← Iānuae Latīnitātis Vestibulum
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Salvēte, discipulī cārissimī! In lectiōne praecēdentī dē agricolīs et pistōribus dīdicimus — quōmodo pānis ā sēmine ad mēnsam venit. Hodiē ad aliōs opificēs trānsīmus: ad eōs quī cum animālibus labōrant.
Greetings, dearest students! In the preceding lesson we learned about farmers and bakers — how bread comes from seed to table. Today we cross to other workmen: to those who labor with animals.
Pāstor gregem cūrat — ovēs, caprās, bovēs. Laniō pecudēs mactat ut carnem habeāmus. Vēnātor ferās in silvīs vēnātur. Auceps avēs capit. Piscātor piscēs captat. Omnēs hī opificēs cibum ab animālibus obtinent — nōn ā terrā, ut agricola, sed ā creātūrīs vīventibus.
The shepherd tends the flock — sheep, goats, cattle. The butcher slaughters beasts so that we may have meat. The hunter hunts wild animals in the forests. The fowler catches birds. The fisherman catches fish. All these workmen obtain food from animals — not from the earth, as the farmer, but from living creatures.
Ē tenebrīs Lēšnēnsibus, Iōannēs Āmos Comēnius
Pāstor the shepherd pāscit feeds gregem. the flock. Secat he cuts faenum hay in in prātō. the meadow. Format he forms ē from lacte milk cāseōs. cheeses. Laniō the butcher mactat slaughters pecudēs. beasts. Vēnātor the hunter vēnātur hunts ferās. wild animals. Auceps the fowler capit catches volucrēs. birds. Piscātor the fisherman piscātur. fishes.
Pāstor pāscit gregem — The shepherd (pāstor) feeds (pāscit) the flock (gregem). Note the figura etymologica: pāstor (shepherd) comes from pāscō (to feed, pasture). A shepherd is literally “one who feeds.”
Secat faenum in prātō — He cuts (secat) hay (faenum) in (in) the meadow (prātō). The shepherd prepares winter fodder for the animals by cutting and drying grass into hay.
Format ē lacte cāseōs — He forms (format) cheeses (cāseōs) from (ē) milk (lacte). Shepherds traditionally made cheese from their animals’ milk — a way of preserving milk for later use.
Laniō mactat pecudēs — The butcher (laniō) slaughters (mactat) beasts (pecudēs). The noun laniō means “butcher”; mactō means “to slaughter, sacrifice”; pecus, pecudis (f.) means “beast, cattle” (related to pecūnia, money, as cattle were once a measure of wealth).
Vēnātor vēnātur ferās — The hunter (vēnātor) hunts (vēnātur) wild animals (ferās). Another figura etymologica: vēnātor and vēnātur share the same root. The deponent verb vēnor means “to hunt.”
Auceps capit volucrēs — The fowler (auceps) catches (capit) birds (volucrēs). The noun auceps (from avis + capiō, “bird-catcher”) is a fowler who traps birds using nets, snares, or birdlime.
Piscātor piscātur — The fisherman (piscātor) fishes (piscātur). Another figura etymologica: piscātor and piscātur share the same root (pisc-, related to fish). The deponent verb piscor means “to fish.”
Pāstor pāscit gregem. The shepherd feeds the flock.
Secat faenum in prātō. He cuts hay in the meadow.
Format ē lacte cāseōs. He forms cheeses from milk.
Laniō mactat pecudēs. The butcher slaughters beasts.
Vēnātor vēnātur ferās. The hunter hunts wild animals.
Auceps capit volucrēs. The fowler catches birds.
Piscātor piscātur. The fisherman fishes.
Pāstor pāscit gregem. Secat faenum in prātō. Format ē lacte cāseōs. Laniō mactat pecudēs. Vēnātor vēnātur ferās. Auceps capit volucrēs. Piscātor piscātur.
