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Lesson 17
17 of 50 lessons

Lesson 17

と / で (to / de) — With / Together / By Means Of

Introduction

For autodidact students of Japanese, the English word "with" splits into two Japanese particles with distinct grammatical roles. と (to) marks accompaniment — doing something together with someone. で (de) marks means or instrument — doing something by means of something. 友達と行く (go with a friend — together) versus バスで行く (go by bus — by means of). English collapses both into "with"; Japanese insists on the distinction.

と (to) also functions as the quotation particle ("he said that...") and as the conditional conjunction ("when/if...then...") — two further roles introduced here alongside the accompaniment meaning, since all three appear at high frequency from the earliest lessons.

FAQ: What does と mean in Japanese? と (to) has three main uses: (1) accompaniment particle — "with" (友達と, with a friend); (2) quotation particle — marks reported speech (言った, said that); (3) conditional conjunction — "when/if" (〜と、〜 happens). Context and position in the sentence distinguish the three.

Key Takeaways: - と (to): with [accompaniment] — 友達と (with a friend) - で (de): with / by [means/instrument] — 箸で (with chopsticks), バスで (by bus) - と (to): quotation marker — 「〜」と言う (say that ~) - と (to): conditional — 〜すると、〜 (when you do ~, ~ happens) - で (de) also marks location of action — 公園で (at the park)

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Script-Specific Guidance

と is one of the five most frequent characters in written Japanese. It is hiragana — a syllabic character representing the sound /to/. In the hiragana syllabary, と follows て (te) and precedes な (na). Its shape — a small loop with a descending stroke — is distinctive and quickly memorised.

で is the te-form of the copula だ in some grammatical contexts, and in others is a standalone particle. The dual nature of で — as an instrument/location particle and as a form of だ — means learners encounter it constantly and in varied grammatical roles. Distinguishing which で is in play is one of the key skills of intermediate Japanese grammar.

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Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

17.1 私 (watashi) I は (wa) TOPIC 友達 (tomodachi) friend と (to) with 映画 (eiga) film を (wo) OBJ 見ました (mimashita) watched

17.2 箸 (hashi) chopsticks で (de) with 食べます (tabemasu) eat

17.3 彼 (kare) he は (wa) TOPIC 「行く」 (iku) "go" と (to) QUOT 言いました (iimashita) said

17.4 電車 (densha) train で (de) by 会社 (kaisha) company に (ni) to 行きます (ikimasu) go

17.5 母 (haha) mother と (to) with 買い物 (kaimono) shopping に (ni) to 行った (itta) went

17.6 日本語 (nihongo) Japanese で (de) in 話して (hanashite) speaking ください (kudasai) please

17.7 右 (migi) right に (ni) to 曲がる (magaru) turn と (to) COND 駅 (eki) station が (ga) SUBJ あります (arimasu) exists

17.8 鉛筆 (enpitsu) pencil で (de) with 書いて (kaite) writing います (imasu) am

17.9 家族 (kazoku) family と (to) with 旅行 (ryokō) travel を (wo) OBJ しました (shimashita) did

17.10 バス (basu) bus で (de) by 来ました (kimashita) came

17.11 先生 (sensei) teacher は (wa) TOPIC 「よく (yoku) well できました (dekimashita) did-it」 と (to) QUOT 言った (itta) said

17.12 この (kono) this ボタン (botan) button を (wo) OBJ 押す (osu) press と (to) COND ドア (doa) door が (ga) SUBJ 開きます (akimasu) opens

17.13 友達 (tomodachi) friend と (to) with 一緒 (issho) together に (ni) ADVL 勉強 (benkyō) studying します (shimasu) do

17.14 手 (te) hands で (de) with 作った (tsukutta) made 料理 (ryōri) dish

17.15 彼女 (kanojo) she は (wa) TOPIC 静かに (shizuka ni) quietly している (shite iru) is と (to) COND 思う (omou) think

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Section B: Natural Sentences

17.1 私は友達と映画を見ました。"I watched a film with a friend."

17.2 箸で食べます。"I eat with chopsticks."

17.3 彼は「行く」と言いました。"He said 'I'll go.'"

