The Chewa word ndi is one of the most versatile and frequently used words in the language. As the primary preposition meaning “with,” it expresses accompaniment, possession, and connection between people, things, and ideas. However, ndi also serves multiple grammatical functions: it acts as a copula (linking verb) meaning “is/am/are” in identification sentences, and it appears as the first-person subject marker meaning “I” in verb conjugations.
This multifunctionality makes ndi essential for learners to master early. In this lesson, we focus primarily on ndi as the preposition “with,” showing how it creates relationships of accompaniment (”I am with my friend”), possession (”I have a book” - literally “I am with a book”), and connection (”rice with beans”).
Chewa (also called Chichewa or Nyanja) is a Bantu language spoken by approximately 9-15 million people across Malawi (where it’s an official language), Zambia, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. The language features a noun class system typical of Bantu languages, where prefixes on nouns determine agreement patterns throughout sentences. Chewa is also tonal, meaning pitch differences distinguish word meanings, though this is not consistently marked in standard orthography.
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FAQ: What does “ndi” mean in Chewa?
“Ndi” is a multifunctional word in Chewa with three primary uses: (1) as a preposition meaning “with” for accompaniment and possession, (2) as a copula meaning “is/am/are” in identification sentences, and (3) as a first-person subject marker meaning “I” in verb forms. This lesson focuses on its use as the preposition “with.”
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Ndi is the basic preposition for “with” in Chewa, expressing accompaniment and connection -
The same word ndi also functions as a copula (”is/am/are”) and first-person marker (”I”) -
Chewa uses ndi to express possession where English uses “have” (e.g., “I am with book” = “I have a book”) -
The language belongs to the Bantu family with noun classes and tonal distinctions -
Context determines which function of ndi is being used in any given sentence
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17.1a Ndili ndi mnzanga 17.1b Ndi-li (ndili) I-am ndi (ndi) with m-nzanga (mnzanga) my-friend
17.2a Buku ndi pensulo 17.2b Buku (buku) book ndi (ndi) with pensulo (pensulo) pencil
17.3a Amai ndi mwana 17.3b A-mai (amai) mother ndi (ndi) with mwana (mwana) child
17.4a Ndikupita ndi iwe 17.4b Ndi-ku-pit-a (ndikupita) I-PROG-go-FV ndi (ndi) with iwe (iwe) you
17.5a Chakudya ndi madzi 17.5b Cha-kudya (chakudya) food ndi (ndi) with madzi (madzi) water
17.6a Ali ndi galimoto 17.6b A-li (ali) he-is ndi (ndi) with galimoto (galimoto) car
17.7a Nsima ndi nyama 17.7b Nsima (nsima) nsima/maize-porridge ndi (ndi) with nyama (nyama) meat
17.8a Tikuphika ndi mafuta 17.8b Ti-ku-phik-a (tikuphika) we-PROG-cook-FV ndi (ndi) with ma-futa (mafuta) oil
17.9a Mtengo ndi masamba 17.9b M-tengo (mtengo) tree ndi (ndi) with ma-samba (masamba) leaves
17.10a Ndimadya ndi chipala 17.10b Ndi-ma-dy-a (ndimadya) I-HAB-eat-FV ndi (ndi) with chi-pala (chipala) spoon
17.11a Munthu ndi njinga 17.11b Mu-nthu (munthu) person ndi (ndi) with njinga (njinga) bicycle
17.12a Ine ndi iwe 17.12b Ine (ine) I ndi (ndi) with iwe (iwe) you
17.13a Sukulu ndi maphunziro 17.13b Sukulu (sukulu) school ndi (ndi) with ma-phunziro (maphunziro) lessons
17.14a Anakumana ndi bwenzi 17.14b A-na-ku-man-a (anakumana) he-PAST-meet-FV ndi (ndi) with bwenzi (bwenzi) friend
17.15a Nyumba ndi khonde 17.15b Nyumba (nyumba) house ndi (ndi) with khonde (khonde) veranda
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17.1 Ndili ndi mnzanga “I am with my friend”
17.2 Buku ndi pensulo “A book and a pencil” / “The book with the pencil”
