The Hausa word da is the primary conjunction meaning "and" when connecting nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. It is one of the most frequently used words in Hausa and essential for constructing even basic sentences. Unlike English "and," which remains unchanged regardless of context, Hausa has multiple ways to express "and" depending on what is being connected. This lesson focuses on da, which specifically links nouns and noun phrases.
FAQ Schema (Plain Text) Question: What does "da" mean in Hausa? Answer: "Da" is the Hausa word for "and" when connecting nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. It links items, people, or things together in a sentence, similar to how "and" functions in English when saying things like "bread and water" (gurasa da ruwa) or "mother and father" (uwa da uba).
In this lesson, da will appear in various positions within sentences to demonstrate its versatility. You'll encounter it linking subjects, objects, and in lists. The examples progress from simple two-item connections to more complex sentences where da appears multiple times. Special attention is given to how da interacts with pronouns and how it maintains its form regardless of the nouns it connects.
Educational Schema (Plain Text) Educational Material Type: Language Learning Lesson Subject: Hausa Language Level: Beginner Topic: Conjunction "da" (and) Target Audience: English-speaking autodidact learners Lesson Number: 3 Course: Hausa: A Latinum Institute Modern Language Course
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Da is the primary Hausa word for "and" when connecting nouns -
Unlike English, da is only used for nouns, not for connecting verbs or clauses -
Da remains unchanged regardless of what it connects -
The word order in Hausa lists is similar to English -
Da can appear multiple times in a sentence to create longer lists -
When da connects a noun and pronoun, special pronoun forms are sometimes used
3.1 Malam teacher (MAH-lahm) da and (dah) ɗalibai students (DAH-lee-bye) suna are (SOO-nah) cikin inside (CHEE-keen) aji class (AH-jee)
3.2 Ina I-am (EE-nah) son liking (sohn) ayaba banana (ah-YAH-bah) da and (dah) goro kolanut (GOH-roh)
3.3 Fatima Fatima (FAH-tee-mah) ta she-completed (tah) sayi bought (SAH-yee) littafi book (leet-TAH-fee) da and (dah) alkalami pen (ahl-KAH-lah-mee)
3.4 Mutum man (MOO-toom) da and (dah) matarsa his-wife (mah-TAR-sah) sun they (soon) zo came (zoh) kasuwa market (kah-SOO-wah)
3.5 Akwai there-is (ahk-WHY) kifi fish (KEE-fee) da and (dah) nama meat (NAH-mah) a in (ah) gida house (GEE-dah)
3.6 Yaro boy (YAH-roh) yana he-is (YAH-nah) wasa playing (WAH-sah) da and/with (dah) yarinsa his-girl (yah-REEN-sah)
3.7 Na I-have (nah) ga seen (gah) kura hyena (KOO-rah) da and (dah) zaki lion (ZAH-kee) a at (ah) gidan house-of (GEE-dahn) namun animals (NAH-moon) daji wild (DAH-jee)
3.8 Sarki king (SAHR-kee) da and (dah) sarakunansa his-chiefs (sah-rah-KOO-nahn-sah) sun they (soon) taru gathered (TAH-roo) yau today (yow)
3.9 Mun we-have (moon) ci eaten (chee) tuwo tuwo (TOO-woh) da and (dah) miya soup (MEE-yah) da and (dah) miyan soup-of (mee-YAHN) kuka baobab (KOO-kah)
3.10 Ali Ali (AH-lee) da and (dah) ni me (nee) za will (zah) mu we (moo) tafi go (TAH-fee) Kano Kano (KAH-noh)
3.11 Riga gown (REE-gah) da and (dah) wando trousers (wahn-DOH) da and (dah) hula cap (HOO-lah) sun they (soon) yi made (yee) kyau beauty (kyow)
3.12 Ka you-have (kah) ga seen (gah) Ahmed Ahmed (AH-med) da and (dah) 'yan'uwansa his-brothers (yahn-OO-wahn-sah) a at (ah) makaranta school (mah-kah-RAHN-tah) ? ? (?)
