← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
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Salvēte, discipulī cārissimī! Hodiē faciem hūmānam spectābimus — illam partem corporis quae nōn capillīs tegitur. In faciē sunt instrumenta sēnsuum: oculī quibus cernimus, aurēs quibus audīmus, nārēs quibus olfacimus. Etiam nāsus est, per quem excernimus, et frōns quae rūgās habet.
Greetings, dearest students! Today we shall look at the human face — that part of the body which is not covered with hair. In the face are the instruments of the senses: eyes with which we see, ears with which we hear, nostrils with which we smell. There is also the nose, through which we discharge, and the forehead which has wrinkles.
Quinque sēnsūs habēmus: vīsum, audītum, olfactum, gustum, tactum. In hāc lectiōne trēs ex eīs discēmus: vīsum (oculīs cernimus), audītum (aurēs audiunt), et olfactum (nārēs olfaciunt). Cēterōs posteā vidēbimus.
We have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch. In this lesson we shall learn three of them: sight (we see with our eyes), hearing (the ears hear), and smell (the nostrils smell). The rest we shall see later.
Ē tenebrīs Lēšnēnsibus, Iōannēs Āmos Comēnius
Nam for oculīs with our eyes cernimus. we see. Per through nāsum the nose excernimus. we discharge. Frōns the forehead habet has rūgās. wrinkles. Aurēs the ears audiunt. hear. Nārēs the nostrils olfaciunt. smell.
Oculīs cernimus — The verb cernō means “to discern, perceive, see.” The ablative oculīs is an ablative of instrument: “with our eyes.” Note that Latin often omits possessive adjectives when the meaning is clear.
Per nāsum excernimus — The verb excernō means “to sift out, discharge.” This refers to the nose’s function of expelling mucus and other matter. Unlike the ablative of instrument, per + accusative emphasizes the passage through which something moves.
Frōns habet rūgās — The forehead (frōns) develops wrinkles (rūgae) with age or when frowning. This is a simple observation of human physiology.
Aurēs audiunt — The ears (aurēs) are the organs of hearing. Note that auris is third declension (genitive auris), and the nominative plural is aurēs.
Nārēs olfaciunt — The nostrils (nārēs) smell. The verb olfaciō is a compound of olēre (to emit a smell) + faciō (to make/do), meaning “to perceive a smell.” Nārēs is plural; the singular nāris is rare.
Nam oculīs cernimus. For we see with our eyes.
Per nāsum excernimus. We discharge through the nose.
Frōns habet rūgās. The forehead has wrinkles.
Aurēs audiunt. The ears hear.
Nārēs olfaciunt. The nostrils smell.
Nam oculīs cernimus. Per nāsum excernimus. Frōns habet rūgās. Aurēs audiunt. Nārēs olfaciunt.
Compare these two constructions:
Constructiō Exemplum Significātiō Ablātīvus Oculīs cernimus We see with our eyes Per + Acc. Per nāsum excernimus We discharge through the nose
Rule: -
Ablative of instrument = the tool or means used (with what?) -
Per + accusative = the channel or passage (through what?)
More examples: -
Manibus labōrāmus — We work with our hands (instrument) -
Per portam intrāmus — We enter through the gate (passage) -
Gladiō pugnat — He fights with a sword (instrument) -
Per silvam ambulat — He walks through the forest (passage)
Sēnsus Verbum Partēs Prīncipālēs Significātiō Vīsus cernō cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum to see, discern Vīsus videō videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum to see Audītus audiō audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum to hear Olfactus olfaciō olfaciō, olfacere, olfēcī, olfactum to smell Gustus gustō gustō, gustāre, gustāvī, gustātum to taste Tactus tangō tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctum to touch
Note: Cernō and videō both mean “to see,” but cernō emphasizes discernment or perception, while videō is the general word.
Nōmen Gen. Sing. Genus Dēclīnātiō Significātiō oculus, -ī oculī m. 2nd eye nāsus, -ī nāsī m. 2nd nose frōns, frontis frontis f. 3rd forehead rūga, -ae rūgae f. 1st wrinkle auris, -is auris f. 3rd ear nāris, -is nāris f. 3rd nostril
Note: Frōns is third declension with stem front-. Do not confuse with frōns, frondis (f.) meaning “leafy branch.”
