Welcome, gentle scholar, to the seventeenth lesson of our Elizabethan English course for autodidact students of the tongue as William Shakespeare and his contemporaries wielded it.
Course Index:
https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
What does “with” mean in Elizabethan English?
The preposition with functions in Early Modern English much as it does today, yet with richer deployment and subtler shadings of meaning. It indicates accompaniment (to go with a companion), instrumentality (to strike with a sword), manner (to speak with eloquence), and opposition (to contend with an adversary). Shakespeare employs with with remarkable versatility, often in constructions that would sound archaic to modern ears: “I am not what I am” becomes “I am not with myself” in the psychological landscape of Elizabethan selfhood.
The word descends from Old English wið, originally meaning “against” or “opposite to”—a semantic ghost that haunts phrases like “to quarrel with” or “to vie with.” This oppositional undercurrent coexists with meanings of closeness and cooperation, making with one of the language’s most dynamic prepositions.
Pronunciation Note: In Original Pronunciation (OP), with would have sounded as /wɪθ/ or occasionally /wɪð/, with the short /ɪ/ vowel clearly articulated. The dental fricative /θ/ (as in “think”) was standard, though voiced /ð/ (as in “this”) appeared in rapid speech. All postvocalic /r/ sounds in this lesson were fully pronounced, as Elizabethan English was rhotic. The suffix -tion was pronounced /sjən/ rather than modern /ʃən/, so “affection” sounded like “affec-see-on.”
Key Takeaways: -
With operates across four semantic domains: accompaniment, instrument, manner, and opposition -
Elizabethan constructions often pair with with abstract nouns in ways now rare (”with speed,” “with fear”) -
The preposition governs the objective case in pronouns (”with me,” “with him,” never “*with I”) -
Period pronunciation featured rhotic vowels and fuller articulation of medial consonants -
Shakespeare’s deployment of with frequently carries psychological or spiritual weight beyond mere physical companionship
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Construed Sentences with Word-by-Word Analysis
1.1a Come with me unto the garden gate.
1.1b Come /kʊm/ come-IMP with /wɪθ/ accompanying me /meː/ 1SG.OBJ unto /ʊnˈtuː/ toward the /ðə/ DEF.ART garden /ˈgaɹdən/ garden-N gate /gaːt/ gate-N
1.2a She speaketh with great eloquence and grace.
1.2b She /ʃeː/ 3SG.F.SUBJ speaketh /ˈspiːkəθ/ speak-3SG.PRES with /wɪθ/ in.manner.of great /gɹeːt/ great-ADJ eloquence /ˈɛləkwəns/ eloquence-N and /and/ and-CONJ grace /gɹaːs/ grace-N
1.3a The knight did strike with his broad sword.
1.3b The /ðə/ DEF.ART knight /knɪçt/ knight-N did /dɪd/ do-PAST.AUX strike /strəɪk/ strike-INF with /wɪθ/ using his /hɪz/ 3SG.M.POSS broad /brɔːd/ broad-ADJ sword /sɔːɹd/ sword-N
1.4a I go not with thee to the masque to-night.
1.4b I /əɪ/ 1SG.SUBJ go /goː/ go-PRES not /nɔt/ NEG with /wɪθ/ accompanying thee /ðiː/ 2SG.FAM.OBJ to /tuː/ to-PREP the /ðə/ DEF.ART masque /mask/ masque-N to-night /tuːˈnəɪt/ tonight-ADV
1.5a What man can live with such a burden laid upon him?
1.5b What /hwat/ what-INTERROG man /man/ man-N can /kan/ can-MOD live /lɪv/ live-INF with /wɪθ/ bearing such /sʊtʃ/ such-DET a /ə/ INDEF.ART burden /ˈbʊɹdən/ burden-N laid /laːd/ lay-PAST.PART upon /əˈpɔn/ upon-PREP him /hɪm/ 3SG.M.OBJ
1.6a The Duke hath filled the court with his flatterers and favourites.
