← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
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Salvēte, discipulī cārissimī! Hodiē ab interiōribus corporis ad exteriōra redīmus. Vidēbimus labia quae circā ōs sunt, barbam quae mentum ōrnat (apud virōs!), humerōs quibus bāiulāmus, bracchia quibus amplectimur, et manūs quibus labōrāmus.
Greetings, dearest students! Today we return from the interior parts of the body to the exterior. We shall see the lips which are around the mouth, the beard which adorns the chin (among men!), the shoulders with which we carry loads, the arms with which we embrace, and the hands with which we labor.
Manūs praesertim mīrābilēs sunt! Sinistra tenet, dextra opus peragit. Duae manūs simul labōrant, sed dīversīs modīs. Hoc quoque docet nōs: membra dīversa dīversa opera faciunt, sed omnia ad ūnum fīnem cooperantur.
The hands especially are wonderful! The left holds, the right performs the work. Two hands labor together, but in different ways. This too teaches us: different members do different works, but all cooperate toward one end.
Ē tenebrīs Lēšnēnsibus, Iōannēs Āmos Comēnius
Labia the lips sunt are circā around ōs. the mouth. Barba a beard ōrnat adorns mentum. the chin. Fēminae women sunt are imberbēs. beardless. Humerīs with our shoulders bāiulāmus. we carry loads. Bracchiīs with our arms amplectimur. we embrace. Manibus with our hands labōrāmus. we labor. Sinistra the left hand tenet, holds, dextra the right hand peragit performs opus. the work.
Labia sunt circā ōs — The lips (labia) surround the mouth (ōs). The word labium is neuter second declension (plural labia). The preposition circā takes the accusative.
Barba ōrnat mentum — A beard (barba) adorns the chin (mentum). In the ancient world, a beard was often a sign of maturity and wisdom among men.
Fēminae sunt imberbēs — Women are beardless (imberbēs). The adjective imberbis is formed from in- (not) + barba (beard). Note the gender-neutral statement of biological fact.
Humerīs bāiulāmus — We carry loads (bāiulāmus) on our shoulders (humerīs). The verb bāiulō means “to carry a burden, to bear a load.” The ablative of instrument.
Bracchiīs amplectimur — We embrace (amplectimur) with our arms (bracchiīs). The verb amplector is a deponent verb meaning “to embrace, encircle.”
Manibus labōrāmus — We labor (labōrāmus) with our hands (manibus). The hand (manus) is the primary instrument of human work.
Sinistra tenet, dextra peragit opus — The left hand (sinistra) holds, the right hand (dextra) performs the work. This reflects the right-handedness of most humans. Sinistra and dextra are substantive adjectives (feminine, agreeing with implied manus).
Labia sunt circā ōs. The lips are around the mouth.
Barba ōrnat mentum. A beard adorns the chin.
Fēminae sunt imberbēs. Women are beardless.
Humerīs bāiulāmus. We carry loads on our shoulders.
Bracchiīs amplectimur. We embrace with our arms.
Manibus labōrāmus. We labor with our hands.
Sinistra tenet, dextra peragit opus. The left hand holds, the right hand performs the work.
Labia sunt circā ōs. Barba ōrnat mentum. Fēminae sunt imberbēs. Humerīs bāiulāmus. Bracchiīs amplectimur. Manibus labōrāmus. Sinistra tenet, dextra peragit opus.
Amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum — to embrace, encircle
This is a deponent verb — passive in form, active in meaning (as we learned in Lesson XXXIV). It is third conjugation:
Persōna Praesēns 1st sg. amplector 2nd sg. amplecteris 3rd sg. amplectitur 1st pl. amplectimur 2nd pl. amplectiminī 3rd pl. amplectuntur
Other deponent verbs of similar meaning: -
complector, complectī — to embrace, encompass -
ulcīscor, ulcīscī — to avenge -
sequor, sequī — to follow
In Latin, adjectives can be used as substantives (nouns) when the noun is understood:
Adiectīvum Nōmen Implicitum Significātiō sinistra (manus) sinistra the left (hand) dextra (manus) dextra the right (hand)
Similarly: -
bona (neuter plural) = “good things, goods” -
Rōmānī = “the Romans” (implying hominēs or cīvēs) -
omnia = “all things”
Circā (also circum) means “around, about” and takes the accusative: -
Labia sunt circā ōs — The lips are around the mouth -
Circā urbem ambulāvimus — We walked around the city -
Circā mediam noctem — Around midnight
Compare with circum: -
circā — more common in later Latin, often with abstract or static situations -
circum — more common in classical Latin, often with motion
Imberbis, imberbe — beardless
This is a third declension adjective (two-termination):
Cāsus M./F. N. Nōm. sg. imberbis imberbe Gen. sg. imberbis imberbis Nōm. pl. imberbēs imberbia
Formation: in- (not) + barba (beard) + -is
Similar adjectives: -
inermis, inerme — unarmed (arma → inermis) -
incolumis, incolume — unharmed, safe
Nōmen Gen. Sing. Genus Dēclīnātiō Significātiō labium, -ī labiī n. 2nd lip ōs, ōris ōris n. 3rd mouth barba, -ae barbae f. 1st beard mentum, -ī mentī n. 2nd chin humerus, -ī humerī m. 2nd shoulder bracchium, -ī bracchiī n. 2nd arm manus, -ūs manūs f. 4th hand
Note: Manus is fourth declension feminine — one of the few feminine nouns in the fourth declension.
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō labium, -ī (n.) nōmen lip circā praepositiō (+ acc.) around ōs, ōris (n.) nōmen mouth barba, -ae (f.) nōmen beard ōrnō, ōrnāre verbum to adorn mentum, -ī (n.) nōmen chin imberbis, -e adiectīvum beardless humerus, -ī (m.) nōmen shoulder bāiulō, bāiulāre verbum to carry a load bracchium, -ī (n.) nōmen arm amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum verbum (dep.) to embrace manus, -ūs (f.) nōmen hand sinister, sinistra, sinistrum adiectīvum left dexter, dextra, dextrum adiectīvum right peragō, peragere, perēgī, perāctum verbum to accomplish, perform
Ōlim once manus the hand dextra right superbē proudly dīxit said ad to manum the hand sinistram: left:
“Ego “I sum am melior better quam than tū! you! Ego I opus the work peragō; perform; ego I scrībō; write; ego I pānem the bread frangō. break. Tū you nihil nothing facis do nisi except tenēs.” hold.”
Manus the hand sinistra left trīstis sad facta made est was et and respondisse to have replied dīcitur: is said:
“Vērum “true dīcis. you say. Tū you plūra more things facis do quam than ego. I. Sed but sine without mē, me, quid what facere to do poteris? will you be able? Sī if ego I nōn not teneō, hold, quōmodo how tū you scindēs? will cut? Sī if ego I nōn not fulciō, support, quōmodo how tū you pulsābis? will strike?”
Manus the hand dextra right superba proud exclāmāvit: exclaimed: “Probābō “I will prove mē myself sōlam alone sufficere!” to be sufficient!”
Et and cōnāta having tried est she sine without sinistrā the left hand labōrāre. to work. Sed but pānem the bread frangere to break nōn not potuit she was able — nēmō nobody enim for tenēbat. was holding. Clāvum the nail fīgere to fix nōn not potuit she was able — nēmō nobody enim for clāvum the nail tenēbat. was holding. Scrībere to write difficillimum most difficult erat was — nēmō nobody enim for chartam the paper firmam steady tenēbat. was holding.
Tandem finally manus the hand dextra right intellēxit understood sē herself sine without sinistrā the left hand parum little valēre. to be worth.
“Ignōsce “forgive mihi,” me,” inquit. she said. “Nunc “now intellegō I understand nōs us duās two esse to be necessāriās. necessary. Tū you tenēs, hold, ego I agō; act; tū you sustinēs, support, ego I perficiō. complete. Simul together labōrāmus; we labor; simul together opus the work cōnficimus.” we accomplish.”
Manus the hand sinistra left laeta happy respondisse to have replied dīcitur: is said: “Ita “so est! it is! Nōn not est is it quaestiō a question quae which hand manus hand sit may be melior, better, sed but quōmodo how ambae both simul together optimē best labōrent.” may work.”