Olfaciō is a compound verb: -
olēre (to emit a smell) + faciō (to do, make) → olfaciō (to smell, perceive a smell)
It conjugates like capiō (third conjugation -iō):
Persōna Praesēns 1st sg. olfaciō 2nd sg. olfacis 3rd sg. olfacit 1st pl. olfacimus 2nd pl. olfacitis 3rd pl. olfaciunt
Principal parts: olfaciō, olfacere, olfēcī, olfactum
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō oculus, -ī (m.) nōmen eye cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum verbum to see, discern nāsus, -ī (m.) nōmen nose excernō, excernere, excrēvī, excrētum verbum to sift out, discharge frōns, frontis (f.) nōmen forehead rūga, -ae (f.) nōmen wrinkle auris, -is (f.) nōmen ear audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum verbum to hear nāris, -is (f.) nōmen nostril olfaciō, olfacere, olfēcī, olfactum verbum to smell
Ōlim once sēnsūs the senses inter among sē themselves certābant were competing quis which eōrum of them esset was praestantissimus. most excellent.
Oculī the eyes prīmī first locūtī having spoken sunt: are: "Nōs we sumus are praestantissimī! most excellent! Sine without nōbīs us homō a man nihil nothing cernere to see potest. can. Nōn not videt does he see ubi where ambulet, he may walk, nōn not videt does he see quem whom amet, he may love, nōn not videt does he see quid what edat. he may eat. Mundus the world sine without oculīs eyes est is tenebrōsus." dark.
Aurēs the ears autem however respondērunt: replied: "Immō on the contrary nōs we sumus are praestantissimae! most excellent! Sine without nōbīs us homō a man nūllam no vōcem voice audit, hears, nūllam no mūsicam, music, nūllum no perīculum danger appropinquāns. approaching. Quid what prōdest does it profit vidēre to see sī if nōn not audīs you hear amīcum a friend clāmantem crying out 'cavē'?" 'beware'?
Nārēs the nostrils quoque also certāre to compete volēbant: wanted: "Nōs we olfacimus smell quid what sit may be bonum, good, quid what malum. bad. Odōrem the smell cibī of food corruptī spoiled sentīmus; we perceive; odōrem the smell fumī of smoke in in incendiō a fire sentīmus. we perceive. Sine without nōbīs us homō a man venēnum poison ederet!" would eat!
Dum while sēnsūs the senses sīc thus certant, compete, cerebrum the brain silentiō in silence audīvit. listened. Tandem finally locūtum having spoken esse to be dīcitur: it is said:
"Cūr why certātis? do you compete? Omnes all of you ūtilēs useful estis. you are. Oculī the eyes cernunt, see, aurēs the ears audiunt, hear, nārēs the nostrils olfaciunt. smell. Sed but ego I — cerebrum — — the brain — omnia all things colligō collect et and intellegō. understand. Sine without mē me oculī the eyes vidērent would see sed but nōn not intellegerent; would understand; aurēs the ears audīrent would hear sed but nōn not intellegerent; would understand; nārēs the nostrils olfacerent would smell sed but nōn not intellegerent. would understand.
Nōn not certāre to compete dēbētis you ought sed but cooperārī. to cooperate. Ūnusquisque each one vestrum of you partem a part agit; plays; simul together tōtum the whole efficimus." we accomplish.
Sēnsūs the senses pudōre with shame affectī affected sunt are et and numquam never posteā afterwards certāvērunt. competed.
Haec this fābula fable docet: teaches: Nūllum no membrum member frūstrā in vain datum given est, is, et and nūllum no membrum member sōlum alone sufficere to suffice potest. can.
Ōlim sēnsūs inter sē certābant quis eōrum esset praestantissimus. Once the senses were competing among themselves as to which of them was most excellent.
Oculī prīmī locūtī sunt: “Nōs sumus praestantissimī!” The eyes spoke first: “We are most excellent!”
“Sine nōbīs homō nihil cernere potest.” “Without us a man can see nothing.”
“Nōn videt ubi ambulet, nōn videt quem amet, nōn videt quid edat.” “He does not see where he may walk, he does not see whom he may love, he does not see what he may eat.”