1.6b The /ðə/ DEF.ART Duke /djuːk/ duke-N hath /haθ/ have-3SG.PRES filled /fɪld/ fill-PAST.PART the /ðə/ DEF.ART court /kɔːɹt/ court-N with /wɪθ/ by.means.of his /hɪz/ 3SG.M.POSS flatterers /ˈflatəɹəɹz/ flatterer-N.PL and /and/ and-CONJ favourites /ˈfeɪvəɹɪts/ favourite-N.PL
1.7a She trembled with a fear most terrible to behold.
1.7b She /ʃeː/ 3SG.F.SUBJ trembled /ˈtɹɛmbəld/ tremble-PAST with /wɪθ/ from a /ə/ INDEF.ART fear /fɪːɹ/ fear-N most /moːst/ most-ADV.SUPERL terrible /ˈtɛɹɪbəl/ terrible-ADJ to /tuː/ to-PREP behold /bɪˈhoːld/ behold-INF
1.8a With cunning art the villain wrought his plot.
1.8b With /wɪθ/ using cunning /ˈkʊnɪŋ/ cunning-ADJ art /aɹt/ skill-N the /ðə/ DEF.ART villain /ˈvɪlən/ villain-N wrought /rɔːt/ work-PAST his /hɪz/ 3SG.M.POSS plot /plɔt/ plot-N
1.9a The heavens are adorned with stars beyond all reckoning.
1.9b The /ðə/ DEF.ART heavens /ˈhɛvənz/ heaven-N.PL are /aɹ/ be-3PL.PRES adorned /əˈdɔːɹnd/ adorn-PAST.PART with /wɪθ/ by.means.of stars /staɹz/ star-N.PL beyond /bɪˈjɔnd/ beyond-PREP all /ɔːl/ all-DET reckoning /ˈɹɛkənɪŋ/ reckoning-N
1.10a Thou must contend with thine own conscience ere thou judgest others.
1.10b Thou /ðaʊ/ 2SG.FAM.SUBJ must /mʊst/ must-MOD contend /kənˈtɛnd/ contend-INF with /wɪθ/ against thine /ðəɪn/ 2SG.FAM.POSS own /oːn/ own-ADJ conscience /ˈkɔnsɪəns/ conscience-N ere /ɛːɹ/ before-CONJ thou /ðaʊ/ 2SG.FAM.SUBJ judgest /ˈdʒʊdʒəst/ judge-2SG.PRES others /ˈʊðəɹz/ other-N.PL
1.11a The ship returned with gold and precious stones from distant Ind.
1.11b The /ðə/ DEF.ART ship /ʃɪp/ ship-N returned /ɹɪˈtʊɹnd/ return-PAST with /wɪθ/ carrying gold /goːld/ gold-N and /and/ and-CONJ precious /ˈpɹɛʃəs/ precious-ADJ stones /stoːnz/ stone-N.PL from /fɹɔm/ from-PREP distant /ˈdɪstənt/ distant-ADJ Ind /ɪnd/ India-N.PROP
1.12a They sealed the bargain with a solemn oath before the altar.
1.12b They /ðeɪ/ 3PL.SUBJ sealed /siːld/ seal-PAST the /ðə/ DEF.ART bargain /ˈbaɹgən/ bargain-N with /wɪθ/ by.means.of a /ə/ INDEF.ART solemn /ˈsɔləm/ solemn-ADJ oath /oːθ/ oath-N before /bɪˈfɔːɹ/ before-PREP the /ðə/ DEF.ART altar /ˈɔːltəɹ/ altar-N
1.13a His countenance was o’erspread with melancholy most profound.
1.13b His /hɪz/ 3SG.M.POSS countenance /ˈkaʊntənəns/ countenance-N was /wɔz/ be-3SG.PAST o’erspread /oːɹˈspɹɛd/ overspread-PAST.PART with /wɪθ/ by melancholy /ˈmɛlənˌkɔli/ melancholy-N most /moːst/ most-ADV.SUPERL profound /pɹəˈfaʊnd/ profound-ADJ
1.14a The Queen doth walk with majesty through all her realm.