Ex from illō that diē day manus the hand dextra right et and sinistra the left in in concordiā harmony labōrāvērunt, labored, et and omnia all opera works eārum their bene well prōcessērunt. proceeded.
Haec this fābula fable docet: teaches: Nōn not debet ought ūnum one membrum member sē itself extollere to exalt super above aliud, another, sed but omnia all membra members simul together labōrāre to labor dēbent. ought.
Ōlim manus dextra superbē dīxit ad manum sinistram: Once the right hand proudly said to the left hand:
“Ego sum melior quam tū!” “I am better than you!”
“Ego opus peragō; ego scrībō; ego pānem frangō.” “I perform the work; I write; I break the bread.”
“Tū nihil facis nisi tenēs.” “You do nothing except hold.”
Manus sinistra trīstis facta est et respondisse dīcitur: The left hand became sad and is said to have replied:
“Vērum dīcis. Tū plūra facis quam ego.” “You speak truly. You do more things than I.”
“Sed sine mē, quid facere poteris?” “But without me, what will you be able to do?”
“Sī ego nōn teneō, quōmodo tū scindēs?” “If I do not hold, how will you cut?”
“Sī ego nōn fulciō, quōmodo tū pulsābis?” “If I do not support, how will you strike?”
Manus dextra superba exclāmāvit: “Probābō mē sōlam sufficere!” The proud right hand exclaimed: “I will prove that I alone am sufficient!”
Et cōnāta est sine sinistrā labōrāre. And she tried to work without the left hand.
Sed pānem frangere nōn potuit — nēmō enim tenēbat. But she could not break the bread — for nobody was holding it.
Clāvum fīgere nōn potuit — nēmō enim clāvum tenēbat. She could not fix the nail — for nobody was holding the nail.
Scrībere difficillimum erat — nēmō enim chartam firmam tenēbat. Writing was most difficult — for nobody was holding the paper steady.
Tandem manus dextra intellēxit sē sine sinistrā parum valēre. Finally the right hand understood that she was worth little without the left hand.
“Ignōsce mihi,” inquit. “Nunc intellegō nōs duās esse necessāriās.” “Forgive me,” she said. “Now I understand that we two are necessary.”
“Tū tenēs, ego agō; tū sustinēs, ego perficiō.” “You hold, I act; you support, I complete.”
“Simul labōrāmus; simul opus cōnficimus.” “Together we labor; together we accomplish the work.”
Manus sinistra laeta respondisse dīcitur: The happy left hand is said to have replied:
“Ita est! Nōn est quaestiō quae manus sit melior, sed quōmodo ambae simul optimē labōrent.” “So it is! It is not a question which hand may be better, but how both together may work best.”
Ex illō diē manus dextra et sinistra in concordiā labōrāvērunt, et omnia opera eārum bene prōcessērunt. From that day the right hand and the left labored in harmony, and all their works proceeded well.
Haec fābula docet: Nōn debet ūnum membrum sē extollere super aliud, sed omnia membra simul labōrāre dēbent. This fable teaches: One member ought not to exalt itself above another, but all members ought to labor together.
Ōlim manus dextra superbē dīxit ad manum sinistram:
“Ego sum melior quam tū! Ego opus peragō; ego scrībō; ego pānem frangō. Tū nihil facis nisi tenēs.”
Manus sinistra trīstis facta est et respondisse dīcitur:
“Vērum dīcis. Tū plūra facis quam ego. Sed sine mē, quid facere poteris? Sī ego nōn teneō, quōmodo tū scindēs? Sī ego nōn fulciō, quōmodo tū pulsābis?”
Manus dextra superba exclāmāvit: “Probābō mē sōlam sufficere!”
Et cōnāta est sine sinistrā labōrāre. Sed pānem frangere nōn potuit — nēmō enim tenēbat. Clāvum fīgere nōn potuit — nēmō enim clāvum tenēbat. Scrībere difficillimum erat — nēmō enim chartam firmam tenēbat.
Tandem manus dextra intellēxit sē sine sinistrā parum valēre.
“Ignōsce mihi,” inquit. “Nunc intellegō nōs duās esse necessāriās. Tū tenēs, ego agō; tū sustinēs, ego perficiō. Simul labōrāmus; simul opus cōnficimus.”
