← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
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Discipulī cārissimī, in lectiōne praecedentī aquam spectāvimus — quōmodo fluat, quōmodo maneat, quōmodo saliat ē fonte. Nunc ab aquā ad plantās prōgredimur. Aqua enim terrās irrigat, et plantae ē terrā crescunt. Hic est ōrdō nātūrae: aqua dat vītam, terra accipit, et herba surgit.
Dearest students, in the preceding lesson we looked at water — how it flows, how it stays, how it springs from a fountain. Now from water we advance to plants. For water irrigates the earth, and plants grow from the earth. This is the order of nature: water gives life, the earth receives, and the plant rises.
Hodiē vidēbimus quōmodo herba crescat, folium vireat, flōs flōreat, et frūctus mātūrēscat. Discēmus etiam dē frūctibus quōs carpimus — pirīs, prūnīs, et cerasīs. Rem ipsam ante verbum pōnāmus, ut semper.
Today we will see how the plant grows, the leaf becomes green, the flower blooms, and the fruit ripens. We will also learn about the fruits we pick — pears, plums, and cherries. Let us place the thing itself before the word, as always.
Ē tenebrīs Lēšnēnsibus, Iōannēs Āmos Comēnius
Herba a plant crescit. grows. Folium a leaf viret. is green. Flōs a flower flōret. blooms. Frūctus the fruit mātūrēscit, ripens, quem which ut so that carpās, you may pick, flecte bend rāmum. the branch. Sīve whether sint they be pira, pears, sīve or prūna, plums, sīve or cerasa. cherries.
crescit — from crescō (3rd conjugation): “grows, increases.” The stem vowel is short. The perfect crēvī and supine crētum have long ē, but the present stem does not. This verb gives us English “crescent” and “increase.”
viret — from vireō (2nd conjugation): “is green, flourishes.” The leaf does not merely have a colour; it actively greens. English “viridity” comes from this root.
flōret — from flōreō (2nd conjugation): “blooms, flourishes.” Notice how flōs (the noun “flower”) and flōreō (the verb “to bloom”) share the same root. English “flourish” and “flora” descend from this family.
mātūrēscit — from mātūrēscō (3rd conjugation, inchoative): “ripens, begins to become ripe.” The suffix -ēscō means “to begin to be” or “to become.” This is our grammar focus for today.
ut carpās — a purpose clause: ut + subjunctive = “so that you may pick.” The subjunctive carpās (from carpō) has a long ā in the ending, marking it as present subjunctive.
flecte — an imperative: “bend!” Direct instruction from Comenius to the student.
sīve...sīve...sīve — “whether...or...or” — a correlative conjunction listing alternatives.
Herba crescit. A plant grows.
Folium viret. A leaf is green.
Flōs flōret. A flower blooms.
Frūctus mātūrēscit, quem ut carpās, flecte rāmum. The fruit ripens; to pick it, bend the branch.
Sīve sint pira, sīve prūna, sīve cerasa. Whether they be pears, or plums, or cherries.
Herba crescit. Folium viret. Flōs flōret. Frūctus mātūrēscit, quem ut carpās, flecte rāmum. Sīve sint pira, sīve prūna, sīve cerasa.
Latin has a special class of verbs formed with the suffix -scō (or -ēscō). These verbs express the idea of becoming or beginning to be something. They are called “inchoative” from inchoāre, “to begin.”
The pattern is simple: take an adjective or verb root, add -ēscō, and you get a verb meaning “to become [that quality].”
Base Word Meaning Inchoative Verb Meaning mātūrus, -a, -um ripe mātūrēscō to ripen (become ripe) crescō to grow — (crescō is itself inchoative in origin) calēre to be warm calēscō to grow warm senex old senēscō to grow old flōrēre to bloom flōrēscō to begin to bloom
Inchoative verbs are always 3rd conjugation (regardless of the base verb’s conjugation) and typically lack a supine/4th principal part:
mātūrēscō, mātūrēscere, mātūruī, —
Note: crescō itself descends from an ancient inchoative root. The idea of “growing” is inherently a “becoming” — the plant becomes larger.
We have met ut before meaning “as” or “how.” Here it introduces a purpose clause — it tells us why or for what purpose an action is performed:
Quem ut carpās, flecte rāmum. Which so-that you-may-pick, bend the-branch. = “Bend the branch so that you may pick it.”
