← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
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Salvēte, discipulī cārissimī! Hodiē ad fīnem sectiōnis dē animālibus pervenīmus. Trēs sententiae manent: arānea artificiōsa, apēs quae acūleō pungunt, et tandem sententia pulcherrima — Quicquid vīvit viget.
Greetings, dearest students! Today we arrive at the end of the section on animals. Three sentences remain: the ingenious spider, the bees that prick with a sting, and finally a most beautiful sentence — Whatever lives, thrives.
Haec sententia est quasi summa tōtīus sectiōnis. Per multās lectiōnēs animālia vīdimus: magna et parva, ferōcia et mītia, quae ululant et quae cantant, quae laniant et quae labōrant. Omnia tamen vīvunt; omnia igitur vigent. Hoc est mīrāculum nātūrae.
This sentence is like a summary of the whole section. Through many lessons we have seen animals: great and small, fierce and gentle, those that howl and those that sing, those that tear and those that labor. All, however, live; all therefore thrive. This is the miracle of nature.
Post hanc lectiōnem, novam sectiōnem incipiēmus: Dē Homine — “On Man.” Ā bestiīs ad nōs ipsōs prōgrediēmur!
After this lesson, we shall begin a new section: On Man. From beasts we shall proceed to ourselves!
Ē tenebrīs Lēšnēnsibus, Iōannēs Āmos Comēnius
Arānea a spider [est] [is] artificiōsa. ingenious. Apēs bees pungunt prick acūleō. with a sting. Quicquid whatever vīvit lives viget. thrives.
Arānea artificiōsa — The spider is called artificiōsa (”full of art,” “ingenious”) because of its remarkable web-weaving. The Latin ars, artis means both “art” and “skill” or “craft.” The spider’s web (arāneae tēla) was admired in antiquity as a marvel of natural engineering.
Apēs pungunt acūleō — Bees defend themselves with their sting (acūleus). The ablative acūleō is an ablative of instrument: “with a sting.” Note that apis is a third declension noun with nominative plural apēs.
Quicquid vīvit viget — This philosophical maxim uses the indefinite relative pronoun quicquid (”whatever”). The verb vigeō means “to be vigorous, to thrive, to flourish.” The sentence expresses a profound truth: life itself is a form of flourishing. Where there is life, there is vitality.
Arānea est artificiōsa. A spider is ingenious.
Apēs pungunt acūleō. Bees prick with a sting.
Quicquid vīvit viget. Whatever lives, thrives.
Arānea est artificiōsa. Apēs pungunt acūleō. Quicquid vīvit viget.
In the phrase apēs pungunt acūleō, the ablative acūleō expresses the instrument or means by which the action is performed: “with a sting.”
The ablative of instrument does not use a preposition in Latin: -
Gladiō pugnat — He fights with a sword -
Oculīs videt — He sees with his eyes -
Acūleō pungit — It pricks with a sting
Compare this with the ablative of accompaniment, which does use cum: -
Cum amīcō ambulat — He walks with a friend
Rule: Things you use = ablative alone. People you’re with = cum + ablative.
Quicquid (also spelled quidquid) is the neuter singular of the indefinite relative pronoun quisquis (”whoever, whatever”). It means “whatever thing” or “anything that.”
Cāsus Masculīnum Fēminīnum Neutrum Nōm. quisquis — quicquid Acc. quemquem — quicquid Gen. cuiuscuius — cuiuscuius Dat. cuīcuī — cuīcuī Abl. quōquō — quōquō
The pronoun introduces a generalizing relative clause: Quicquid vīvit = “Whatever lives” (i.e., “anything that lives,” “every living thing”).
Vigeō, vigēre, viguī — to be vigorous, to thrive, to flourish
This is a second conjugation verb (note the long -ē- in the infinitive). It has no passive forms because the meaning is intransitive.
Persōna Praesēns 1st sg. vigeō 2nd sg. vigēs 3rd sg. viget 1st pl. vigēmus 2nd pl. vigētis 3rd pl. vigent
English derivatives: “vigor,” “vigorous,” “invigorate.”
