← Ìrìn-àjò Èdè: Kíkọ́ Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún àwọn Yorùbá
In this lesson "that" is a conjunction: a small word that joins two sentences. It comes after a verb such as "know", "say", "think" or "hope", and it introduces what is known, said, thought or hoped. "I know that he is here" means "I know this: he is here". In Yoruba it is usually pé:
- I know that he is here. — Mo mọ̀ pé ó wà níbí. - She said that she would come. — Ó sọ pé òun yóò wá. - I think that it will rain. — Mo rò pé òjò yóò rọ̀.
The order is the same in both languages: verb + that + sentence = verb + pé + sentence. This makes "that" one of the easiest words for a Yoruba speaker. Mo mọ̀ pé… is "I know that…", word for word.
Yoruba has a second word, kí, for a wish, a command or a purpose. English uses "that" here too, but more often it says "so that", "to", or "should":
- We work hard so that our children can go to school. — A ń ṣiṣẹ́ kára kí àwọn ọmọ wa lè lọ sí ilé ìwé. - The doctor said that she should rest. — Dókítà sọ pé kí ó sinmi.
English has three different words spelt "that", and Yoruba has three different words for them:
- "that" the conjunction (this lesson): pé, kí — I know that he is here: Mo mọ̀ pé ó wà níbí. - "that" in a relative clause, after a noun: tí — the man that came: ọkùnrin tí ó wá. - "that" the pointing word: yẹn, ìyẹn — that house: ilé yẹn.
What does "that" mean in Yoruba? As a conjunction, it means pé (for what is known, said or thought) or kí (for what is wished or ordered). It does not mean yẹn here: yẹn is "that" pointing at something.
Key Takeaways:
- "That" after know, say, think, hope, believe = pé: "I know that…" = Mo mọ̀ pé… - English often leaves "that" out: "I know he is here" = "I know that he is here". Yoruba keeps pé. - "So that" = kí … lè: "so that our children can go to school" = kí àwọn ọmọ wa lè lọ sí ilé ìwé. - After "that" comes a full sentence with its own subject and verb: "that he is here", never "that is here". - After "said" (past), English usually moves the next verb into the past too: "She said that she would come", not "She said that she will come".
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that (conjunction) — weak form /ðət/: "I know that he is here" /aɪ ˈnəʊ ðət hi ɪz ˈhɪə/. The conjunction is almost never stressed.
that (pointing word) — strong form /ðæt/: "Look at that!" /ˈlʊk ət ˈðæt/. Only the pointing word takes the full vowel.
The first sound /ð/ is not a Yoruba sound. Put the tip of the tongue lightly between the teeth and let the voice run: it is a soft, buzzing sound. Many Nigerian speakers say /d/ ("dat"); this is understood everywhere in Nigeria, but learners who want the international pronunciation should practise the tongue between the teeth. Compare "they", "this", "there", "the", which begin with the same /ð/.
The vowel of the weak form /ə/ is short and neutral, like a quick, relaxed Yoruba ẹ or a. The strong vowel /æ/ is between Yoruba ẹ and a, with the mouth open wide.
The final t is often not released in fast speech: "that he" /ðət hi/. Do not add a vowel after it: not "dati".
English has no tones. "That" has no high, mid or low tone; it is quiet and short in this use.
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22.1 I mo know mọ̀ that pé he ó is wà here níbí
22.2 She ó said sọ that pé she òun would yóò come wá
22.3 I mo think rò that pé it will rain òjò yóò rọ̀
22.4 We a hope nírètí that pé you o are wà well dáadáa
22.5 They wọ́n know mọ̀ that pé we a are wà here níbí
22.6 Mum Màmá told sọ… fún us wa that pé the food oúnjẹ was cooked ti jinná
22.7 I did not know n kò mọ̀ that pé you were ni ọ́ a teacher olùkọ́
22.8 Are you sure ṣé ó dá ọ lójú that pé he ó knows mọ the way ọ̀nà
22.9 The teacher olùkọ́ said sọ that pé we a must gbọ́dọ̀ read kàwé every day lójoojúmọ́
22.10 I am happy inú mi dùn that pé you o came wá
22.11 It is true òótọ́ ni that pé English èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì has no kò ní tones ohùn
22.12 We a work hard ń ṣiṣẹ́ kára so that kí our wa children àwọn ọmọ can lè go lọ to sí school ilé ìwé
22.13 She ó was so tired rẹ̀ ẹ́ débi that pé she ó slept sùn at once lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀
22.14 The news ìròyìn that pé the bridge afárá had fallen ti wó surprised ya… lẹ́nu everyone gbogbo ènìyàn
22.15 The doctor dókítà told sọ… fún my mother màmá mi that pé kí she ó should rest sinmi for fún a week ọ̀sẹ̀ kan
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22.1 I know that he is here. Mo mọ̀ pé ó wà níbí.