17.4 電車で会社に行きます。"I go to the office by train."

17.5 母と買い物に行った。"I went shopping with my mother."

17.6 日本語で話してください。"Please speak in Japanese."

17.7 右に曲がると駅があります。"If you turn right, there is a station."

17.8 鉛筆で書いています。"I am writing with a pencil."

17.9 家族と旅行をしました。"I travelled with my family."

17.10 バスで来ました。"I came by bus."

17.11 先生は「よくできました」と言った。"The teacher said 'Well done.'"

17.12 このボタンを押すとドアが開きます。"When you press this button, the door opens."

17.13 友達と一緒に勉強します。"I study together with a friend."

17.14 手で作った料理。"A dish made by hand."

17.15 彼女は静かにしていると思う。"I think she is being quiet."

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Section C: Japanese Text Only

17.1 私は友達と映画を見ました。 17.2 箸で食べます。 17.3 彼は「行く」と言いました。 17.4 電車で会社に行きます。 17.5 母と買い物に行った。 17.6 日本語で話してください。 17.7 右に曲がると駅があります。 17.8 鉛筆で書いています。 17.9 家族と旅行をしました。 17.10 バスで来ました。 17.11 先生は「よくできました」と言った。 17.12 このボタンを押すとドアが開きます。 17.13 友達と一緒に勉強します。 17.14 手で作った料理。 17.15 彼女は静かにしていると思う。

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Section D: Grammar Explanation

These are the grammar rules for と (to) and で (de) — "with":

と — accompaniment: 友達と行く (go with a friend). と directly follows the companion noun. The action is performed together. Contrast: 友達に会う (meet a friend — に marks the destination/indirect object, not accompaniment).

で — instrument / means: 箸で食べる (eat with chopsticks), 電車で行く (go by train), 日本語で話す (speak in Japanese). で marks the tool, vehicle, or medium through which the action is performed. This is the same で that marks the location of actions (公園で遊ぶ, play in the park) — Japanese uses one particle where English uses two prepositions ("by/with" and "at/in").

と — quotation particle: 「〜」と言う / 思う / 聞く — と marks the content of speech or thought. English uses "that" or just intonation; Japanese uses と as a mandatory quotation marker: 彼は来ると言った (He said [that] he would come). Direct and indirect speech both use と.

と — conditional "when/if": Vdictionary form + と = "when/if you do V, [result]." This conditional is used for natural or automatic consequences: 右に曲がると駅があります (When you turn right, there is a station — automatic consequence). It cannot be used for deliberate decisions or requests.

〜と思う (to omou) — "I think that": 彼女は静かにしていると思う (I think she is being quiet). 思う (to think) always takes と as its quotation marker. This construction is essential for expressing opinions and beliefs in Japanese.

Common Mistakes: - Using と where で is needed for instruments: *箸と食べる — wrong; must be 箸で食べる - Omitting と in quotation constructions: 彼は来ると言った → correct; 彼は来ると → incomplete - Using と for location: *公園と遊ぶ — wrong; must be 公園で遊ぶ

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Section E: Cultural Context

一緒に (issho ni, together) is one of the warmest phrases in Japanese social vocabulary. The concept of doing things together — eating together, travelling together, studying together — is central to Japanese group culture. 一緒に〜しませんか (Shall we ~ together?) is the standard invitation form. と (with) is the particle that makes togetherness grammatically real.

言葉で言えない (kotoba de ienai, cannot be said with words) — で marking language itself as an instrument that sometimes falls short. Japanese has a rich tradition of what cannot be expressed in words (言葉にならない) — a concept that co-exists naturally with a particle system that treats language as a tool.

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Section F: Literary Citation

川端康成 (Kawabata Yasunari), 《雪国》— Snow Country, 1948

The Nobel Prize-winning novel opens with one of the most famous sentences in modern Japanese literature — a conditional と of geography and fate.

国境の長いトンネルを抜けると、雪国であった。

F-A: Interlinear

国境 (kokkyō) border の (no) GEN 長い (nagai) long トンネル (tonneru) tunnel を (wo) OBJ 抜ける (nukeru) pass-through と (to) COND、雪国 (yukiguni) snow-country で (de) COPULA あった (atta) was-PAST

F-B: Translation

"When the train came out of the long tunnel at the border, there was the snow country."