1.14b The /ðə/ DEF.ART Queen /kwiːn/ queen-N doth /dʊθ/ do-3SG.PRES.AUX walk /wɔːk/ walk-INF with /wɪθ/ in.manner.of majesty /ˈmadʒəsti/ majesty-N through /θɹuː/ through-PREP all /ɔːl/ all-DET her /hɛɹ/ 3SG.F.POSS realm /ɹɛlm/ realm-N
1.15a With patience shall we weather fortune’s storms and see fair days again.
1.15b With /wɪθ/ by.means.of patience /ˈpeɪʃəns/ patience-N shall /ʃal/ shall-MOD.FUT we /wiː/ 1PL.SUBJ weather /ˈwɛðəɹ/ weather-INF fortune’s /ˈfɔɹtʃənz/ fortune-N.POSS storms /stɔːɹmz/ storm-N.PL and /and/ and-CONJ see /siː/ see-INF fair /fɛːɹ/ fair-ADJ days /daːz/ day-N.PL again /əˈgɛn/ again-ADV
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Full Sentences in Elizabethan English
1.1 Come with me unto the garden gate.
1.2 She speaketh with great eloquence and grace.
1.3 The knight did strike with his broad sword.
1.4 I go not with thee to the masque to-night.
1.5 What man can live with such a burden laid upon him?
1.6 The Duke hath filled the court with his flatterers and favourites.
1.7 She trembled with a fear most terrible to behold.
1.8 With cunning art the villain wrought his plot.
1.9 The heavens are adorned with stars beyond all reckoning.
1.10 Thou must contend with thine own conscience ere thou judgest others.
1.11 The ship returned with gold and precious stones from distant Ind.
1.12 They sealed the bargain with a solemn oath before the altar.
1.13 His countenance was o’erspread with melancholy most profound.
1.14 The Queen doth walk with majesty through all her realm.
1.15 With patience shall we weather fortune’s storms and see fair days again.
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Come with me unto the garden gate. She speaketh with great eloquence and grace. The knight did strike with his broad sword. I go not with thee to the masque to-night. What man can live with such a burden laid upon him? The Duke hath filled the court with his flatterers and favourites. She trembled with a fear most terrible to behold. With cunning art the villain wrought his plot. The heavens are adorned with stars beyond all reckoning. Thou must contend with thine own conscience ere thou judgest others. The ship returned with gold and precious stones from distant Ind. They sealed the bargain with a solemn oath before the altar. His countenance was o’erspread with melancholy most profound. The Queen doth walk with majesty through all her realm. With patience shall we weather fortune’s storms and see fair days again.
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The Preposition “With” in Early Modern English
1. Core Functions
The preposition with in Elizabethan English serves four primary semantic functions:
Accompaniment: Indicating presence or company. “Come with me” expresses joint motion; “I dine with the Duke” indicates shared activity. This usage requires the objective case for pronouns: “with me,” “with thee,” “with him,” “with her,” “with us,” “with them.” The familiar second-person forms “thee” and “thou” take “with thee” in the objective.
Instrument: Expressing the means by which an action occurs. “Strike with a sword,” “write with a quill,” “seal with wax.” This instrumental function often overlaps with “by means of” in modern translation.
Manner: Describing how an action takes place. “Speak with eloquence,” “walk with dignity,” “die with honour.” Elizabethan writers frequently pair with with abstract nouns to create adverbial phrases: “with speed” (quickly), “with care” (carefully), “with fear” (fearfully).
Opposition: Expressing contest or conflict. “Contend with one’s enemies,” “quarrel with a neighbour,” “vie with a rival.” This usage preserves the Old English sense of wið as “against.”
2. Phonological Features
In Original Pronunciation, with was articulated as /wɪθ/, featuring:
The short /ɪ/ vowel (as in “sit”), clearly distinguished from the longer /iː/ of “weed.”
The voiceless dental fricative /θ/ (as in “think”), though voiced /ð/ appeared in unstressed positions or rapid speech.
The initial /w/ was a true labial-velar approximant, fully rounded.