22.2 She said that she would come. Ó sọ pé òun yóò wá.
22.3 I think that it will rain. Mo rò pé òjò yóò rọ̀.
22.4 We hope that you are well. A nírètí pé o wà dáadáa.
22.5 They know that we are here. Wọ́n mọ̀ pé a wà níbí.
22.6 Mum told us that the food was cooked. Màmá sọ fún wa pé oúnjẹ ti jinná.
22.7 I did not know that you were a teacher. N kò mọ̀ pé olùkọ́ ni ọ́.
22.8 Are you sure that he knows the way? Ṣé ó dá ọ lójú pé ó mọ ọ̀nà?
22.9 The teacher said that we must read every day. Olùkọ́ sọ pé a gbọ́dọ̀ kàwé lójoojúmọ́.
22.10 I am happy that you came. Inú mi dùn pé o wá.
22.11 It is true that English has no tones. Òótọ́ ni pé èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì kò ní ohùn.
22.12 We work hard so that our children can go to school. A ń ṣiṣẹ́ kára kí àwọn ọmọ wa lè lọ sí ilé ìwé.
22.13 She was so tired that she slept at once. Ó rẹ̀ ẹ́ débi pé ó sùn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀.
22.14 The news that the bridge had fallen surprised everyone. Ìròyìn pé afárá ti wó ya gbogbo ènìyàn lẹ́nu.
22.15 The doctor told my mother that she should rest for a week. Dókítà sọ fún màmá mi pé kí ó sinmi fún ọ̀sẹ̀ kan.
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22.1 I know that he is here.
22.2 She said that she would come.
22.3 I think that it will rain.
22.4 We hope that you are well.
22.5 They know that we are here.
22.6 Mum told us that the food was cooked.
22.7 I did not know that you were a teacher.
22.8 Are you sure that he knows the way?
22.9 The teacher said that we must read every day.
22.10 I am happy that you came.
22.11 It is true that English has no tones.
22.12 We work hard so that our children can go to school.
22.13 She was so tired that she slept at once.
22.14 The news that the bridge had fallen surprised everyone.
22.15 The doctor told my mother that she should rest for a week.
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These are the grammar rules for "that" in English:
1. "That" joins a verb to a sentence. After verbs of knowing, saying, thinking and feeling, "that" introduces a whole sentence: "I know that he is here" (22.1), "I think that it will rain" (22.3), "We hope that you are well" (22.4). Yoruba uses pé in the same place and in the same order: Mo mọ̀ pé…, Mo rò pé…, A nírètí pé…
The common verbs: know (mọ̀), think (rò), say (sọ), tell (sọ fún), hope (nírètí), believe (gbàgbọ́), hear (gbọ́), see (rí), understand (yé), forget (gbàgbé), remember (rántí).
2. A full sentence after "that". The part after "that" needs its own subject and its own verb: "that he is here", "that we must read". Yoruba can sometimes leave a subject unsaid; English cannot. Not "I know that is here", but "I know that he is here".
3. "That" can be left out. In speech and in friendly writing English very often drops the conjunction: "I know he is here", "I think it will rain", "She said she would come". Both are correct. Keep "that" in formal writing, and keep it after nouns ("the news that…", 22.14) and after "so" ("so tired that…", 22.13). Yoruba does not drop pé in the same way, so a Yoruba speaker may always say "that" and be correct.
