← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
###
Salvēte, discipulī cārissimī.
Per trēs lectiōnēs, trēs sēnsūs docuimus. Colōrēs oculīs vidimus. Sapōrēs linguā gustāvimus. Odōrēs nāribus olfēcimus. Nunc quārtus sēnsus: TĀCTUS.
Through three lessons, we have taught three senses. We saw colors with our eyes. We tasted flavors with our tongue. We smelled scents with our nostrils. Now the fourth sense: TOUCH.
Vestibulum Comēniī nunc prōgreditur ad Aliās Quālitātēs—quālitātēs quās manibus sentīmus, quās corpore experīmur. Quid est hūmidum? Quid siccum? Quid dūrum? Quid molle? Quid calidum? Quid frīgidum?
The Vestibulum of Comenius now proceeds to Other Qualities—qualities which we feel with our hands, which we experience with our body. What is wet? What is dry? What is hard? What is soft? What is hot? What is cold?
Digitī tuī Latīnam docēbunt. Your fingers will teach you Latin.
Ē tenebrīs Lēšnēnsibus, Iōannēs Āmos Comēnius
Aliae Other quālitātēs: qualities:
Lutum Clay est is hūmidum. wet. Pulvis Dust [est] [is] siccus. dry.
Ossa Bones [sunt] [are] dūra. hard. Carō Flesh [est] [is] mollis. soft.
Glaciēs Ice [est] [is] lūbrica. slippery.
Prūna A live coal est is calida warm et and candēns. glowing. Carbō A dead coal [est] [is] frīgidus cold et and āter. black.
Nōs We incēdimus walk vestītī. clothed. Indī The Indians [incēdunt] [walk] nūdī. naked.
Aliae quālitātēs: Other qualities:
Lutum est hūmidum. Clay is wet.
Pulvis est siccus. Dust is dry.
Ossa sunt dūra. Bones are hard.
Carō est mollis. Flesh is soft.
Glaciēs est lūbrica. Ice is slippery.
Prūna est calida et candēns. A live coal is warm and glowing.
Carbō est frīgidus et āter. A dead coal is cold and black.
Nōs incēdimus vestītī. We walk clothed.
Indī incēdunt nūdī. The Indians walk naked.
Aliae quālitātēs: Lutum est hūmidum. Pulvis est siccus. Ossa sunt dūra. Carō est mollis. Glaciēs est lūbrica. Prūna est calida et candēns. Carbō est frīgidus et āter. Nōs incēdimus vestītī. Indī incēdunt nūdī.
Comenius continues his method of teaching through contrasting pairs:
Latīnē Ānglicē Oppositum Ānglicē hūmidus, -a, -um wet, moist siccus, -a, -um dry dūrus, -a, -um hard mollis, -e soft calidus, -a, -um warm, hot frīgidus, -a, -um cold vestītus, -a, -um clothed nūdus, -a, -um naked
Several new third declension nouns appear:
Nōminātīvus Genitīvus Genus Significātiō pulvis pulveris m. dust os ossis n. bone carō carnis f. flesh, meat glaciēs glaciēī f. ice (5th decl.) prūna prūnae f. live coal carbō carbōnis m. coal, charcoal
Note: glaciēs is actually 5th declension, like diēs and rēs.
candēns, candentis = glowing, shining white-hot
This is a present participle from the verb candeō, candēre (to glow, shine white). It functions as an adjective: -
Prūna candēns = a glowing coal
Present participles end in -ns (nominative) and -ntis (genitive).
