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"With" is one of the most frequent words in English. It is a preposition: a small word that comes before a noun or a pronoun and joins it to the rest of the sentence. It has two main jobs.
The first job is company, being together: "Come with me." "I live with my parents." "She goes to school with her friend."
The second job is the tool or the material you use: "I write with a pen." "We cut wood with an axe." "We eat nsima with fish."
Chichewa uses one small word for both jobs, and for more: ndi.
- Ndimapita naye — I go with him (company) - Ndimalemba ndi cholembera — I write with a pen (tool) - Timadya nsima ndi nsomba — We eat nsima with fish (together with) - Ali ndi mkazi — he has a wife, literally "he is with a wife"
The English word "with" has the same two jobs as ndi. But ndi also means "and" and "is", and English has three different words for these: "with", "and", "is". You must choose the right one.
With a pronoun, Chichewa joins ndi to the pronoun and makes one word: ndi + ine = nane, ndi + iwe = nawe, ndi + iye = naye, ndi + ife = nafe, ndi + inu = nanu, ndi + iwo = nawo. English does not join anything. It keeps two words, and the pronoun has the object form:
- with me — nane - with you — nawe (one person) or nanu (more than one, or a respected person) - with him, with her — naye - with us — nafe - with them — nawo
What does "with" mean in Chichewa? Ndi, or na- before a pronoun: together with someone, or using something. There is no ending to learn. "With" never changes its form.
Key Takeaways:
- "With" has two main meanings: together with a person ("Come with me") and using a thing ("I write with a pen"). Chichewa ndi covers both. - After "with" use the object form of the pronoun: with me, with him, with her, with us, with them. Never "with I" or "with he". - English "with" is not "and". "Tea with sugar" and "tea and sugar" are two ideas. Chichewa ndi can be both, English cannot. - Chichewa says "I am with hunger" (Ndili ndi njala). English says "I am hungry". We do not say "I am with hunger". - The opposite is "without": tea without sugar, wopanda shuga.
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with — /wɪð/ (many speakers, especially in America, also say /wɪθ/; both are correct) without — /wɪˈðaʊt/ together with — /təˈɡeðə wɪð/
The word has three sounds: /w/, /ɪ/ and /ð/.
The first sound, /w/, is the same as the Chichewa w in wanga or watopa. Round the lips, then open them into the vowel.
The vowel /ɪ/ is short and relaxed, like a Chichewa i said quickly and without tension. It is not the long vowel of "he" /hiː/. Compare: "with" /wɪð/ and "we" /wiː/ are different words. "Wit" /wɪt/ is another word again.
The last sound, /ð/, is the difficult one. Chichewa has no /ð/. Put the tip of your tongue lightly between your teeth and let the voice buzz. Do not say /d/ (wid), /z/ (wiz) or /t/ (wit).
Warning about the spelling. In Chichewa the letters th are one sound, an aspirated t: thandiza /tʰandiza/, thanzi /tʰanzi/. In English the same two letters are a different sound, /ð/ or /θ/. So "with" does not end with a Chichewa th. Do not read it "wi-ta".
In a sentence "with" is usually weak and quick: "Come with me" /ˈkʌm wɪð ˈmiː/. Before "the", the two /ð/ sounds run together: "with the" sounds like /wɪð ðə/ or /wɪ ðə/. At the end of a question "with" is strong: "Who are you going with?" /huː ə juː ˈɡəʊɪŋ ˈwɪð/.
