For a complete index of lessons in this course, please visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
Definition: The word lan is the primary Javanese conjunction equivalent to the English word "and." It connects words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical importance. In formal or literary contexts, you may also encounter sarta or kaliyan, while in colloquial speech, karo (which also means "with") is sometimes used.
FAQ Schema: Q: What does "lan" mean in Javanese? A: "Lan" means "and" in English. It is used to connect two or more words, phrases, or sentences together, functioning as a coordinating conjunction.
Educational Schema: Subject: Javanese Language Learning Level: Beginner Topic: Conjunctions - The word "lan" (and) Type: Reading Lesson for English-speaking autodidacts Institution: Latinum Institute Format: Self-study material with interlinear glossing
How this topic word will be used: In this lesson, you will encounter lan in various positions within sentences, connecting nouns, verbs, adjectives, and complete clauses. The examples progress from simple noun connections to more complex sentence structures, helping you understand the versatile usage of this fundamental conjunction.
Key Takeaways: -
Lan is the most common Javanese word for "and" -
It connects elements of equal grammatical importance -
Position in the sentence is flexible but usually between the connected elements -
Unlike English, Javanese often uses lan where English might use commas in lists -
The word remains unchanged regardless of what it connects
3.1a Ibu mother (i-bu) tuku buys (tu-ku) sayur vegetables (sa-yur) lan and (lan) woh fruit (woh) ing at (ing) pasar market (pa-sar) 3.1b Ibu (i-bu) mother tuku (tu-ku) buys sayur (sa-yur) vegetables lan (lan) and woh (woh) fruit ing (ing) at pasar (pa-sar) market
3.2a Bapak father (ba-pak) maca reads (ma-ca) koran newspaper (ko-ran) lan and (lan) ngombe drinks (ngo-mbé) kopi coffee (ko-pi) 3.2b Bapak (ba-pak) father maca (ma-ca) reads koran (ko-ran) newspaper lan (lan) and ngombe (ngom-bé) drinks kopi (ko-pi) coffee
3.3a Adhik younger-sibling (a-dhik) seneng likes (se-neng) dolanan play (do-la-nan) lan and (lan) sinau study (si-na-u) 3.3b Adhik (a-dhik) younger-sibling seneng (se-neng) likes dolanan (do-la-nan) play lan (lan) and sinau (si-na-u) study
3.4a Simbah grandmother (sim-bah) lungguh sits (lung-guh) ing in (ing) kursi chair (kur-si) lan and (lan) nyulam embroiders (nyu-lam) 3.4b Simbah (sim-bah) grandmother lungguh (lung-guh) sits ing (ing) in kursi (kur-si) chair lan (lan) and nyulam (nyu-lam) embroiders
3.5a Mas older-brother (mas) lan and (lan) mbak older-sister (mbak) padha together (pa-dha) lunga go (lung-a) menyang to (me-nyang) sekolah school (se-ko-lah) 3.5b Mas (mas) older-brother lan (lan) and mbak (mbak) older-sister padha (pa-dha) together lunga (lung-a) go menyang (me-nyang) to sekolah (se-ko-lah) school
3.6a Pitik chicken (pi-tik) cilik small (ci-lik) lan and (lan) bebek duck (be-bek) gedhe big (ge-dhé) ana exist (a-na) ing in (ing) kandhang coop (kan-dhang) 3.6b Pitik (pi-tik) chicken cilik (ci-lik) small lan (lan) and bebek (be-bek) duck gedhe (ge-dhé) big ana (a-na) exist ing (ing) in kandhang (kan-dhang) coop
3.7a Aku I (a-ku) turu sleep (tu-ru) awan noon (a-wan) lan and (lan) tangi wake (ta-ngi) sore afternoon (so-ré) 3.7b Aku (a-ku) I turu (tu-ru) sleep awan (a-wan) noon lan (lan) and tangi (ta-ngi) wake sore (so-ré) afternoon