The subjunctive carpās signals purpose. The present subjunctive of carpō (3rd conjugation) is formed by changing the stem vowel to -a-:
Person Subjunctive Meaning ego carpam I may pick tū carpās you may pick is/ea/id carpat he/she may pick nōs carpāmus we may pick vōs carpātis you (pl.) may pick eī/eae/ea carpant they may pick
We met frūctus, -ūs (m.) briefly before. This is 4th declension — note the characteristic -ūs genitive singular:
Case Singular Plural Nom. frūctus frūctūs Gen. frūctūs frūctuum Dat. frūctuī frūctibus Acc. frūctum frūctūs Abl. frūctū frūctibus
Be careful: the nominative singular frūctus has a short -us, while the genitive singular frūctūs and nominative plural frūctūs have a long -ūs.
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō herba, -ae (f.) nōmen plant, herb, grass crescō, crescere, crēvī, crētum verbum grow, increase folium, -iī (n.) nōmen leaf vireō, virēre, viruī verbum be green, flourish flōs, flōris (m.) nōmen flower flōreō, flōrēre, flōruī verbum bloom, flourish frūctus, -ūs (m.) nōmen fruit mātūrēscō, mātūrēscere, mātūruī verbum (inchoātīvum) ripen, become ripe carpō, carpere, carpsī, carptum verbum pick, pluck, gather flectō, flectere, flexī, flexum verbum bend rāmus, -ī (m.) nōmen branch, bough sīve...sīve coniūnctiō whether...or pirum, -ī (n.) nōmen pear prūnum, -ī (n.) nōmen plum cerasum, -ī (n.) nōmen cherry
Mārcellus Marcellus senex an old man erat was agricola a farmer quī who prope near oppidum the town Tusculānum of Tusculum habitābat. lived.
Hortum a garden magnum great habēbat he had in in quō which multae many herbae plants crescēbant. were growing. Herba each plant suō in its own modō way crescēbat: grew: alia one celeriter, quickly, alia another lentē. slowly.
Quōdam on a certain diē day puer a boy nōmine by the name of Titus Titus ad to hortum the garden vēnit. came. Titus Titus Mārcellum Marcellus rogāvit asked cūr why quaedam certain folia leaves virērent, were green, alia while others autem however flāva yellow essent. were.
Mārcellus Marcellus respondit replied folia that leaves virēre are green quia because vīta life in in eīs them sit; is; cum when folia leaves flāva yellow fiant, become, vītam life eōrum their dēficere. fails.
“Specta,” “Look,” inquit he said Mārcellus, Marcellus, “hunc “at this flōrem. flower. Flōs the flower flōret blooms nunc now pulcherrimē. most beautifully. Sed but crās tomorrow aut or perendiē the day after petala its petals cadent, will fall, et and frūctus the fruit mātūrēscere to ripen incipiet.” will begin.”
Titus Titus sē that he frūctūs the fruits iam already cupere desired dīxit. said. “Cūr,” “Why,” inquit, he said, “nōn “not carpimus do we pick frūctūs the fruits nunc?” now?”
Mārcellus Marcellus rīsit laughed et and dīxit said frūctūs that the fruits nōndum not yet mātūrōs ripe esse. are. “Exspectā,” “Wait,” inquit, he said, “dōnec “until frūctus the fruit mātūrēscat. ripens. Tum then rāmum the branch flecte bend et and frūctum the fruit carpe.” pick.”
Post after multōs many diēs days Titus Titus rediit. returned. Frūctūs the fruits iam now mātūrī ripe erant. were. Pira pears flāva yellow pendēbant hung ē from rāmīs the branches altīs. high. Prūna plums caeruleō with a dark blue colōre colour splendēbant. shone. Cerasa cherries rubra red inter among folia the leaves viridia green lūcēbant. gleamed.
Titus Titus rāmum a branch flexit bent et and cerasum a cherry rubrum red carpsit. picked. Mārcellus Marcellus dīxit said omnia that all things suō in their own tempore time mātūrēscere ripen — nōn not sōlum only frūctūs fruits sed but etiam also hominēs. people. Titus Titus hoc this intellēxit understood et and alterum another cerasum cherry carpsit. picked.