“Mundus sine oculīs est tenebrōsus.” “The world without eyes is dark.”
Aurēs autem respondērunt: “Immō nōs sumus praestantissimae!” The ears, however, replied: “On the contrary, we are most excellent!”
“Sine nōbīs homō nūllam vōcem audit, nūllam mūsicam, nūllum perīculum appropinquāns.” “Without us a man hears no voice, no music, no approaching danger.”
“Quid prōdest vidēre sī nōn audīs amīcum clāmantem ‘cavē’?” “What does it profit to see if you do not hear a friend crying out ‘beware’?”
Nārēs quoque certāre volēbant: “Nōs olfacimus quid sit bonum, quid malum.” The nostrils also wanted to compete: “We smell what may be good, what bad.”
“Odōrem cibī corruptī sentīmus; odōrem fumī in incendiō sentīmus.” “We perceive the smell of spoiled food; we perceive the smell of smoke in a fire.”
“Sine nōbīs homō venēnum ederet!” “Without us a man would eat poison!”
Dum sēnsūs sīc certant, cerebrum silentiō audīvit. While the senses were competing thus, the brain listened in silence.
Tandem locūtum esse dīcitur: Finally it is said to have spoken:
“Cūr certātis? Omnes ūtilēs estis.” “Why do you compete? All of you are useful.”
“Oculī cernunt, aurēs audiunt, nārēs olfaciunt.” “The eyes see, the ears hear, the nostrils smell.”
“Sed ego — cerebrum — omnia colligō et intellegō.” “But I — the brain — collect and understand all things.”
“Sine mē oculī vidērent sed nōn intellegerent.” “Without me the eyes would see but would not understand.”
“Aurēs audīrent sed nōn intellegerent.” “The ears would hear but would not understand.”
“Nārēs olfacerent sed nōn intellegerent.” “The nostrils would smell but would not understand.”
“Nōn certāre dēbētis sed cooperārī.” “You ought not to compete but to cooperate.”
“Ūnusquisque vestrum partem agit; simul tōtum efficimus.” “Each one of you plays a part; together we accomplish the whole.”
Sēnsūs pudōre affectī sunt et numquam posteā certāvērunt. The senses were affected with shame and never afterwards competed.
Haec fābula docet: Nūllum membrum frūstrā datum est, et nūllum membrum sōlum sufficere potest. This fable teaches: No member is given in vain, and no member can suffice alone.
Ōlim sēnsūs inter sē certābant quis eōrum esset praestantissimus.
Oculī prīmī locūtī sunt: “Nōs sumus praestantissimī! Sine nōbīs homō nihil cernere potest. Nōn videt ubi ambulet, nōn videt quem amet, nōn videt quid edat. Mundus sine oculīs est tenebrōsus.”
Aurēs autem respondērunt: “Immō nōs sumus praestantissimae! Sine nōbīs homō nūllam vōcem audit, nūllam mūsicam, nūllum perīculum appropinquāns. Quid prōdest vidēre sī nōn audīs amīcum clāmantem ‘cavē’?”
Nārēs quoque certāre volēbant: “Nōs olfacimus quid sit bonum, quid malum. Odōrem cibī corruptī sentīmus; odōrem fumī in incendiō sentīmus. Sine nōbīs homō venēnum ederet!”
Dum sēnsūs sīc certant, cerebrum silentiō audīvit. Tandem locūtum esse dīcitur:
“Cūr certātis? Omnes ūtilēs estis. Oculī cernunt, aurēs audiunt, nārēs olfaciunt. Sed ego — cerebrum — omnia colligō et intellegō. Sine mē oculī vidērent sed nōn intellegerent; aurēs audīrent sed nōn intellegerent; nārēs olfacerent sed nōn intellegerent.
Nōn certāre dēbētis sed cooperārī. Ūnusquisque vestrum partem agit; simul tōtum efficimus.”
Sēnsūs pudōre affectī sunt et numquam posteā certāvērunt.
Haec fābula docet: Nūllum membrum frūstrā datum est, et nūllum membrum sōlum sufficere potest.