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17.1 Come bwera with ndi me ine (Bwera nane)
17.2 Tea tiyi with ndi sugar shuga please chonde (Tiyi ndi shuga, chonde)
17.3 I (ndi-) go -ma-pita with ndi him iye (Ndimapita naye)
17.4 Sit khala with ndi us ife (Khala nafe)
17.5 I (ndi-) live -ma-khala with ndi them iwo (Ndimakhala nawo)
17.6 She (a-) goes -ma-pita to school kusukulu with ndi her friend bwenzi lake (Amapita kusukulu ndi bwenzi lake)
17.7 We (ti-) cut -ma-dula wood nkhuni with ndi an axe nkhwangwa (Timadula nkhuni ndi nkhwangwa)
17.8 I (ndi-) write -ma-lemba with ndi a - pen cholembera (Ndimalemba ndi cholembera)
17.9 The - children ana wash (a-)-ma-tsuka their hands manja with ndi soap sopo (Ana amatsuka manja ndi sopo)
17.10 Do kodi you (mu-) want -ku-funa tea tiyi with ndi milk mkaka (Kodi mukufuna tiyi ndi mkaka)
17.11 We (ti-) eat -ma-dya nsima nsima with ndi fish nsomba (Timadya nsima ndi nsomba)
17.12 I (ndi-) want -ku-funa a - house nyumba with yokhala ndi a - garden munda (Ndikufuna nyumba yokhala ndi munda)
17.13 Please chonde help me (ndi-)-thandiz-(eni) with ndi this iyi work ntchito (Chonde, ndithandizeni ndi ntchito iyi)
17.14 The - woman mayi with wokhala ndi the - baby mwana is ndi my aunt azakhali anga (Mayi wokhala ndi mwana ndi azakhali anga)
17.15 If you (u-) come -ka-bwera with me nane I (ndi-) will show -dza-ku-onetsa you (-ku-) the market msika (Ukabwera nane, ndidzakuonetsa msika)
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17.1 Come with me. Bwera nane.
17.2 Tea with sugar, please. Tiyi ndi shuga, chonde.
17.3 I go with him. Ndimapita naye.
17.4 Sit with us. Khala nafe.
17.5 I live with them. Ndimakhala nawo.
17.6 She goes to school with her friend. Amapita kusukulu ndi bwenzi lake.
17.7 We cut wood with an axe. Timadula nkhuni ndi nkhwangwa.
17.8 I write with a pen. Ndimalemba ndi cholembera.
17.9 The children wash their hands with soap. Ana amatsuka manja ndi sopo.
17.10 Do you want tea with milk? Kodi mukufuna tiyi ndi mkaka?
17.11 We eat nsima with fish. Timadya nsima ndi nsomba.
17.12 I want a house with a garden. Ndikufuna nyumba yokhala ndi munda.
17.13 Please help me with this work. Chonde, ndithandizeni ndi ntchito iyi.
17.14 The woman with the baby is my aunt. Mayi wokhala ndi mwana ndi azakhali anga.
17.15 If you come with me, I will show you the market. Ukabwera nane, ndidzakuonetsa msika.
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17.1 Come with me.
17.2 Tea with sugar, please.
17.3 I go with him.
17.4 Sit with us.
17.5 I live with them.
17.6 She goes to school with her friend.
17.7 We cut wood with an axe.
17.8 I write with a pen.
17.9 The children wash their hands with soap.
17.10 Do you want tea with milk?
17.11 We eat nsima with fish.
17.12 I want a house with a garden.
17.13 Please help me with this work.
17.14 The woman with the baby is my aunt.
17.15 If you come with me, I will show you the market.
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These are the grammar rules for "with" in English:
1. Company: "with" + a person. It means together with someone, in the same place or doing the same thing: "Come with me" (17.1), "I live with them" (17.5), "She goes to school with her friend" (17.6). Chichewa uses ndi: ndi bwenzi lake (17.6). With a pronoun Chichewa makes one word: nane (17.1), naye (17.3), nafe (17.4), nawo (17.5).
2. Tool: "with" + a thing you use. "I write with a pen" (17.8), "We cut wood with an axe" (17.7), "The children wash their hands with soap" (17.9). Chichewa again uses ndi: ndi cholembera, ndi nkhwangwa, ndi sopo. English "with" here answers the question "How?" or "With what?". Do not use "by" for a tool: "I write by a pen" is wrong. Say "with a pen". "By" is used for a way of travelling (by bus, by car), for the person who does something ("a book written by Chinua Achebe"), and for a time ("by Friday"). Chichewa often says pa basi, "on the bus"; English says "by bus".
3. Food and drink: "with" + the thing that goes with it. "Tea with milk" (17.10), "nsima with fish" (17.11). The two things are served together, and the first one is the main one. Compare "and": "tea and sugar" names two things in a list. "Tea with sugar" is one drink with sugar in it, and "nsima with fish" is one meal. Chichewa does not tell them apart: Timadya nsima ndi nsomba.
4. Having: "a house with a garden". "With" can describe a thing or a person by what it has: "a house with a garden" (17.12), "the woman with the baby" (17.14), "a man with a hat", "a girl with long hair". Chichewa says "a house having a garden": nyumba yokhala ndi munda. English puts "with" straight after the noun. We do not say "a house having a garden" in everyday speech.