incēdō, incēdere, incessī, incessum = to walk, march, advance
This verb appears with a predicate adjective describing the subject’s state while walking: -
Nōs incēdimus vestītī = We walk clothed (we are clothed as we walk) -
Indī incēdunt nūdī = The Indians walk naked (they are naked as they walk)
Latīnē Ānglicē Pars Ōrātiōnis lutum, -ī clay, mud noun, n., 2nd decl. hūmidus, -a, -um wet, moist adjective, 1st/2nd decl. pulvis, pulveris dust noun, m., 3rd decl. siccus, -a, -um dry adjective, 1st/2nd decl. os, ossis bone noun, n., 3rd decl. dūrus, -a, -um hard adjective, 1st/2nd decl. carō, carnis flesh, meat noun, f., 3rd decl. mollis, -e soft adjective, 3rd decl. glaciēs, glaciēī ice noun, f., 5th decl. lūbricus, -a, -um slippery, smooth adjective, 1st/2nd decl. prūna, -ae live coal, ember noun, f., 1st decl. calidus, -a, -um warm, hot adjective, 1st/2nd decl. candēns, candentis glowing, white-hot participle/adjective carbō, carbōnis coal, charcoal noun, m., 3rd decl. frīgidus, -a, -um cold adjective, 1st/2nd decl. āter, ātra, ātrum black, dark adjective, 1st/2nd decl. incēdō, incēdere to walk, march verb, 3rd conj. vestītus, -a, -um clothed participle/adjective nūdus, -a, -um naked, bare adjective, 1st/2nd decl. Indī, -ōrum the Indians noun, m. pl., 2nd decl.
In In officīnā the workshop antīquā, ancient, figulus a potter labōrābat. was working. Nōmen The name eī to him erat was Mārcus. Marcus.
Prīmō First lutum the clay hūmidum wet cēpit. he took. “Ecce,” “Behold,” inquit, he said, “lutum “clay hūmidum wet est is molle. soft. Facilē Easily formāre to shape possum.” I am able.”
Manibus With his hands suīs his own lutum the clay pressit. he pressed. Digitī His fingers eius his lutum the clay molle soft tangēbant. were touching. Paulātim Gradually amphoram an amphora pulchram beautiful formābat. he was shaping.
“Nunc,” “Now,” dīxit he said Mārcus, Marcus, “amphora “the amphora siccārī to be dried dēbet. ought. Lutum The clay hūmidum wet in into siccum dry mūtābitur.” will be changed.”
Amphoram The amphora in in sōle the sun posuit. he placed. Post After hōrās hours multās, many, lutum the clay iam now siccum dry erat. was. “Tangō,” “I touch,” inquit. he said. “Nōn “Not iam any longer molle, soft, sed but nōndum not yet dūrum. hard. Ignis Fire opus necessary est!” is!”
Mārcus Marcus prūnās live coals in in furnum the furnace posuit. placed. Prūnae The live coals calidē warmly candēbant. were glowing. Calor The heat intensus intense erat. was.
“Cavē!” “Beware!” uxor his wife eius his clāmāvit. shouted. “Prūnae “The live coals sunt are calidissimae! very hot! Sī If tangēs, you touch, ūrēris!” you will be burned!”
“Sciō,” “I know,” respondit replied Mārcus. Marcus. “Prūna “A live coal calida warm et and candēns glowing est. is. Sed But post after tempus, time, carbō a dead coal erit— it will be— frīgidus cold et and āter.” black.”
Amphoram The amphora in into furnum the furnace calidum hot posuit. he placed. Ignis The fire lutum the clay mūtābat. was changing. Nunc Now amphora the amphora dūra hard fīēbat. was becoming.
Post After noctem the night tōtam, whole, ignis the fire exstīnctus extinguished est. was. Prūnae The live coals candentēs glowing in into carbōnēs coals frīgidōs cold mūtātae changed erant. were. Ātrī Black et and frīgidī cold iacēbant. they were lying.
Mārcus Marcus amphoram the amphora ē from furnō the furnace extrāxit. took out. “Tangō,” “I touch,” inquit. he said. “Nunc “Now dūra hard est, it is, nōn not mollis. soft. Ignis Fire lutum the clay molle soft in into tēstam pottery dūram hard mūtāvit.” has changed.”
Uxor His wife eius his amphoram the amphora admīrāta having admired est. was. “Quam “How pulchra!” beautiful!” exclāmāvit. she exclaimed.
“Ars “The art figulī,” of the potter,” respondit replied Mārcus, Marcus, “est “is hūmida wet things in into sicca, dry, mollia soft things in into dūra hard mūtāre. to change. Ōlim Once lutum clay molle. soft. Nunc Now tēsta pottery dūra. hard. Haec This est is potestās the power ignis.” of fire.”
In officīnā antīquā, figulus labōrābat. In an ancient workshop, a potter was working.
Nōmen eī erat Mārcus. His name was Marcus.
Prīmō lutum hūmidum cēpit. First he took wet clay.
