### javanese abstract art
This lesson explores the Javanese second-person pronouns, which demonstrate the language's sophisticated system of speech levels (unggah-ungguh). As an autodidact student, you'll discover how the simple English "you" transforms into multiple forms in Javanese, each carrying specific social meanings and reflecting the hierarchical nature of Javanese society. Unlike English's democratic single pronoun, Javanese requires speakers to constantly assess social relationships and choose the appropriate level of formality.
Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
FAQ: What does "you" mean in Javanese? Answer: The Javanese language has multiple words for "you" based on speech levels and social relationships. The three main forms are: kowé (informal/ngoko) used with equals, friends, or inferiors; sampéyan (polite/madya) used with strangers or slight superiors; and panjenengan (very formal/krama) used with elders, teachers, or highly respected individuals. Additional regional variants include kon (Eastern Java), rika (Western Java), and panjenengan dalem for royalty. This system reflects Javanese cultural values of respect, hierarchy, and social harmony.
In the following 15 examples, you'll encounter these pronouns in various contexts: casual conversations between friends using kowé, polite exchanges with sampéyan, and formal addresses with panjenengan. The examples demonstrate how pronoun choice affects entire sentences, as Javanese maintains consistency in speech levels throughout utterances, influencing vocabulary choices beyond just the pronoun itself.
Educational Classification: This is language learning material designed for English speakers studying Javanese as a foreign language, using the Latinum Institute's interlinear glossing method for accelerated comprehension.
Key Takeaways: -
Javanese has multiple pronouns for "you" based on social hierarchy -
Ngoko (kowé) for informal situations -
Madya (sampéyan) for polite/neutral contexts -
Krama (panjenengan) for formal/respectful address -
Speech level affects entire sentences, not just pronouns -
Regional dialects have additional variations
Javanese uses both Latin script (modern) and traditional Javanese script (Hanacaraka/ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ). This lesson primarily uses Latin script with romanization following standard Indonesian orthography. Key pronunciation notes: -
é = /e/ as in "way" (closed e) -
è = /ɛ/ as in "bet" (open e) -
dh = retroflex d -
th = retroflex t -
ng = /ŋ/ as in "sing" -
ny = /ɲ/ as in Spanish "ñ"
Common learner mistakes: -
Using the wrong speech level pronoun (social faux pas) -
Mixing speech levels within a sentence -
Not adjusting verb vocabulary to match pronoun formality -
Confusing kowé with kon (dialectal variations)
9.1 Kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL arep (arep) will lunga (lunga) go menyang (menyang) to endi (endi) where
9.2 Sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE badhe (badhe) will-POLITE tindak (tindak) go-POLITE pundi (pundi) where-POLITE
9.3 Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL kersa (kersa) will-FORMAL rawuh (rawuh) come-FORMAL wonten (wonten) at-FORMAL griya (griya) house-FORMAL
9.4 Kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL wis (wis) already mangan (mangan) eat durung (durung) not-yet
9.5 Sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE sampun (sampun) already-POLITE nedha (nedha) eat-POLITE dereng (dereng) not-yet-POLITE
9.6 Apa (apa) what kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL ngerti (ngerti) understand basa (basa) language Jawa (Jawa) Java
9.7 Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL saking (saking) from-FORMAL pundi (pundi) where-FORMAL asalipun (asalipun) origin-FORMAL-POSS
9.8 Sira (sira) you-LITERARY kudu (kudu) must ngati-ati (ngati-ati) careful ing (ing) in dalan (dalan) road
9.9 Kon (kon) you-EASTERN gelem (gelem) willing ora (ora) not nulungi (nulungi) help aku (aku) I
9.10 Rika (rika) you-WESTERN kepiye (kepiye) how kabare (kabare) news-POSS saiki (saiki) now
9.11 Awakmu (awakmu) you-BODY lara (lara) sick apa (apa) what ora (ora) not
9.12 Sliramu (sliramu) you-BODY-POLITE sehat (sehat) healthy ta (ta) QUESTION dinten (dinten) day niki (niki) this-POLITE
9.13 Kowe (kowé) you-INFORMAL kabeh (kabèh) all padha (padha) same sinau (sinau) study ing (ing) at kene (kene) here
9.14 Njenengan (njenengan) you-FORMAL-SHORT purun (purun) willing-FORMAL maringi (maringi) give-FORMAL pitutur (pitutur) advice-FORMAL dhateng (dhateng) to-FORMAL kula (kula) I-FORMAL
9.15 Kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL iku (iku) that sapa (sapa) who jenengé (jenengé) name-POSS
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9.1 Kowé arep lunga menyang endi? Where are you going?