Do not mix "with" and "have". Chichewa ali ndi, "he is with", means "he has": Ali ndi mkazi, He has a wife (Lesson 16). In English you say "He has a wife", never "He is with a wife". Likewise "I am hungry", not "I am with hunger" (Ndili ndi njala); "I am thirsty", not "I am with thirst"; "I have a headache", not "I am with a headache".
5. After "with" use the object form of the pronoun: with me, with you, with him, with her, with it, with us, with them. These are the same forms that stand after a verb (Lesson 16: I see him). Never use the subject form: "with I", "with he", "with we" are wrong. Chichewa joins ndi to the pronoun (nane, nawe, naye, nafe, nanu, nawo), and English does not join the words: "with me" is two words.
6. "With" for help or for a problem. After "help" English uses "with" for the job: "Please help me with this work" (17.13). Chichewa also uses ndi: kundithandiza ndi ntchito. Some words always take "with": "agree with" a person, "angry with" a person, "busy with" a job, "happy with" a result, "talk with" or "talk to" a person, "play with" a friend or a toy. Learn each as one piece: "busy with", not "busy in" or "busy by".
7. Word order. "With" stands before its noun: with me, with soap. A phrase with "with" usually comes at the end of the sentence: "We cut wood with an axe." Chichewa also puts ndi + noun after the verb: Timadula nkhuni ndi nkhwangwa. In a question English may leave "with" at the end: "Who are you going with?" Formal English puts it first: "With whom are you going?" In everyday speech the first way is normal.
8. "With" and "without". "Without" is the opposite: "tea without sugar" (wopanda shuga), "a house without a garden". Say "with" or "without"; do not use a negative before "with": "tea not with sugar" is not English.
9. "With" in a longer sentence. The word is used in the same way after "if": "If you come with me, I will show you the market" (17.15). Chichewa puts -ka- in the verb for "if": Ukabwera nane. English uses "if" and the present tense, not "will": "If you come", not "If you will come".
10. No change of form. "With" is the same for one person or many, a man or a woman, now or in the past: with me, with us, with him, with her, with them. There is no ending.
Common Mistakes:
- "I go and my friend." / "I go my friend." Correct: I go with my friend. Do not use "and" for company, and do not leave "with" out. - "I write by a pen." / "We cut wood by an axe." Correct: with a pen, with an axe. Use "with" for a tool. - "Come with I." / "Come with he." Correct: Come with me. / Come with him. After "with" use me, him, her, us, them. - "I am with hunger." / "I am with a car." Correct: I am hungry. / I have a car. English does not use "with" for "have". - "He is with a wife." Correct: He has a wife. - "I am going with bus." Correct: I am going by bus. For a way of travel use "by", not "with". - "Tea and sugar, please" (when you mean sugar in the tea). Correct: Tea with sugar, please. - "I am busy in my work." Correct: I am busy with my work. Learn "busy with" as one piece. - "Help me in this work." Correct: Help me with this work. - "I agree to you." Correct: I agree with you. - "Wit me." / "Wid me." / "Wis me." Correct: with /wɪð/. Put the tongue between the teeth.
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"With" is among the twenty most frequent words of English, and it is the word that English speakers use most often to say who is with them and what they use. You will meet it in every conversation.
Sharing a meal. In Malawi a visitor is invited to eat: "Come and eat with us." The same welcome exists in English, in a different tone. An English speaker says "Will you join us?" or "Stay and eat with us." Both are warm, and the visitor then says "Thank you, I will gladly eat with you" or, if they cannot stay, "Thank you, but I must go. Another time." Many families in Malawi wash their hands before eating and eat nsima with the fingers, and the English words for this are: "We wash our hands with soap and water", "We eat nsima with our hands". Note "with our hands": here "with" is the tool.
Tea. Many people in Malawi, as in England, drink tea with milk and sugar. The question "Tea with milk and sugar?" is usual, and the answer is "Yes, please" or "No sugar, thank you" (the same as "without sugar").
Letters and messages. "With" is used in the closing of letters and messages: "With love" (to family and friends), "With best wishes", "With thanks", "With kind regards". You can write "With love, Chikondi" at the end of a letter to a friend. In an official letter use "Yours faithfully" or "Yours sincerely" instead.