“Ecce,” inquit, “lutum hūmidum est molle. Facilē formāre possum.” “Behold,” he said, “wet clay is soft. I can shape it easily.”
Manibus suīs lutum pressit. He pressed the clay with his hands.
Digitī eius lutum molle tangēbant. His fingers were touching the soft clay.
Paulātim amphoram pulchram formābat. Gradually he was shaping a beautiful amphora.
“Nunc,” dīxit Mārcus, “amphora siccārī dēbet. Lutum hūmidum in siccum mūtābitur.” “Now,” said Marcus, “the amphora ought to be dried. The wet clay will be changed into dry.”
Amphoram in sōle posuit. He placed the amphora in the sun.
Post hōrās multās, lutum iam siccum erat. After many hours, the clay was now dry.
“Tangō,” inquit. “Nōn iam molle, sed nōndum dūrum. Ignis opus est!” “I touch,” he said. “No longer soft, but not yet hard. Fire is necessary!”
Mārcus prūnās in furnum posuit. Marcus placed live coals in the furnace.
Prūnae calidē candēbant. The live coals were glowing warmly.
Calor intensus erat. The heat was intense.
“Cavē!” uxor eius clāmāvit. “Prūnae sunt calidissimae! Sī tangēs, ūrēris!” “Beware!” his wife shouted. “The live coals are very hot! If you touch them, you will be burned!”
“Sciō,” respondit Mārcus. “Prūna calida et candēns est. Sed post tempus, carbō erit—frīgidus et āter.” “I know,” replied Marcus. “A live coal is warm and glowing. But after time, it will be a dead coal—cold and black.”
Amphoram in furnum calidum posuit. He placed the amphora into the hot furnace.
Ignis lutum mūtābat. The fire was changing the clay.
Nunc amphora dūra fīēbat. Now the amphora was becoming hard.
Post noctem tōtam, ignis exstīnctus est. After the whole night, the fire was extinguished.
Prūnae candentēs in carbōnēs frīgidōs mūtātae erant. The glowing live coals had been changed into cold coals.
Ātrī et frīgidī iacēbant. Black and cold they lay.
Mārcus amphoram ē furnō extrāxit. Marcus took the amphora out of the furnace.
“Tangō,” inquit. “Nunc dūra est, nōn mollis. Ignis lutum molle in tēstam dūram mūtāvit.” “I touch,” he said. “Now it is hard, not soft. Fire has changed the soft clay into hard pottery.”
Uxor eius amphoram admīrāta est. His wife admired the amphora.
“Quam pulchra!” exclāmāvit. “How beautiful!” she exclaimed.
“Ars figulī,” respondit Mārcus, “est hūmida in sicca, mollia in dūra mūtāre.” “The art of the potter,” replied Marcus, “is to change wet things into dry, soft things into hard.”
“Ōlim lutum molle. Nunc tēsta dūra. Haec est potestās ignis.” “Once soft clay. Now hard pottery. This is the power of fire.”
In officīnā antīquā, figulus labōrābat. Nōmen eī erat Mārcus. Prīmō lutum hūmidum cēpit. “Ecce,” inquit, “lutum hūmidum est molle. Facilē formāre possum.”
Manibus suīs lutum pressit. Digitī eius lutum molle tangēbant. Paulātim amphoram pulchram formābat.
“Nunc,” dīxit Mārcus, “amphora siccārī dēbet. Lutum hūmidum in siccum mūtābitur.” Amphoram in sōle posuit. Post hōrās multās, lutum iam siccum erat. “Tangō,” inquit. “Nōn iam molle, sed nōndum dūrum. Ignis opus est!”
Mārcus prūnās in furnum posuit. Prūnae calidē candēbant. Calor intensus erat. “Cavē!” uxor eius clāmāvit. “Prūnae sunt calidissimae! Sī tangēs, ūrēris!”
“Sciō,” respondit Mārcus. “Prūna calida et candēns est. Sed post tempus, carbō erit—frīgidus et āter.” Amphoram in furnum calidum posuit. Ignis lutum mūtābat. Nunc amphora dūra fīēbat.
Post noctem tōtam, ignis exstīnctus est. Prūnae candentēs in carbōnēs frīgidōs mūtātae erant. Ātrī et frīgidī iacēbant.