Dē Argūmentō:
This fable continues the theme of bodily cooperation from Lesson XXXVI’s “Membra et Venter.” Here, the senses compete for preeminence until the brain reminds them that perception without understanding is worthless. The fable incorporates the lesson vocabulary (oculīs cernimus, aurēs audiunt, nārēs olfaciunt) while teaching that cooperation is superior to competition.
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Indirect question: quis eōrum esset praestantissimus — “which of them was most excellent” (subjunctive in indirect question). -
Deliberative subjunctive in indirect question: ubi ambulet, quem amet, quid edat — “where he may walk, whom he may love, what he may eat.” -
Contrary-to-fact condition: sine nōbīs homō venēnum ederet — “without us a man would eat poison” (imperfect subjunctive for present contrary-to-fact). -
Deponent perfect participle: locūtī sunt, locūtum esse dīcitur — from loquor, loquī, locūtus sum. -
Partitive genitive: quis eōrum, ūnusquisque vestrum — “which of them,” “each one of you.”
Vocabula Fābulae:
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō sēnsus, -ūs (m.) nōmen sense certō, certāre verbum to compete, contend praestāns, -antis adiectīvum excellent, outstanding tenebrōsus, -a, -um adiectīvum dark immō adverbium on the contrary mūsica, -ae (f.) nōmen music odor, odōris (m.) nōmen smell, odor corruptus, -a, -um adiectīvum spoiled, corrupt fūmus, -ī (m.) nōmen smoke incendium, -ī (n.) nōmen fire, conflagration venēnum, -ī (n.) nōmen poison cooperor, cooperārī verbum (dep.) to cooperate pudor, pudōris (m.) nōmen shame
DISCIPULUS: Magister, master, quot how many sēnsūs senses habēmus? do we have?
MAGISTER: Quīnque five sēnsūs senses habēmus: we have: vīsum, sight, audītum, hearing, olfactum, smell, gustum, taste, et and tactum. touch.
DISCIPULUS: Et and quibus with which membrīs members sentīmus? do we perceive?
MAGISTER: Oculīs with the eyes cernimus we see — hic this est is vīsus. sight. Auribus with the ears audīmus we hear — hic this est is audītus. hearing. Nāribus with the nostrils olfacimus we smell — hic this est is olfactus. smell. Linguā with the tongue gustāmus we taste — hic this est is gustus. taste. Cute with the skin tangimus we touch — hic this est is tactus. touch.
DISCIPULUS: Cūr why Comēnius Comenius dīcit says "per through nāsum the nose excernimus"? we discharge? Nōnne does not nāsus the nose olfacit? smell?
MAGISTER: Bona a good quaestiō! question! Nāsus the nose duās two functiōnēs functions habet. has. Nārēs the nostrils — hoc this est, is, forāmina the openings nāsī of the nose — olfaciunt. smell. Sed but nāsus the nose quoque also excrēmentum discharge ex from corpore the body ēmittit. sends out. Per through nāsum the nose excernimus we discharge — hoc this est, is, mūcum mucus expellimus. we expel.
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō! I understand! Ergō therefore "nāsus" nose et and "nārēs" nostrils nōn not sunt are idem? the same?
MAGISTER: Rēctē! right! Nāsus the nose est is tōtum the whole organum; organ; nārēs the nostrils sunt are forāmina the openings in in nāsō. the nose. Sīcut just as oculus the eye est is organum, the organ, sed but pūpilla the pupil est is forāmen the opening in in oculō. the eye.
DISCIPULUS: Et and quid what dē about fronte? the forehead? Nūllum no sēnsum sense habet? does it have?
MAGISTER: Frōns the forehead nōn not est is organum an organ sēnsūs of sense speciālis. special. Sed but frōns the forehead affectūs emotions ostendit! shows! Rūgae wrinkles in in fronte the forehead dīcunt tell nōs us aliquem someone esse to be īrātum angry vel or sollicitum worried vel or cōgitantem. thinking. Per through frontem the forehead animum the mind aliōrum of others legimus! we read!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō therefore frōns the forehead quoque also ūtilis useful est is — etiam even sī if nōn not est is organum an organ sēnsūs! of sense!
MAGISTER: Ita yes vērō! indeed! Nūllum no membrum member frūstrā in vain datum given est. is.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quot sēnsūs habēmus? Master, how many senses do we have?