F-C: Original

国境の長いトンネルを抜けると、雪国であった。

F-D: Notes

と (to) here is the conditional particle — "when one passes through, there is." The single と carries the entire narrative pivot: the act of emergence from the tunnel and the sudden revelation of a different world. で (de) in であった is the copular de, not the instrument particle — a different grammatical role with the same form.

F-E: Commentary

Kawabata's opening sentence is the conditional と at its most powerful: an automatic consequence — emerge from the tunnel, and snow country is there. The と does not suggest choice or deliberation. The snow country was always there; the tunnel simply separated it from what came before. Language and landscape, joined by a single particle.

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Genre Section: Dialogue — 一緒に行こう (Let's Go Together)

Two colleagues plan a trip using と (with) and で (by means of) throughout. Every sentence of travel planning is built around these two particles.

Part A: Interlinear Construed Text

17.16 田中 (Tanaka) Tanaka:来週 (raishū) next-week 京都 (Kyōto) Kyoto に (ni) to 行く (iku) go と (to) COND いいな (ii na) good-ISN'T-IT

17.17 鈴木 (Suzuki) Suzuki:いいね (ii ne) sounds-good!一緒 (issho) together に (ni) ADVL 行こう (ikō) let's-go

17.18 田中:新幹線 (shinkansen) Shinkansen で (de) by 行く (iku) go?

17.19 鈴木:うん (un) yes、新幹線 (shinkansen) Shinkansen で (de) by 行こう (ikō) let's-go。 早い (hayai) fast し (shi) and、楽 (raku) comfortable だから (dakara) because

17.20 田中:京都 (Kyōto) Kyoto で (de) in 何 (nani) what を (wo) OBJ したい (shitai) want-to-do?

17.21 鈴木:友達 (tomodachi) friend と (to) with 行った (itta) went 時 (toki) time、バス (basu) bus で (de) by 色々 (iroiro) various な (na) ADJ お寺 (otera) temples を (wo) OBJ 回った (mawatta) toured

17.22 田中:今回 (konkai) this-time は (wa) TOPIC 自転車 (jitensha) bicycle で (de) by 回ろう (mawaro) let's-tour か (ka) Q

17.23 鈴木:いいね (ii ne) good!二人 (futari) two-people で (de) with 自転車 (jitensha) bicycle で (de) by 回ると (mawaru to) when-touring 気持ちいい (kimochi ii) feels-good よ (yo) EMPH

17.24 田中:ホテル (hoteru) hotel は (wa) TOPIC どこ (doko) where に (ni) LOC する (suru) decide の (no) NMLZ?

17.25 鈴木:駅 (eki) station の (no) GEN 近く (chikaku) near に (ni) LOC した (shita) decided ほうが (hō ga) better いい (ii) good と (to) QUOT 思う (omou) think

17.26 田中:それ (sore) that と (to) QUOT 同じ (onaji) same こと (koto) thing を (wo) OBJ 考えて (kangaete) thinking いた (ita) was

17.27 鈴木:じゃあ (jā) then 二人 (futari) two で (de) in 計画 (keikaku) plan を (wo) OBJ 立てよう (tateyō) let's-make

17.28 田中:嬉しいな (ureshii na) happy-ISN'T-IT。君 (kimi) you と (to) with 行く (iku) go の (no) NMLZ は (wa) TOPIC 楽しい (tanoshii) fun から (kara) because

17.29 鈴木:私 (watashi) I も (mo) also!毎年 (maitoshi) every-year 一緒 (issho) together に (ni) ADVL 旅行 (ryokō) travel しよう (shiyō) let's-do ね (ne) RIGHT

17.30 田中:約束 (yakusoku) promise だよ (da yo) it-is-EMPH!

Part B: Natural Sentences

17.16 田中:「来週京都に行くといいな。」"Tanaka: 'It would be nice to go to Kyoto next week.'"