3.8a Kembang flower (kem-bang) abang red (a-bang) lan and (lan) kuning yellow (ku-ning) mekar blooms (me-kar) ing in (ing) taman garden (ta-man) 3.8b Kembang (kem-bang) flower abang (a-bang) red lan (lan) and kuning (ku-ning) yellow mekar (me-kar) blooms ing (ing) in taman (ta-man) garden
3.9a Bocah child (bo-cah) mlayu runs (mla-yu) banter fast (ban-ter) lan and (lan) ngguyu laughs (nggu-yu) bungah happy (bu-ngah) 3.9b Bocah (bo-cah) child mlayu (mla-yu) runs banter (ban-ter) fast lan (lan) and ngguyu (nggu-yu) laughs bungah (bu-ngah) happy
3.10a Segara ocean (se-ga-ra) jero deep (je-ro) lan and (lan) amba wide (am-ba) banget very (ba-nget) 3.10b Segara (se-ga-ra) ocean jero (je-ro) deep lan (lan) and amba (am-ba) wide banget (ba-nget) very
3.11a Guru teacher (gu-ru) nerangake explains (ne-rang-a-ke) alon slowly (a-lon) lan and (lan) cetha clearly (ce-tha) 3.11b Guru (gu-ru) teacher nerangake (ne-rang-a-ke) explains alon (a-lon) slowly lan (lan) and cetha (ce-tha) clearly
3.12a Udan rain (u-dan) deres heavy (de-res) lan and (lan) angin wind (a-ngin) banter strong (ban-ter) wingi yesterday (wi-ngi) 3.12b Udan (u-dan) rain deres (de-res) heavy lan (lan) and angin (a-ngin) wind banter (ban-ter) strong wingi (wi-ngi) yesterday
3.13a Dheweke he/she (dhe-we-ke) pinter smart (pin-ter) matematika mathematics (ma-te-ma-ti-ka) lan and (lan) fisika physics (fi-si-ka) 3.13b Dheweke (dhe-we-ke) he/she pinter (pin-ter) smart matematika (ma-te-ma-ti-ka) mathematics lan (lan) and fisika (fi-si-ka) physics
3.14a Kowe you (ko-we) kudu must (ku-du) sabar patient (sa-bar) lan and (lan) tlaten diligent (tla-ten) 3.14b Kowe (ko-we) you kudu (ku-du) must sabar (sa-bar) patient lan (lan) and tlaten (tla-ten) diligent
3.15a Wong person (wong) tuwa old (tu-wa) lan and (lan) wong person (wong) enom young (e-nom) kabeh all (ka-beh) teka comes (te-ka) 3.15b Wong (wong) person tuwa (tu-wa) old lan (lan) and wong (wong) person enom (e-nom) young kabeh (ka-beh) all teka (te-ka) comes
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3.1 Ibu tuku sayur lan woh ing pasar. Mother buys vegetables and fruit at the market.
3.2 Bapak maca koran lan ngombe kopi. Father reads the newspaper and drinks coffee.
3.3 Adhik seneng dolanan lan sinau. Younger sibling likes to play and study.
3.4 Simbah lungguh ing kursi lan nyulam. Grandmother sits in the chair and embroiders.
3.5 Mas lan mbak padha lunga menyang sekolah. Older brother and older sister go to school together.
3.6 Pitik cilik lan bebek gedhe ana ing kandhang. Small chickens and big ducks are in the coop.
3.7 Aku turu awan lan tangi sore. I sleep at noon and wake up in the afternoon.
3.8 Kembang abang lan kuning mekar ing taman. Red and yellow flowers bloom in the garden.
3.9 Bocah mlayu banter lan ngguyu bungah. The child runs fast and laughs happily.
3.10 Segara jero lan amba banget. The ocean is very deep and wide.
3.11 Guru nerangake alon lan cetha. The teacher explains slowly and clearly.
3.12 Udan deres lan angin banter wingi. Heavy rain and strong wind yesterday.
3.13 Dheweke pinter matematika lan fisika. He/she is smart in mathematics and physics.
3.14 Kowe kudu sabar lan tlaten. You must be patient and diligent.
3.15 Wong tuwa lan wong enom kabeh teka. Old people and young people all come.
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3.1 Ibu tuku sayur lan woh ing pasar.