MAGISTER: Quīnque sēnsūs habēmus: vīsum, audītum, olfactum, gustum, et tactum. We have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
DISCIPULUS: Et quibus membrīs sentīmus? And with which members do we perceive?
MAGISTER: Oculīs cernimus — hic est vīsus. We see with the eyes — this is sight.
Auribus audīmus — hic est audītus. We hear with the ears — this is hearing.
Nāribus olfacimus — hic est olfactus. We smell with the nostrils — this is smell.
Linguā gustāmus — hic est gustus. We taste with the tongue — this is taste.
Cute tangimus — hic est tactus. We touch with the skin — this is touch.
DISCIPULUS: Cūr Comēnius dīcit “per nāsum excernimus”? Nōnne nāsus olfacit? Why does Comenius say “we discharge through the nose”? Doesn’t the nose smell?
MAGISTER: Bona quaestiō! Nāsus duās functiōnēs habet. A good question! The nose has two functions.
Nārēs — hoc est, forāmina nāsī — olfaciunt. The nostrils — that is, the openings of the nose — smell.
Sed nāsus quoque excrēmentum ex corpore ēmittit. But the nose also sends out discharge from the body.
Per nāsum excernimus — hoc est, mūcum expellimus. We discharge through the nose — that is, we expel mucus.
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō! Ergō “nāsus” et “nārēs” nōn sunt idem? I understand! Therefore “nose” and “nostrils” are not the same?
MAGISTER: Rēctē! Nāsus est tōtum organum; nārēs sunt forāmina in nāsō. Right! The nose is the whole organ; the nostrils are the openings in the nose.
Sīcut oculus est organum, sed pūpilla est forāmen in oculō. Just as the eye is the organ, but the pupil is the opening in the eye.
DISCIPULUS: Et quid dē fronte? Nūllum sēnsum habet? And what about the forehead? Does it have no sense?
MAGISTER: Frōns nōn est organum sēnsūs speciālis. The forehead is not an organ of a special sense.
Sed frōns affectūs ostendit! But the forehead shows emotions!
Rūgae in fronte dīcunt nōs aliquem esse īrātum vel sollicitum vel cōgitantem. Wrinkles in the forehead tell us someone is angry or worried or thinking.
Per frontem animum aliōrum legimus! Through the forehead we read the mind of others!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō frōns quoque ūtilis est — etiam sī nōn est organum sēnsūs! Therefore the forehead also is useful — even if it is not an organ of sense!
MAGISTER: Ita vērō! Nūllum membrum frūstrā datum est. Yes indeed! No member is given in vain.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, quot sēnsūs habēmus?
MAGISTER: Quīnque sēnsūs habēmus: vīsum, audītum, olfactum, gustum, et tactum.
DISCIPULUS: Et quibus membrīs sentīmus?
MAGISTER: Oculīs cernimus — hic est vīsus. Auribus audīmus — hic est audītus. Nāribus olfacimus — hic est olfactus. Linguā gustāmus — hic est gustus. Cute tangimus — hic est tactus.
DISCIPULUS: Cūr Comēnius dīcit “per nāsum excernimus”? Nōnne nāsus olfacit?
MAGISTER: Bona quaestiō! Nāsus duās functiōnēs habet. Nārēs — hoc est, forāmina nāsī — olfaciunt. Sed nāsus quoque excrēmentum ex corpore ēmittit. Per nāsum excernimus — hoc est, mūcum expellimus.
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō! Ergō “nāsus” et “nārēs” nōn sunt idem?
MAGISTER: Rēctē! Nāsus est tōtum organum; nārēs sunt forāmina in nāsō. Sīcut oculus est organum, sed pūpilla est forāmen in oculō.
DISCIPULUS: Et quid dē fronte? Nūllum sēnsum habet?
MAGISTER: Frōns nōn est organum sēnsūs speciālis. Sed frōns affectūs ostendit! Rūgae in fronte dīcunt nōs aliquem esse īrātum vel sollicitum vel cōgitantem. Per frontem animum aliōrum legimus!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō frōns quoque ūtilis est — etiam sī nōn est organum sēnsūs!
MAGISTER: Ita vērō! Nūllum membrum frūstrā datum est.
