. made.
95.18 In on lītore the shore Novae of New Hollandiae Holland vir the man specimina specimens prīma first Eucalyptī of Eucalyptus collēgit. collected.
95.19 Nūllus no vir man ante before eum him tot so many genera genera plantārum of plants Austrālium Southern vīderat. had seen.
95.20 Virum this man hunc [attached to above] comitēs companions fidēlēs faithful per through silvās forests dēnsās dense secūtī followed sunt. [auxiliary]
95.21 Ā after virō the man ipsō himself planta a plant quaedam certain Banksia Banksia posteā later appellāta was called est. [auxiliary]
95.22 Virī men quī who herbāria herbaria condidērunt established plūrimum enormously scientiae to science botanicae botanical contulērunt. contributed.
95.23 Sine without illōrum those virōrum men's labōre toil indefessō untiring multa many genera genera ignōta unknown manērent. would remain.
95.24 Hortus the garden Rēgius royal Kewēnsis at Kew ā by virīs men doctissimīs most learned fundātus was founded est. [auxiliary]
95.25 Vir the man perīculum the danger mortis of death nōn not timuerat had feared ut in order to flōrem a flower rārum rare in in montibus mountains altissimīs the highest inveniret. find.
95.26 Dē about virīs men illīs those dīcendum something must be said est [auxiliary] quī who nōmina names sua their plantīs to plants dedērunt. gave.
95.27 Vir each man quisque [attached to above] quī who speciem a species novam new invēnit discovered eam it Latīnē in Latin dēscrībere to describe dēbēbat. was obliged.
95.28 Virōs naturalists nātūrālēs [part of above] rēs things vīvae living magis more quam than librī books docuērunt. taught.
95.29 Inter among omnēs all virōs men quī who botānicam botany prōmōvērunt, advanced, Linnaeus Linnaeus prīnceps the chief habētur. is considered.
95.30 Memoriam the memory virōrum of men quī who nātūram nature explōrāvērunt explored plantae plants ipsae themselves in in nōminibus names suīs their servant. preserve.
95.16 Vir audāx ad terrās incognitās nāvigāvit ut plantās novās inveniret. → “A bold man sailed to unknown lands to find new plants.”
95.17 Ille vir erat Josephus Banks, quī cum Cookiō iter fēcit. → “That man was Joseph Banks, who made a journey with Cook.”
95.18 In lītore Novae Hollandiae vir specimina prīma Eucalyptī collēgit. → “On the shore of New Holland, the man collected the first specimens of Eucalyptus.”
95.19 Nūllus vir ante eum tot genera plantārum Austrālium vīderat. → “No man before him had seen so many genera of Southern plants.”
95.20 Virum hunc comitēs fidēlēs per silvās dēnsās secūtī sunt. → “Faithful companions followed this man through dense forests.”
95.21 Ā virō ipsō planta quaedam Banksia posteā appellāta est. → “After the man himself, a certain plant was later called Banksia.”
95.22 Virī quī herbāria condidērunt plūrimum scientiae botanicae contulērunt. → “The men who established herbaria contributed enormously to botanical science.”
95.23 Sine illōrum virōrum labōre indefessō multa genera ignōta manērent. → “Without those men’s untiring toil, many genera would remain unknown.”
95.24 Hortus Rēgius Kewēnsis ā virīs doctissimīs fundātus est. → “The Royal Garden at Kew was founded by most learned men.”
95.25 Vir perīculum mortis nōn timuerat ut flōrem rārum in montibus altissimīs inveniret. → “The man had not feared the danger of death in order to find a rare flower in the highest mountains.”
95.26 Dē virīs illīs dīcendum est quī nōmina sua plantīs dedērunt. → “Something must be said about those men who gave their names to plants.”
95.27 Vir quisque quī speciem novam invēnit eam Latīnē dēscrībere dēbēbat. → “Each man who discovered a new species was obliged to describe it in Latin.”
95.28 Virōs nātūrālēs rēs vīvae magis quam librī docuērunt. → “Living things taught naturalists more than books did.”
95.29 Inter omnēs virōs quī botānicam prōmōvērunt, Linnaeus prīnceps habētur. → “Among all men who advanced botany, Linnaeus is considered the chief.”
95.30 Memoriam virōrum quī nātūram explōrāvērunt plantae ipsae in nōminibus suīs servant. → “The plants themselves preserve in their names the memory of men who explored nature.”
95.16 Vir audāx ad terrās incognitās nāvigāvit ut plantās novās inveniret.
95.17 Ille vir erat Josephus Banks, quī cum Cookiō iter fēcit.
95.18 In lītore Novae Hollandiae vir specimina prīma Eucalyptī collēgit.
95.19 Nūllus vir ante eum tot genera plantārum Austrālium vīderat.
95.20 Virum hunc comitēs fidēlēs per silvās dēnsās secūtī sunt.
95.21 Ā virō ipsō planta quaedam Banksia posteā appellāta est.