9.2 Sampéyan badhe tindak pundi? Where are you going? (polite)
9.3 Panjenengan kersa rawuh wonten griya? Will you come to the house? (formal)
9.4 Kowé wis mangan durung? Have you eaten yet?
9.5 Sampéyan sampun nedha dereng? Have you eaten yet? (polite)
9.6 Apa kowé ngerti basa Jawa? Do you understand Javanese?
9.7 Panjenengan saking pundi asalipun? Where are you from? (formal)
9.8 Sira kudu ngati-ati ing dalan. You must be careful on the road. (literary)
9.9 Kon gelem ora nulungi aku? Are you willing to help me? (Eastern dialect)
9.10 Rika kepiye kabare saiki? How are you now? (Western dialect)
9.11 Awakmu lara apa ora? Are you sick or not?
9.12 Sliramu sehat ta dinten niki? Are you healthy today? (polite)
9.13 Kowé kabèh padha sinau ing kene. You all study here together.
9.14 Njenengan purun maringi pitutur dhateng kula? Would you give advice to me? (formal)
9.15 Kowé iku sapa jenengé? What is your name?
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9.1 Kowé arep lunga menyang endi?
9.2 Sampéyan badhe tindak pundi?
9.3 Panjenengan kersa rawuh wonten griya?
9.4 Kowé wis mangan durung?
9.5 Sampéyan sampun nedha dereng?
9.6 Apa kowé ngerti basa Jawa?
9.7 Panjenengan saking pundi asalipun?
9.8 Sira kudu ngati-ati ing dalan.
9.9 Kon gelem ora nulungi aku?
9.10 Rika kepiye kabare saiki?
9.11 Awakmu lara apa ora?
9.12 Sliramu sehat ta dinten niki?
9.13 Kowé kabèh padha sinau ing kene.
9.14 Njenengan purun maringi pitutur dhateng kula?
9.15 Kowé iku sapa jenengé?
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These are the grammar rules for Javanese second-person pronouns:
Speech Levels (Unggah-ungguh): Javanese employs a complex system of speech levels that affects pronoun choice and entire sentences. The three main levels are: -
Ngoko (Low/Informal): -
Pronoun: kowé (Central Java), kon/koen (Eastern Java), rika (Western Java) -
Used with: friends, younger people, inferiors, or when showing familiarity -
Vocabulary: basic Javanese learned at home -
Example: Kowé wis mangan? (Have you eaten?) -
Madya (Middle/Polite): -
Pronoun: sampéyan -
Used with: strangers, slight superiors, neutral situations -
Vocabulary: intermediate between ngoko and krama -
Example: Sampéyan sampun nedha? (Have you eaten?) -
Krama (High/Formal): -
Pronoun: panjenengan (or shortened to njenengan) -
Used with: elders, teachers, superiors, respected individuals -
Vocabulary: entirely different word choices -
Example: Panjenengan sampun dhahar? (Have you eaten?)
Special Forms: -
awakmu/sliramu: "your body" - used as pronouns -
panjenengan dalem: ultra-formal for royalty -
sira: literary/archaic form found in traditional texts
Common Mistakes: -
Mixing speech levels within a sentence (must maintain consistency) -
Using ngoko with elders (considered very rude) -
Using krama unnecessarily with close friends (creates distance) -
Not matching verb vocabulary to pronoun level
Comparison with English: English's single "you" contrasts sharply with Javanese's multiple forms. While English lost its thou/you distinction, Javanese maintains and actively uses its hierarchical system. This reflects fundamental cultural differences: English emphasizes equality, while Javanese emphasizes social harmony through appropriate respect markers.