Mārcus amphoram ē furnō extrāxit. “Tangō,” inquit. “Nunc dūra est, nōn mollis. Ignis lutum molle in tēstam dūram mūtāvit.”
Uxor eius amphoram admīrāta est. “Quam pulchra!” exclāmāvit.
“Ars figulī,” respondit Mārcus, “est hūmida in sicca, mollia in dūra mūtāre. Ōlim lutum molle. Nunc tēsta dūra. Haec est potestās ignis.”
Latīnē Ānglicē officīna, -ae workshop figulus, -ī potter labōrō, labōrāre to work capiō, capere to take, seize formō, formāre to shape, form premō, premere to press tangō, tangere to touch digitus, -ī finger amphora, -ae amphora, jar siccō, siccāre to dry sōl, sōlis sun pōnō, pōnere to place, put nōndum not yet opus est (+ nom.) it is necessary, there is need furnus, -ī furnace, oven candeō, candēre to glow, shine white calor, calōris heat uxor, uxōris wife clāmō, clāmāre to shout ūrō, ūrere to burn exstinguō, exstinguere to extinguish extrahō, extrahere to take out tēsta, -ae pottery, earthenware potestās, potestātis power
Future Passive: mūtābitur -
“Lutum hūmidum in siccum mūtābitur“ = The wet clay will be changed into dry
Passive Infinitive: siccārī -
“Amphora siccārī dēbet” = The amphora ought to be dried
Future Condition: Sī tangēs, ūrēris -
“If you touch, you will be burned” — future more vivid condition
DISCIPULUS: Magister, Master, quot how many sēnsūs senses habeō? do I have?
COMĒNIUS: Quīnque Five sēnsūs senses habēs: you have: vīsum, sight, audītum, hearing, gustum, taste, olfactum, smell, et and tāctum. touch. Hodiē Today dē about tāctū touch discimus. we learn.
DISCIPULUS: Quid What tāctū by touch sentīre to feel possum? am I able?
COMĒNIUS: Multa! Many things! Tangē Touch hanc this aquam. water. Quālis Of what quality est? is it?
DISCIPULUS: Hūmida Wet est! it is!
COMĒNIUS: Bene. Good. Nunc Now tangē touch hunc this pulverem. dust.
DISCIPULUS: Siccus Dry est. it is. Aqua Water hūmida, wet, pulvis dust siccus. dry. Haec These sunt are opposita! opposites!
COMĒNIUS: Ita So est. it is. Multa Many paria pairs opposita opposite habēmus. we have. Tangē Touch hunc this lapidem. stone.
DISCIPULUS: Dūrus Hard est! it is!
COMĒNIUS: Et And hanc this lānam? wool?
DISCIPULUS: Mollis Soft est. it is. Lapis A stone dūrus, hard, lāna wool mollis. soft. Iterum Again opposita! opposites!
COMĒNIUS: Ēgregiē! Excellently! Nunc Now dīc tell mihi: me: glaciēs ice quālis of what quality est? is?
DISCIPULUS: Frīgida Cold est... it is... et and lūbrica! slippery! Sī If in on glaciē ice ambulō, I walk, cadō! I fall!
COMĒNIUS: Vērum True dīcis! you say! Glaciēs Ice est is frīgida cold et and lūbrica. slippery. Prūna A live coal autem however quālis of what quality est? is?
DISCIPULUS: Calida! Hot! Et And candēns! glowing! Nōlī Do not tangere! touch!
COMĒNIUS: Rēctē Rightly monēs. you warn. Prūna A live coal calida warm et and candēns glowing est. is. Sī If tangis, you touch, ūreris. you will be burned. Sed But carbō a coal quālis of what quality est? is?
DISCIPULUS: Frīgidus! Cold! Et And āter! black! Prūna A live coal calida, warm, carbō a coal frīgidus. cold.
COMĒNIUS: Vidēsne Do you see quōmodo how opposita opposites docent? teach? Hūmidum Wet per through siccum dry intellegimus. we understand. Dūrum Hard per through molle soft discimus. we learn. Calidum Hot per through frīgidum cold cognōscimus. we recognize.
DISCIPULUS: Videō! I see! Ūnum One thing sine without alterō the other intellegī to be understood nōn not potest! is able!