Polite answers. "With pleasure" or "With great pleasure" means "gladly": "Will you help me?" — "With pleasure." This is formal and a little old-fashioned; in conversation "Of course" and "Sure" are more usual.
Common expressions with "with":
- Are you with me? — Do you understand what I am saying? (also: Are you coming with me?) - I am with you. — I agree with you, and I will help you. - Bear with me. — Please be patient with me, I need a little time. - Good luck with the exam! — a wish said before something difficult - with respect — a polite way to disagree: "With respect, I think you are wrong." - God be with you. — an old blessing. The word "goodbye" comes from it. Section F uses the same idea.
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Psalm 23:4, the psalm of the shepherd. English: King James Version (1611). Chichewa: Buku Lopatulika, Masalimo 23:4.
"Yea (Inde), though I walk (ndingakhale ndiyenda) through the valley (m'chigwa) of the shadow of death (cha mthunzi wa imfa), I will fear no evil (sindidzaopa choipa): for (pakuti) thou art (Inu muli) with (ndi) me (ine); thy rod and thy staff (chibonga chanu ndi ndodo yanu) they comfort me (izi zindisangalatsa ine)." - Psalm 23:4 (KJV)
"Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me." "Inde, ndingakhale ndiyenda m'chigwa cha mthunzi wa imfa, sindidzaopa choipa; pakuti Inu muli ndi ine; chibonga chanu ndi ndodo yanu, izi zindisangalatsa ine." (Masalimo 23:4, Buku Lopatulika)
In the first three verses of the psalm (Lesson 16) the shepherd is "he", and the sheep speaks about him. At verse 4 the speaker walks into the dark valley, and the pronoun changes: "he" becomes "thou", and the psalm now speaks to the shepherd. The turn is made by one small word. "Thou art with me" is the centre of the verse. The valley is the same, the evil is the same, but the speaker is not afraid, because someone is there. It is "with" in its first meaning: company. Nothing is said about what the shepherd does. The rod and the staff come after, as comfort. Being with is the comfort.
The Chichewa says the same with the same word. "Inu muli ndi ine" is literally "You are with me": muli, "you are", and ndi ine, "with me". Here the Buku Lopatulika writes ndi ine as two words. In everyday speech ndi + ine often becomes nane (Muli nane, Bwera nane). Both forms are found in written Chichewa. Notice also "Inu", the polite "you", for the shepherd who is God.
- "Thou art" is old English for "you are". Today we say "You are with me." "Thou" and "art" are found only in old texts and in the Bible and in prayer. "Thy" is the old "your". - "With me": "me" is the object form of "I" (Section D, rule 5), not "I". - "Yea" means "yes, indeed". It is found only in old writing. The Chichewa Inde is also the everyday word for "yes" (Lesson 16). - "Though I walk" is the same as "although I walk" or "even if I walk": "Even if I walk through the dark valley, I will not be afraid." The Chichewa has ndingakhale, "even if". - "They comfort me": the old English repeats the subject (the rod and the staff, they). Today we say "Your rod and your staff comfort me." The Chichewa izi, "these", also repeats it. - The Chichewa says zindisangalatsa, "make me glad", where the King James Version says "comfort". The Chichewa translation chose "make glad" where the King James Version chose "comfort". - The colon (:) shows that the second part explains the first: I will fear no evil because you are with me.