17.3 Amai ndi mwana “Mother with child” / “The mother and the child”
17.4 Ndikupita ndi iwe “I am going with you”
17.5 Chakudya ndi madzi “Food and water” / “Food with water”
17.6 Ali ndi galimoto “He has a car” / “He is with a car”
17.7 Nsima ndi nyama “Nsima with meat”
17.8 Tikuphika ndi mafuta “We are cooking with oil”
17.9 Mtengo ndi masamba “A tree with leaves”
17.10 Ndimadya ndi chipala “I eat with a spoon”
17.11 Munthu ndi njinga “A person with a bicycle”
17.12 Ine ndi iwe “You and I” / “I and you”
17.13 Sukulu ndi maphunziro “School with lessons” / “School and lessons”
17.14 Anakumana ndi bwenzi “He met with a friend”
17.15 Nyumba ndi khonde “A house with a veranda”
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17.1 Ndili ndi mnzanga
17.2 Buku ndi pensulo
17.3 Amai ndi mwana
17.4 Ndikupita ndi iwe
17.5 Chakudya ndi madzi
17.6 Ali ndi galimoto
17.7 Nsima ndi nyama
17.8 Tikuphika ndi mafuta
17.9 Mtengo ndi masamba
17.10 Ndimadya ndi chipala
17.11 Munthu ndi njinga
17.12 Ine ndi iwe
17.13 Sukulu ndi maphunziro
17.14 Anakumana ndi bwenzi
17.15 Nyumba ndi khonde
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1. Ndi as Preposition “With”
The preposition ndi expresses accompaniment, connection, and possession. It follows the noun or pronoun it connects: -
Structure: Noun/Pronoun + ndi + Noun/Pronoun -
Example: munthu ndi galimoto (person with car) -
Example: ine ndi iwe (I with you / you and I)
2. Multiple Functions of “Ndi”
The word ndi serves three distinct grammatical roles:
a) Preposition “with” (our focus): -
Ndili ndi buku (I am with a book / I have a book)
b) Copula “is/am/are” for identification: -
Dzina langa ndi Mary (My name is Mary)
c) First-person subject marker “I”: -
Ndi-li (I am), ndi-ku-pita (I am going)
Context determines which function is being used. In ndili ndi mnzanga (”I am with my friend”), the first ndi- is the subject marker “I,” while the standalone ndi is the preposition “with.”
3. Expressing Possession with “Ndi”
Chewa does not have a direct equivalent of English “have.” Instead, possession is expressed using the verb “to be” (-li) plus ndi: -
Ali ndi galimoto = “He is with car” = “He has a car” -
Ndili ndi mafunso = “I am with questions” = “I have questions” -
Tili ndi ndalama = “We are with money” = “We have money”
4. Noun Class System
Chewa uses noun class prefixes that affect agreement. Common classes relevant to these examples: -
Class 1 (mu-): munthu (person), mwana (child) -
Class 5 (Ø-): buku (book), galimoto (car) -
Class 6 (ma-): madzi (water), mafuta (oil), masamba (leaves) -
Class 7 (chi-): chipala (spoon), chakudya (food) -
Class 9 (Ø-): njinga (bicycle), nsima (porridge), nyumba (house)
5. Verb Structure with Ndi-
When ndi- appears as a prefix on verbs, it’s the first-person subject marker: -
Ndi-li = I am -
Ndi-ku-pita = I-PROG-go = I am going -
Ndi-ma-dya = I-HAB-eat = I eat (habitually)
The structure is: Subject Marker + Tense/Aspect + Verb Root + Final Vowel
6. Coordination with “Ndi”
Ndi can also function like “and” when connecting nouns of equal status: -
Buku ndi pensulo = “Book and pencil” -
Amai ndi atate = “Mother and father” -
Ine ndi iwe = “I and you” / “You and I”
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Overusing standalone “ndi”: Remember that “I have” requires the full construction ndili ndi (I am with), not just ndi. -
Confusing the three functions: The word ndi looks the same but serves different roles. Learn to identify from context. -
Word order with possession: Chewa says “I-am with book” not “I-have book.” -
Missing the verb: In possession statements, don’t forget the verb -li (to be): Ali ndi (he has), not just a ndi. -
Tone neglect: While not marked in standard writing, ndi has specific tones that distinguish its functions. Listen to native speakers.