4. "Say" and "tell". "Say that…" has no person after it: "The teacher said that we must read" (22.9). "Tell" must have the person: "Mum told us that the food was cooked" (22.6), "The doctor told my mother that…" (22.15). Yoruba sọ covers both; sọ fún adds the person. Not "She said me that…", but "She told me that…" or "She said that…".
5. Reported speech and the past. After "said", "told", "thought" or "knew" in the past, English usually moves the next verb back into the past:
- "I will come." → She said that she would come. (22.2) - "The food is cooked." → Mum told us that the food was cooked. (22.6) - "You are a teacher." → I did not know that you were a teacher. (22.7)
Yoruba does not change the verb: Ó sọ pé òun yóò wá keeps yóò. In English, "will" becomes "would", "is" becomes "was", "can" becomes "could".
6. "He", "she" and Yoruba òun. In 22.2 Yoruba says Ó sọ pé òun yóò wá: òun shows that the one who will come is the same woman who spoke. English has no special word for this. "She said that she would come" can mean the same woman or another woman; the context decides.
7. "So that" = kí … lè. To give a purpose, English says "so that" + can/could: "We work hard so that our children can go to school" (22.12). Yoruba: kí … lè. In everyday English "to" is also common when the subject is the same: "We work hard to feed our children".
8. "So … that" and "such … that". To give a result: "She was so tired that she slept at once" (22.13). Yoruba: débi pé (to the point that). With a noun use "such": "It was such a long day that we slept at once."
9. "That" with wishes and orders: pé kí. When Yoruba says pé kí, English usually says "should", or uses "to": "The doctor told my mother that she should rest" (22.15) = "The doctor told my mother to rest". Not "The doctor told my mother that she rest" in everyday English. Note also "want": Mo fẹ́ kí o wá is "I want you to come", never "I want that you come".
10. "That" after adjectives and "it is". "I am happy that you came" (22.10): Inú mi dùn pé o wá. "It is true that English has no tones" (22.11): Òótọ́ ni pé… Other common patterns: I am sure that…, I am sorry that…, It is good that…, It is possible that…
11. "That" after a noun. "The news that the bridge had fallen" (22.14) tells what the news was. Yoruba: ìròyìn pé… Other nouns: the idea that…, the fact that…, the hope that…, the promise that…
Common Mistakes:
- "I know that is here." Correct: I know that he is here. The sentence after "that" needs a subject. - "She said me that she was ill." Correct: She told me that she was ill, or She said that she was ill. - "I want that you come." Correct: I want you to come. (Mo fẹ́ kí o wá.) - "He said that he will come yesterday." Correct: Yesterday he said that he would come. - "I think that yes." Correct: I think so. (Mo rò bẹ́ẹ̀.) - "She was very tired that she slept." Correct: She was so tired that she slept. - "Dat" /dæt/ in careful speech. International pronunciation: /ðət/, with the tongue between the teeth.
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"That" is among the fifteen most frequent words of English. In the 1000-word list of this course it stands at number 22. Much of that frequency comes from the conjunction: every report of what someone knows, says or thinks can use it.
Speech and writing. In conversation English drops "that" more often than it keeps it: "I think it's going to rain", "She said she'd come". In letters, reports, news and examinations "that" is kept: "We regret that the office will be closed". A Nigerian learner who keeps "that" is never wrong; one who drops it sounds more relaxed.
Yoruba wọ́n ní and English "they say that". Yoruba often reports with wọ́n ní or wọ́n sọ pé: Wọ́n ní òjò yóò rọ̀, "They say that it will rain". English does the same with "they say that…" or, more formally, "It is said that…". In news English: "Reports say that…".
Proverbs and "that". Yoruba introduces a proverb with pé: Àwọn àgbà ní pé…, "The elders say that…". English explains a proverb with "that". Take the proverb of Lesson 21, Àgbájọ ọwọ́ la fi ń sọ̀yà: "The proverb means that there is strength in unity."