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17.16 Chikondi Chikondi who ndani is coming (a-)-ku-bwera to lunch kudzadya with ndi us ife (Ndani akubwera kudzadya nafe) Temwani Temwani
17.17 My grandmother agogo anga is coming (a-)-ku-bwera with ndi my uncle amalume anga (Agogo anga akubwera ndi amalume anga) Chikondi Chikondi
17.18 Good chabwino What chiyani will we eat (ti-)-dza-dya with ndi the - nsima nsima (Chabwino. Tidzadya nsima ndi chiyani) Temwani Temwani
17.19 We (ti-) will eat -dza-dya nsima nsima with ndi fish nsomba and ndi beans nyemba (Tidzadya nsima ndi nsomba ndi nyemba) Chikondi Chikondi
17.20 Do kodi you (mu-) cook -ma-phika the - fish nsomba with ndi tomatoes tomato (Kodi mumaphika nsomba ndi tomato) Temwani Temwani
17.21 Yes inde with ndi tomatoes tomato and ndi a little pang'ono salt mchere (Inde, ndi tomato ndi mchere pang'ono) Chikondi Chikondi
17.22 I cannot (si-)(ndi-)-nga-the cut kudula the - tomatoes tomato with ndi this uwu knife mpeni (Sindingathe kudula tomato ndi mpeni uwu) Temwani Temwani
17.23 Take tenga my wanga knife mpeni It (ndi) is sharp wakuthwa (Tenga mpeni wanga. Ndi wakuthwa) Chikondi Chikondi
17.24 Thank you zikomo Who ndani is helping you (a-)-ku-ku-thandiza with ndi this work ntchito iyi (Zikomo. Ndani akukuthandiza ndi ntchito iyi) Temwani Temwani
17.25 My friend mnzanga is helping me (a-)-ku-ndi-thandiza She (a-) is washing -ku-tsuka the plates mbale with ndi hot otentha water madzi (Mnzanga akundithandiza. Akutsuka mbale ndi madzi otentha) Chikondi Chikondi
17.26 Is kodi she (a-) washing -ku-zi-tsuka them (-zi-) with ndi soap sopo (Kodi akuzitsuka ndi sopo) Temwani Temwani
17.27 Yes inde she (a-) washes -ma-tsuka everything chilichonse with ndi soap sopo and ndi a - cloth nsalu (Inde, amatsuka chilichonse ndi sopo ndi nsalu) Chikondi Chikondi
17.28 Come bwerani sit khalani with ndi us ife (Bwerani, khalani nafe) Temwani Temwani
17.29 I cannot sit (si-)(ndi-)-nga-khala now tsopano I am busy (nda-)-tanganidwa with ndi the - food chakudya (Sindingakhale tsopano. Ndatanganidwa ndi chakudya) Chikondi Chikondi
17.30 Then ndiye we (ti-) will wait for you -dza-ku-dikira and ndipo we (ti-) will eat -dza-dya with ndi you iwe together pamodzi (Ndiye tidzakudikira, ndipo tidzadya nawe pamodzi) Temwani Temwani
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17.16 Temwani: "Chikondi, who is coming to lunch with us?" Temwani: "Chikondi, ndani akubwera kudzadya nafe?"
17.17 Chikondi: "My grandmother is coming with my uncle." Chikondi: "Agogo anga akubwera ndi amalume anga."
17.18 Temwani: "Good. What will we eat with the nsima?" Temwani: "Chabwino. Tidzadya nsima ndi chiyani?"
17.19 Chikondi: "We will eat nsima with fish and beans." Chikondi: "Tidzadya nsima ndi nsomba ndi nyemba."
17.20 Temwani: "Do you cook the fish with tomatoes?" Temwani: "Kodi mumaphika nsomba ndi tomato?"
17.21 Chikondi: "Yes, with tomatoes and a little salt." Chikondi: "Inde, ndi tomato ndi mchere pang'ono."
17.22 Temwani: "I cannot cut the tomatoes with this knife." Temwani: "Sindingathe kudula tomato ndi mpeni uwu."
17.23 Chikondi: "Take my knife. It is sharp." Chikondi: "Tenga mpeni wanga. Ndi wakuthwa."
17.24 Temwani: "Thank you. Who is helping you with this work?" Temwani: "Zikomo. Ndani akukuthandiza ndi ntchito iyi?"
17.25 Chikondi: "My friend is helping me. She is washing the plates with hot water." Chikondi: "Mnzanga akundithandiza. Akutsuka mbale ndi madzi otentha."
17.26 Temwani: "Is she washing them with soap?" Temwani: "Kodi akuzitsuka ndi sopo?"
17.27 Chikondi: "Yes, she washes everything with soap and a cloth." Chikondi: "Inde, amatsuka chilichonse ndi sopo ndi nsalu."
17.28 Temwani: "Come, sit with us!" Temwani: "Bwerani, khalani nafe!"
17.29 Chikondi: "I cannot sit now. I am busy with the food." Chikondi: "Sindingakhale tsopano. Ndatanganidwa ndi chakudya."
17.30 Temwani: "Then we will wait for you, and we will eat with you together." Temwani: "Ndiye tidzakudikira, ndipo tidzadya nawe pamodzi."
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17.16 Temwani: "Chikondi, who is coming to lunch with us?"