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Formal vs. Informal: The word ndi is neutral and used equally in formal and informal contexts. In official documents, religious services, and educational settings, ndi maintains the same form and function as in casual conversation.
Regional Variations:
Chewa/Chichewa/Nyanja represents a dialect continuum across several countries: -
Malawi: The standard form is called Chichewa. Uses ndi- for first person consistently. -
Zambia: Called Nyanja or Chinyanja. In standard Nyanja (Eastern Province), usage matches Malawian Chewa. However, Town Nyanja (Lusaka urban dialect) uses ni- instead of ndi- for the first-person marker, and ba- instead of a- for third-person plural. -
Mozambique: Called Nyanja, closely follows Malawian patterns.
For learners, focusing on Malawian Chichewa provides the most standardized form, though being aware of Zambian Town Nyanja differences helps with comprehension across regions.
Several common expressions use ndi: -
Komana ndi = “to meet with” (ku-mana = to meet) -
Malinga ndi = “according to” -
Ndi zoonadi = “it is true” (literally “with truth”) -
Ali ndi mantha = “he/she is afraid” (literally “is with fear”) -
Ndi zaka zingati? = “How old are you?” (literally “with years how-many?”)
The versatility of ndi reflects important aspects of Chewa communication: -
Collective thinking: The use of ndi to express both “with” and “and” emphasizes connection and togetherness, values central to Chewa culture. -
Possession concepts: The construction “to be with” rather than “to have” subtly reflects a worldview where possession is relational rather than absolute ownership. -
Food culture: The phrase nsima ndi nyama (nsima with meat/relish) is culturally loaded. Nsima (a thick maize porridge) is the staple food, and what you eat “with” it (the relish) defines the meal. The ndi construction here is not just grammatical but culturally essential. -
Social connections: Asking Uli ndi bwanji? (literally “You are with how?”) is a common greeting meaning “How are you?” The ndi frames well-being as something you “have with you.”
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Komanso = “also, and also” (different from simple coordination with ndi) -
Pamodzi ndi = “together with” (more emphatic than simple ndi) -
-li alone = “to be, to exist” (without ndi means state of being, not possession)
Ndi is socially neutral. However, the constructions you use it in may vary: -
Formal writing: Prefers complete constructions and avoids contractions -
Spoken language: May blend ndi with other words in rapid speech -
Religious language: Uses ndi frequently in liturgical Chewa (e.g., “Mulungu ndi ife” = “God is with us”)
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From Chewa oral tradition - traditional proverb:
F.1a Munthu ndi munthu chifukwa cha anthu ena F.1b Mu-nthu (munthu) person ndi (ndi) with mu-nthu (munthu) person chi-fukwa (chifukwa) reason cha (cha) of a-nthu (anthu) people ena (ena) other
F.2a Palibe munthu amene angakhale yekha F.2b Pa-li-be (palibe) there-is-not mu-nthu (munthu) person a-mene (amene) who a-nga-khal-e (angakhale) can-be-FV yekha (yekha) alone
F.1 Munthu ndi munthu chifukwa cha anthu ena “A person is a person because of other people”
F.2 Palibe munthu amene angakhale yekha “There is no person who can exist alone”
F.1 Munthu ndi munthu chifukwa cha anthu ena
F.2 Palibe munthu amene angakhale yekha
This proverb expresses the Ubuntu philosophy in Chewa culture: that individual identity is formed through community relationships.