3. Syntactic Patterns
With + Noun Phrase (Accompaniment): “Go with thy father.”
With + Gerund (Simultaneous Action): “He departed with weeping” (while weeping).
With + Abstract Noun (Manner): “She answered with modesty.”
With + Instrument Noun: “Carve with a knife.”
With + Reflexive Pronoun: “Be with thyself awhile” (be alone).
4. Period Pronunciation of -TION Suffix
Words ending in -tion were pronounced /sjən/ in Shakespeare’s era, not the modern /ʃən/:
“Affection” = /əˈfɛksjən/ (ah-FEK-see-on)
“Nation” = /ˈnaːsjən/ (NAH-see-on)
“Ambition” = /amˈbɪsjən/ (am-BIH-see-on)
“Disposition” = /ˌdɪspəˈzɪsjən/ (dis-poh-ZIH-see-on)
This fuller articulation gave Elizabethan speech a more syllabic, measured quality than modern English.
5. Verb Forms Following “With”
When with governs a clause-like structure, the verb takes infinitive or participial form:
“With having done the deed, he fled.” (participial)
“With this to comfort me, I endure.” (infinitive phrase)
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“With” in Elizabethan Society and Thought
The preposition with carried profound social and philosophical weight in Shakespeare’s England, far beyond its grammatical function. In a society organised around hierarchy, presence, and obligation, to be “with” someone signified alignment, loyalty, and shared fate.
Social Accompaniment and Obligation
To accompany a person of rank—”to go with“ a lord, “to dine with“ a patron—was both honour and duty. Physical presence demonstrated fealty in an age when absence could signal disloyalty. The phrase “to be with child” indicated pregnancy, framing the unborn as companion within the body. “To be with God” euphemised death, imagining the soul as accompanying the divine.
Instrumentality and Agency
The instrumental with reflected Elizabethan fascination with means and causation. To act “with dispatch,” “with cunning,” or “with valour” defined character through method. The philosophical debates of the age—free will versus determinism, natural versus supernatural causation—found linguistic expression in constructions like “with Heaven’s help” or “with Fortune’s favour,” hedging human agency against cosmic forces.
Opposition and Contest
The oppositional sense of with (from Old English “against”) remained vital. “To contend with one’s passions” framed the self as battleground, a concept central to Elizabethan psychology. The humoral theory of temperament imagined the body wrestling with its own complexion—melancholy with sanguinity, choler with phlegm.
The Pronoun System and Intimacy
Note that with took different pronouns depending on social relationship:
“With thee” (familiar, intimate, addressing equals or inferiors, or in moments of strong emotion)
“With you” (formal, polite, addressing superiors or strangers)
Misuse of these forms caused social friction. In Twelfth Night, Sir Toby advises Sir Andrew to write “thou” in his challenge letter, for “if thou thou’st him some thrice, it shall not be amiss”—using the familiar form to insult.
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“With” in Shakespeare and Contemporary Writers
William Shakespeare, Hamlet (c. 1600):
“Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, ‘tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish’d. To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there’s the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: there’s the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely, The pangs of despised love, the law’s delay, The insolence of office and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin?”
Here with functions instrumentally—the bodkin (dagger) as means of self-destruction. The plain monosyllable gains terrible weight from context.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29 (1609):
“When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone beweep my outcast state...”
The oppositional with creates double alienation: out of favour with (against) fortune, out of favour with (in the eyes of) humanity.
Christopher Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great (c. 1587):
“Nature, that framed us of four elements Warring within our breasts for regiment, Doth teach us all to have aspiring minds: Our souls, whose faculties can comprehend The wondrous architecture of the world, And measure every wandering planet’s course, Still climbing after knowledge infinite, And always moving as the restless spheres, Wills us to wear ourselves and never rest, Until we reach the ripest fruit of all, That perfect bliss and sole felicity, The sweet fruition of an earthly crown.”
Marlowe’s “Warring within” demonstrates how conflict can be internalised—the preposition’s oppositional force turned upon the self.