Step-by-Step Selection: -
Assess relationship: age, status, familiarity -
Choose appropriate level: ngoko, madya, or krama -
Select corresponding pronoun -
Maintain level throughout sentence with matching vocabulary -
Adjust if social context changes
Grammatical Summary: -
No gender distinction in pronouns -
No singular/plural distinction (kabèh = "all" added for plurality) -
Regional variations exist but follow same hierarchical pattern -
Pronouns can be omitted when context is clear -
Speech level affects entire utterance, not just pronouns
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Formal and Informal Usage: The choice of pronoun immediately establishes social relationships in Javanese society. Using kowé with an elder is not just grammatically incorrect but culturally offensive, potentially damaging relationships permanently. Conversely, using panjenengan with close friends creates awkward social distance. Javanese speakers constantly navigate these choices, demonstrating linguistic competence as social competence.
Cultural Significance: The pronoun system embodies core Javanese values: -
Andhap asor (humility): showing respect through language -
Tata krama (etiquette): proper social behavior -
Rukun (harmony): maintaining peaceful relationships -
Hormat (respect): honoring social hierarchies
The system teaches children social awareness from early age, as they must use different pronouns with parents (sampéyan/panjenengan) versus friends (kowé).
Regional Variations: -
Central Java (Solo-Yogya): kowé dominant in ngoko -
Eastern Java (Surabaya-Malang): kon/koen preferred -
Western Java (Banyumas): rika used informally -
Coastal areas: often more egalitarian, less strict levels -
Rural vs Urban: villages maintain stricter hierarchies
Idiomatic Expressions: -
Kowé ki sapa ta? = "Who do you think you are?" -
Sampéyan niku sinten? = "Who might you be?" (polite inquiry) -
Panjenengan kula hormati = "I respect you" (formal declaration) -
Awakmu dhéwé = "yourself" (emphatic) -
Kowé kabèh = "all of you" (plural)
Syntactical Peculiarities: Javanese allows pronoun dropping more than English, especially in imperatives. "Lungaa!" (Go!) implies "you" without stating it. The pronoun position is flexible but typically subject-initial. In questions, pronouns often appear after question words: "Sapa kowé?" (Who are you?) rather than "Kowé sapa?" though both are acceptable.
Variant Observations: Modern urban Javanese, especially in Jakarta, shows simplification toward sampéyan as universal polite form. Text messaging among youth often uses kowé regardless of hierarchy, reflecting Indonesian influence and changing social dynamics. However, traditional contexts (ceremonies, formal meetings) maintain strict level distinctions.
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From Serat Wedhatama by KGPAA Mangkunegara IV (19th century), Pupuh Pangkur, verse 1:
Original Text (41 words): Mingkar-mingkuring angkara akarana karenan mardi siwi sinawung resmining kidung sinuba sinukarta mrih kertarta pakartining ngelmu luhung kang tumrap neng tanah Jawa agama ageming aji
Mingkar-mingkuring (mingkar-mingkuring) turning-away-from angkara (angkara) evil akarana (akarana) because-of karenan (karenan) desire mardi (mardi) educate siwi (siwi) children sinawung (sinawung) woven-PASSIVE resmining (resmining) beauty-of kidung (kidung) song sinuba (sinuba) adorned-PASSIVE sinukarta (sinukarta) made-beautiful-PASSIVE mrih (mrih) so-that kertarta (kertarta) well-being pakartining (pakartining) practice-of ngelmu (ngelmu) knowledge luhung (luhung) noble kang (kang) which tumrap (tumrap) applies neng (neng) in tanah (tanah) land Jawa (Jawa) Java agama (agama) religion ageming (ageming) clothing-of aji (aji) king
Mingkar-mingkuring angkara, akarana karenan mardi siwi, sinawung resmining kidung, sinuba sinukarta, mrih kertarta pakartining ngelmu luhung, kang tumrap neng tanah Jawa, agama ageming aji.
Turning away from evil, because of the desire to educate children, woven into beautiful songs, adorned and made beautiful, so that the practice of noble knowledge may bring well-being, which applies in the land of Java, religion is the clothing of kings.