COMĒNIUS: Hoc This est is sapientia the wisdom antīqua. ancient. Contrāria Opposites contrāriīs by opposites intelleguntur. are understood.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quot sēnsūs habeō? STUDENT: Master, how many senses do I have?
COMĒNIUS: Quīnque sēnsūs habēs: vīsum, audītum, gustum, olfactum, et tāctum. Hodiē dē tāctū discimus. COMENIUS: You have five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Today we learn about touch.
DISCIPULUS: Quid tāctū sentīre possum? STUDENT: What can I feel by touch?
COMĒNIUS: Multa! Tangē hanc aquam. Quālis est? COMENIUS: Many things! Touch this water. What quality is it?
DISCIPULUS: Hūmida est! STUDENT: It is wet!
COMĒNIUS: Bene. Nunc tangē hunc pulverem. COMENIUS: Good. Now touch this dust.
DISCIPULUS: Siccus est. Aqua hūmida, pulvis siccus. Haec sunt opposita! STUDENT: It is dry. Water is wet, dust is dry. These are opposites!
COMĒNIUS: Ita est. Multa paria opposita habēmus. Tangē hunc lapidem. COMENIUS: So it is. We have many opposite pairs. Touch this stone.
DISCIPULUS: Dūrus est! STUDENT: It is hard!
COMĒNIUS: Et hanc lānam? COMENIUS: And this wool?
DISCIPULUS: Mollis est. Lapis dūrus, lāna mollis. Iterum opposita! STUDENT: It is soft. A stone is hard, wool is soft. Again opposites!
COMĒNIUS: Ēgregiē! Nunc dīc mihi: glaciēs quālis est? COMENIUS: Excellently! Now tell me: what quality is ice?
DISCIPULUS: Frīgida est... et lūbrica! Sī in glaciē ambulō, cadō! STUDENT: It is cold... and slippery! If I walk on ice, I fall!
COMĒNIUS: Vērum dīcis! Glaciēs est frīgida et lūbrica. Prūna autem quālis est? COMENIUS: You speak truly! Ice is cold and slippery. But what quality is a live coal?
DISCIPULUS: Calida! Et candēns! Nōlī tangere! STUDENT: Hot! And glowing! Don’t touch!
COMĒNIUS: Rēctē monēs. Prūna calida et candēns est. Sī tangis, ūreris. Sed carbō quālis est? COMENIUS: You warn rightly. A live coal is warm and glowing. If you touch it, you will be burned. But what quality is a coal?
DISCIPULUS: Frīgidus! Et āter! Prūna calida, carbō frīgidus. STUDENT: Cold! And black! A live coal is warm, a coal is cold.
COMĒNIUS: Vidēsne quōmodo opposita docent? Hūmidum per siccum intellegimus. Dūrum per molle discimus. Calidum per frīgidum cognōscimus. COMENIUS: Do you see how opposites teach? We understand wet through dry. We learn hard through soft. We recognize hot through cold.
DISCIPULUS: Videō! Ūnum sine alterō intellegī nōn potest! STUDENT: I see! One thing cannot be understood without the other!
COMĒNIUS: Hoc est sapientia antīqua. Contrāria contrāriīs intelleguntur. COMENIUS: This is ancient wisdom. Opposites are understood by opposites.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quot sēnsūs habeō?
COMĒNIUS: Quīnque sēnsūs habēs: vīsum, audītum, gustum, olfactum, et tāctum. Hodiē dē tāctū discimus.
DISCIPULUS: Quid tāctū sentīre possum?
COMĒNIUS: Multa! Tangē hanc aquam. Quālis est?
DISCIPULUS: Hūmida est!
COMĒNIUS: Bene. Nunc tangē hunc pulverem.
DISCIPULUS: Siccus est. Aqua hūmida, pulvis siccus. Haec sunt opposita!
COMĒNIUS: Ita est. Multa paria opposita habēmus. Tangē hunc lapidem.
DISCIPULUS: Dūrus est!
COMĒNIUS: Et hanc lānam?
DISCIPULUS: Mollis est. Lapis dūrus, lāna mollis. Iterum opposita!
COMĒNIUS: Ēgregiē! Nunc dīc mihi: glaciēs quālis est?
DISCIPULUS: Frīgida est... et lūbrica! Sī in glaciē ambulō, cadō!