Mārcellus senex erat agricola quī prope oppidum Tusculānum habitābat. Marcellus was an old farmer who lived near the town of Tusculum.
Hortum magnum habēbat in quō multae herbae crescēbant. He had a great garden in which many plants were growing.
Herba suō modō crescēbat: alia celeriter, alia lentē. Each plant grew in its own way: one quickly, another slowly.
Quōdam diē puer nōmine Titus ad hortum vēnit. One day a boy named Titus came to the garden.
Titus Mārcellum rogāvit cūr quaedam folia virērent, alia autem flāva essent. Titus asked Marcellus why certain leaves were green, while others were yellow.
Mārcellus respondit folia virēre quia vīta in eīs sit; cum folia flāva fiant, vītam eōrum dēficere. Marcellus replied that leaves are green because life is in them; when leaves become yellow, their life fails.
“Specta,” inquit Mārcellus, “hunc flōrem. Flōs flōret nunc pulcherrimē. Sed crās aut perendiē petala cadent, et frūctus mātūrēscere incipiet.” “Look,” said Marcellus, “at this flower. The flower blooms most beautifully now. But tomorrow or the day after, the petals will fall, and the fruit will begin to ripen.”
Titus sē frūctūs iam cupere dīxit. “Cūr,” inquit, “nōn carpimus frūctūs nunc?” Titus said that he already desired the fruits. “Why,” he said, “don’t we pick the fruits now?”
Mārcellus rīsit et dīxit frūctūs nōndum mātūrōs esse. “Exspectā,” inquit, “dōnec frūctus mātūrēscat. Tum rāmum flecte et frūctum carpe.” Marcellus laughed and said that the fruits were not yet ripe. “Wait,” he said, “until the fruit ripens. Then bend the branch and pick the fruit.”
Post multōs diēs Titus rediit. Frūctūs iam mātūrī erant. After many days Titus returned. The fruits were now ripe.
Pira flāva pendēbant ē rāmīs altīs. Prūna caeruleō colōre splendēbant. Cerasa rubra inter folia viridia lūcēbant. Yellow pears hung from the high branches. Plums shone with a dark blue colour. Red cherries gleamed among the green leaves.
Titus rāmum flexit et cerasum rubrum carpsit. Titus bent a branch and picked a red cherry.
Mārcellus dīxit omnia suō tempore mātūrēscere — nōn sōlum frūctūs sed etiam hominēs. Marcellus said that all things ripen in their own time — not only fruits but also people.
Titus hoc intellēxit et alterum cerasum carpsit. Titus understood this and picked another cherry.
Mārcellus senex erat agricola quī prope oppidum Tusculānum habitābat. Hortum magnum habēbat in quō multae herbae crescēbant. Herba suō modō crescēbat: alia celeriter, alia lentē.
Quōdam diē puer nōmine Titus ad hortum vēnit. Titus Mārcellum rogāvit cūr quaedam folia virērent, alia autem flāva essent. Mārcellus respondit folia virēre quia vīta in eīs sit; cum folia flāva fiant, vītam eōrum dēficere.
“Specta,” inquit Mārcellus, “hunc flōrem. Flōs flōret nunc pulcherrimē. Sed crās aut perendiē petala cadent, et frūctus mātūrēscere incipiet.”
Titus sē frūctūs iam cupere dīxit. “Cūr,” inquit, “nōn carpimus frūctūs nunc?”
Mārcellus rīsit et dīxit frūctūs nōndum mātūrōs esse. “Exspectā,” inquit, “dōnec frūctus mātūrēscat. Tum rāmum flecte et frūctum carpe.”
Post multōs diēs Titus rediit. Frūctūs iam mātūrī erant. Pira flāva pendēbant ē rāmīs altīs. Prūna caeruleō colōre splendēbant. Cerasa rubra inter folia viridia lūcēbant.
Titus rāmum flexit et cerasum rubrum carpsit. Mārcellus dīxit omnia suō tempore mātūrēscere — nōn sōlum frūctūs sed etiam hominēs. Titus hoc intellēxit et alterum cerasum carpsit.
The story is set near Tusculum, a town in the hills southeast of Rome famous for its villas and gardens. The elder Marcellus teaches young Titus the fundamental lesson of patience — that fruit must be allowed to ripen in its own time. This mirrors Comenius’s own pedagogical principle: omnia sponte fluant — let all things flow naturally.