Manus sinistra laeta respondisse dīcitur: “Ita est! Nōn est quaestiō quae manus sit melior, sed quōmodo ambae simul optimē labōrent.”
Ex illō diē manus dextra et sinistra in concordiā labōrāvērunt, et omnia opera eārum bene prōcessērunt.
Haec fābula docet: Nōn debet ūnum membrum sē extollere super aliud, sed omnia membra simul labōrāre dēbent.
Dē Argūmentō:
This fable personifies the right and left hands to teach humility and cooperation. The right hand (dextra), proud of its active role, learns that it cannot function without the left hand (sinistra), which provides support. The moral continues the theme of bodily interdependence: nōn debet ūnum membrum sē extollere super aliud.
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Comparative: melior quam tū — “better than you” (quam + nominative). -
Deponent verb: cōnāta est — “she tried” (from cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum). -
Indirect statement: intellēxit sē parum valēre — “she understood that she was worth little.” -
Indirect question: quae manus sit melior, quōmodo ambae labōrent — subjunctive in indirect questions. -
Future less vivid condition: sī ego nōn teneō, quōmodo tū scindēs? — present indicative in protasis, future indicative in apodosis (vivid future condition).
Vocabula Fābulae:
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō superbē adverbium proudly superbus, -a, -um adiectīvum proud scindō, scindere, scidī, scissum verbum to cut fulciō, fulcīre, fulsī, fultum verbum to support pulsō, pulsāre verbum to strike cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum verbum (dep.) to try clāvus, -ī (m.) nōmen nail fīgō, fīgere, fīxī, fīxum verbum to fix, fasten charta, -ae (f.) nōmen paper firmus, -a, -um adiectīvum firm, steady ignōscō, ignōscere (+ dat.) verbum to forgive sustineō, sustinēre verbum to support perficiō, perficere verbum to complete extollō, extollere verbum to exalt, lift up
DISCIPULUS: Magister, master, cūr why dextra the right hand opus the work peragit performs et and sinistra the left hand tantum only tenet? holds?
MAGISTER: Bona a good quaestiō! question! Plērīque most hominēs people sunt are “dextrimānī” “right-handed” — manus their hand dextra right est is fortior stronger et and agīlior. more agile. Sed but quīdam some sunt are “sinistrimānī” “left-handed” — apud among eōs them sinistra the left hand opus the work peragit! performs!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō therefore sententia the sentence Comēniī of Comenius nōn not semper always vēra true est? is?
MAGISTER: Comēnius Comenius dēscrībit describes quod what plērumque usually fit. happens. Plērīque most hominēs people dextrimānī right-handed sunt, are, ergō therefore plērumque usually dextra the right hand opus the work peragit. performs. Sed but semper always ambae both manūs hands cooperantur. cooperate.
DISCIPULUS: Et and cūr why Latīnē in Latin “sinister” “sinister” significat means et both “laevus” “left” et and “malus”? “bad”?
MAGISTER: Aha! aha! Veterēs the ancients Rōmānī Romans — ut — as plērīque most hominēs people — dextrimānī right-handed erant. were. Dextra the right pars side erat was fortūnāta, fortunate, sinistra the left pars side infortūnāta. unfortunate. Itaque and so “sinister” “sinister” accēpit received significātiōnem the meaning “malus.” “bad.” Hodiernum the modern verbum word Anglicum English “sinister” “sinister” hoc this significat! means!
DISCIPULUS: Sed but hoc this iniūstum unjust est is ergā toward sinistrimānōs! left-handed people!
MAGISTER: Ita yes vērō! indeed! Hodiē today scīmus we know sinistrimānōs left-handed people nōn not esse to be īnferiōrēs. inferior. Multī many virī men fēminaeque and women praeclārī distinguished sinistrimānī left-handed fuērunt! were! Sed but lingua the language antīquās ancient opīniōnēs opinions cōnservat. preserves.
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō. I understand. Ergō therefore cum when linguam a language discimus, we learn, etiam also cultūram the culture antīquam ancient discimus! we learn!