Like labōriōsus from the previous lesson, artificiōsus is formed from a noun + -ōsus: -
artificium (skill, craft) → artificiōsus (full of skill, ingenious)
Other examples: -
ingenium → ingeniōsus (talented, clever) -
studium → studiōsus (eager, studious) -
officium → officiōsus (dutiful, obliging)
Apis, apis (f.) — bee
This is a third declension i-stem noun:
Cāsus Singulāris Plūrālis Nōm. apis apēs Gen. apis apium Dat. apī apibus Acc. apem apēs Abl. ape apibus
Note the i-stem genitive plural apium (not apum).
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō arānea, -ae (f.) nōmen spider artificiōsus, -a, -um adiectīvum ingenious, skillful apis, apis (f.) nōmen bee pungō, pungere, pupugī, pūnctum verbum to prick, sting acūleus, -ī (m.) nōmen sting, point quicquid prōnōmen whatever vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum verbum to live vigeō, vigēre, viguī verbum to thrive, flourish
In in hortō a garden quōdam a certain arānea a spider tēlam a web suam her own texēbat. was weaving. Erat she was artificiōsa ingenious et and labōriōsa; industrious; tēla her web eius her erat was pulcherrima. most beautiful. Per through tōtam the whole noctem night labōrāverat she had labored ut so that tēlam a web perfectam perfect faceret. she might make.
Prīmā at first lūce light apēs bees ē from alveāriō the hive proximō nearby volāvērunt. flew. Ad to flōrēs flowers ībant they were going ut to nectar nectar colligerent. collect. Ūna one apis bee tēlam the web arāneae of the spider vīdit saw et and propius nearer accessit approached ut to eam it spectāret. observe.
“Quam “how pulchra beautiful est is tēla the web tua!” your!” inquit said apis. the bee. “Quōmodo “how eam it fēcistī?” did you make?”
Arānea the spider superba proud respondisse to have replied dīcitur is said sē herself sōlam alone hoc this opus work fēcisse; to have made; sē herself nūllīus of nobody auxiliō by the help ūtī; to use; sē herself esse to be artificiōsissimam most ingenious omnium of all animālium. animals.
Apis the bee autem however rīsit. laughed. “Tēla “a web tua,” your,” inquit, she said, “est “is pulchra beautiful sed but fragilis. fragile. Ūnus one ventus wind eam it dēstruet. will destroy. Nōs we apēs bees aliter otherwise labōrāmus. labor. Simul together labōrāmus; we labor; simul together aedificāmus. we build. Alveārium the hive nostrum our multō much fortius stronger est is quam than tēla a web tua. your.”
Arānea the spider īrāta angry apem the bee capere to catch volēbat. wanted. Sed but apis the bee acūleō with her sting sē herself dēfendit. defended. “Cavē!” “beware!” inquit. she said. “Nōs “we apēs bees acūleō with a sting pungimus. prick. Quī he who nōs us lacessit, provokes, dolōrem pain sentiet!” will feel!”
Arānea the spider territa frightened in into angulum a corner fūgit. fled.
Postrīdiē the next day ventus a wind magnus great flāvit. blew. Tēla the web arāneae of the spider dēstructa destroyed est. was. Alveārium the hive autem however apium of the bees stetit stood firmum. firm.
Arānea the spider tristis sad in among ruīnīs the ruins tēlae of her web suae her own sedēbat. sat. Tum then intellēxit she understood opus a work commūne common esse to be fortius stronger quam than opus a work sōlitārium. solitary.
Haec this fābula fable docet: teaches: Quod what ūnus one facit does sōlus, alone, ventus the wind aufert; carries away; quod what multī many faciunt do simul, together, manet. remains.
In hortō quōdam arānea tēlam suam texēbat. In a certain garden a spider was weaving her web.
Erat artificiōsa et labōriōsa; tēla eius erat pulcherrima. She was ingenious and industrious; her web was most beautiful.
Per tōtam noctem labōrāverat ut tēlam perfectam faceret. She had labored through the whole night so that she might make a perfect web.
Prīmā lūce apēs ē alveāriō proximō volāvērunt. At first light bees flew from the nearby hive.
Ad flōrēs ībant ut nectar colligerent. They were going to flowers to collect nectar.
Ūna apis tēlam arāneae vīdit et propius accessit ut eam spectāret. One bee saw the spider’s web and approached nearer to observe it.