Key constructions used in this fable:
Ōrātiō oblīqua (indirect statement): -
Mārcellus respondit folia virēre — “Marcellus replied that leaves are green” (acc. + inf.) -
dīxit frūctūs nōndum mātūrōs esse — “he said that the fruits were not yet ripe” -
Titus sē frūctūs iam cupere dīxit — “Titus said that he desired fruits” (reflexive sē in indirect statement) -
dīxit omnia suō tempore mātūrēscere — “he said that all things ripen in their own time”
Indirect question: -
rogāvit cūr quaedam folia virērent — “he asked why certain leaves were green” (subjunctive virērent)
Purpose clause with dōnec + subjunctive: -
dōnec frūctus mātūrēscat — “until the fruit ripens” (subjunctive of anticipated action)
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō petalum, -ī (n.) nōmen petal pendeō, pendēre, pependī verbum hang splendēo, splendēre, splenduī verbum shine, gleam lūceō, lūcēre, lūxī verbum gleam, shine mātūrus, -a, -um adiectīvum ripe, mature
DISCIPULUS: Magister, Master, quid what significat does it mean verbum the word “mātūrēscit”? “mātūrēscit”? Sciō I know “mātūrus” “mātūrus” significāre means “ripe.” “ripe.” Sed but quid what est is “-ēscit”? “-ēscit”?
MAGISTER: Bona a good quaestiō! question! Audī listen dīligenter. carefully. In in linguā the language Latīnā Latin est there is terminātiō an ending speciālis: special: “-ēscō.” “-ēscō.” Haec this terminātiō ending significat means “fierī” “to become” aut or “incipere “to begin esse.” to be.”
DISCIPULUS: Ergō therefore “mātūrēscit” “mātūrēscit” significat means “ripe” “ripe” “fierī”? “to become”?
MAGISTER: Ita just est! so! “Mātūrus” “mātūrus” significat means “ripe.” “ripe.” “Mātūrēscō” “mātūrēscō” significat means “ripe “ripe fierī” to become” — id that est, is, “to ripen.” “to ripen.” Frūctus the fruit nōn is not subitō suddenly mātūrus ripe est. is. Lentē slowly mātūrēscit it ripens — paulātim little by little fit it becomes mātūrus. ripe.
DISCIPULUS: Suntne are there alia other verba verbs quae which hōc in this modō way formantur? are formed?
MAGISTER: Multa! many! Specta: look: “Calidus” “calidus” significat means “warm.” “warm.” “Calēscō” “calēscō” significat means “to “to grow grow warm.” warm.” “Senex” “senex” significat means “old.” “old.” “Senēscō” “senēscō” significat means “to “to grow grow old.” old.” “Dūrus” “dūrus” significat means “hard.” “hard.” “Dūrēscō” “dūrēscō” significat means “to “to harden.” harden.”
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō! I understand! Ergō therefore etiam also “crescō” “crescō” est is verbum a verb inchoātīvum? inchoative?
MAGISTER: Rēctē rightly dīcis. you say. “Crescō” “crescō” quoque also ē from rādīce the root antīquā ancient venīre to come vidētur seems quae which “fierī “becoming maiōrem” bigger” significābat. meant. Herba a plant crescit: grows: paulātim little by little māior bigger fit. it becomes. Hoc this est is ipsa the very nātūra nature verbī of the verb inchoātīvī. inchoative.
DISCIPULUS: Nunc now videō! I see! Sīcut just as frūctus the fruit lentē slowly mātūrēscit, ripens, sīc so etiam also discipulus a student lentē slowly sapiēntior wiser fit! becomes!
MAGISTER: Optimē excellently dictum! said! Et and hoc this est is prīncipium the principle Comēniī of Comenius ipsīus: himself: “Omnia “let all things sponte naturally fluant flow — absit let there be absent violentia violence rēbus.” from things.” Frūctus the fruit nōn cannot cōgī be forced potest is able ut to mātūrēscat. ripen. Nec nor discipulus can a student cōgī be forced potest is able ut to discat. learn. Omnia all things suō in their own tempore time mātūrēscunt. ripen.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quid significat verbum “mātūrēscit”? Sciō “mātūrus” significāre “ripe.” Sed quid est “-ēscit”? STUDENT: Master, what does the word “mātūrēscit” mean? I know “mātūrus” means “ripe.” But what is “-ēscit”?