Grammar points: -
Munthu ndi munthu: Here ndi functions as the copula “is” not the preposition “with” - “A person is a person” -
Chifukwa cha: “because of” (chi- is class 7 prefix, -fukwa = reason) -
Anthu ena: “other people” (a- is class 2 plural human prefix, ena = other) -
Palibe: Negative existential “there is not” (pa-li-be combines locative pa- + verb -li + negative -be) -
Amene: Relative pronoun “who” agreeing with class 1 munthu -
Angakhale: Modal construction “can be” (a- subject + -nga- potential + -khal- be + -e subjunctive) -
Yekha: “alone, by oneself”
The proverb uses ndi in its copula function, but its message about human connection resonates with the preposition ndi (with) - emphasizing that people exist fundamentally with others.
This proverb encapsulates one of the core values in Chewa society: communalism and interdependence. It’s often invoked when: -
Teaching children about sharing and community responsibility -
Resolving disputes to remind people of their mutual obligations -
Explaining why helping others is not optional but definitional to being human -
Critiquing individualism or selfishness
The philosophy expressed here parallels the Southern African concept of Ubuntu (”I am because we are”), showing the deep Bantu cultural connections across the region. In Chewa village life, this principle governs everything from food sharing to collective agricultural work (dzanja limodzi silidya mkhwani - “one hand cannot eat nsima alone,” another related proverb).
The grammatical use of ndi as copula in this context is itself meaningful: identity (ndi as “is”) requires relationship (ndi as “with”).
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17.16a Muli ndi maungu? 17.16b Mu-li (muli) you-are ndi (ndi) with ma-ungu (maungu) pumpkins
17.17a Inde, ndili nawo 17.17b Inde (inde) yes ndi-li (ndili) I-am nawo (nawo) with-them
17.18a Mungagulitse ndi mtengo wanji? 17.18b Mu-nga-gul-its-e (mungagulitse) you-can-sell-CAUS-FV ndi (ndi) with m-tengo (mtengo) price wa-nji (wanji) which
17.19a Maungu ndi nkhwani zokwana zana limodzi 17.19b Ma-ungu (maungu) pumpkins ndi (ndi) with nkhwani (nkhwani) one-hundred zo-kwan-a (zokwana) reaching zana (zana) hundred li-modzi (limodzi) one
17.20a Kodi muli ndi anyezi? 17.20b Kodi (kodi) question-marker mu-li (muli) you-are ndi (ndi) with a-nyezi (anyezi) tomatoes
17.21a Palibe, koma ndili ndi mpunga 17.21b Pa-li-be (palibe) there-is-not koma (koma) but ndi-li (ndili) I-am ndi (ndi) with m-punga (mpunga) rice
17.22a Mpunga ndi nyama bwanji? 17.22b M-punga (mpunga) rice ndi (ndi) with nyama (nyama) meat bwanji (bwanji) how-about
17.23a Ndikufuna mpunga ndi mafuta 17.23b Ndi-ku-fun-a (ndikufuna) I-PROG-want-FV m-punga (mpunga) rice ndi (ndi) with ma-futa (mafuta) oil
17.24a Chabwino, ndili ndi zonse 17.24b Cha-bwino (chabwino) good ndi-li (ndili) I-am ndi (ndi) with zonse (zonse) all
17.25a Mungandipangire mtengo wabwino? 17.25b Mu-nga-ndi-pang-ir-e (mungandipangire) you-can-me-make-APPL-FV m-tengo (mtengo) price wa-bwino (wabwino) good
17.26a Inde, ndikupangani ndi mtima wabwino 17.26b Inde (inde) yes ndi-ku-pang-an-i (ndikupangani) I-PROG-make-REC-FV ndi (ndi) with m-tima (mtima) heart wa-bwino (wabwino) good
17.27a Zikomo kwambiri ndi chikondi chanu 17.27b Zikomo (zikomo) thank-you kwa-mbiri (kwambiri) very ndi (ndi) with chi-kondi (chikondi) kindness cha-nu (chanu) your
17.28a Tibwerera ndi zinthu 17.28b Ti-bwer-er-a (tibwerera) we-return-APPL-FV ndi (ndi) with zi-nthu (zinthu) things
17.29a Ndidzabwera ndi bwenzi langa 17.29b Ndi-dza-bwer-a (ndidzabwera) I-FUT-come-FV ndi (ndi) with bwenzi (bwenzi) friend la-nga (langa) my
17.30a Tikuonana ndi lupita bwino 17.30b Ti-ku-onan-a (tikuonana) we-PROG-see-REC-FV ndi (ndi) with lu-pita (lupita) go bwino (bwino) well
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17.16 Muli ndi maungu? “Do you have pumpkins?”