3.13 Tana she-is (TAH-nah) saye buying (SAH-yeh) da and/with (dah) gishiri salt (gee-SHEE-ree) da and (dah) manja oil (MAHN-jah) daga from (DAH-gah) kasuwa market (kah-SOO-wah)
3.14 Malam teacher (MAH-lahm) da and (dah) ɗalibansa his-students (dah-lee-BAHN-sah) da and (dah) iyayensu their-parents (ee-yah-YEN-soo) sun they (soon) halarci attended (hah-LAHR-chee) bikin celebration (BEE-keen)
3.15 Ruwa water (ROO-wah) da and (dah) wuta fire (WOO-tah) ba not (bah) sa they-put (sah) suna are (SOO-nah) haɗuwa meeting (hah-DOO-wah)
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3.1 Malam da ɗalibai suna cikin aji. The teacher and students are in class.
3.2 Ina son ayaba da goro. I like bananas and kolanuts.
3.3 Fatima ta sayi littafi da alkalami. Fatima bought a book and pen.
3.4 Mutum da matarsa sun zo kasuwa. The man and his wife came to the market.
3.5 Akwai kifi da nama a gida. There is fish and meat at home.
3.6 Yaro yana wasa da yarinsa. The boy is playing with his girl.
3.7 Na ga kura da zaki a gidan namun daji. I saw a hyena and lion at the zoo.
3.8 Sarki da sarakunansa sun taru yau. The king and his chiefs gathered today.
3.9 Mun ci tuwo da miya da miyan kuka. We ate tuwo and soup and baobab soup.
3.10 Ali da ni za mu tafi Kano. Ali and I will go to Kano.
3.11 Riga da wando da hula sun yi kyau. The gown and trousers and cap are beautiful.
3.12 Ka ga Ahmed da 'yan'uwansa a makaranta? Did you see Ahmed and his brothers at school?
3.13 Tana saye da gishiri da manja daga kasuwa. She is buying salt and oil from the market.
3.14 Malam da ɗalibansa da iyayensu sun halarci bikin. The teacher and his students and their parents attended the celebration.
3.15 Ruwa da wuta ba sa suna haɗuwa. Water and fire don't mix.
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3.1 Malam da ɗalibai suna cikin aji.
3.2 Ina son ayaba da goro.
3.3 Fatima ta sayi littafi da alkalami.
3.4 Mutum da matarsa sun zo kasuwa.
3.5 Akwai kifi da nama a gida.
3.6 Yaro yana wasa da yarinsa.
3.7 Na ga kura da zaki a gidan namun daji.
3.8 Sarki da sarakunansa sun taru yau.
3.9 Mun ci tuwo da miya da miyan kuka.
3.10 Ali da ni za mu tafi Kano.
3.11 Riga da wando da hula sun yi kyau.
3.12 Ka ga Ahmed da 'yan'uwansa a makaranta?
3.13 Tana saye da gishiri da manja daga kasuwa.
3.14 Malam da ɗalibansa da iyayensu sun halarci bikin.
3.15 Ruwa da wuta ba sa suna haɗuwa.
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The Hausa conjunction da functions as the primary coordinator for nouns and noun phrases. Unlike English "and," which serves multiple grammatical functions, da has a specific and limited scope. Here are the essential rules for using da: -
Basic Function: Da connects nouns, pronouns, and noun phrases. It cannot connect verbs, adjectives when used predicatively, or clauses. For connecting clauses, Hausa uses other conjunctions like kuma. -
Position and Form: Da always appears between the items it connects. Unlike some Hausa words that change form based on tone or context, da remains constant. It's written as one word and pronounced with a single syllable. -
Multiple Items: When listing more than two items, da appears between each item, just like English "and" in formal lists. Example: "riga da wando da hula" (gown and trousers and cap). -
With Pronouns: When da connects a noun with a pronoun, the pronoun usually takes its independent form. Example: "Ali da ni" (Ali and I), not "Ali da na." -
Special Note on Tone: Da has a low tone, which distinguishes it from dà (with/by/since) which has a falling tone. For beginners, this distinction may not be immediately apparent in writing, but context usually clarifies the meaning.