This lesson is rich in etymological figures connecting workers to their actions:
Opifex Verbum Rādīx pāstor pāscit pāsc- (to feed) vēnātor vēnātur vēn- (to hunt) piscātor piscātur pisc- (fish)
Two deponent verbs appear in this lesson:
Vēnor (to hunt):
Partēs Prīncipālēs vēnor, vēnārī, vēnātus sum
Piscor (to fish):
Partēs Prīncipālēs piscor, piscārī, piscātus sum
Both are first-conjugation deponents.
Opifex Opera Obiectum pāstor pāscit, secat, format grex, faenum, cāseus laniō mactat pecudēs vēnātor vēnātur ferae auceps capit volucrēs piscātor piscātur piscēs
Nōmen Gen. Sing. Genus Significātiō grex, gregis gregis m. flock, herd pecus, pecudis pecudis f. beast, cattle fera, -ae ferae f. wild animal volucris, -is volucris f. bird (flying creature) piscis, -is piscis m. fish
Auceps is a compound noun: -
avis (bird) + -ceps (from capiō, to catch) -
= “bird-catcher, fowler”
Compare other -ceps compounds: -
prīnceps (first-taker = chief, prince) -
particeps (part-taker = participant)
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō pāstor, pāstōris (m.) nōmen shepherd pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstum verbum to feed, pasture grex, gregis (m.) nōmen flock, herd secō, secāre, secuī, sectum verbum to cut faenum, -ī (n.) nōmen hay prātum, -ī (n.) nōmen meadow formō, formāre verbum to form, shape lac, lactis (n.) nōmen milk cāseus, -ī (m.) nōmen cheese laniō, laniōnis (m.) nōmen butcher mactō, mactāre verbum to slaughter pecus, pecudis (f.) nōmen beast, cattle vēnātor, vēnātōris (m.) nōmen hunter vēnor, vēnārī, vēnātus sum verbum (dep.) to hunt fera, -ae (f.) nōmen wild animal auceps, aucipis (m.) nōmen fowler, bird-catcher volucris, -is (f.) nōmen bird piscātor, piscātōris (m.) nōmen fisherman piscor, piscārī, piscātus sum verbum (dep.) to fish
Pāstor a shepherd quīdam certain gregem a flock suum his in in prātō the meadow pāscēbat. was feeding. Faenum hay secābat; he was cutting; cāseōs cheeses formābat; he was forming; ovēs the sheep suās his dīligenter diligently cūrābat. he was tending.
Ōlim once lupa a she-wolf famēlica hungry ad to gregem the flock appropinquāvit. approached. Agnum a lamb rapere to seize volēbat. she wanted.
Pāstor the shepherd eam her vīdit saw et and clāmāvit: cried: “Abī, “go away, lupa! she-wolf! Grex the flock meus my est, is, nōn not tuus!” yours!”
Lupa the she-wolf respondisse to have replied dīcitur: is said: “Cūr “why tū you sōlus alone carnem meat edere to eat potes? can? Ego I quoque also famem hunger sentiō! feel! Tū you pecudēs beasts mactās slaughter ut so that edās; you may eat; ego I agnōs lambs capiō I catch ut so that edam. I may eat. Quid what interest?” is the difference?”
Pāstor the shepherd cōgitāvit thought et and respondit: answered: “Hoc “this interest: is the difference: Ego I gregem the flock cūrō. I tend. Per through tōtum the whole annum year eōs them pāscō. I feed. Faenum hay secō I cut ut so that hieme in winter cibum food habeant. they may have. Ā from lupīs wolves eōs them dēfendō. I defend. Cum when aegrōtant, they are sick, eōs them cūrō. I cure.
“Tū “you autem however nihil nothing dās, give, omnia all things capis. you take. Nōn not cūrās do you tend gregem the flock — dēvorās!” — you devour!”
Lupa the she-wolf dīxit: said: “Sed “but ego I quoque also catulōs cubs meōs my pāscō! I feed! Prō for eīs them labōrō!” I labor!”
Pāstor the shepherd respondit: answered: “Ita “yes — sed — but aliēnō at others’ dampnō. loss. Ego I labōrō labor ut so that et both grex the flock et and ego I vīvāmus. may live. Tū you labōrās labor ut so that grex the flock meus my pereat, may perish, tuī your catulī cubs vīvant. may live.
