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Lesson 10
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Lesson 10

Introduction

Welcome to Lesson 10 of the Italian for English Speakers course. In this lesson, we will explore the Italian equivalents of the English word "it." Unlike English, which uses a single word "it" for all situations, Italian has several forms depending on the grammatical context and the gender of the noun being replaced.

For the complete course index and additional lessons, please visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

Definition: In Italian, "it" can be translated as: -

esso (masculine subject pronoun) -

essa (feminine subject pronoun) -

lo (masculine direct object pronoun) -

la (feminine direct object pronoun) -

Often omitted when the subject is clear from context

FAQ SchemaQuestion: What does "it" mean in Italian? Answer: "It" in Italian has multiple translations depending on context: "esso" (masculine subject), "essa" (feminine subject), "lo" (masculine object), or "la" (feminine object). Often, Italian omits the subject pronoun entirely when the context is clear.

Educational SchemaCourse: Italian for English Speakers Lesson: 10 Topic: The pronoun "it" in Italian Level: Beginner to Intermediate Type: Language Learning Material Format: Reading comprehension with interlinear glossing

In this lesson, we will use these various forms of "it" in different contexts, showing you how Italian handles this seemingly simple English word in much more nuanced ways. You'll see examples of subject pronouns, object pronouns, and cases where "it" is simply omitted in Italian.

Key Takeaways

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Italian has gendered pronouns for "it" (esso/essa) -

Direct object pronouns (lo/la) are more commonly used than subject pronouns -

Subject pronouns are often omitted in Italian -

The choice of pronoun depends on the gender of the noun being replaced -

Understanding these distinctions is crucial for speaking natural Italian

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Section A (Detailed English-Italian Interlinear Text)

10.1 Il the libro book è is sul on-the tavolo table. Lo it leggo I-read ogni every sera evening.

10.2 Dove where è is la the chiave key? La it cerco I-search-for dappertutto everywhere.

10.3 Il the tempo weather è is bello nice. Esso it migliora improves ogni every giorno day.

10.4 Questa this pizza pizza sembra seems deliziosa delicious. La it mangiamo we-eat insieme together?

10.5 Il the computer computer non not funziona works. Lo it porto I-bring dal to-the tecnico technician.

10.6 La the situazione situation è is difficile difficult. Essa it richiede requires pazienza patience.

10.7 Vedi you-see il the gatto cat? Lo it chiamo I-call ma but non not viene comes.

10.8 La the macchina car è is nuova new. La it guido I-drive con with attenzione attention.

10.9 Il the problema problem è is complesso complex. Lo it risolviamo we-solve domani tomorrow.

10.10 Piove it-rains. Prendo I-take l' the ombrello umbrella.

10.11 La the torta cake è is in in forno oven. La it controllo I-check tra in dieci ten minuti minutes.

10.12 Il the film movie era was noioso boring. Lo it abbiamo we-have spento turned-off subito immediately.

10.13 Fa it-makes freddo cold oggi today. Metto I-put-on il the cappotto coat.

10.14 La the storia story è is interessante interesting. La it racconto I-tell ai to-the bambini children.

10.15 Il the telefono phone squilla rings. Lo it sento I-hear dalla from-the cucina kitchen.

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Section B (Complete Italian Sentences with English Translation)

10.1 Il libro è sul tavolo. Lo leggo ogni sera. The book is on the table. I read it every evening.

10.2 Dove è la chiave? La cerco dappertutto. Where is the key? I'm looking for it everywhere.

10.3 Il tempo è bello. Esso migliora ogni giorno. The weather is nice. It improves every day.

10.4 Questa pizza sembra deliziosa. La mangiamo insieme? This pizza looks delicious. Shall we eat it together?

10.5 Il computer non funziona. Lo porto dal tecnico. The computer doesn't work. I'm taking it to the technician.

10.6 La situazione è difficile. Essa richiede pazienza. The situation is difficult. It requires patience.

10.7 Vedi il gatto? Lo chiamo ma non viene. Do you see the cat? I'm calling it but it doesn't come.

10.8 La macchina è nuova. La guido con attenzione. The car is new. I drive it carefully.

10.9 Il problema è complesso. Lo risolviamo domani. The problem is complex. We'll solve it tomorrow.

10.10 Piove. Prendo l'ombrello. It's raining. I'm taking the umbrella.

10.11 La torta è in forno. La controllo tra dieci minuti. The cake is in the oven. I'll check it in ten minutes.

10.12 Il film era noioso. Lo abbiamo spento subito. The movie was boring. We turned it off immediately.

10.13 Fa freddo oggi. Metto il cappotto. It's cold today. I'm putting on my coat.

10.14 La storia è interessante. La racconto ai bambini. The story is interesting. I'm telling it to the children.

10.15 Il telefono squilla. Lo sento dalla cucina. The phone is ringing. I hear it from the kitchen.

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Section C (Italian Text Only)