3.2 Bapak maca koran lan ngombe kopi.
3.3 Adhik seneng dolanan lan sinau.
3.4 Simbah lungguh ing kursi lan nyulam.
3.5 Mas lan mbak padha lunga menyang sekolah.
3.6 Pitik cilik lan bebek gedhe ana ing kandhang.
3.7 Aku turu awan lan tangi sore.
3.8 Kembang abang lan kuning mekar ing taman.
3.9 Bocah mlayu banter lan ngguyu bungah.
3.10 Segara jero lan amba banget.
3.11 Guru nerangake alon lan cetha.
3.12 Udan deres lan angin banter wingi.
3.13 Dheweke pinter matematika lan fisika.
3.14 Kowe kudu sabar lan tlaten.
3.15 Wong tuwa lan wong enom kabeh teka.
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Grammar Rules for "lan"
The Javanese conjunction lan functions as the primary coordinator equivalent to English "and." Here are the essential grammar rules: -
Basic Usage: Lan connects elements of equal grammatical status - nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, adjectives with adjectives, or complete clauses. -
Position: Unlike some Javanese particles, lan always appears between the elements it connects. It never begins or ends a sentence on its own. -
No Inflection: Lan remains unchanged regardless of tense, number, or the type of elements it connects. This differs from some European languages where conjunctions might change form. -
Series and Lists: In a series of three or more items, Javanese typically uses lan before the final item only, similar to English: "apel, jeruk, lan mangga" (apples, oranges, and mangoes). -
Clause Connection: When connecting complete clauses, lan requires no special punctuation or word order changes, making it simpler than English compound sentence rules.
Common Mistakes -
Overuse in Lists: English speakers often insert lan between every item in a list. Javanese prefers: "buku, potlot, kertas lan tas" NOT "buku lan potlot lan kertas lan tas." -
Word Order Confusion: Some learners try to place lan at the beginning of a sentence as emphasis. This is incorrect - lan must go between connected elements. -
Mixing Conjunctions: Avoid mixing lan with karo in the same sentence when both mean "and." Choose one and stick with it for consistency. -
Formal Register Errors: Using colloquial karo in formal writing when lan or sarta would be more appropriate.
Comparison with English -
English often uses commas in lists before "and"; Javanese uses commas similarly but less rigidly -
English "both...and" constructions translate to "...lan..." or sometimes "kabeh" (all) with lan -
Javanese lan is more versatile than English "and," sometimes covering meanings of "with" or "also"
Step-by-Step Guide for Using "lan"
Step 1: Identify what you want to connect (nouns, verbs, adjectives, or clauses) Step 2: Ensure both elements have the same grammatical function Step 3: Place lan directly between the elements Step 4: For lists, use commas between items and lan before the last item Step 5: Check register - use sarta for very formal contexts
Grammatical Summary -
Part of Speech: Coordinating conjunction -
Position: Between connected elements -
Variants: karo (colloquial), sarta (formal), kaliyan (respectful) -
Cannot be inflected or modified -
Functions identically whether connecting words, phrases, or clauses
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Understanding the use of lan in Javanese requires appreciating the cultural context of Javanese communication patterns. Javanese society places great emphasis on harmony and balance, which is reflected in how conjunctions are used.
In traditional Javanese philosophy, the concept of rukun (harmony) influences language use. The conjunction lan embodies this by creating balanced, harmonious connections between elements. Unlike English, where "and" is purely functional, Javanese lan carries subtle implications of unity and completeness.