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Using "da" to connect verbs: English speakers often try to use da between verbs since English "and" works this way. Wrong: "Yana karatu da rubutu" (attempting to say "He is reading and writing"). Correct: "Yana karatu, yana rubutu" or "Yana karatu da rubutu" (where the second is understood as a noun). -
Confusing "da" with "dà": The preposition dà (with) looks identical in writing but has different tone and meaning. "Yana wasa da yarinya" could mean "He is playing and the girl" (incorrect) or "He is playing with the girl" (correct), depending on tone and context. -
Forgetting pronoun forms: Using possessive pronouns instead of independent pronouns after da. Wrong: "Ali da na" (Ali and my). Correct: "Ali da ni" (Ali and I). -
Word order in subject position: When "X da Y" is the subject, the verb must agree with plural. Wrong: "Malam da ɗalibi yana zuwa." Correct: "Malam da ɗalibi suna zuwa" (The teacher and student are coming). -
Overusing "da": Trying to use da where Hausa uses other constructions. For example, "I went and bought" in Hausa would typically be "Na je na saya" not "Na je da saya."
When constructing sentences with multiple instances of da:
Step 1: Identify all the nouns you want to connect Step 2: Place da between each pair Step 3: Ensure verb agreement (use plural forms when subject contains da) Step 4: Check that you're not trying to connect verbs or clauses Step 5: Verify pronoun forms are correct
Da as a conjunction: -
Form: invariable -
Function: coordinates nouns and noun phrases -
Position: between coordinated elements -
Cannot connect: verbs, clauses, or adjectives used predicatively -
Requires: plural verb agreement when connecting subjects -
Tone: low (distinguishes from preposition dà)
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Understanding the use of da in Hausa requires appreciating the cultural contexts in which coordination occurs. In Hausa society, relationships and connections between people, objects, and concepts are frequently expressed, making da one of the most essential words in daily communication.
In traditional Hausa society, formal listings often follow hierarchical patterns. When mentioning people together using da, social rank, age, or gender may influence the order. For example, "sarki da sarakuna" (the king and chiefs) places the king first due to his higher status. Similarly, "uba da uwa" (father and mother) typically places the father first, reflecting traditional gender hierarchies, though modern usage is becoming more flexible.
The phrase "da gari ya waye" (literally "and dawn has broken") is a common greeting response, showing how da appears in idiomatic expressions. This response to "Ina kwana?" (How did you sleep?) demonstrates that da can begin utterances in conversational Hausa, unlike its English counterpart.
In Islamic contexts, which deeply influence Hausa culture, da appears in religious phrases. "Allah da Annabinsa" (Allah and His Prophet) is a reverential expression where the order is theologically fixed. The conjunction here carries respectful connotations that go beyond mere grammatical connection.
Market transactions, central to Hausa commercial culture, frequently use da in bargaining and listing goods. A trader might say "Ina da gishiri da manja da sabulu" (I have salt and oil and soap), where the repetitive use of da creates a rhythmic quality that's characteristic of market calls.
The proverb mentioned in example 3.15, "Ruwa da wuta ba sa suna haɗuwa" (Water and fire don't mix), illustrates how da functions in traditional wisdom. This saying, equivalent to the English "oil and water don't mix," shows that da maintains its connective function even when expressing incompatibility.
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From "Ruwan Bagaja" (The Water of Cure) by Abubakar Imam:
"Sarauniya da 'ya'yanta mata biyu sun zauna a kan gadon sarauta, suna kallon sarki da hakimansa da manya-manyan mutanen fada da suka taru a gaban su."
Sarauniya queen (sah-ROW-nee-yah) da and (dah) 'ya'yanta her-daughters (yah-YAHN-tah) mata women (MAH-tah) biyu two (BEE-yoo) sun they (soon) zauna sat (ZOW-nah) a on (ah) kan top-of (kahn) gadon throne-of (GAH-dohn) sarauta royalty (sah-ROW-tah) , , suna they-are (SOO-nah) kallon looking-at (kahl-LOHN) sarki king (SAHR-kee) da and (dah) hakimansa his-officials (hah-KEE-mahn-sah) da and (dah) manya-manyan important-important (MAHN-yah-MAHN-yahn) mutanen people-of (moo-TAH-nen) fada palace (FAH-dah) da and/who (dah) suka they-who (SOO-kah) taru gathered (TAH-roo) a at (ah) gaban front-of (GAH-bahn) su them (soo)
"Sarauniya da 'ya'yanta mata biyu sun zauna a kan gadon sarauta, suna kallon sarki da hakimansa da manya-manyan mutanen fada da suka taru a gaban su."