10.1 Il libro è sul tavolo. Lo leggo ogni sera.

10.2 Dove è la chiave? La cerco dappertutto.

10.3 Il tempo è bello. Esso migliora ogni giorno.

10.4 Questa pizza sembra deliziosa. La mangiamo insieme?

10.5 Il computer non funziona. Lo porto dal tecnico.

10.6 La situazione è difficile. Essa richiede pazienza.

10.7 Vedi il gatto? Lo chiamo ma non viene.

10.8 La macchina è nuova. La guido con attenzione.

10.9 Il problema è complesso. Lo risolviamo domani.

10.10 Piove. Prendo l'ombrello.

10.11 La torta è in forno. La controllo tra dieci minuti.

10.12 Il film era noioso. Lo abbiamo spento subito.

10.13 Fa freddo oggi. Metto il cappotto.

10.14 La storia è interessante. La racconto ai bambini.

10.15 Il telefono squilla. Lo sento dalla cucina.

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Section D (Grammar Explanation for English Speakers)

Grammar Rules for "It" in Italian

The translation of "it" in Italian depends on several factors:

1. Subject Pronouns (rarely used): -

esso - masculine singular (for masculine nouns) -

essa - feminine singular (for feminine nouns)

These are formal and rarely used in everyday conversation. Italian usually omits subject pronouns when the subject is clear from the verb conjugation.

2. Direct Object Pronouns (commonly used): -

lo - masculine singular (placed before the verb) -

la - feminine singular (placed before the verb)

Example: "Vedo il libro" (I see the book) → "Lo vedo" (I see it)

3. Impersonal Constructions: For weather and general conditions, Italian often uses impersonal verb forms without any pronoun: -

"Piove" (It's raining) - literally "rains" -

"Fa freddo" (It's cold) - literally "makes cold"

Common Mistakes

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Using subject pronouns too often: English speakers tend to overuse esso/essa. Italian usually omits these. -

Wrong: "Esso è bello" (for "il tempo") -

Right: "È bello" or just use "Il tempo è bello" -

Forgetting gender agreement: Every Italian noun has a gender, and pronouns must match. -

Wrong: "La pizza? Lo mangio" (mixing feminine noun with masculine pronoun) -

Right: "La pizza? La mangio" -

Placing object pronouns incorrectly: Object pronouns go before conjugated verbs. -

Wrong: "Mangio lo" -

Right: "Lo mangio" -

Translating "it" in weather expressions: Don't translate "it" in weather contexts. -

Wrong: "Esso piove" -

Right: "Piove"

Step-by-Step Guide

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Identify what "it" refers to in your English sentence -

Determine the gender of the Italian noun (use a dictionary if unsure) -

Decide if it's a subject or object in the sentence -

For subjects: Usually omit the pronoun -

For objects: Use lo (masculine) or la (feminine) before the verb -

For weather/time: Use impersonal constructions without pronouns

Grammatical Summary

Subject pronouns (usually omitted): -

esso (masculine) -

essa (feminine)

Direct object pronouns (placed before verb): -

lo (masculine) -

la (feminine)

After prepositions: Use esso/essa or the full noun -

"Penso a esso" (I think about it - masculine) -

"Penso a essa" (I think about it - feminine)

Impersonal expressions (no pronoun): -

Piove (it rains) -

Nevica (it snows) -

È tardi (it's late)

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Section E (Cultural Context)

Understanding how Italians use (or don't use) pronouns for "it" reveals important cultural aspects of the language. Italian is a "pro-drop" language, meaning pronouns can be dropped when the context is clear. This reflects the Italian preference for elegant, economical expression.

The gender system in Italian isn't just a grammatical quirk—it reflects a worldview where everything has an inherent characteristic. Native speakers don't consciously think about gender; they intuitively know that "la pizza" is feminine and "il libro" is masculine. For English speakers, this requires a mental shift from thinking of objects as neutral "its" to seeing them as having grammatical personality.

In formal or literary Italian, you might encounter esso/essa more frequently, especially in philosophical or academic texts. However, in everyday conversation, using these pronouns can sound stilted or overly formal. Italians prefer to repeat the noun or use object pronouns (lo/la) instead.

Weather expressions showcase Italian's preference for impersonal constructions. While English always needs "it" ("it's raining"), Italian simply states the action ("piove"). This directness is characteristic of Romance languages and can feel liberating once mastered—you're describing the world as it is, without needing placeholder pronouns.

The placement of object pronouns before the verb (except with infinitives) follows the Romance language pattern and creates a rhythm different from English. This word order affects the melody and flow of Italian speech, contributing to its musical quality.