Speech levels (unggah-ungguh) in Javanese affect conjunction choice. While lan is neutral and can be used in most contexts, more respectful situations might call for kaliyan, especially when referring to actions involving respected persons. For example, "Bapak kaliyan Ibu" (Father and Mother) shows more respect than "Bapak lan Ibu."
In traditional Javanese literature and wayang (shadow puppet) performances, conjunctions play a crucial role in maintaining rhythm and flow. The repetitive use of lan in storytelling creates a hypnotic cadence that audiences expect and appreciate.
Modern Javanese, especially among younger speakers in urban areas, shows Indonesian influence. You might hear "dan" (Indonesian "and") mixed with lan, though purists discourage this practice. Understanding these variations helps learners navigate real-world Javanese conversations.
The choice between lan, karo, and sarta also reflects social relationships and contexts. Using karo suggests familiarity and informality, while sarta indicates education and formality. This distinction helps speakers position themselves socially through language choice.
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Source: From the Javanese classical text Serat Wedhatama by Mangkunegara IV (19th century)
Ngelmu knowledge (ngel-mu) iku that (i-ku) kalakone practiced (ka-la-ko-ne) kanthi with (kan-thi) laku conduct (la-ku) lan and (lan) lelaku spiritual-practice (le-la-ku), tapa austerity (ta-pa) lan and (lan) brata vow (bra-ta), tanpa without (tan-pa) liren cease (li-ren)
Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku lan lelaku, tapa lan brata, tanpa liren. Knowledge is practiced through conduct and spiritual practice, austerity and vows, without ceasing.
Ngelmu iku kalakone kanthi laku lan lelaku, tapa lan brata, tanpa liren.
This excerpt from Serat Wedhatama demonstrates the classical use of lan in Javanese philosophical literature. The conjunction appears twice, creating parallel structures that are characteristic of traditional Javanese didactic poetry.
The first lan connects "laku" (conduct) with "lelaku" (spiritual practice), showing how mundane and spiritual actions are united. The second lan joins "tapa" (austerity) with "brata" (vows), indicating complementary spiritual disciplines.
Notice how the rhythm created by these conjunctions supports the meditative quality of the text. This is typical of Javanese piwulang (wisdom literature), where grammatical structures reinforce philosophical meanings.
The absence of lan before "tanpa liren" (without ceasing) is significant - it sets this phrase apart as a condition applying to all previous elements, showing sophisticated use of conjunction placement for meaning.
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3.16a Jupuk take (ju-puk) beras rice (be-ras) lan and (lan) wisiki wash (wi-si-ki) nganti until (ngan-ti) resik clean (re-sik) 3.16b Jupuk (ju-puk) take beras (be-ras) rice lan (lan) and wisiki (wi-si-ki) wash nganti (ngan-ti) until resik (re-sik) clean
3.17a Iris slice (i-ris) bawang shallot (ba-wang) abang red (a-bang) lan and (lan) bawang garlic (ba-wang) putih white (pu-tih) tipis thin (ti-pis) 3.17b Iris (i-ris) slice bawang (ba-wang) shallot abang (a-bang) red lan (lan) and bawang (ba-wang) garlic putih (pu-tih) white tipis (ti-pis) thin