The King James Bible (1611):
“The LORD is with thee, thou mighty man of valour.” (Judges 6:12)
“With God all things are possible.” (Matthew 19:26)
“Lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world.” (Matthew 28:20)
The theological with signals divine presence—accompaniment transcending physical space.
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A Scene at the Globe: Conspirators at Midnight
Enter SEBASTIAN and MARCUS, cloaked, upon the upper stage.
1.16a Come, Marcus, speak with me in whispers low.
1.16b Come /kʊm/ come-IMP Marcus /ˈmaɹkəs/ Marcus-N.PROP speak /spiːk/ speak-IMP with /wɪθ/ to me /meː/ 1SG.OBJ in /ɪn/ in-PREP whispers /ˈhwɪspəɹz/ whisper-N.PL low /loː/ low-ADJ
1.17a The moon doth pale with envy at our daring.
1.17b The /ðə/ DEF.ART moon /muːn/ moon-N doth /dʊθ/ do-3SG.PRES.AUX pale /paːl/ grow.pale-INF with /wɪθ/ from envy /ˈɛnvi/ envy-N at /at/ at-PREP our /aʊɹ/ 1PL.POSS daring /ˈdɛːɹɪŋ/ daring-N
1.18a Art thou with us in this most perilous design?
1.18b Art /aɹt/ be-2SG.PRES thou /ðaʊ/ 2SG.FAM.SUBJ with /wɪθ/ allied.to us /ʊs/ 1PL.OBJ in /ɪn/ in-PREP this /ðɪs/ this-DEM most /moːst/ most-ADV.SUPERL perilous /ˈpɛɹɪləs/ perilous-ADJ design /dɪˈzəɪn/ design-N
1.19a I am with thee unto the very gates of death.
1.19b I /əɪ/ 1SG.SUBJ am /am/ be-1SG.PRES with /wɪθ/ accompanying thee /ðiː/ 2SG.FAM.OBJ unto /ʊnˈtuː/ unto-PREP the /ðə/ DEF.ART very /ˈvɛɹi/ very-ADJ gates /gaːts/ gate-N.PL of /ɔv/ of-PREP death /dɛːθ/ death-N
1.20a Then arm thyself with resolution firm.
1.20b Then /ðɛn/ then-ADV arm /aɹm/ arm-IMP thyself /ðəɪˈsɛlf/ 2SG.FAM.REFL with /wɪθ/ using resolution /ˌɹɛzəˈluːsjən/ resolution-N firm /fɪɹm/ firm-ADJ
1.21a The tyrant sleeps with but a single guard beside his chamber door.
1.21b The /ðə/ DEF.ART tyrant /ˈtəɪɹənt/ tyrant-N sleeps /sliːps/ sleep-3SG.PRES with /wɪθ/ accompanied.by but /bʊt/ only-ADV a /ə/ INDEF.ART single /ˈsɪŋgəl/ single-ADJ guard /gaɹd/ guard-N beside /bɪˈsəɪd/ beside-PREP his /hɪz/ 3SG.M.POSS chamber /ˈtʃaːmbəɹ/ chamber-N door /dɔːɹ/ door-N
1.22a With silent step we shall approach his bed.
1.22b With /wɪθ/ in.manner.of silent /ˈsəɪlənt/ silent-ADJ step /stɛp/ step-N we /wiː/ 1PL.SUBJ shall /ʃal/ shall-MOD.FUT approach /əˈpɹoːtʃ/ approach-INF his /hɪz/ 3SG.M.POSS bed /bɛd/ bed-N
1.23a My conscience doth wrestle with this enterprise.
1.23b My /məɪ/ 1SG.POSS conscience /ˈkɔnsɪəns/ conscience-N doth /dʊθ/ do-3SG.PRES.AUX wrestle /ˈɹɛsəl/ wrestle-INF with /wɪθ/ against this /ðɪs/ this-DEM enterprise /ˈɛntəɹprəɪz/ enterprise-N
1.24a Away with doubt! Think on his cruelties.