“Vēnātor “the hunter ferās wild animals vēnātur hunts quae which nūllīus of no one sunt. are. Piscātor the fisherman piscēs fish capit catches quōs which nēmō no one cūrāvit. has tended. Sed but tū you rapere to seize vīs want quod what ego I labōre with labor meō my crēāvī!” I have created!”
Lupa the she-wolf nihil nothing respondēre to answer potuit could et and abiit. departed.
Haec this fābula fable docet: teaches: Aliud one thing est it is vēnārī to hunt quod what nātūra nature dedit; has given; aliud another rapere to seize quod what alius another labōre with labor suō his own crēāvit. has created. Labor labor proprietātem property gignit. begets.
Pāstor quīdam gregem suum in prātō pāscēbat. A certain shepherd was feeding his flock in the meadow.
Faenum secābat; cāseōs formābat; ovēs suās dīligenter cūrābat. He was cutting hay; he was forming cheeses; he was diligently tending his sheep.
Ōlim lupa famēlica ad gregem appropinquāvit. Once a hungry she-wolf approached the flock.
Agnum rapere volēbat. She wanted to seize a lamb.
Pāstor eam vīdit et clāmāvit: “Abī, lupa! Grex meus est, nōn tuus!” The shepherd saw her and cried: “Go away, she-wolf! The flock is mine, not yours!”
Lupa respondisse dīcitur: “Cūr tū sōlus carnem edere potes?” The she-wolf is said to have replied: “Why can you alone eat meat?”
“Ego quoque famem sentiō!” “I too feel hunger!”
“Tū pecudēs mactās ut edās; ego agnōs capiō ut edam. Quid interest?” “You slaughter beasts so that you may eat; I catch lambs so that I may eat. What is the difference?”
Pāstor cōgitāvit et respondit: “Hoc interest:” The shepherd thought and answered: “This is the difference:”
“Ego gregem cūrō. Per tōtum annum eōs pāscō.” “I tend the flock. Through the whole year I feed them.”
“Faenum secō ut hieme cibum habeant.” “I cut hay so that in winter they may have food.”
“Ā lupīs eōs dēfendō. Cum aegrōtant, eōs cūrō.” “I defend them from wolves. When they are sick, I cure them.”
“Tū autem nihil dās, omnia capis. Nōn cūrās gregem — dēvorās!” “You however give nothing, you take all things. You do not tend the flock — you devour!”
Lupa dīxit: “Sed ego quoque catulōs meōs pāscō! Prō eīs labōrō!” The she-wolf said: “But I too feed my cubs! I labor for them!”
Pāstor respondit: “Ita — sed aliēnō dampnō.” The shepherd answered: “Yes — but at others’ loss.”
“Ego labōrō ut et grex et ego vīvāmus.” “I labor so that both the flock and I may live.”
“Tū labōrās ut grex meus pereat, tuī catulī vīvant.” “You labor so that my flock may perish, your cubs may live.”
“Vēnātor ferās vēnātur quae nūllīus sunt.” “The hunter hunts wild animals which belong to no one.”
“Piscātor piscēs capit quōs nēmō cūrāvit.” “The fisherman catches fish which no one has tended.”
“Sed tū rapere vīs quod ego labōre meō crēāvī!” “But you want to seize what I have created with my labor!”
Lupa nihil respondēre potuit et abiit. The she-wolf could answer nothing and departed.
Haec fābula docet: Aliud est vēnārī quod nātūra dedit; aliud rapere quod alius labōre suō crēāvit. This fable teaches: It is one thing to hunt what nature has given; another to seize what another has created with his own labor.
Labor proprietātem gignit. Labor begets property.
Pāstor quīdam gregem suum in prātō pāscēbat. Faenum secābat; cāseōs formābat; ovēs suās dīligenter cūrābat.
Ōlim lupa famēlica ad gregem appropinquāvit. Agnum rapere volēbat.