MAGISTER: Bona quaestiō! Audī dīligenter. In linguā Latīnā est terminātiō speciālis: “-ēscō.” Haec terminātiō significat “fierī” aut “incipere esse.” TEACHER: A good question! Listen carefully. In the Latin language there is a special ending: “-ēscō.” This ending means “to become” or “to begin to be.”
DISCIPULUS: Ergō “mātūrēscit” significat “ripe fierī”? STUDENT: Therefore “mātūrēscit” means “to become ripe”?
MAGISTER: Ita est! “Mātūrus” significat “ripe.” “Mātūrēscō” significat “ripe fierī” — id est, “to ripen.” Frūctus nōn subitō mātūrus est. Lentē mātūrēscit — paulātim fit mātūrus. TEACHER: Just so! “Mātūrus” means “ripe.” “Mātūrēscō” means “to become ripe” — that is, “to ripen.” The fruit is not suddenly ripe. Slowly it ripens — little by little it becomes ripe.
DISCIPULUS: Suntne alia verba quae hōc modō formantur? STUDENT: Are there other verbs that are formed in this way?
MAGISTER: Multa! Specta: “calidus” significat “warm,” “calēscō” significat “to grow warm.” “Senex” significat “old,” “senēscō” significat “to grow old.” “Dūrus” significat “hard,” “dūrēscō” significat “to harden.” TEACHER: Many! Look: “calidus” means “warm,” “calēscō” means “to grow warm.” “Senex” means “old,” “senēscō” means “to grow old.” “Dūrus” means “hard,” “dūrēscō” means “to harden.”
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō! Ergō etiam “crescō” est verbum inchoātīvum? STUDENT: I understand! Therefore “crescō” is also an inchoative verb?
MAGISTER: Rēctē dīcis. “Crescō” quoque ē rādīce antīquā venīre vidētur quae “fierī maiōrem” significābat. Herba crescit: paulātim māior fit. Hoc est ipsa nātūra verbī inchoātīvī. TEACHER: You speak rightly. “Crescō” also seems to come from an ancient root which meant “to become bigger.” A plant grows: little by little it becomes bigger. This is the very nature of the inchoative verb.
DISCIPULUS: Nunc videō! Sīcut frūctus lentē mātūrēscit, sīc etiam discipulus lentē sapiēntior fit! STUDENT: Now I see! Just as the fruit slowly ripens, so also a student slowly becomes wiser!
MAGISTER: Optimē dictum! Et hoc est prīncipium Comēniī ipsīus: “Omnia sponte fluant — absit violentia rēbus.” Frūctus nōn cōgī potest ut mātūrēscat. Nec discipulus cōgī potest ut discat. Omnia suō tempore mātūrēscunt. TEACHER: Excellently said! And this is the very principle of Comenius: “Let all things flow naturally — let there be no violence to things.” A fruit cannot be forced to ripen. Nor can a student be forced to learn. All things ripen in their own time.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quid significat verbum “mātūrēscit”? Sciō “mātūrus” significāre “ripe.” Sed quid est “-ēscit”?
MAGISTER: Bona quaestiō! Audī dīligenter. In linguā Latīnā est terminātiō speciālis: “-ēscō.” Haec terminātiō significat “fierī” aut “incipere esse.”
DISCIPULUS: Ergō “mātūrēscit” significat “ripe fierī”?
MAGISTER: Ita est! “Mātūrus” significat “ripe.” “Mātūrēscō” significat “ripe fierī” — id est, “to ripen.” Frūctus nōn subitō mātūrus est. Lentē mātūrēscit — paulātim fit mātūrus.
DISCIPULUS: Suntne alia verba quae hōc modō formantur?
MAGISTER: Multa! Specta: “calidus” significat “warm,” “calēscō” significat “to grow warm.” “Senex” significat “old,” “senēscō” significat “to grow old.” “Dūrus” significat “hard,” “dūrēscō” significat “to harden.”
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō! Ergō etiam “crescō” est verbum inchoātīvum?
MAGISTER: Rēctē dīcis. “Crescō” quoque ē rādīce antīquā venīre vidētur quae “fierī maiōrem” significābat. Herba crescit: paulātim māior fit. Hoc est ipsa nātūra verbī inchoātīvī.