The queen and her two daughters sat on the royal throne, watching the king and his officials and the important palace people who had gathered before them.
Sarauniya da 'ya'yanta mata biyu sun zauna a kan gadon sarauta, suna kallon sarki da hakimansa da manya-manyan mutanen fada da suka taru a gaban su.
This passage from Abubakar Imam's classic Hausa novel demonstrates multiple uses of da: -
The first da connects "Sarauniya" (queen) with "'ya'yanta mata biyu" (her two daughters), showing how da can link a single noun with a complex noun phrase. -
The second da connects "sarki" (king) with "hakimansa" (his officials), demonstrating parallel structure in royal contexts. -
The third da adds "manya-manyan mutanen fada" (important palace people) to the list, showing how da creates extended enumerations. -
The fourth da is actually a relative pronoun marker (who/that), not the conjunction, showing how context determines meaning in written Hausa.
The passage illustrates the hierarchical ordering typical in formal Hausa: the queen is mentioned first in her group (with her daughters), while in the second group, the king precedes his officials and other palace dignitaries. This reflects both gender separation and rank consciousness in traditional Hausa royal courts.
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3.16 Wata one (WAH-tah) rana day (RAH-nah) zaki lion (ZAH-kee) da and (dah) damisa leopard (dah-MEE-sah) da and (dah) kura hyena (KOO-rah) suka they (SOO-kah) yi made (yee) shawara consultation (shah-WAH-rah) game about (GAH-meh) farauta hunting (fah-ROW-tah)
3.17 Tsuntsaye birds (TSOON-tsah-yeh) da and (dah) shanun cattle-of (SHAH-noon) daji bush (DAH-jee) suka they (SOO-kah) gudu ran (GOO-doo) lokacin time-when (loh-KAH-cheen) da when (dah) suka they (SOO-kah) ji heard (jee) muryar voice-of (moor-YAHR) zakanya the-lions (zah-KAHN-yah)
3.18 Kurege squirrel (koo-REH-geh) da and (dah) zomo rabbit (ZOH-moh) da and (dah) bera rat (BEH-rah) sun they (soon) ɓoye hid (BOH-yeh) a in (ah) cikin inside (CHEE-keen) rami hole (RAH-mee) mai having (my) zurfi depth (ZOOR-fee)
3.19 Giwa elephant (GEE-wah) da and (dah) rakumi camel (rah-KOO-mee) ba not (bah) su they (soo) da have (dah) damuwa worry (dah-MOO-wah) saboda because (sah-BOH-dah) girmansu their-size (geer-MAHN-soo) da and (dah) ƙarfinsu their-strength (kahr-FEEN-soo)
3.20 Koki fish-eagle (KOH-kee) da and (dah) ungulu vulture (oon-GOO-loo) da and (dah) karaga crow (kah-RAH-gah) suka they (SOO-kah) tashi rose (TAH-shee) sama sky (SAH-mah) nesa far (NEH-sah)
3.21 Gizo spider (GEE-zoh) ya he (yah) ce said (cheh) wa to (wah) kada crocodile (KAH-dah) da and (dah) kifi fish (KEE-fee) : : (: ) "Ku you-plural (koo) zauna stay (ZOW-nah) cikin inside (CHEE-keen) ruwa water (ROO-wah) " " (" )
3.22 Makiyayi shepherd (mah-kee-YAH-yee) da and (dah) garashinsa his-herd (gah-rah-SHEEN-sah) na of (nah) tumaki sheep (too-MAH-kee) da and (dah) awaki goats (ah-WAH-kee) sun they (soon) koma returned (KOH-mah) gida home (GEE-dah) da with (dah) wuri earliness (WOO-ree)