3.18a Goreng fry (go-reng) bumbu spices (bum-bu) lan and (lan) tambahi add (tam-ba-hi) uyah salt (u-yah) sithik little (si-thik) 3.18b Goreng (go-reng) fry bumbu (bum-bu) spices lan (lan) and tambahi (tam-ba-hi) add uyah (u-yah) salt sithik (si-thik) little
3.19a Lebokake put-in (le-bo-ka-ke) daging meat (da-ging) lan and (lan) aduk stir (a-duk) alon-alon slowly (a-lon-a-lon) 3.19b Lebokake (le-bo-ka-ke) put-in daging (da-ging) meat lan (lan) and aduk (a-duk) stir alon-alon (a-lon-a-lon) slowly
3.20a Tambahi add (tam-ba-hi) banyu water (ba-nyu) lan and (lan) santen coconut-milk (san-ten) kental thick (ken-tal) 3.20b Tambahi (tam-ba-hi) add banyu (ba-nyu) water lan (lan) and santen (san-ten) coconut-milk kental (ken-tal) thick
3.21a Wadahi put-in-container (wa-da-hi) lombok chili (lom-bok) ijo green (i-jo) lan and (lan) tomat tomato (to-mat) mateng ripe (ma-teng) 3.21b Wadahi (wa-da-hi) put-in-container lombok (lom-bok) chili ijo (i-jo) green lan (lan) and tomat (to-mat) tomato mateng (ma-teng) ripe
3.22a Godhog boil (go-dhog) nganti until (ngan-ti) umob boiling (u-mob) lan and (lan) kurangi reduce (ku-ra-ngi) geni fire (ge-ni) 3.22b Godhog (go-dhog) boil nganti (ngan-ti) until umob (u-mob) boiling lan (lan) and kurangi (ku-ra-ngi) reduce geni (ge-ni) fire
3.23a Cicip taste (ci-cip) kuah broth (ku-ah) lan and (lan) tambahi add (tam-ba-hi) gula sugar (gu-la) yen if (yen) perlu needed (per-lu) 3.23b Cicip (ci-cip) taste kuah (ku-ah) broth lan (lan) and tambahi (tam-ba-hi) add gula (gu-la) sugar yen (yen) if perlu (per-lu) needed
3.24a Tunggu wait (tung-gu) mateng cooked (ma-teng) lan and (lan) mateni turn-off (ma-te-ni) kompor stove (kom-por) 3.24b Tunggu (tung-gu) wait mateng (ma-teng) cooked lan (lan) and mateni (ma-te-ni) turn-off kompor (kom-por) stove
3.25a Tata arrange (ta-ta) ing on (ing) piring plate (pi-ring) lan and (lan) taburi sprinkle (ta-bu-ri) bawang shallot (ba-wang) goreng fried (go-reng) 3.25b Tata (ta-ta) arrange ing (ing) on piring (pi-ring) plate lan (lan) and taburi (ta-bu-ri) sprinkle bawang (ba-wang) shallot goreng (go-reng) fried
3.26a Sajikake serve (sa-ji-ka-ke) anget warm (a-nget) lan and (lan) tambahi add (tam-ba-hi) sambel chili-sauce (sam-bel) yen if (yen) seneng like (se-neng) 3.26b Sajikake (sa-ji-ka-ke) serve anget (a-nget) warm lan (lan) and tambahi (tam-ba-hi) add sambel (sam-bel) chili-sauce yen (yen) if seneng (se-neng) like
3.27a Siapke prepare (si-ap-ke) kerupuk crackers (ke-ru-puk) lan and (lan) lalapan raw-vegetables (la-la-pan) seger fresh (se-ger) 3.27b Siapke (si-ap-ke) prepare kerupuk (ke-ru-puk) crackers lan (lan) and lalapan (la-la-pan) raw-vegetables seger (se-ger) fresh
3.28a Tuang pour (tu-ang) wedang drink (we-dang) panas hot (pa-nas) lan and (lan) hidangke serve (hi-dang-ke) bebarengan together (be-ba-re-ngan) 3.28b Tuang (tu-ang) pour wedang (we-dang) drink panas (pa-nas) hot lan (lan) and hidangke (hi-dang-ke) serve bebarengan (be-ba-re-ngan) together
3.29a Eling remember (e-ling) resik clean (re-sik) piranti utensils (pi-ran-ti) lan and (lan) atur arrange (a-tur) meja table (me-ja) 3.29b Eling (e-ling) remember resik (re-sik) clean piranti (pi-ran-ti) utensils lan (lan) and atur (a-tur) arrange meja (me-ja) table
3.30a Donga pray (do-nga) dhisik first (dhi-sik) lan and (lan) mangan eat (ma-ngan) bareng-bareng together (ba-reng-ba-reng) 3.30b Donga (do-nga) pray dhisik (dhi-sik) first lan (lan) and mangan (ma-ngan) eat bareng-bareng (ba-reng-ba-reng) together