1.24b Away /əˈweɪ/ away-ADV with /wɪθ/ (expletive) doubt /daʊt/ doubt-N Think /θɪŋk/ think-IMP on /ɔn/ on-PREP his /hɪz/ 3SG.M.POSS cruelties /ˈkɹuːəltiz/ cruelty-N.PL
1.25a With these remembrances I steel my heart.
1.25b With /wɪθ/ by.means.of these /ðiːz/ these-DEM.PL remembrances /ɹɪˈmɛmbɹənsɪz/ remembrance-N.PL I /əɪ/ 1SG.SUBJ steel /stiːl/ steel-PRES my /məɪ/ 1SG.POSS heart /haɹt/ heart-N
1.26a The clock strikes twelve—our hour cometh with the chime.
1.26b The /ðə/ DEF.ART clock /klɔk/ clock-N strikes /strəɪks/ strike-3SG.PRES twelve /twɛlv/ twelve-NUM our /aʊɹ/ 1PL.POSS hour /aʊɹ/ hour-N cometh /ˈkʊməθ/ come-3SG.PRES with /wɪθ/ accompanying the /ðə/ DEF.ART chime /tʃəɪm/ chime-N
1.27a Go thou with the dagger; I with the rope.
1.27b Go /goː/ go-IMP thou /ðaʊ/ 2SG.FAM.SUBJ with /wɪθ/ carrying the /ðə/ DEF.ART dagger /ˈdagəɹ/ dagger-N I /əɪ/ 1SG.SUBJ with /wɪθ/ carrying the /ðə/ DEF.ART rope /ɹoːp/ rope-N
1.28a The deed once done, we part with all our former lives.
1.28b The /ðə/ DEF.ART deed /diːd/ deed-N once /wʊns/ once-ADV done /dʊn/ do-PAST.PART we /wiː/ 1PL.SUBJ part /paɹt/ part-PRES with /wɪθ/ from all /ɔːl/ all-DET our /aʊɹ/ 1PL.POSS former /ˈfɔːɹməɹ/ former-ADJ lives /ləɪvz/ life-N.PL
1.29a Heaven grant we live to see tomorrow with clean hands.
1.29b Heaven /ˈhɛvən/ heaven-N grant /grant/ grant-SUBJ we /wiː/ 1PL.SUBJ live /lɪv/ live-SUBJ to /tuː/ to-PREP see /siː/ see-INF tomorrow /tuːˈmɔɹoː/ tomorrow-N with /wɪθ/ having clean /kliːn/ clean-ADJ hands /handz/ hand-N.PL
1.30a With God our witness, let us to the task.
1.30b With /wɪθ/ taking.as God /gɔd/ God-N.PROP our /aʊɹ/ 1PL.POSS witness /ˈwɪtnəs/ witness-N let /lɛt/ let-IMP us /ʊs/ 1PL.OBJ to /tuː/ to-PREP the /ðə/ DEF.ART task /task/ task-N
Exeunt severally.
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This lesson forms part of the Latinum Institute Elizabethan English Course, designed for autodidact learners who wish to read, understand, and appreciate the language of Shakespeare and his contemporaries in its original form.
The course employs the construed interlinear text method, presenting each sentence in multiple formats: -
Word-by-word analysis with Original Pronunciation IPA -
Natural sentence flow -
Target-language-only continuous text -
Comprehensive grammatical explanation -
Cultural and historical context -
Authentic literary citations -
Genre-specific extended practice
Vocabulary Progression: Based on a 1000-word frequency curriculum adapted for Early Modern English, this course introduces vocabulary systematically while allowing each lesson to draw upon the full resources of the language, since the interlinear glossing makes all vocabulary accessible.
Original Pronunciation (OP): All IPA transcriptions reflect the reconstructed phonology of Elizabethan English circa 1590-1610, including: -
Rhotic /r/ in all positions -
Fuller articulation of -tion as /sjən/ -
Pre-Great-Vowel-Shift vowel qualities where applicable -
Distinction between /hw/ and /w/ -
Period-appropriate stress patterns
Course Index:
https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
Trustpilot Reviews: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk
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Finis
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