“Quam pulchra est tēla tua!” inquit apis. “Quōmodo eam fēcistī?” “How beautiful your web is!” said the bee. “How did you make it?”
Arānea superba respondisse dīcitur sē sōlam hoc opus fēcisse. The proud spider is said to have replied that she alone had made this work.
Sē nūllīus auxiliō ūtī; sē esse artificiōsissimam omnium animālium. That she used nobody’s help; that she was the most ingenious of all animals.
Apis autem rīsit. The bee, however, laughed.
“Tēla tua,” inquit, “est pulchra sed fragilis.” “Your web,” she said, “is beautiful but fragile.”
“Ūnus ventus eam dēstruet.” “One wind will destroy it.”
“Nōs apēs aliter labōrāmus. Simul labōrāmus; simul aedificāmus.” “We bees labor otherwise. Together we labor; together we build.”
“Alveārium nostrum multō fortius est quam tēla tua.” “Our hive is much stronger than your web.”
Arānea īrāta apem capere volēbat. The angry spider wanted to catch the bee.
Sed apis acūleō sē dēfendit. But the bee defended herself with her sting.
“Cavē!” inquit. “Nōs apēs acūleō pungimus.” “Beware!” she said. “We bees prick with a sting.”
“Quī nōs lacessit, dolōrem sentiet!” “He who provokes us will feel pain!”
Arānea territa in angulum fūgit. The frightened spider fled into a corner.
Postrīdiē ventus magnus flāvit. The next day a great wind blew.
Tēla arāneae dēstructa est. The spider’s web was destroyed.
Alveārium autem apium stetit firmum. The hive of the bees, however, stood firm.
Arānea tristis in ruīnīs tēlae suae sedēbat. The sad spider sat among the ruins of her web.
Tum intellēxit opus commūne esse fortius quam opus sōlitārium. Then she understood that a common work is stronger than a solitary work.
Haec fābula docet: Quod ūnus facit sōlus, ventus aufert; quod multī faciunt simul, manet. This fable teaches: What one does alone, the wind carries away; what many do together, remains.
In hortō quōdam arānea tēlam suam texēbat. Erat artificiōsa et labōriōsa; tēla eius erat pulcherrima. Per tōtam noctem labōrāverat ut tēlam perfectam faceret.
Prīmā lūce apēs ē alveāriō proximō volāvērunt. Ad flōrēs ībant ut nectar colligerent. Ūna apis tēlam arāneae vīdit et propius accessit ut eam spectāret.
“Quam pulchra est tēla tua!” inquit apis. “Quōmodo eam fēcistī?”
Arānea superba respondisse dīcitur sē sōlam hoc opus fēcisse; sē nūllīus auxiliō ūtī; sē esse artificiōsissimam omnium animālium.
Apis autem rīsit. “Tēla tua,” inquit, “est pulchra sed fragilis. Ūnus ventus eam dēstruet. Nōs apēs aliter labōrāmus. Simul labōrāmus; simul aedificāmus. Alveārium nostrum multō fortius est quam tēla tua.”
Arānea īrāta apem capere volēbat. Sed apis acūleō sē dēfendit. “Cavē!” inquit. “Nōs apēs acūleō pungimus. Quī nōs lacessit, dolōrem sentiet!”
Arānea territa in angulum fūgit.
Postrīdiē ventus magnus flāvit. Tēla arāneae dēstructa est. Alveārium autem apium stetit firmum.
Arānea tristis in ruīnīs tēlae suae sedēbat. Tum intellēxit opus commūne esse fortius quam opus sōlitārium.
Haec fābula docet: Quod ūnus facit sōlus, ventus aufert; quod multī faciunt simul, manet.
Dē Argūmentō:
This fable contrasts individual achievement with collective effort, using the spider and bees as symbols. The spider, though artificiōsa (ingenious), works alone; the bees, though individually less skilled, work simul (together). The moral echoes the maxim quicquid vīvit viget — life thrives through community as well as individual vigor.
The fable incorporates key vocabulary: arānea artificiōsa, apēs pungunt acūleō, and thematically connects to vigeō (to thrive).