Nigerian English. "That" is used as in British and American English. Two local points: many speakers say /d/ for /ð/ ("dat"); and in Nigerian English the phrase "Is it that…?" is common for "Do you mean that…?" ("Is it that you are not coming?"). It is widely understood in Nigeria but sounds unusual elsewhere; in international English say "Does that mean you are not coming?" or "Aren't you coming?".
Common expressions with "that":
- I'm sure that… — Ó dá mi lójú pé… - I'm glad that… — Inú mi dùn pé… - It seems that… — Ó dàbí pé… - The fact is that… — Òtítọ́ ibẹ̀ ni pé… - Not that I know of. — Kò sí èyí tí mo mọ̀. (= I do not know of any.)
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1 John 1:4–5. English: King James Version (1611). Yoruba: Bíbélì Mímọ́ ní Èdè Yorùbá Òde-Òní (BMYO), 1 Johanu 1:4–5.
"And sì these things nǹkan wọ̀nyí write kọ̀wé we àwa unto you sí yín that kí your joy ayọ̀ yín may lè be full di kíkún This then èyí sì is ni the message iṣẹ́ which tí we àwa have heard ti gbọ́ of him lẹ́nu rẹ̀ and declare tí… sì ń jẹ́ unto you fún yín that pé God Ọlọ́run is ni light ìmọ́lẹ̀ …" - 1 John 1:4–5 (KJV)
"And these things write we unto you, that your joy may be full. This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light…" "Àwa sì kọ̀wé nǹkan wọ̀nyí sí yín, kí ayọ̀ yín kí ó lè di kíkún. Èyí sì ni iṣẹ́ tí àwa ti gbọ́ lẹ́nu rẹ̀, tí àwa sì ń jẹ́ fún yín pé, ìmọ́lẹ̀ ni Ọlọ́run…" (1 Johanu 1:4–5, BMYO)
These two verses stand at the opening of the First Letter of John, and they use "that" twice, in its two great senses. The first "that" (verse 4) gives a purpose: the writer writes so that his readers' joy may be full. The Yoruba translates it with kí … lè, the purpose word, and in the old solemn style it repeats kí before the verb: kí ayọ̀ yín kí ó lè di kíkún. The second "that" (verse 5) introduces the message itself: "that God is light". Here the Yoruba has pé, the word for what is said and declared, followed by a comma, as if opening a quotation. Between the two stands a third English word, "which" (the message which we have heard), and the Yoruba gives it tí, the relative word. In two verses the learner meets all three Yoruba words that English "that" and its neighbours can call for: kí, pé and tí. Note also the word order of the Yoruba: ìmọ́lẹ̀ ni Ọlọ́run, "light is God", with the noun first and ni, as in Ọ̀rẹ́ ni wá (Lesson 21). English keeps the subject first: "God is light".
- "That your joy may be full": "that" of purpose, with "may". Modern English says "so that your joy may be full" or "so that you may be full of joy". Yoruba kí … lè. - "Declare unto you, that God is light": "that" after a verb of saying. Yoruba ń jẹ́ fún yín pé. Modern English: "we tell you that God is light". - "The message which we have heard": "which" is a relative word; modern English can also say "the message that we have heard". This is the second "that" of the Introduction, Yoruba tí. It will have its own place; here notice only that it follows a noun, while the conjunction "that" follows a verb. - "Write we": in 1611 English could put the verb before the subject. Modern English: "we write these things to you". "Unto" is old English for "to".