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Section F (Literary Citation)

From "Il Piccolo Principe" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (Italian translation):

"Tutti i grandi sono stati piccoli, ma pochi di essi se ne ricordano. Il mio disegno non era il disegno di un cappello. Era il disegno di un boa che digeriva un elefante. Allora ho disegnato l'interno del boa, affinché i grandi potessero capire. Bisogna sempre spiegargliele le cose, ai grandi."

(75 words)

Part F-A (Interlinear Analysis)

Allora then ho I-have disegnato drawn l' the interno interior del of-the boa boa, affinché so-that i the grandi grown-ups potessero could capire understand. Bisogna it-is-necessary sempre always spiegargliele to-explain-to-them-them le the cose things, ai to-the grandi grown-ups.

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

"Tutti i grandi sono stati piccoli, ma pochi di essi se ne ricordano. Il mio disegno non era il disegno di un cappello. Era il disegno di un boa che digeriva un elefante. Allora ho disegnato l'interno del boa, affinché i grandi potessero capire. Bisogna sempre spiegargliele le cose, ai grandi."

All grown-ups were once children, but few of them remember it. My drawing was not a drawing of a hat. It was a drawing of a boa constrictor digesting an elephant. So then I drew the inside of the boa constrictor, so that the grown-ups could understand. You always have to explain things to them, to grown-ups.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

This passage from "The Little Prince" demonstrates several uses of pronouns in Italian. Notice "di essi" (of them) referring to "i grandi" (the grown-ups), and "se ne ricordano" where "ne" means "of it" (being children). The phrase "spiegargliele" combines three elements: spiegare (to explain) + gli (to them) + le (them/the things), showing how Italian can pack multiple pronouns into one word. The impersonal "bisogna" (it is necessary) shows how Italian handles impersonal expressions without using a subject pronoun equivalent to "it."

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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"essi" - subject pronoun "they" (formal), referring to people -

"ne" - partitive pronoun meaning "of it/about it" -

"spiegargliele" - compound form: spiegare + glie (to them) + le (them/things) -

"bisogna" - impersonal verb meaning "it's necessary" (no pronoun needed) -

The passage shows how Italian often omits subject pronouns but uses object pronouns extensively

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Genre Section: Recipe Instructions

Section A (Detailed English-Italian Interlinear Text)

10.16 Prendi take la the farina flour e and mettila put-it in in una a ciotola bowl grande large.

10.17 Il the lievito yeast? Scioglilo dissolve-it in in acqua water tiepida warm prima before di of usarlo using-it.

10.18 Quando when l' the impasto dough è is pronto ready, lascialo leave-it riposare to-rest per for un' an ora hour.

10.19 La the pasta pasta bolle boils? Buttala throw-it quando when l' the acqua water ribolle re-boils.

10.20 Il the sugo sauce sembra seems denso thick. Assaggialo taste-it e and aggiusta adjust di of sale salt.

10.21 Togli remove la the pentola pot dal from-the fuoco fire. Coprila cover-it con with un a coperchio lid.

10.22 Il the formaggio cheese? Grattugialo grate-it finemente finely prima before di of servirlo serving-it.

10.23 Se if la the carne meat è is cotta cooked, toglila remove-it dalla from-the griglia grill subito immediately.

10.24 L' the olio oil è is caldo hot? Versalo pour-it lentamente slowly nella in-the padella pan.

10.25 Prendi take il the vino wine bianco white. Aggiungilo add-it al to-the risotto risotto poco little alla at-the volta time.

10.26 La the pizza pizza è is nel in-the forno oven. Controllala check-it dopo after dieci ten minuti minutes.

10.27 Il the pane bread è is raffermo stale? Bagnalo wet-it con with acqua water e and tostalo toast-it.

10.28 Quando when il the burro butter si itself scioglie melts, mescolalo stir-it con with la the farina flour.

10.29 La the besciamella béchamel è is pronta ready. Versala pour-it sulle on-the lasagne lasagna calde hot.

10.30 Il the dolce dessert è is freddo cold. Servilo serve-it con with panna cream montata whipped.

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Section B (Complete Italian Sentences with English Translation)

10.16 Prendi la farina e mettila in una ciotola grande. Take the flour and put it in a large bowl.

10.17 Il lievito? Scioglilo in acqua tiepida prima di usarlo. The yeast? Dissolve it in warm water before using it.

10.18 Quando l'impasto è pronto, lascialo riposare per un'ora. When the dough is ready, let it rest for an hour.

10.19 La pasta bolle? Buttala quando l'acqua ribolle. Is the pasta boiling? Throw it in when the water boils again.

10.20 Il sugo sembra denso. Assaggialo e aggiusta di sale. The sauce looks thick. Taste it and adjust the salt.

10.21 Togli la pentola dal fuoco. Coprila con un coperchio. Remove the pot from the heat. Cover it with a lid.

10.22 Il formaggio? Grattugialo finemente prima di servirlo. The cheese? Grate it finely before serving it.

10.23 Se la carne è cotta, toglila dalla griglia subito. If the meat is cooked, remove it from the grill immediately.

10.24 L'olio è caldo? Versalo lentamente nella padella. Is the oil hot? Pour it slowly into the pan.

10.25 Prendi il vino bianco. Aggiungilo al risotto poco alla volta. Take the white wine. Add it to the risotto little by little.