17.17 Inde, ndili nawo “Yes, I have them”
17.18 Mungagulitse ndi mtengo wanji? “At what price can you sell them?”
17.19 Maungu ndi nkhwani zokwana zana limodzi “Pumpkins with one hundred kwacha”
17.20 Kodi muli ndi anyezi? “Do you have tomatoes?”
17.21 Palibe, koma ndili ndi mpunga “No, but I have rice”
17.22 Mpunga ndi nyama bwanji? “How about rice and meat?”
17.23 Ndikufuna mpunga ndi mafuta “I want rice with oil”
17.24 Chabwino, ndili ndi zonse “Good, I have everything”
17.25 Mungandipangire mtengo wabwino? “Can you give me a good price?”
17.26 Inde, ndikupangani ndi mtima wabwino “Yes, I’m making (the price) for you with a good heart”
17.27 Zikomo kwambiri ndi chikondi chanu “Thank you very much for your kindness”
17.28 Tibwerera ndi zinthu “We’ll return with the things”
17.29 Ndidzabwera ndi bwenzi langa “I’ll come with my friend”
17.30 Tikuonana ndi lupita bwino “Goodbye (we see each other with good going)”
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17.16 Muli ndi maungu?
17.17 Inde, ndili nawo
17.18 Mungagulitse ndi mtengo wanji?
17.19 Maungu ndi nkhwani zokwana zana limodzi
17.20 Kodi muli ndi anyezi?
17.21 Palibe, koma ndili ndi mpunga
17.22 Mpunga ndi nyama bwanji?
17.23 Ndikufuna mpunga ndi mafuta
17.24 Chabwino, ndili ndi zonse
17.25 Mungandipangire mtengo wabwino?
17.26 Inde, ndikupangani ndi mtima wabwino
17.27 Zikomo kwambiri ndi chikondi chanu
17.28 Tibwerera ndi zinthu
17.29 Ndidzabwera ndi bwenzi langa
17.30 Tikuonana ndi lupita bwino
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This dialogue demonstrates typical market interactions in Chewa-speaking regions, with heavy use of ndi in its various functions.
Key constructions: -
Possession questions: “Muli ndi...?” (Do you have...?) - Uses second-person mu-li + ndi -
Nawo/Naye pronouns: Ndili nawo (I have them) uses ndi + object pronoun: ndi + -wo (them, class 6) = nawo. Similar forms: naye (with him/her), nayo (with it), nazo (with them, class 10). -
Modal + ndi: Mungagulitse ndi mtengo wanji? shows -nga- (can/potential) + -gul- (buy) + -its- (causative = sell) + ndi (with/at) + price. -
Negative existential: Palibe (there is not) = locative pa- + -li- + negative -be -
Future tense: Ndidzabwera (I will come) uses -dza- future marker -
Applied/benefactive: Mungandipangire includes -ndi- (me, object marker) + -pang- (make) + -ir- (applicative suffix) = “make for me” -
Reciprocal: Tikuonana (we see each other) uses -onan- with reciprocal suffix -an- -
Idiomatic farewell: Tikuonana ndi lupita bwino literally “we see each other with good going” is the standard way to say “goodbye, go well”
Cultural notes for dialogue: -
Market bargaining is expected; asking for mtengo wabwino (good price) is normal -
Ndi mtima wabwino (with good heart) expresses goodwill in business -
Returning ndi bwenzi (with a friend) shows the social nature of shopping -
Kodi at sentence start signals a polite question -
Zikomo kwambiri (thank you very much) + ndi chikondi chanu (with your kindness) shows proper gratitude
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Chewa uses the basic Latin alphabet with a few special considerations:
Consonants: -
ng’: Represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ as in English “sing” (different from ng /ŋg/) -
ph: Not like English “ph” - represents aspirated /pʰ/ as in “pit” -
bh, dh, th: Breathy-voiced consonants, though these are less common -
sy: Palatalized /ɕ/, like “sh” in “she”
Vowels: All five vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are pronounced as in Spanish or Italian: -
a = /a/ as in “father” -
e = /ɛ/ as in “bed” -
i = /i/ as in “machine” -
o = /ɔ/ as in “ought” -
u = /u/ as in “food”
Key pronunciation for this lesson: -