Pāstor eam vīdit et clāmāvit: “Abī, lupa! Grex meus est, nōn tuus!”
Lupa respondisse dīcitur: “Cūr tū sōlus carnem edere potes? Ego quoque famem sentiō! Tū pecudēs mactās ut edās; ego agnōs capiō ut edam. Quid interest?”
Pāstor cōgitāvit et respondit: “Hoc interest: Ego gregem cūrō. Per tōtum annum eōs pāscō. Faenum secō ut hieme cibum habeant. Ā lupīs eōs dēfendō. Cum aegrōtant, eōs cūrō.
“Tū autem nihil dās, omnia capis. Nōn cūrās gregem — dēvorās!”
Lupa dīxit: “Sed ego quoque catulōs meōs pāscō! Prō eīs labōrō!”
Pāstor respondit: “Ita — sed aliēnō dampnō. Ego labōrō ut et grex et ego vīvāmus. Tū labōrās ut grex meus pereat, tuī catulī vīvant.
“Vēnātor ferās vēnātur quae nūllīus sunt. Piscātor piscēs capit quōs nēmō cūrāvit. Sed tū rapere vīs quod ego labōre meō crēāvī!”
Lupa nihil respondēre potuit et abiit.
Haec fābula docet: Aliud est vēnārī quod nātūra dedit; aliud rapere quod alius labōre suō crēāvit. Labor proprietātem gignit.
Dē Argūmentō:
This original fable distinguishes between hunting wild animals (which belong to no one) and stealing domestic animals (which belong to someone who has labored to raise them). The moral — labor proprietātem gignit (”labor begets property”) — introduces a basic principle of justice: what one creates through labor belongs to the creator.
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Purpose clauses: ut edās, ut edam, ut hieme cibum habeant, ut vīvāmus, ut pereat — subjunctive for purpose. -
Impersonal interest: quid interest? — “what is the difference?” (literally “what does it matter?”). -
Genitive of possession: nūllīus sunt — “they belong to no one” (genitive of indefinite nūllus). -
Ablative of attendant circumstance: aliēnō dampnō — “at others’ loss.” -
Relative clause: quod ego labōre meō crēāvī — “what I have created with my labor.”
Vocabula Fābulae:
Vocābulum Pars Ōrātiōnis Significātiō lupa, -ae (f.) nōmen she-wolf famēlicus, -a, -um adiectīvum hungry, starving agnus, -ī (m.) nōmen lamb rapiō, rapere verbum to seize, snatch interest verbum (impers.) it matters, there is a difference dēvorō, dēvorāre verbum to devour catulus, -ī (m.) nōmen cub, puppy dampnum, -ī (n.) nōmen loss, damage pereō, perīre verbum to perish proprietās, -ātis (f.) nōmen property, ownership gignō, gignere verbum to beget, produce
DISCIPULUS: Magister, master, cūr why pāstor the shepherd “pāstor” “shepherd” vocātur? is called?
MAGISTER: Quia because gregem the flock pāscit! he feeds! Nōmen the name ā from verbō the verb venit. comes. Quī he who pāscit feeds est is pāstor. a shepherd. Sīc thus etiam also vēnātor the hunter — quī — he who vēnātur hunts — et — and piscātor the fisherman — quī — he who piscātur. fishes.
DISCIPULUS: Quid what facit does pāstor the shepherd per through tōtum the whole annum? year?
MAGISTER: In in vēre spring et and aestāte, summer, gregem the flock in into prāta meadows dūcit he leads ut so that herbam grass viridem green edant. they may eat. In in aestāte summer etiam also faenum hay secat he cuts et and siccat dries — hoc — this erit will be cibus food hiemālis. winter. In in autumnō autumn et and hieme winter gregem the flock in in stabulīs stables tenet he keeps et and faenō with hay pāscit. he feeds.
DISCIPULUS: Et and cāseōs cheeses quandō when facit? does he make?