17.17 Chikondi: "My grandmother is coming with my uncle."
17.18 Temwani: "Good. What will we eat with the nsima?"
17.19 Chikondi: "We will eat nsima with fish and beans."
17.20 Temwani: "Do you cook the fish with tomatoes?"
17.21 Chikondi: "Yes, with tomatoes and a little salt."
17.22 Temwani: "I cannot cut the tomatoes with this knife."
17.23 Chikondi: "Take my knife. It is sharp."
17.24 Temwani: "Thank you. Who is helping you with this work?"
17.25 Chikondi: "My friend is helping me. She is washing the plates with hot water."
17.26 Temwani: "Is she washing them with soap?"
17.27 Chikondi: "Yes, she washes everything with soap and a cloth."
17.28 Temwani: "Come, sit with us!"
17.29 Chikondi: "I cannot sit now. I am busy with the food."
17.30 Temwani: "Then we will wait for you, and we will eat with you together."
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The dialogue uses the main jobs of "with":
- Company: "to lunch with us" (17.16), "with my uncle" (17.17), "sit with us" (17.28), "eat with you" (17.30). Chichewa: nafe, ndi amalume anga, nafe, nawe. - Food: "nsima with fish and beans" (17.19), "fish with tomatoes" (17.20), "with soap and a cloth" (17.27). Chichewa uses ndi in each place, and it is also the word for "and" in "fish and beans" and "soap and a cloth". English has two words: "with" joins what goes together, "and" joins the items of a list. Say each one in its place: "nsima with fish and beans" (nsima is the meal, fish and beans go with it). - Tool: "cut with this knife" (17.22), "wash with hot water" (17.25), "wash with soap" (17.26). The English is "with" and the thing is the tool: Chichewa ndi mpeni uwu, ndi madzi otentha, ndi sopo. - Help and being busy: "helping you with this work" (17.24), "busy with the food" (17.29). Chichewa: ndi ntchito iyi, ndi chakudya. English learns "help (someone) with" and "busy with" as fixed pieces. - Pronouns after "with": us (17.16, 17.28), you (17.30). "With us" is two words in English and one word in Chichewa (nafe). - Questions with "with": "Who is coming to lunch with us?" (17.16), "Is she washing them with soap?" (17.26). The question word or the helper comes first, and "with" stays before its noun. - "What will we eat with the nsima?" (17.18). In everyday English the question ends with "with". Chichewa also puts the question word last: Tidzadya nsima ndi chiyani? Do not say "With what will we eat the nsima?" in conversation.
"Together" (17.30) is another word for company. "We will eat with you together" is fully correct. Often we say "together with" or just "with you": "We will eat with you."
Names and sex. As in Lesson 16, Chikondi and Temwani can be a man or a woman, and the writer does not say which. The friend in 17.25 is "she", so a woman is helping. In English a speaker would probably say "My friend Mary" or "my sister" early in the talk.
Writing a dialogue. Each speaker's words go inside quotation marks, after the speaker's name and a colon. The question mark and the exclamation mark stay inside the quotation marks.
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- "With" /wɪð/ is almost always weak in a sentence: "Come with me" /ˈkʌm wɪð ˈmiː/, "tea with milk" /ˈtiː wɪð ˈmɪlk/. At the end of a sentence it is strong: "Who are you going with?" /huː ə juː ˈɡəʊɪŋ ˈwɪð/. - "With the": the two /ð/ sounds are said as one long /ð/: "with the children" /wɪð ðə ˈtʃɪldrən/. - The letters th are not a Chichewa th. Chichewa thandiza /tʰandiza/ has an aspirated t. English "with" ends in the sound /ð/, made with the tongue between the teeth. - "With" /wɪð/ and "we" /wiː/ and "wit" /wɪt/ are three different words. "Wit" means quick, clever humour. - "Without" is one word, with no hyphen: tea without sugar. "Together" is one word. "Within" is one word. - "With" is written with a small letter, except at the start of a sentence ("With pleasure.") or a letter closing ("With love,").- "With" is a separate word from its noun and its pronoun: "with me", never "withme". Compare Chichewa nane, where the two are written as one word. - A comma is not put between "with" and its noun: "I write with a pen", not "I write with, a pen". - Names of people and places take a capital letter in both languages: Chikondi, Temwani, Zomba.
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