COMĒNIUS: Vērum dīcis! Glaciēs est frīgida et lūbrica. Prūna autem quālis est?
DISCIPULUS: Calida! Et candēns! Nōlī tangere!
COMĒNIUS: Rēctē monēs. Prūna calida et candēns est. Sī tangis, ūreris. Sed carbō quālis est?
DISCIPULUS: Frīgidus! Et āter! Prūna calida, carbō frīgidus.
COMĒNIUS: Vidēsne quōmodo opposita docent? Hūmidum per siccum intellegimus. Dūrum per molle discimus. Calidum per frīgidum cognōscimus.
DISCIPULUS: Videō! Ūnum sine alterō intellegī nōn potest!
COMĒNIUS: Hoc est sapientia antīqua. Contrāria contrāriīs intelleguntur.
Latīnē Ānglicē Quot sēnsūs habeō? How many senses do I have? Quālis est? What quality is it? / What is it like? Haec sunt opposita! These are opposites! Nōlī tangere! Don’t touch! Contrāria contrāriīs intelleguntur Opposites are understood by opposites
Sēnsus Ānglicē Verbum vīsus, -ūs sight videō, vidēre audītus, -ūs hearing audiō, audīre gustus, -ūs taste gustō, gustāre olfactus, -ūs smell olfaciō, olfacere tāctus, -ūs touch tangō, tangere
The maxim “Contrāria contrāriīs intelleguntur” (Opposites are understood by opposites) reflects the ancient pedagogical principle that we learn qualities by comparison with their opposites. Comenius explicitly uses this method throughout the Vestibulum.
Draw lines between the opposites:
A B hūmidus frīgidus dūrus siccus calidus nūdus vestītus mollis
Translate into Latin: -
Clay is wet; dust is dry. -
Bones are hard; flesh is soft. -
Ice is slippery and cold. -
A live coal is warm and glowing. -
We walk clothed.
Translate into English: -
Carbō est frīgidus et āter. -
Indī nūdī incēdunt. -
Glaciēs lūbrica est. -
Ossa dūra sunt, carō mollis est. -
Prūnae in furnō calidē candent.
Fill in the correct adjective: -
Lutum est __________ (wet). -
Pulvis est __________ (dry). -
Ossa sunt __________ (hard). -
Carō est __________ (soft). -
Glaciēs est __________ (slippery). -
Prūna est __________ et __________ (warm, glowing). -
Carbō est __________ et __________ (cold, black).
Exercitātiō I: -
hūmidus ↔ siccus -
dūrus ↔ mollis -
calidus ↔ frīgidus -
vestītus ↔ nūdus
Exercitātiō II: -
Lutum est hūmidum; pulvis est siccus. -
Ossa sunt dūra; carō est mollis. -
Glaciēs est lūbrica et frīgida. -
Prūna est calida et candēns. -
Nōs vestītī incēdimus. / Incēdimus vestītī.
Exercitātiō III: -
A coal is cold and black. -
The Indians walk naked. -
Ice is slippery. -
Bones are hard, flesh is soft. -
Live coals glow warmly in the furnace.
Exercitātiō IV: -
hūmidum -
siccus -
dūra -
mollis -
lūbrica -
calida, candēns -
frīgidus, āter
Bene fēcistī, discipule!
Nunc quattuor sēnsūs didicistī: -
Vīsus: Colōrēs (Lectiō XI) -
Gustus: Sapōrēs (Lectiō XII) -
Olfactus: Odōrēs (Lectiō XIII) -
Tāctus: Aliae Quālitātēs (Lectiō XIV)
Now you have learned four senses: sight (colors), taste (flavors), smell (scents), and touch (other qualities).
In Lectiō Quīnta Decima, we continue with Aliae Quālitātēs—but now we move from physical touch to the qualities of living creatures:
Ūnicornis est ferum animal. — The unicorn is a fierce animal. Vacca mānsuētum. — A cow is tame. Leō saevum. — A lion is cruel. Ovis mītis. — A sheep is gentle.
From clay and coals to beasts and temperaments!
Tāctus docuit. Nātūra docēbit. Touch has taught. Nature will teach.
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Iōanne Āmō Comēniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
◊ᴹᴱᴹᴼᴿʸ⁻ᶜᴼᴹᴾᴸᴱᵀᴱ
---