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22.16 Túndé Túndé Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi did ṣé Grandma Ìyá àgbà say sọ that pé she òun was wà well dáadáa
22.17 Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi Yes bẹ́ẹ̀ ni She ó said sọ that pé her leg ẹsẹ̀ òun has healed ti sàn
22.18 Túndé Túndé I am glad inú mi dùn that pé she is better ara rẹ̀ ti yá
22.19 Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi She ó also tún said sọ that pé she òun misses ń ṣàárò you rẹ
22.20 Túndé Túndé Tell sọ… fún her un that pé I n will ó visit her wá bẹ̀ ẹ́ wò at ní Christmas Kérésìmesì
22.21 Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi I mo told sọ… fún her un that pé you were busy ọwọ́ rẹ dí with fún your exams ìdánwò rẹ
22.22 Túndé Túndé Did she understand ṣé ó yé e that pé I n could not kò lè come wá
22.23 Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi Yes bẹ́ẹ̀ ni She ó said sọ that pé school ilé ìwé comes first ló ṣáájú
22.24 Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi She ó prayed gbàdúrà that pé kí you o would pass yege
22.25 Túndé Túndé I mo hope nírètí that pé her prayer àdúrà rẹ̀ will be answered yóò gbà
22.26 Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi Did you know ṣé o mọ̀ that pé our brother ẹ̀gbọ́n wa Bọ́lá Bọ́lá has bought ti ra a car mọ́tò
22.27 Túndé Túndé No rárá I mo thought rò that pé he ó was still ṣì ń saving tọ́jú money owó
22.28 Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi Grandma Ìyá àgbà says sọ that pé he ó drove her gbé òun… lọ to sí church ṣọ́ọ̀ṣì on ní Sunday Ọjọ́ Àìkú
22.29 Túndé Túndé It is good ó dára that pé someone ẹnìkan is looking after ń tọ́jú her rẹ̀
22.30 Kẹ́mi Kẹ́mi Yes bẹ́ẹ̀ ni Let's jẹ́ ká call her máa pè é every Sunday ní gbogbo Ọjọ́ Àìkú so that kí she ó does not feel má baà rò pé alone òun dá wà
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22.16 Túndé: Kẹ́mi, did Grandma say that she was well? Túndé: Kẹ́mi, ṣé Ìyá àgbà sọ pé òun wà dáadáa?
22.17 Kẹ́mi: Yes. She said that her leg has healed. Kẹ́mi: Bẹ́ẹ̀ ni. Ó sọ pé ẹsẹ̀ òun ti sàn.
22.18 Túndé: I am glad that she is better. Túndé: Inú mi dùn pé ara rẹ̀ ti yá.
22.19 Kẹ́mi: She also said that she misses you. Kẹ́mi: Ó tún sọ pé òun ń ṣàárò rẹ.
22.20 Túndé: Tell her that I will visit her at Christmas. Túndé: Sọ fún un pé n ó wá bẹ̀ ẹ́ wò ní Kérésìmesì.
22.21 Kẹ́mi: I told her that you were busy with your exams. Kẹ́mi: Mo sọ fún un pé ọwọ́ rẹ dí fún ìdánwò rẹ.
22.22 Túndé: Did she understand that I could not come? Túndé: Ṣé ó yé e pé n kò lè wá?
22.23 Kẹ́mi: Yes. She said that school comes first. Kẹ́mi: Bẹ́ẹ̀ ni. Ó sọ pé ilé ìwé ló ṣáájú.
22.24 Kẹ́mi: She prayed that you would pass. Kẹ́mi: Ó gbàdúrà pé kí o yege.
22.25 Túndé: I hope that her prayer will be answered. Túndé: Mo nírètí pé àdúrà rẹ̀ yóò gbà.
22.26 Kẹ́mi: Did you know that our brother Bọ́lá has bought a car? Kẹ́mi: Ṣé o mọ̀ pé ẹ̀gbọ́n wa Bọ́lá ti ra mọ́tò?
22.27 Túndé: No! I thought that he was still saving money. Túndé: Rárá! Mo rò pé ó ṣì ń tọ́jú owó.
22.28 Kẹ́mi: Grandma says that he drove her to church on Sunday. Kẹ́mi: Ìyá àgbà sọ pé ó gbé òun lọ sí ṣọ́ọ̀ṣì ní Ọjọ́ Àìkú.
22.29 Túndé: It is good that someone is looking after her. Túndé: Ó dára pé ẹnìkan ń tọ́jú rẹ̀.
22.30 Kẹ́mi: Yes. Let's call her every Sunday so that she does not feel alone. Kẹ́mi: Bẹ́ẹ̀ ni. Jẹ́ ká máa pè é ní gbogbo Ọjọ́ Àìkú, kí ó má baà rò pé òun dá wà.
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22.16 Túndé: Kẹ́mi, did Grandma say that she was well?