MAGISTER: Optimē excellently dīctum! said! Lingua the language est is speculum a mirror cultūrae. of culture. Per through verba words vetustōrum of the ancients mōrēs the customs et and opīniōnēs opinions eōrum their cognōscimus. we learn.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, cūr dextra opus peragit et sinistra tantum tenet? Master, why does the right hand perform the work and the left hand only holds?
MAGISTER: Bona quaestiō! A good question!
Plērīque hominēs sunt “dextrimānī” — manus dextra est fortior et agīlior. Most people are “right-handed” — the right hand is stronger and more agile.
Sed quīdam sunt “sinistrimānī” — apud eōs sinistra opus peragit! But some are “left-handed” — among them the left hand performs the work!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō sententia Comēniī nōn semper vēra est? Therefore Comenius’s sentence is not always true?
MAGISTER: Comēnius dēscrībit quod plērumque fit. Comenius describes what usually happens.
Plērīque hominēs dextrimānī sunt, ergō plērumque dextra opus peragit. Most people are right-handed, therefore usually the right hand performs the work.
Sed semper ambae manūs cooperantur. But both hands always cooperate.
DISCIPULUS: Et cūr Latīnē “sinister” significat et “laevus” et “malus”? And why in Latin does “sinister” mean both “left” and “bad”?
MAGISTER: Aha! Veterēs Rōmānī — ut plērīque hominēs — dextrimānī erant. Aha! The ancient Romans — like most people — were right-handed.
Dextra pars erat fortūnāta, sinistra pars infortūnāta. The right side was fortunate, the left side unfortunate.
Itaque “sinister” accēpit significātiōnem “malus.” And so “sinister” received the meaning “bad.”
Hodiernum verbum Anglicum “sinister” hoc significat! The modern English word “sinister” means this!
DISCIPULUS: Sed hoc iniūstum est ergā sinistrimānōs! But this is unjust toward left-handed people!
MAGISTER: Ita vērō! Hodiē scīmus sinistrimānōs nōn esse īnferiōrēs. Yes indeed! Today we know that left-handed people are not inferior.
Multī virī fēminaeque praeclārī sinistrimānī fuērunt! Many distinguished men and women were left-handed!
Sed lingua antīquās opīniōnēs cōnservat. But the language preserves ancient opinions.
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō. Ergō cum linguam discimus, etiam cultūram antīquam discimus! I understand. Therefore when we learn a language, we also learn the ancient culture!
MAGISTER: Optimē dīctum! Lingua est speculum cultūrae. Excellently said! The language is a mirror of culture.
Per verba vetustōrum mōrēs et opīniōnēs eōrum cognōscimus. Through the words of the ancients we learn their customs and opinions.
DISCIPULUS: Magister, cūr dextra opus peragit et sinistra tantum tenet?
MAGISTER: Bona quaestiō! Plērīque hominēs sunt “dextrimānī” — manus dextra est fortior et agīlior. Sed quīdam sunt “sinistrimānī” — apud eōs sinistra opus peragit!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō sententia Comēniī nōn semper vēra est?
MAGISTER: Comēnius dēscrībit quod plērumque fit. Plērīque hominēs dextrimānī sunt, ergō plērumque dextra opus peragit. Sed semper ambae manūs cooperantur.
DISCIPULUS: Et cūr Latīnē “sinister” significat et “laevus” et “malus”?
MAGISTER: Aha! Veterēs Rōmānī — ut plērīque hominēs — dextrimānī erant. Dextra pars erat fortūnāta, sinistra pars infortūnāta. Itaque “sinister” accēpit significātiōnem “malus.” Hodiernum verbum Anglicum “sinister” hoc significat!
DISCIPULUS: Sed hoc iniūstum est ergā sinistrimānōs!
MAGISTER: Ita vērō! Hodiē scīmus sinistrimānōs nōn esse īnferiōrēs. Multī virī fēminaeque praeclārī sinistrimānī fuērunt! Sed lingua antīquās opīniōnēs cōnservat.
DISCIPULUS: Intellegō. Ergō cum linguam discimus, etiam cultūram antīquam discimus!
MAGISTER: Optimē dīctum! Lingua est speculum cultūrae. Per verba vetustōrum mōrēs et opīniōnēs eōrum cognōscimus.