3.23 Shanu cattle (SHAH-noo) da and (dah) dawaki horses (dah-WAH-kee) da and (dah) raƙuma camels (rah-KOO-mah) na of (nah) karkara countryside (kahr-KAH-rah) sun they (soon) san know (sahn) haɗari danger (hah-DAH-ree)
3.24 Kyaramallam praying-mantis (kyah-rah-MAHL-lahm) da and (dah) mage grasshopper (MAH-geh) da and (dah) fara locust (FAH-rah) sun they (soon) yi made (yee) tsalle jump (TSAHL-leh) zuwa to (ZOO-wah) wani another (WAH-nee) wuri place (WOO-ree)
3.25 Kare dog (KAH-reh) da and (dah) kyanwa cat (KYAHN-wah) na of (nah) gida house (GEE-dah) sun they (soon) ji felt (jee) tsoro fear (TSOH-roh) sun they (soon) shiga entered (SHEE-gah) ɗaki room (DAH-kee)
3.26 Barewa gazelle (bah-REH-wah) da and (dah) maraƙi antelope (mah-RAH-kee) da and (dah) gada duiker (GAH-dah) sun they (soon) yi made (yee) gudu running (GOO-doo) da with (dah) sauri speed (SOW-ree) sosai very-much (SOH-sigh)
3.27 Ƙwalekwale toad (kwah-leh-KWAH-leh) da and (dah) kadangari lizard (kah-dahn-GAH-ree) da and (dah) tsutsa worm (TSOO-tsah) sun they (soon) shiga entered (SHEE-gah) ƙasa ground (KAH-sah) kai directly (kigh) tsaye straight (TSAH-yeh)
3.28 Jimina bat (jee-MEE-nah) da and (dah) taɓirai bats-group (tah-BEER-eye) sun they (soon) rataye hung (rah-TAH-yeh) a on (ah) reshen branch-of (REH-shen) itace tree (ee-TAH-cheh) suna they-are (SOO-nah) jiran waiting (JEE-rahn) dare night (DAH-reh)
3.29 Zakara rooster (zah-KAH-rah) da and (dah) kaji hens (KAH-jee) da and (dah) ƙwai-ƙwai chicks (kwhy-kwhy) sun they (soon) shiga entered (SHEE-gah) cikin inside (CHEE-keen) akurkinsu their-coop (ah-koor-KEEN-soo) da with (dah) sauri quickness (SOW-ree)
3.30 A at (ah) ƙarshe end (KAHR-sheh) zaki lion (ZAH-kee) da and (dah) damisa leopard (dah-MEE-sah) da and (dah) kura hyena (KOO-rah) sun they (soon) gaji tired (GAH-jee) sun they (soon) kwanta lay-down (KWAHN-tah) babu without (BAH-boo) kome anything (KOH-meh)
3.16 Wata rana zaki da damisa da kura suka yi shawara game farauta. One day the lion and leopard and hyena held a consultation about hunting.
3.17 Tsuntsaye da shanun daji suka gudu lokacin da suka ji muryar zakanya. The birds and wild cattle ran when they heard the voice of the lions.
3.18 Kurege da zomo da bera sun ɓoye a cikin rami mai zurfi. The squirrel and rabbit and rat hid inside a deep hole.
3.19 Giwa da rakumi ba su da damuwa saboda girmansu da ƙarfinsu. The elephant and camel had no worry because of their size and strength.
3.20 Koki da ungulu da karaga suka tashi sama nesa. The fish-eagle and vulture and crow flew high into the sky.
3.21 Gizo ya ce wa kada da kifi: "Ku zauna cikin ruwa." The spider said to the crocodile and fish: "You stay in the water."
3.22 Makiyayi da garashinsa na tumaki da awaki sun koma gida da wuri. The shepherd and his flock of sheep and goats returned home early.
3.23 Shanu da dawaki da raƙuma na karkara sun san haɗari. The cattle and horses and camels of the countryside knew danger.
3.24 Kyaramallam da mage da fara sun yi tsalle zuwa wani wuri. The praying mantis and grasshopper and locust jumped to another place.