10.26 La pizza è nel forno. Controllala dopo dieci minuti. The pizza is in the oven. Check it after ten minutes.

10.27 Il pane è raffermo? Bagnalo con acqua e tostalo. Is the bread stale? Wet it with water and toast it.

10.28 Quando il burro si scioglie, mescolalo con la farina. When the butter melts, mix it with the flour.

10.29 La besciamella è pronta. Versala sulle lasagne calde. The béchamel is ready. Pour it over the hot lasagna.

10.30 Il dolce è freddo. Servilo con panna montata. The dessert is cold. Serve it with whipped cream.

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Section C (Italian Text Only)

10.16 Prendi la farina e mettila in una ciotola grande.

10.17 Il lievito? Scioglilo in acqua tiepida prima di usarlo.

10.18 Quando l'impasto è pronto, lascialo riposare per un'ora.

10.19 La pasta bolle? Buttala quando l'acqua ribolle.

10.20 Il sugo sembra denso. Assaggialo e aggiusta di sale.

10.21 Togli la pentola dal fuoco. Coprila con un coperchio.

10.22 Il formaggio? Grattugialo finemente prima di servirlo.

10.23 Se la carne è cotta, toglila dalla griglia subito.

10.24 L'olio è caldo? Versalo lentamente nella padella.

10.25 Prendi il vino bianco. Aggiungilo al risotto poco alla volta.

10.26 La pizza è nel forno. Controllala dopo dieci minuti.

10.27 Il pane è raffermo? Bagnalo con acqua e tostalo.

10.28 Quando il burro si scioglie, mescolalo con la farina.

10.29 La besciamella è pronta. Versala sulle lasagne calde.

10.30 Il dolce è freddo. Servilo con panna montata.

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Section D (Grammar Notes for Recipe Genre)

Special Grammar Features in Italian Recipes

1. Imperative with Attached Pronouns In recipes, Italian commonly attaches object pronouns directly to imperative verbs: -

metti (put) + la = mettila (put it) -

lascia (leave) + lo = lascialo (leave it) -

versa (pour) + la = versala (pour it)

2. Common Patterns in Recipe Instructions

Direct attachment to imperatives: -

Positive commands: pronoun attaches to end -

"Assaggialo" (taste it) -

"Coprila" (cover it) -

Negative commands: pronoun goes before verb -

"Non lo bruciare" (don't burn it) -

"Non la salare troppo" (don't salt it too much)

3. When to Use Different Forms

With infinitives after prepositions: -

"prima di usarlo" (before using it) -

"dopo averlo cotto" (after cooking it)

With modal verbs, two options: -

"Lo devi mescolare" or "Devi mescolarlo" (You must stir it)

4. Gender Agreement in Recipes

Remember that pronouns must match the gender of ingredients: -

la farina (flour - feminine) → mettila -

il sale (salt - masculine) → aggiungilo -

l'olio (oil - masculine) → versalo -

la pasta (pasta - feminine) → buttala

5. Recipe-Specific Vocabulary with Pronouns

Common cooking verbs with attached pronouns: -

taglialo/tagliala (cut it) -

mescolalo/mescolala (mix it) -

friggilo/friggila (fry it) -

bollilo/bollila (boil it) -

cuocilo/cuocila (cook it) -

servilo/servila (serve it)

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About This Course

The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative online language learning materials since 2006. These reading lessons are designed specifically for autodidacts—self-directed learners who want to master languages independently.

Our method, detailed at latinum.substack.com and latinum.org.uk, uses interlinear translation (word-by-word glossing) to help learners understand the structure of their target language. This approach allows students to: -

See immediate connections between words in both languages -

Build vocabulary naturally through context -

Understand grammatical patterns through repeated exposure -

Progress at their own pace without formal instruction

Each lesson in this series focuses on a specific grammatical element, providing extensive examples in real contexts. The format includes: -

Granular interlinear translations for beginners -

Complete sentences in both languages -

Target language immersion sections -

Detailed grammar explanations tailored for English speakers -

Cultural context to enhance understanding -

Authentic literary excerpts -

Genre-specific applications

The Latinum Institute's materials are used by thousands of independent learners worldwide. Our approach emphasizes reading comprehension as the foundation for language acquisition, following methods that have proven successful for centuries.

For testimonials and reviews from students, visit: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk

Additional resources and the complete course index are available at: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

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