Dē Argūmentō Paedagōgicō:
This colloquium systematically presents the five senses with their corresponding organs and Latin vocabulary. It also addresses a potentially confusing point in the Vestibulum: why does Comenius say per nāsum excernimus rather than mentioning smell? The dialogue clarifies the distinction between nāsus (the whole nose) and nārēs (the nostrils specifically), and notes that the nose has both excretory and sensory functions.
The discussion of the forehead (frōns) shows that even parts without a dedicated sense serve important purposes — in this case, expressing emotion.
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Interrogative quot: “How many?” — takes no case, used with plural nouns. -
Fourth declension nouns: sēnsus, -ūs (m.), vīsus, audītus, olfactus, gustus, tactus — all fourth declension masculine. -
Indirect statement: dīcunt nōs aliquem esse īrātum — “they tell us that someone is angry.” -
Ablative of respect/specification: cute — “with respect to the skin” → “by means of the skin.”
Match each sense with its organ:
Sēnsus Organum 1. vīsus a. nārēs 2. audītus b. cutis 3. olfactus c. lingua 4. gustus d. oculī 5. tactus e. aurēs
Choose the correct construction: -
__________ cernimus. (oculīs / per oculōs) -
__________ intrāmus. (portā / per portam) -
__________ audīmus. (auribus / per aurēs) -
__________ excernimus. (nāsō / per nāsum) -
__________ scrībimus. (calamō / per calamum)
Identify each body part in Latin: -
The organs of sight: __________ -
The organs of hearing: __________ -
The whole smelling organ: __________ -
The openings for smelling: __________ -
The part with wrinkles: __________
-
We see with our eyes. -
The ears hear. -
The nostrils smell. -
The forehead has wrinkles. -
We have five senses.
-
Per nāsum excernimus. -
Nārēs sunt forāmina nāsī. -
Quīnque sēnsūs habēmus. -
Rūgae in fronte affectūs ostendunt. -
Nūllum membrum sōlum sufficere potest.
Give the first person singular present active for each verb: -
to see (discern): __________ -
to hear: __________ -
to smell: __________ -
to taste: __________ -
to touch: __________
Memorize these sentences: -
Nam oculīs cernimus. For we see with our eyes. -
Per nāsum excernimus. We discharge through the nose. -
Frōns habet rūgās. The forehead has wrinkles. -
Aurēs audiunt. The ears hear. -
Nārēs olfaciunt. The nostrils smell. -
Quīnque sēnsūs habēmus: vīsum, audītum, olfactum, gustum, tactum. We have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch.
-
d (vīsus — oculī) -
e (audītus — aurēs) -
a (olfactus — nārēs) -
c (gustus — lingua) -
b (tactus — cutis)
-
Oculīs cernimus. (ablative of instrument — using the eyes) -
Per portam intrāmus. (per + accusative — through the gate) -
Auribus audīmus. (ablative of instrument — using the ears) -
Per nāsum excernimus. (per + accusative — through the nose as passage) -
Calamō scrībimus. (ablative of instrument — using a pen)
-
oculī (eyes) -
aurēs (ears) -
nāsus (nose) -
nārēs (nostrils) -
frōns (forehead)
-
Oculīs cernimus. (or: Oculīs vidēmus.) -
Aurēs audiunt. -
Nārēs olfaciunt. -
Frōns rūgās habet. -
Quīnque sēnsūs habēmus.
-
We discharge through the nose. -
The nostrils are the openings of the nose. -
We have five senses. -
Wrinkles in the forehead show emotions. -
No member can suffice alone.
-
cernō (I see/discern) -
audiō (I hear) -
olfaciō (I smell) -
gustō (I taste) -
tangō (I touch)
In proximā lectiōne dē linguā et dē interiōribus corporis discēmus! Lingua gustat quōmodo rēs sapiant. Dentibus mandimus. Stomachus concoquit. Ā faciē ad interiōra corporis dēscendēmus — ā sēnsibus ad dīgestiōnem!
In the next lesson we shall learn about the tongue and about the interior parts of the body! The tongue tastes how things savor. We chew with our teeth. The stomach digests. From the face we shall descend to the interior of the body — from the senses to digestion!
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Comēniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
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