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Purpose clauses: ut tēlam perfectam faceret, ut nectar colligerent, ut eam spectāret — all using subjunctive. -
Ablative of instrument: acūleō sē dēfendit — “defended herself with her sting.” -
Deponent with ablative: nūllīus auxiliō ūtī — “to use nobody’s help” (ūtor + ablative). -
Comparative with ablative: multō fortius — “much stronger” (ablative of degree of difference). -
Indirect statement: intellēxit opus commūne esse fortius — “she understood that a common work is stronger.” -
Generalizing relative: Quī nōs lacessit — “He who provokes us” (antecedent implied).
Vocabula Fābulae:
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō tēla, -ae (f.) nōmen web, loom texō, texere, texuī, textum verbum to weave alveārium, -ī (n.) nōmen beehive nectar, nectaris (n.) nōmen nectar fragilis, -e adiectīvum fragile simul adverbium together, at the same time lacessō, lacessere, lacessīvī, lacessītum verbum to provoke ruīna, -ae (f.) nōmen ruin, collapse commūnis, -e adiectīvum common, shared sōlitārius, -a, -um adiectīvum solitary
DISCIPULUS: Magister, master, sententia the sentence “Quicquid “whatever vīvit lives viget” thrives” mihi to me valdē greatly placet. pleases. Sed but quid what significat does it mean “vigeō”? “I thrive”? Estne is it idem the same quod as “vīvō”? “I live”?
MAGISTER: Nōn not prōrsus! exactly! “Vīvō” “I live” significat means “vitam “life habeō” I have” — exsistō, I exist, spīrō, I breathe, sum. I am. “Vigeō” “I thrive” autem however significat means “plēnus “full vīrium of strength sum” I am” — flōreō, I flourish, valeō, I am strong, crēscō. I grow.
DISCIPULUS: Ergō therefore animal an animal quod which vīvit lives sed but aegrōtat is sick nōn does not viget? thrive?
MAGISTER: Rēctē rightly dīcis! you say! Animal an animal aegrōtum sick vīvit lives sed but nōn does not viget. thrive. Vīta life est is exsistentia; existence; vigor vigor est is vīta life plēna full et and valida. strong.
DISCIPULUS: Sed but Comēnius Comenius dīcit says “Quicquid “whatever vīvit lives viget.” thrives.” Num surely not omnia all animālia animals quae which vīvunt live vigent? thrive?
MAGISTER: Haec this est is quaestiō a question philosophica! philosophical! Comēnius Comenius fortasse perhaps hoc this dīcere to say voluit: wanted: vīta life ipsa itself est is vigor. vigor. Ubi where vīta life est, is, ibi there vīs force est. is. Etiam even animal an animal aegrōtum sick vīvere to live vult; wants; etiam even planta a plant parva small ad toward sōlem the sun crēscit. grows. Haec this voluntās will vīvendī of living est is vigor. vigor.
DISCIPULUS: Nunc now intellegō! I understand! Vigor vigor nōn not est is sōlum only in in corpore the body sed but etiam also in in animō the spirit — voluntās the will vīvendī! of living!
MAGISTER: Ita yes vērō! indeed! Et and hoc this est is cūr why haec this sententia sentence tam so pulchra beautiful est. is. Omnia all things quae which vīvunt, live, quōdam in a certain modō way vigent thrive — quia because vīta life ipsa itself est is cōnātus a striving ad towards vigōrem. vigor.
DISCIPULUS: “Quicquid “whatever vīvit lives viget” thrives” — haec these verba words memoriā in memory tenēbō. I will keep.
MAGISTER: Ita so facitō! do! Est it is enim indeed sententia a sentence dīgna worthy quae which in in corde the heart servētur. should be kept.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, sententia “Quicquid vīvit viget” mihi valdē placet. Master, the sentence “Whatever lives, thrives” pleases me greatly.
Sed quid significat “vigeō”? Estne idem quod “vīvō”? But what does “I thrive” mean? Is it the same as “I live”?
MAGISTER: Nōn prōrsus! Not exactly!
“Vīvō” significat “vitam habeō” — exsistō, spīrō, sum. “I live” means “I have life” — I exist, I breathe, I am.
“Vigeō” autem significat “plēnus vīrium sum” — flōreō, valeō, crēscō. “I thrive,” however, means “I am full of strength” — I flourish, I am strong, I grow.