MAGISTER: Per through tōtum the whole annum! year! Ovēs sheep et and caprae goats lac milk dant. give. Pāstor the shepherd lac milk colligit collects et and in into cāseōs cheeses format. he forms. Cāseus cheese diū for a long time dūrat lasts — lac — milk celeriter quickly corrumpitur. spoils. Hoc this modō way pāstor the shepherd cibum food per through hiemem winter servat. preserves.
DISCIPULUS: Quid what dē about laniōne? the butcher? Nōnne is not opus the work eius his crūdēle cruel est? “
MAGISTER: Opus work necessārium! necessary! Sine without laniōne, the butcher, carnem meat nōn not habērēmus. we would have. Bonus a good laniō butcher pecudēs beasts sine without dolōre pain necat kills — celeriter — quickly et and perītē. skillfully. Antīquī the ancients laniōnem the butcher honōrābant honored quia because cibum food populō to the people praebēbat. he provided.
DISCIPULUS: Vēnātor the hunter autem however ferās wild animals necat. kills. Quōmodo how hoc this differt? differs?
MAGISTER: Fera a wild animal nūllīus of no one est. is. In in silvīs the forests līberē freely vīvit. it lives. Vēnātor the hunter eam it capere to catch dēbet must — fera — the wild animal nōn not vult wants capī! to be caught! Vēnātiō hunting est is ars an art et and certāmen a contest inter between hominem man et and feram. the wild animal. Pāstor the shepherd autem however gregem the flock suum his iam already habet has — labōre by labor suō his own eum it crēāvit. he has created.
DISCIPULUS: Et and piscātor? the fisherman?
MAGISTER: Piscēs fish quoque also nūllīus of no one sunt. are. In in marī the sea aut or flūmine a river vīvunt. they live. Piscātor the fisherman eōs them captat catches rētibus with nets aut or hāmīs. hooks. Ars the art piscātōria of fishing patientiam patience postulat demands — piscātor — the fisherman saepe often hōrās hours exspectat waits antequam before piscem a fish capiat! he catches!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō therefore omnēs all hī these opificēs workmen cibum food nōbīs to us praebent! provide!
MAGISTER: Ita yes vērō! indeed! Pāstor the shepherd lac, milk, cāseum, cheese, lānam wool dat. gives. Laniō the butcher carnem meat dat. gives. Vēnātor the hunter ferīnam game dat. gives. Piscātor the fisherman piscēs fish dat. gives. Sine without eīs, them, famē from hunger perīrēmus! we would perish!
DISCIPULUS: Magister, cūr pāstor “pāstor” vocātur? Master, why is the shepherd called “shepherd”?
MAGISTER: Quia gregem pāscit! Because he feeds the flock!
Nōmen ā verbō venit. Quī pāscit est pāstor. The name comes from the verb. He who feeds is a shepherd.
Sīc etiam vēnātor — quī vēnātur — et piscātor — quī piscātur. Thus also the hunter — he who hunts — and the fisherman — he who fishes.
DISCIPULUS: Quid facit pāstor per tōtum annum? What does the shepherd do through the whole year?
MAGISTER: In vēre et aestāte, gregem in prāta dūcit ut herbam viridem edant. In spring and summer, he leads the flock into meadows so that they may eat green grass.
In aestāte etiam faenum secat et siccat — hoc erit cibus hiemālis. In summer he also cuts and dries hay — this will be winter food.
In autumnō et hieme gregem in stabulīs tenet et faenō pāscit. In autumn and winter he keeps the flock in stables and feeds them with hay.
DISCIPULUS: Et cāseōs quandō facit? And when does he make cheeses?
MAGISTER: Per tōtum annum! Through the whole year!
Ovēs et caprae lac dant. Pāstor lac colligit et in cāseōs format. Sheep and goats give milk. The shepherd collects milk and forms it into cheeses.
Cāseus diū dūrat — lac celeriter corrumpitur. Cheese lasts for a long time — milk spoils quickly.
Hoc modō pāstor cibum per hiemem servat. In this way the shepherd preserves food through winter.
DISCIPULUS: Quid dē laniōne? Nōnne opus eius crūdēle est? What about the butcher? Is not his work cruel?