95.22 Virī quī herbāria condidērunt plūrimum scientiae botanicae contulērunt.
95.23 Sine illōrum virōrum labōre indefessō multa genera ignōta manērent.
95.24 Hortus Rēgius Kewēnsis ā virīs doctissimīs fundātus est.
95.25 Vir perīculum mortis nōn timuerat ut flōrem rārum in montibus altissimīs inveniret.
95.26 Dē virīs illīs dīcendum est quī nōmina sua plantīs dedērunt.
95.27 Vir quisque quī speciem novam invēnit eam Latīnē dēscrībere dēbēbat.
95.28 Virōs nātūrālēs rēs vīvae magis quam librī docuērunt.
95.29 Inter omnēs virōs quī botānicam prōmōvērunt, Linnaeus prīnceps habētur.
95.30 Memoriam virōrum quī nātūram explōrāvērunt plantae ipsae in nōminibus suīs servant.
This genre section illustrates vir in all five cases (plus the ablative of agent), providing a comprehensive overview of its syntactic behaviour.
Nominative (vir): appears as subject in 95.16, 95.18, 95.19, 95.25, 95.27 — the man as agent, explorer, discoverer. Accusative (virum, virōs): appears as direct object in 95.20 (virum hunc ... secūtī sunt) and 95.28 (virōs nātūrālēs ... docuērunt), showing the man as the object of others’ actions. Genitive (virōrum): appears in 95.23 (illōrum virōrum labōre) and 95.30 (virōrum quī), expressing possession and description. Dative (virīs): not directly used in this section, but see main examples. Ablative (virō, virīs): appears prominently in ablative of agent constructions with ā/ab in 95.21 (ā virō ipsō), 95.24 (ā virīs doctissimīs), and in the ablative after dē in 95.26 (dē virīs illīs).
The subjunctive appears in purpose clauses with ut (95.16 ut inveniret, 95.25 ut inveniret) and in a conditional/counterfactual statement (95.23 manērent — imperfect subjunctive indicating contrary-to-fact present). The gerundive dēscrībere dēbēbat (95.27) expresses obligation, while the passive periphrastic dīcendum est (95.26) shows impersonal obligation.
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The word vir is pronounced /wɪr/ in Classical Latin (with the consonantal v pronounced as English “w”) and /vir/ in Ecclesiastical Latin (with v as in English “vine”). The vowel is short, distinguishing it from vīs /wiːs/ (”force”) which has a long vowel.
In macronised texts, the short i in vir is left unmarked: vir, virī, virō, virum. The long vowels in the genitive plural virōrum and the dative/ablative plural virīs are marked. The student should be careful not to confuse virī (genitive singular or nominative plural of vir) with vīrī (which does not exist — vīs uses third-declension forms in the plural: vīrēs, vīrium).
In botanical Latin, pronunciation conventions vary. International botanical Latin generally follows the traditional English pronunciation of Latin, where vir would rhyme with English “veer” (/vɪər/). In continental European traditions, pronunciation tends to follow either the reformed Classical or the Ecclesiastical system. For the purposes of reading botanical descriptions aloud, consistency within one system is more important than choosing a particular system.
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The Latinum Institute Botanical Latin Reading Course teaches Latin through the world of plants, gardens, and natural history. Using the construed reading method, each lesson builds vocabulary and grammar systematically, progressing from the most frequently used Latin words to less common but equally important terms. The course is designed for botanists, biologists, gardeners, and anyone who wishes to read the vast Latin literature of the natural sciences.
The course uses the construed reading method: Section A provides a word-by-word interlinear gloss, Section B gives natural sentences with translations, and Section C presents the Latin text alone for independent reading practice. Grammar explanations, cultural context, literary citations, and a genre section with fifteen additional examples complete each lesson, providing thirty examples in total. 95.16 Vir A man audāx bold ad to terrās lands incognitās unknown nāvigāvit sailed ut in order that plantās plants novās new inveniret he might find.
95.17 Ille That vir man erat was Josephus Joseph Banks Banks, quī who cum with Cookiō Cook iter a journey fēcit made.
95.18 In On lītore the shore Novae New Hollandiae Holland vir the man specimina specimens prīma first Eucalyptī of Eucalyptus collēgit collected.
95.19 Nūllus No vir man ante before eum him tot so many genera kinds plantārum of plants Austrālium Australian vīderat had seen.
95.20 Virum The man hunc this comitēs companions fidēlēs faithful per through silvās forests dēnsās dense secūtī followed sunt were.
95.21 Ā By virō the man ipsō himself planta a plant quaedam a certain Banksia Banksia posteā afterward appellāta called est was.
95.22 Virī The men quī who herbāria herbals condidērunt composed plūrimum very much scientiae of science botanicae botanical contulērunt contributed.
95.23 Sine Without illōrum their virōrum men's labōre labor indefessō tireless multa many genera kinds ignōta unknown manērent would remain.
95.24 Hortus A garden Rēgius Royal Kewēnsis of Kew ā by virīs men doctissimīs most learned fundātus founded est was.
95.25 Vir The man perīculum danger mortis of death nōn not timuerat had feared ut in order that flōrem a flower rārum rare in in montibus mountains altissimīs highest inveniret he might find.
95.26 Dē About virīs men illīs those dīcendum it must be said est is quī who nōmina names sua their plantīs to plants dedērunt gave.
95.27 Vir A man quisque each quī who speciem a species novam new invēnit found eam it Latīnē in Latin dēscrībere to describe dēbēbat ought.
95.28 Virōs The men nātūrālēs natural rēs things vīvae living magis more quam than librī books docuērunt taught.
95.29 Inter Among omnēs all virōs men quī who botānicam botany prōmōvērunt advanced, Linnaeus Linnaeus prīnceps chief habētur is held.
95.30 Memoriam The memory virōrum of men quī who nātūram nature explōrāvērunt explored plantae plants ipsae themselves in in nōminibus names suīs their servant preserve.