DISCIPULUS: Ergō animal quod vīvit sed aegrōtat nōn viget? Therefore an animal which lives but is sick does not thrive?
MAGISTER: Rēctē dīcis! You speak rightly!
Animal aegrōtum vīvit sed nōn viget. A sick animal lives but does not thrive.
Vīta est exsistentia; vigor est vīta plēna et valida. Life is existence; vigor is life that is full and strong.
DISCIPULUS: Sed Comēnius dīcit “Quicquid vīvit viget.” But Comenius says “Whatever lives, thrives.”
Num omnia animālia quae vīvunt vigent? Surely not all animals which live thrive?
MAGISTER: Haec est quaestiō philosophica! This is a philosophical question!
Comēnius fortasse hoc dīcere voluit: vīta ipsa est vigor. Comenius perhaps wanted to say this: life itself is vigor.
Ubi vīta est, ibi vīs est. Where there is life, there is force.
Etiam animal aegrōtum vīvere vult; etiam planta parva ad sōlem crēscit. Even a sick animal wants to live; even a small plant grows toward the sun.
Haec voluntās vīvendī est vigor. This will of living is vigor.
DISCIPULUS: Nunc intellegō! Now I understand!
Vigor nōn est sōlum in corpore sed etiam in animō — voluntās vīvendī! Vigor is not only in the body but also in the spirit — the will of living!
MAGISTER: Ita vērō! Yes indeed!
Et hoc est cūr haec sententia tam pulchra est. And this is why this sentence is so beautiful.
Omnia quae vīvunt, quōdam modō vigent — quia vīta ipsa est cōnātus ad vigōrem. All things which live, in a certain way thrive — because life itself is a striving towards vigor.
DISCIPULUS: “Quicquid vīvit viget” — haec verba memoriā tenēbō. “Whatever lives, thrives” — I will keep these words in memory.
MAGISTER: Ita facitō! Est enim sententia dīgna quae in corde servētur. So do! For it is a sentence worthy to be kept in the heart.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, sententia “Quicquid vīvit viget” mihi valdē placet. Sed quid significat “vigeō”? Estne idem quod “vīvō”?
MAGISTER: Nōn prōrsus! “Vīvō” significat “vitam habeō” — exsistō, spīrō, sum. “Vigeō” autem significat “plēnus vīrium sum” — flōreō, valeō, crēscō.
DISCIPULUS: Ergō animal quod vīvit sed aegrōtat nōn viget?
MAGISTER: Rēctē dīcis! Animal aegrōtum vīvit sed nōn viget. Vīta est exsistentia; vigor est vīta plēna et valida.
DISCIPULUS: Sed Comēnius dīcit “Quicquid vīvit viget.” Num omnia animālia quae vīvunt vigent?
MAGISTER: Haec est quaestiō philosophica! Comēnius fortasse hoc dīcere voluit: vīta ipsa est vigor. Ubi vīta est, ibi vīs est. Etiam animal aegrōtum vīvere vult; etiam planta parva ad sōlem crēscit. Haec voluntās vīvendī est vigor.
DISCIPULUS: Nunc intellegō! Vigor nōn est sōlum in corpore sed etiam in animō — voluntās vīvendī!
MAGISTER: Ita vērō! Et hoc est cūr haec sententia tam pulchra est. Omnia quae vīvunt, quōdam modō vigent — quia vīta ipsa est cōnātus ad vigōrem.
DISCIPULUS: “Quicquid vīvit viget” — haec verba memoriā tenēbō.
MAGISTER: Ita facitō! Est enim sententia dīgna quae in corde servētur.
Dē Argūmentō Paedagōgicō:
This colloquium explores the philosophical depth of Comenius’s maxim Quicquid vīvit viget. Rather than treating it as simple observation, the dialogue unpacks the distinction between vīvō (to exist, to have life) and vigeō (to thrive, to be vigorous). The interpretation offered — that life itself is a striving toward vigor — reflects Comenius’s optimistic natural philosophy.
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Relative clause of characteristic: sententia dīgna quae servētur — “a sentence worthy to be kept” (subjunctive in relative clause expressing characteristic/purpose). -
Gerund genitive: voluntās vīvendī — “the will of living.” -
Future imperative: ita facitō — “so do!” (second person singular future imperative, more formal than fac). -
Indirect question: quid significat — “what does it mean” (indicative in direct question). -
Philosophical vocabulary: exsistentia, vigor, voluntās, cōnātus — abstract nouns for discussing concepts.