MAGISTER: Opus necessārium! Necessary work!
Sine laniōne, carnem nōn habērēmus. Without the butcher, we would not have meat.
Bonus laniō pecudēs sine dolōre necat — celeriter et perītē. A good butcher kills beasts without pain — quickly and skillfully.
Antīquī laniōnem honōrābant quia cibum populō praebēbat. The ancients honored the butcher because he provided food to the people.
DISCIPULUS: Vēnātor autem ferās necat. Quōmodo hoc differt? The hunter however kills wild animals. How does this differ?
MAGISTER: Fera nūllīus est. In silvīs līberē vīvit. A wild animal belongs to no one. It lives freely in the forests.
Vēnātor eam capere dēbet — fera nōn vult capī! The hunter must catch it — the wild animal does not want to be caught!
Vēnātiō est ars et certāmen inter hominem et feram. Hunting is an art and a contest between man and the wild animal.
Pāstor autem gregem suum iam habet — labōre suō eum crēāvit. The shepherd however already has his flock — he has created it by his own labor.
DISCIPULUS: Et piscātor? And the fisherman?
MAGISTER: Piscēs quoque nūllīus sunt. In marī aut flūmine vīvunt. Fish also belong to no one. They live in the sea or a river.
Piscātor eōs captat rētibus aut hāmīs. The fisherman catches them with nets or hooks.
Ars piscātōria patientiam postulat — piscātor saepe hōrās exspectat antequam piscem capiat! The art of fishing demands patience — the fisherman often waits hours before he catches a fish!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō omnēs hī opificēs cibum nōbīs praebent! Therefore all these workmen provide food to us!
MAGISTER: Ita vērō! Yes indeed!
Pāstor lac, cāseum, lānam dat. Laniō carnem dat. The shepherd gives milk, cheese, wool. The butcher gives meat.
Vēnātor ferīnam dat. Piscātor piscēs dat. The hunter gives game. The fisherman gives fish.
Sine eīs, famē perīrēmus! Without them, we would perish from hunger!
DISCIPULUS: Magister, cūr pāstor “pāstor” vocātur?
MAGISTER: Quia gregem pāscit! Nōmen ā verbō venit. Quī pāscit est pāstor. Sīc etiam vēnātor — quī vēnātur — et piscātor — quī piscātur.
DISCIPULUS: Quid facit pāstor per tōtum annum?
MAGISTER: In vēre et aestāte, gregem in prāta dūcit ut herbam viridem edant. In aestāte etiam faenum secat et siccat — hoc erit cibus hiemālis. In autumnō et hieme gregem in stabulīs tenet et faenō pāscit.
DISCIPULUS: Et cāseōs quandō facit?
MAGISTER: Per tōtum annum! Ovēs et caprae lac dant. Pāstor lac colligit et in cāseōs format. Cāseus diū dūrat — lac celeriter corrumpitur. Hoc modō pāstor cibum per hiemem servat.
DISCIPULUS: Quid dē laniōne? Nōnne opus eius crūdēle est?
MAGISTER: Opus necessārium! Sine laniōne, carnem nōn habērēmus. Bonus laniō pecudēs sine dolōre necat — celeriter et perītē. Antīquī laniōnem honōrābant quia cibum populō praebēbat.
DISCIPULUS: Vēnātor autem ferās necat. Quōmodo hoc differt?
MAGISTER: Fera nūllīus est. In silvīs līberē vīvit. Vēnātor eam capere dēbet — fera nōn vult capī! Vēnātiō est ars et certāmen inter hominem et feram. Pāstor autem gregem suum iam habet — labōre suō eum crēāvit.
DISCIPULUS: Et piscātor?
MAGISTER: Piscēs quoque nūllīus sunt. In marī aut flūmine vīvunt. Piscātor eōs captat rētibus aut hāmīs. Ars piscātōria patientiam postulat — piscātor saepe hōrās exspectat antequam piscem capiat!
DISCIPULUS: Ergō omnēs hī opificēs cibum nōbīs praebent!