Dē Argūmentō Paedagōgicō:
This colloquium explores the cultural etymology of sinister/dexter, demonstrating how language preserves ancient attitudes. The discussion of handedness leads to a broader point about language learning: lingua est speculum cultūrae — “language is a mirror of culture.”
The student’s moral objection (hoc iniūstum est ergā sinistrimānōs) models critical engagement with sources.
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Comparative adjectives: fortior, agīlior, īnferiōrēs — third declension comparatives. -
Neologisms: dextrimānus, sinistrimānus — compound adjectives formed for pedagogical clarity. -
Indirect statement: scīmus sinistrimānōs nōn esse īnferiōrēs — accusative + infinitive. -
Temporal cum with indicative: cum linguam discimus — “when we learn” (indicative for repeated/general action).
Match Latin with English:
Latīnē English 1. labium a. beard 2. mentum b. shoulder 3. barba c. arm 4. humerus d. lip 5. bracchium e. chin
Give the first person plural present of each deponent verb: -
amplector (to embrace) → __________ -
cōnor (to try) → __________ -
sequor (to follow) → __________ -
loquor (to speak) → __________ -
ūtor (to use) → __________
Fill in the appropriate word: -
__________ tenet, __________ peragit opus. (sinistra/dextra) -
Manus __________ est fortior apud plērōsque hominēs. (sinistra/dextra) -
Verbum Anglicum “sinister” ā Latīnō __________ vēnit. (sinistrō/dextrō) -
Quīdam hominēs __________ manū scrībunt. (sinistrā/dextrā)
-
The lips are around the mouth. -
A beard adorns the chin. -
Women are beardless. -
We carry loads on our shoulders. -
We embrace with our arms.
-
Manibus labōrāmus. -
Sinistra tenet, dextra peragit opus. -
Ambae manūs simul labōrant. -
Lingua est speculum cultūrae. -
Nōn debet ūnum membrum sē extollere super aliud.
Form the nominative plural (masculine/feminine) for each adjective: -
imberbis (beardless) → __________ -
inermis (unarmed) → __________ -
fortis (brave) → __________ -
facilis (easy) → __________ -
gravis (heavy) → __________
Memorize these sentences: -
Labia sunt circā ōs. The lips are around the mouth. -
Barba ōrnat mentum. A beard adorns the chin. -
Fēminae sunt imberbēs. Women are beardless. -
Humerīs bāiulāmus. We carry loads on our shoulders. -
Bracchiīs amplectimur. We embrace with our arms. -
Manibus labōrāmus. We labor with our hands. -
Sinistra tenet, dextra peragit opus. The left hand holds, the right hand performs the work. -
Lingua est speculum cultūrae. Language is a mirror of culture.
-
d (labium = lip) -
e (mentum = chin) -
a (barba = beard) -
b (humerus = shoulder) -
c (bracchium = arm)
-
amplectimur (we embrace) -
cōnāmur (we try) -
sequimur (we follow) -
loquimur (we speak) -
ūtimur (we use)
-
Sinistra tenet, dextra peragit opus. -
Manus dextra est fortior apud plērōsque hominēs. -
Verbum Anglicum “sinister” ā Latīnō sinistrō vēnit. -
Quīdam hominēs sinistrā manū scrībunt.
-
Labia sunt circā ōs. -
Barba mentum ōrnat. (or: Barba ōrnat mentum.) -
Fēminae imberbēs sunt. (or: Fēminae sunt imberbēs.) -
Humerīs bāiulāmus. -
Bracchiīs amplectimur.
-
We labor with our hands. -
The left hand holds, the right hand performs the work. -
Both hands labor together. -
Language is a mirror of culture. -
One member ought not to exalt itself above another.
-
imberbēs -
inermēs -
fortēs -
facilēs -
gravēs
In proximā lectiōne plūra dē corpore discēmus! Digitī sunt in manibus. Ungulae digitōs tegunt. Genū flectimus. Pedibus ambulāmus. Ā manibus ad digitōs, ā bracchiīs ad pedēs — corporis explōrātiōnem continuāmus!
In the next lesson we shall learn more about the body! Fingers are on the hands. Nails cover the fingers. We bend the knee. We walk with our feet. From hands to fingers, from arms to feet — we continue the exploration of the body!
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Comēniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
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