3.16 Jupuk beras lan wisiki nganti resik. Take rice and wash until clean.
3.17 Iris bawang abang lan bawang putih tipis. Slice red shallots and garlic thinly.
3.18 Goreng bumbu lan tambahi uyah sithik. Fry the spices and add a little salt.
3.19 Lebokake daging lan aduk alon-alon. Put in the meat and stir slowly.
3.20 Tambahi banyu lan santen kental. Add water and thick coconut milk.
3.21 Wadahi lombok ijo lan tomat mateng. Put in green chilies and ripe tomatoes.
3.22 Godhog nganti umob lan kurangi geni. Boil until bubbling and reduce the fire.
3.23 Cicip kuah lan tambahi gula yen perlu. Taste the broth and add sugar if needed.
3.24 Tunggu mateng lan mateni kompor. Wait until cooked and turn off the stove.
3.25 Tata ing piring lan taburi bawang goreng. Arrange on a plate and sprinkle with fried shallots.
3.26 Sajikake anget lan tambahi sambel yen seneng. Serve warm and add chili sauce if you like.
3.27 Siapke kerupuk lan lalapan seger. Prepare crackers and fresh raw vegetables.
3.28 Tuang wedang panas lan hidangke bebarengan. Pour hot drinks and serve together.
3.29 Eling resik piranti lan atur meja. Remember to clean utensils and arrange the table.
3.30 Donga dhisik lan mangan bareng-bareng. Pray first and eat together.
3.16 Jupuk beras lan wisiki nganti resik.
3.17 Iris bawang abang lan bawang putih tipis.
3.18 Goreng bumbu lan tambahi uyah sithik.
3.19 Lebokake daging lan aduk alon-alon.
3.20 Tambahi banyu lan santen kental.
3.21 Wadahi lombok ijo lan tomat mateng.
3.22 Godhog nganti umob lan kurangi geni.
3.23 Cicip kuah lan tambahi gula yen perlu.
3.24 Tunggu mateng lan mateni kompor.
3.25 Tata ing piring lan taburi bawang goreng.
3.26 Sajikake anget lan tambahi sambel yen seneng.
3.27 Siapke kerupuk lan lalapan seger.
3.28 Tuang wedang panas lan hidangke bebarengan.
3.29 Eling resik piranti lan atur meja.
3.30 Donga dhisik lan mangan bareng-bareng.
In Javanese recipe instructions, lan serves specific grammatical functions that differ slightly from general usage:
Sequential Actions: In recipes, lan often connects actions that should be performed in sequence. The conjunction implies "then" as much as "and," showing the procedural nature of cooking instructions.
Imperative Mood: All verbs in these examples are in the imperative form (commands). When lan connects imperatives, it maintains the commanding tone throughout: "Jupuk lan wisiki" (Take and wash) means both actions are equally commanded.
Ingredient Combinations: When listing ingredients, lan specifically indicates items that work together: "bawang abang lan bawang putih" (shallots and garlic) suggests these form a flavor base together.
Conditional Connections: Notice phrases like "tambahi gula yen perlu" where lan connects the main instruction with a conditional addition, showing flexibility in recipes.
Cultural Imperative: The final example "Donga dhisik lan mangan bareng-bareng" reflects Javanese values where prayer and communal eating are connected as equally important acts.
Register in Recipes: Traditional recipes use standard lan throughout, avoiding regional variations to ensure clarity across Javanese-speaking regions.
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