Ndi /ndi/ - Quick “n” + “dee”, stress typically on first syllable when standalone -
Ndili /ndi.li/ - “ndee-lee” with level tones -
Maungu /ma.u.ŋgu/ - “mah-oo-ngoo”, note the /ŋg/ sound -
Mpunga /m̩.pu.ŋga/ - Syllabic m (like “hmm”) + “poo-nga”
Syllabic nasals: Chewa allows syllabic m and n before consonants: -
Mpunga (rice): /m̩.pu.ŋga/ -
Mtengo (tree/price): /m̩.tɛ.ŋgo/ -
Nkhwani (100 kwacha): /n̩.kʷa.ni/
Tone: Chewa is tonal but tones are not marked in standard orthography. Native speakers distinguish meanings through high vs. low pitch: -
Words can change meaning based on tone patterns -
For learners, listening to native speakers is essential -
Written Chewa context usually makes meaning clear
Common spelling patterns: -
-li verb ending is extremely common (present continuous) -
ndi- as prefix vs. ndi standalone - spacing matters! -
Double vowels are rare; each vowel is pronounced separately
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The Latinum Institute has been creating online language learning materials since 2006, pioneering the use of construed reading methods for language acquisition. This Chewa course applies proven techniques to help autodidact learners master Bantu languages through: -
Frequency-based vocabulary: Learning the most common words first (like ndi, which appears in countless everyday sentences) -
Interlinear construed reading: Seeing word-by-word breakdowns to understand morphological processes -
Authentic cultural context: Real proverbs, dialogues, and cultural notes -
Progressive complexity: Starting simple and building to natural conversation
Chewa (Chichewa, Chinyanja, Nyanja) is one of Africa’s major Bantu languages, serving as: -
National language of Malawi -
One of seven official languages of Zambia -
Regional language in Mozambique and Zimbabwe -
Total speakers: 9-15 million (first language), many more as second language
Learning Chewa opens doors to understanding Southern and East African cultures, literature, music, and daily life across multiple countries.
This course uses a CSV-based progression system where each lesson focuses on one essential word from a carefully curated frequency list of the 1000 most important English words. Each word is then taught in the target language (Chewa) with: -
30 example sentences (15 basic + 15 in context) -
Complete grammar explanations -
Cultural insights -
Authentic literature or dialogue -
Pronunciation guidance
Lesson Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
Reviews: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk
Traditional language courses often teach random vocabulary or grammar rules out of context. The Latinum Institute method ensures that: -
Every word you learn is high-frequency and immediately useful -
You see words in authentic contexts, not isolated examples -
Grammar emerges naturally from observing patterns -
Cultural knowledge accompanies linguistic knowledge -
The construed reading method accelerates comprehension
By focusing on ndi in this lesson, you’ve learned not just a preposition but a fundamental building block of Chewa that appears in possession, identification, coordination, and countless idiomatic expressions.
Each lesson builds on previous ones while introducing new essential vocabulary. The systematic approach means that by lesson 100, you’ll have encountered the words that account for approximately 50% of everyday Chewa communication. By lesson 1000, you’ll have mastery of the core vocabulary needed for fluency.
Remember: Language learning is a journey best taken ndi mtima wabwino (with a good heart) and ndi kulimbikira (with perseverance)!
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