22.17 Kẹ́mi: Yes. She said that her leg has healed.
22.18 Túndé: I am glad that she is better.
22.19 Kẹ́mi: She also said that she misses you.
22.20 Túndé: Tell her that I will visit her at Christmas.
22.21 Kẹ́mi: I told her that you were busy with your exams.
22.22 Túndé: Did she understand that I could not come?
22.23 Kẹ́mi: Yes. She said that school comes first.
22.24 Kẹ́mi: She prayed that you would pass.
22.25 Túndé: I hope that her prayer will be answered.
22.26 Kẹ́mi: Did you know that our brother Bọ́lá has bought a car?
22.27 Túndé: No! I thought that he was still saving money.
22.28 Kẹ́mi: Grandma says that he drove her to church on Sunday.
22.29 Túndé: It is good that someone is looking after her.
22.30 Kẹ́mi: Yes. Let's call her every Sunday so that she does not feel alone.
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Kẹ́mi has been to see their grandmother; Túndé stayed at home for his exams. Now Kẹ́mi tells him what Grandma said. Almost every line reports something, so almost every line uses "that":
- Saying: "She said that her leg has healed" (22.17), "She said that school comes first" (22.23). Yoruba ó sọ pé… - Telling: "Tell her that I will visit her" (22.20), "I told her that you were busy" (22.21). "Tell" has the person after it: tell her, told her. Yoruba sọ fún un pé… - Knowing and thinking: "Did you know that…?" (22.26), "I thought that he was still saving money" (22.27). Yoruba ṣé o mọ̀ pé…?, mo rò pé… - Feeling: "I am glad that she is better" (22.18), "It is good that someone is looking after her" (22.29). Yoruba inú mi dùn pé…, ó dára pé…
Questions. In a question the helping verb comes first, and "that" stays after the main verb: "Did Grandma say that…?" (22.16), "Did she understand that…?" (22.22). Yoruba adds ṣé at the front and keeps pé.
Past or present after "said". In 22.16 Túndé asks "did Grandma say that she was well?": the past "said" moves "is" back to "was". But in 22.17 Kẹ́mi says "her leg has healed", and in 22.19 "she misses you", because these things are still true now. English may keep the present when the fact is still true. Both choices are correct; the past is the safer one for a learner.
"Says" for a recent report. In 22.28 Kẹ́mi says "Grandma says that…", not "said": English uses the present "says" when passing on a message just received. Yoruba sọ serves for both.
Òun again. In 22.16, 22.17, 22.19 and 22.28 the Yoruba uses òun for Grandma inside the reported sentence: ẹsẹ̀ òun, ó gbé òun lọ. In 22.28 this is important: ó is Bọ́lá and òun is Grandma. English uses plain "he" and "her": "he drove her to church".
"Prayed that you would pass" (22.24). Yoruba pé kí shows a wish. English uses "that" with "would" (or "may") for a prayer or wish: "She prayed that you would pass", "We pray that God may bless you".
"So that" (22.30). Kẹ́mi gives a purpose: "so that she does not feel alone". Yoruba kí… má baà, "so that… not". In English the negative goes after "so that": "so that she does not feel", "so that we do not forget".
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- Weak and strong: "She said that she would come" /ʃi ˈsed ðət ʃi wʊd ˈkʌm/ — the conjunction is weak /ðət/. "That is my house" /ˈðæt ɪz maɪ ˈhaʊs/ — the pointing word is strong /ðæt/. - /ð/: tongue between the teeth, voice on. Practise with "the", "this", "that", "they", "there", "mother", "brother". - Spelling: that, with "th" at the start and one "t" at the end. Do not write "dat" or "tat". - No comma before the conjunction "that": "I know that he is here", not "I know, that he is here". (The Yoruba Bible prints a comma after pé, as in F-B; English does not do this.) - Reported speech has no quotation marks: She said, "I will come." → She said that she would come. - Contractions after "that": that's (that is, that has): "I know that's true". In formal writing write the full form. - Capital letter only at the start of a sentence: "That is true." Inside a sentence: "I know that…".
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