DISCIPULUS: Nunc videō! Sīcut frūctus lentē mātūrēscit, sīc etiam discipulus lentē sapiēntior fit!
MAGISTER: Optimē dictum! Et hoc est prīncipium Comēniī ipsīus: “Omnia sponte fluant — absit violentia rēbus.” Frūctus nōn cōgī potest ut mātūrēscat. Nec discipulus cōgī potest ut discat. Omnia suō tempore mātūrēscunt.
This dialogue explores inchoative verbs through the student’s natural curiosity about the suffix -ēscō. The teacher builds understanding through pattern recognition — showing several examples so the student can identify the rule independently. The colloquium culminates in the student’s own insight: that learning, like ripening, is an inchoative process.
The Latin inchoative suffix -ēscō is directly ancestral to many English words ending in -esce or -escent: “adolescent” (from adolēscō, “to grow up”), “luminescent” (from lūminēscō), “obsolescent” (from obsolēscō), “convalescent” (from convalēscō). All carry the same meaning of “becoming” or “in the process of becoming.”
Complete each sentence by choosing the correct word from the bank below.
Word bank: crescit, viret, flōret, mātūrēscit, carpās -
Herba in hortō __________. -
Folium novum __________. -
Flōs pulcher in vēre __________. -
Frūctus in arbore lentē __________. -
Rāmum flecte ut frūctum __________.
-
Herba crescit. -
Folium viret. -
Flōs flōret. -
Frūctus mātūrēscit. -
Flecte rāmum ut pirum carpās. -
Mārcellus dīxit omnia suō tempore mātūrēscere.
Given the base adjective or meaning, form the inchoative verb and give its English meaning.
Base Word Meaning Inchoative Verb English Meaning mātūrus ripe _____________ _____________ calidus warm _____________ _____________ senex old _____________ _____________ dūrus hard _____________ _____________ flōrēre to bloom _____________ _____________
-
A plant grows. -
The flower blooms. -
Bend the branch so that you may pick the fruit. -
Whether they be pears, or plums, or cherries. -
Marcellus said that the fruits were not yet ripe.
Match each Latin word with its English meaning.
A B 1. herba a. to pick, pluck 2. folium b. flower 3. flōs c. branch 4. rāmus d. cherry 5. carpō e. leaf 6. cerasum f. plant, herb
-
Herba crescit. -
Folium viret. -
Flōs flōret. -
Frūctus mātūrēscit, quem ut carpās, flecte rāmum. -
Sīve sint pira, sīve prūna, sīve cerasa. -
Omnia suō tempore mātūrēscunt. (from the Fable) -
Omnia sponte fluant — absit violentia rēbus. (Comenius)
-
crescit (a plant grows) -
viret (a leaf is green) -
flōret (a flower blooms) -
mātūrēscit (fruit ripens) -
carpās (subjunctive after ut in a purpose clause)
-
A plant grows. -
A leaf is green. -
A flower blooms. -
The fruit ripens. -
Bend the branch so that you may pick the pear. -
Marcellus said that all things ripen in their own time.
Base Word Meaning Inchoative Verb English Meaning mātūrus ripe mātūrēscō to ripen calidus warm calēscō to grow warm senex old senēscō to grow old dūrus hard dūrēscō to harden flōrēre to bloom flōrēscō to begin to bloom
-
Herba crescit. -
Flōs flōret. -
Flecte rāmum ut frūctum carpās. -
Sīve sint pira, sīve prūna, sīve cerasa. -
Mārcellus dīxit frūctūs nōndum mātūrōs esse.
1-f, 2-e, 3-b, 4-c, 5-a, 6-d
Nunc herbās et frūctūs cognōvimus. Sed in hortō Comēniī alia quoque invenīmus: nux nucleum continet, rosa bene olet, et urtīca — cavēte! — ūrit. In proximā lectiōne haec tria spectābimus et dē nōminibus tertiae dēclīnātiōnis plūra discēmus.
Now we have learned about plants and fruits. But in Comenius’s garden we find other things too: a nut contains a kernel, a rose smells sweetly, and a nettle — beware! — stings. In the next lesson we will look at these three and learn more about third-declension nouns.
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Comēniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
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