3.25 Kare da kyanwa na gida sun ji tsoro sun shiga ɗaki. The household dog and cat felt fear and entered the room.
3.26 Barewa da maraƙi da gada sun yi gudu da sauri sosai. The gazelle and antelope and duiker ran very fast.
3.27 Ƙwalekwale da kadangari da tsutsa sun shiga ƙasa kai tsaye. The toad and lizard and worm entered the ground directly.
3.28 Jimina da taɓirai sun rataye a reshen itace suna jiran dare. The bat and bats hung on tree branches waiting for night.
3.29 Zakara da kaji da ƙwai-ƙwai sun shiga cikin akurkinsu da sauri. The rooster and hens and chicks entered their coop quickly.
3.30 A ƙarshe zaki da damisa da kura sun gaji sun kwanta babu kome. In the end the lion and leopard and hyena got tired and lay down with nothing.
3.16 Wata rana zaki da damisa da kura suka yi shawara game farauta.
3.17 Tsuntsaye da shanun daji suka gudu lokacin da suka ji muryar zakanya.
3.18 Kurege da zomo da bera sun ɓoye a cikin rami mai zurfi.
3.19 Giwa da rakumi ba su da damuwa saboda girmansu da ƙarfinsu.
3.20 Koki da ungulu da karaga suka tashi sama nesa.
3.21 Gizo ya ce wa kada da kifi: "Ku zauna cikin ruwa."
3.22 Makiyayi da garashinsa na tumaki da awaki sun koma gida da wuri.
3.23 Shanu da dawaki da raƙuma na karkara sun san haɗari.
3.24 Kyaramallam da mage da fara sun yi tsalle zuwa wani wuri.
3.25 Kare da kyanwa na gida sun ji tsoro sun shiga ɗaki.
3.26 Barewa da maraƙi da gada sun yi gudu da sauri sosai.
3.27 Ƙwalekwale da kadangari da tsutsa sun shiga ƙasa kai tsaye.
3.28 Jimina da taɓirai sun rataye a reshen itace suna jiran dare.
3.29 Zakara da kaji da ƙwai-ƙwai sun shiga cikin akurkinsu da sauri.
3.30 A ƙarshe zaki da damisa da kura sun gaji sun kwanta babu kome.
In traditional Hausa storytelling, da serves several important narrative functions beyond simple coordination: -
Character Groupings: Tales often group characters by type using da. Predators (zaki da damisa da kura), prey animals (barewa da maraƙi da gada), and domestic animals (kare da kyanwa) are linked to show natural alliances or categories. -
Triple Patterns: Many Hausa tales favor groups of three, visible in examples like "zaki da damisa da kura" (lion and leopard and hyena). This triadic structure, connected by da, creates rhythm and memorability essential for oral tradition. -
Collective Action: When animals act together, da links them as a unit requiring plural verb agreement: "sun yi shawara" (they consulted), "sun gudu" (they ran), "sun ɓoye" (they hid). -
Contrasting Groups: Stories use da to establish opposing groups. Large animals (giwa da rakumi) versus small animals (kurege da zomo da bera) creates dramatic tension through simple coordination. -
Formulaic Expressions: Traditional tales contain fixed phrases where da appears: "tumaki da awaki" (sheep and goats) always appear in this order, as do "shanu da dawaki" (cattle and horses). -
Narrative Progression: Multiple uses of da can show escalation. As more animals join groups or actions intensify, additional da phrases build dramatic momentum. -
Dialogue Markers: When addressing multiple characters, da links the addressees: "ya ce wa kada da kifi" (he said to crocodile and fish).
This genre demonstrates how da functions beyond mere grammatical connection to serve storytelling needs, creating patterns that aid memory, establish relationships, and drive narrative forward.
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This method, based on extensive research into how languages are naturally acquired, presents authentic texts with detailed word-by-word analysis. By reading large amounts of comprehensible input, learners internalize grammar patterns and vocabulary simultaneously, avoiding the traditional separation of grammar study from reading practice.
Each lesson in this series: -
Focuses on one key grammatical element used naturally in context -
Provides extensive interlinear glossing with pronunciation guides -
Includes authentic literary excerpts to demonstrate real usage -
Offers cultural insights essential for true comprehension -
Features genre-specific sections showing how language varies by context
The approach particularly suits self-directed learners who: -
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