Complete each sentence with the correct ablative form: -
Apēs __________ pungunt. (acūleus) -
Arānea __________ tēlam texit. (ars) -
Agricola __________ agrum arat. (arātrum) -
Mīles __________ pugnat. (gladius) -
Scriptor __________ scrībit. (calamus)
Translate into English: -
Quicquid vīvit viget. -
Quisquis labōrat, praemium accipit. -
Quicquid dīcis, vērum est. -
Quisquis amat, spērat. -
Quicquid agis, prūdenter age.
Choose the more appropriate verb for each sentence: -
Planta in umbrā __________, sed nōn bene crēscit. (vīvit / viget) -
Puer sānus et laetus __________. (vīvit / viget) -
Senex aeger adhūc __________. (vīvit / viget) -
In terrā fertilī omnia __________. (vīvunt / vigent) -
Memoria eius in cordibus nostrīs __________. (vīvit / viget)
-
A spider is ingenious. -
Bees prick with a sting. -
Whatever lives, thrives. -
The bee defended herself with a sting. -
Life itself is vigor.
-
Arānea tēlam artificiōsam texit. -
Apēs simul labōrant et simul aedificant. -
Quicquid agimus, bene agāmus. -
Vigor nōn est sōlum in corpore sed etiam in animō. -
Haec sententia dīgna est quae memoriā teneātur.
Form adjectives from these nouns: -
artificium (skill) → __________ -
ingenium (talent) → __________ -
studium (zeal) → __________ -
officium (duty) → __________ -
ōtium (leisure) → __________
Memorize these sentences: -
Arānea est artificiōsa. A spider is ingenious. -
Apēs pungunt acūleō. Bees prick with a sting. -
Quicquid vīvit viget. Whatever lives, thrives. -
Vīta ipsa est vigor. Life itself is vigor. -
Quod ūnus facit sōlus, ventus aufert; quod multī faciunt simul, manet. What one does alone, the wind carries away; what many do together, remains.
-
acūleō (Bees prick with a sting.) -
arte (The spider wove a web with skill.) -
arātrō (The farmer plows the field with a plow.) -
gladiō (The soldier fights with a sword.) -
calamō (The writer writes with a pen.)
-
Whatever lives, thrives. -
Whoever labors receives a reward. -
Whatever you say is true. -
Whoever loves, hopes. -
Whatever you do, do wisely.
-
vīvit (The plant lives in the shade, but does not grow well.) — barely surviving -
viget (The healthy and happy boy thrives.) — full of vigor -
vīvit (The sick old man still lives.) — alive but not thriving -
vigent (In fertile land all things thrive.) — flourishing -
vīvit (His memory lives in our hearts.) — continues to exist
-
Arānea est artificiōsa. -
Apēs acūleō pungunt. -
Quicquid vīvit viget. -
Apis acūleō sē dēfendit. -
Vīta ipsa est vigor.
-
The spider weaves an ingenious web. -
Bees labor together and build together. -
Whatever we do, let us do well. -
Vigor is not only in the body but also in the spirit. -
This sentence is worthy to be held in memory.
-
artificiōsus, -a, -um (skillful, ingenious) -
ingeniōsus, -a, -um (talented, clever) -
studiōsus, -a, -um (zealous, studious) -
officiōsus, -a, -um (dutiful, obliging) -
ōtiōsus, -a, -um (at leisure, idle)
Nunc ad novam sectiōnem pervenīmus: Dē Homine — “On Man.” Post animālia, nōs ipsōs spectābimus. Nōs agimus varia corpore et animō — “We do various things with body and mind.” Caput, cerebrum, capillī, vultus — parātī sumus corpus hūmānum discere!
Now we arrive at a new section: On Man. After animals, we shall look at ourselves. We do various things with body and mind. Head, brain, hair, face — we are ready to learn the human body!
Haec trānsitiō est magna. Ā mundō animālium ad mundum hominum prōcēdimus. Parātī estis?
This transition is great. From the world of animals we proceed to the world of humans. Are you ready?
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Comēniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
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