17.17 鈴木:「いいね!一緒に行こう。」"Suzuki: 'Sounds great! Let's go together.'"

17.18 田中:「新幹線で行く?」"Tanaka: 'Shall we go by Shinkansen?'"

17.19 鈴木:「うん、新幹線で行こう。早いし、楽だから。」"Suzuki: 'Yes, let's go by Shinkansen. It's fast and comfortable.'"

17.20 田中:「京都で何をしたい?」"Tanaka: 'What do you want to do in Kyoto?'"

17.21 鈴木:「友達と行った時、バスで色々なお寺を回った。」"Suzuki: 'When I went with a friend, we toured various temples by bus.'"

17.22 田中:「今回は自転車で回ろうか。」"Tanaka: 'This time shall we tour by bicycle?'"

17.23 鈴木:「いいね!二人で自転車で回ると気持ちいいよ。」"Suzuki: 'Great! Touring by bicycle, just the two of us, feels wonderful.'"

17.24 田中:「ホテルはどこにするの?」"Tanaka: 'Where shall we stay?'"

17.25 鈴木:「駅の近くにしたほうがいいと思う。」"Suzuki: 'I think it's better to stay near the station.'"

17.26 田中:「それと同じことを考えていた。」"Tanaka: 'I was thinking exactly the same thing.'"

17.27 鈴木:「じゃあ二人で計画を立てよう。」"Suzuki: 'Then let's make plans together.'"

17.28 田中:「嬉しいな。君と行くのは楽しいから。」"Tanaka: 'I'm happy. Going with you is fun.'"

17.29 鈴木:「私も!毎年一緒に旅行しようね。」"Suzuki: 'Me too! Let's travel together every year.'"

17.30 田中:「約束だよ!」"Tanaka: 'It's a promise!'"

Part C: Japanese Text Only

17.16 田中:「来週京都に行くといいな。」 17.17 鈴木:「いいね!一緒に行こう。」 17.18 田中:「新幹線で行く?」 17.19 鈴木:「うん、新幹線で行こう。早いし、楽だから。」 17.20 田中:「京都で何をしたい?」 17.21 鈴木:「友達と行った時、バスで色々なお寺を回った。」 17.22 田中:「今回は自転車で回ろうか。」 17.23 鈴木:「いいね!二人で自転車で回ると気持ちいいよ。」 17.24 田中:「ホテルはどこにするの?」 17.25 鈴木:「駅の近くにしたほうがいいと思う。」 17.26 田中:「それと同じことを考えていた。」 17.27 鈴木:「じゃあ二人で計画を立てよう。」 17.28 田中:「嬉しいな。君と行くのは楽しいから。」 17.29 鈴木:「私も!毎年一緒に旅行しようね。」 17.30 田中:「約束だよ!」

Part D: Grammar Notes

〜ほうがいい (hō ga ii) — "it's better to ~": 駅の近くにしたほうがいいと思う (I think it's better to stay near the station). 〜したほうがいい (past tense stem + ほうがいい) gives advice or expresses preference. 思う is linked by と — "I think [that] it's better."

〜しよう / 〜行こう — volitional form: The volitional (let's ~) in Japanese is formed by replacing the final -masu with -mashō (polite) or the dictionary form ending with -ō/-yō (plain). 行こう (let's go), 食べよう (let's eat), しよう (let's do). Adding ね softens it: 旅行しようね (let's travel, okay?).

二人で (futari de) — "the two of us": で here marks the group composition — "as two people, together." 一人で (alone), 二人で (as two), みんなで (as everyone). This use of で for group or circumstance overlaps with the instrument/means use but is distinct — it answers "how many / in what composition" rather than "by what means."

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Pronunciation Guide

と (to) — IPA: /to/ — Short, clear /t/ + /o/. The /t/ is unaspirated (no puff of breath). The /o/ is mid-back rounded [o], not the diphthong [oʊ] of English "go."

で (de) — IPA: /de/ — Voiced /d/ + mid front /e/. The /d/ is always fully voiced in Japanese (unlike English where "d" can be devoiced).

Both are short, clear syllables — Japanese syllables are generally equal in length (mora-timed). Avoid lengthening either particle.

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