MAGISTER: Ita vērō! Pāstor lac, cāseum, lānam dat. Laniō carnem dat. Vēnātor ferīnam dat. Piscātor piscēs dat. Sine eīs, famē perīrēmus!
Dē Argūmentō Paedagōgicō:
This colloquium explains the etymology of occupational names (pāstor, vēnātor, piscātor), discusses the seasonal cycle of shepherding, and distinguishes between hunting wild animals (which belong to no one) and tending domestic animals (which are created through labor). The discussion of the butcher addresses potential squeamishness while emphasizing the necessity and honor of the trade.
Grammatica Nōtanda: -
Passive infinitive: capī — “to be caught” (fera nōn vult capī). -
Genitive of indefinite: nūllīus est — “belongs to no one.” -
Temporal antequam + subjunctive: antequam piscem capiat — “before he catches a fish.” -
Contrary-to-fact: sine laniōne, carnem nōn habērēmus — “without the butcher, we would not have meat.” -
Ablative of means: faenō pāscit, rētibus aut hāmīs — “feeds with hay,” “with nets or hooks.”
Match each workman with what he works with:
Opifex Animālia 1. pāstor a. piscēs 2. laniō b. ferae 3. vēnātor c. grex (ovēs, caprae) 4. auceps d. pecudēs 5. piscātor e. volucrēs
Match each worker with the related verb:
Opifex Verbum 1. pāstor a. vēnātur 2. vēnātor b. piscātur 3. piscātor c. pāscit
Give the meaning and identify as deponent: -
vēnor, vēnārī, vēnātus sum = __________ -
piscor, piscārī, piscātus sum = __________
-
The shepherd feeds the flock. -
He cuts hay in the meadow. -
The butcher slaughters beasts. -
The hunter hunts wild animals. -
The fisherman fishes.
-
Pāstor format ē lacte cāseōs. -
Auceps capit volucrēs. -
Vēnātor ferās vēnātur quae nūllīus sunt. -
Labor proprietātem gignit. -
Sine pāstōre, lac nōn habērēmus.
Give the nominative and genitive singular: -
flock = __________, __________ -
wild animal = __________, __________ -
bird = __________, __________ -
fish = __________, __________
-
Pāstor pāscit gregem. The shepherd feeds the flock. -
Laniō mactat pecudēs. The butcher slaughters beasts. -
Vēnātor vēnātur ferās. The hunter hunts wild animals. -
Auceps capit volucrēs. The fowler catches birds. -
Piscātor piscātur. The fisherman fishes. -
Labor proprietātem gignit. Labor begets property.
-
c (pāstor — grex) -
d (laniō — pecudēs) -
b (vēnātor — ferae) -
e (auceps — volucrēs) -
a (piscātor — piscēs)
-
c (pāstor — pāscit) -
a (vēnātor — vēnātur) -
b (piscātor — piscātur)
-
vēnor = to hunt (deponent) -
piscor = to fish (deponent)
-
Pāstor gregem pāscit. -
Faenum in prātō secat. -
Laniō pecudēs mactat. -
Vēnātor ferās vēnātur. -
Piscātor piscātur.
-
The shepherd forms cheeses from milk. -
The fowler catches birds. -
The hunter hunts wild animals which belong to no one. -
Labor begets property. -
Without the shepherd, we would not have milk.
-
flock = grex, gregis -
wild animal = fera, ferae -
bird = volucris, volucris -
fish = piscis, piscis
In proximā lectiōne dē coquō discēmus! Coquus parat cibōs. Elixat in ollā. Assat in verūbus. Frīgit in butyrō. Torret in crāticulā. Ā pāstōribus et vēnātōribus ad coquum trānsībimus — quōmodo cibus parātur ut edātur!
In the next lesson we shall learn about the cook! The cook prepares foods. He boils in a pot. He roasts on spits. He fries in butter. He broils on a gridiron. We shall cross from shepherds and hunters to the cook — how food is prepared so that it may be eaten!
Scrīptum est annō Dominī MMXXVI, ā Comēniō per mysterium cōnscientiae renātō.
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