Mingkar-mingkuring angkara akarana karenan mardi siwi sinawung resmining kidung sinuba sinukarta mrih kertarta pakartining ngelmu luhung kang tumrap neng tanah Jawa agama ageming aji
This opening verse of Serat Wedhatama demonstrates classical Javanese literary language with Sanskrit influences. The text uses no second-person pronouns, maintaining impersonal wisdom teaching style. The passive voice constructions (sinawung, sinuba, sinukarta) are typical of formal Javanese, avoiding direct address. The word "ngelmu" differs from "ilmu" (knowledge), referring specifically to spiritual/mystical knowledge combined with ethical behavior. "Angkara" (from Sanskrit ahaṃkāra) means evil or selfish ego. The metaphor "agama ageming aji" (religion as royal clothing) reflects the Hindu-Buddhist-Islamic synthesis in Javanese culture, where spiritual practice adorns and dignifies like royal garments. The verse structure follows tembang macapat rules with specific syllable counts and vowel endings for the Pangkur meter.
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9.16 Guru (guru) teacher : (:) COLON "Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL sampun (sampun) already-FORMAL maos (maos) read-FORMAL serat (serat) letter Wedhatama (Wedhatama) Wedhatama dereng (dereng) not-yet-FORMAL ?" (?) QUESTION
9.17 Murid (murid) student : (:) COLON "Sampun (sampun) already-FORMAL Pak (pak) sir , (,) COMMA nanging (nanging) but kula (kula) I-FORMAL dereng (dereng) not-yet-FORMAL mangertos (mangertos) understand-FORMAL sedaya (sedaya) all-FORMAL ." (.) PERIOD
9.18 Ibu (ibu) mother : (:) COLON "Kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL aja (aja) don't lali (lali) forget madang (madang) eat-INFORMAL sik (sik) first ya (ya) yes ." (.) PERIOD
9.19 Anak (anak) child : (:) COLON "Inggih (inggih) yes-FORMAL Bu (bu) mother , (,) COMMA sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE pun (pun) also mangan (mangan) eat ta (ta) QUESTION ?" (?) QUESTION
9.20 Wong (wong) person tuwa (tuwa) old : (:) COLON "Sliramu (sliramu) you-BODY-POLITE aja (aja) don't kesusu (kesusu) hurry ning (ning) in dalan (dalan) road ." (.) PERIOD
9.21 Kanca (kanca) friend : (:) COLON "Hé (hé) hey , (,) COMMA kowé (kowé) you-INFORMAL sesuk (sesuk) tomorrow teka (teka) come ora (ora) not ?" (?) QUESTION
9.22 Bakul (bakul) seller : (:) COLON "Sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE tumbas (tumbas) buy-POLITE napa (napa) what-POLITE dinten (dinten) day niki (niki) this-POLITE ?" (?) QUESTION
9.23 Pembeli (pembeli) buyer : (:) COLON "Njenengan (njenengan) you-FORMAL gadah (gadah) have-FORMAL gula (gula) sugar Jawi (Jawi) Javanese mboten (mboten) not-FORMAL ?" (?) QUESTION
9.24 Dalang (dalang) puppeteer : (:) COLON "Sira (sira) you-LITERARY iku (iku) that satriya (satriya) knight sing (sing) who bagus (bagus) handsome ." (.) PERIOD
9.25 Priyayi (priyayi) nobleman : (:) COLON "Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL dalem (dalem) ROYAL kersa (kersa) willing-FORMAL nampi (nampi) receive-FORMAL tamu (tamu) guest ?" (?) QUESTION
9.26 Bocah (bocah) child : (:) COLON "Kon (kon) you-EASTERN kok (kok) EMPHASIS nakal (nakal) naughty banget (banget) very ta (ta) PARTICLE ?" (?) QUESTION
9.27 Simbah (simbah) grandparent : (:) COLON "Awakmu (awakmu) you-BODY kudu (kudu) must ngaji (ngaji) recite-Quran ben (ben) so-that pinter (pinter) smart ." (.) PERIOD
9.28 Tetangga (tetangga) neighbor : (:) COLON "Rika (rika) you-WESTERN wis (wis) already rampung (rampung) finish gaweyan (gaweyan) work durung (durung) not-yet ?" (?) QUESTION
9.29 Kyai (kyai) religious-teacher : (:) COLON "Panjenengan (panjenengan) you-FORMAL sedaya (sedaya) all-FORMAL kedah (kedah) must-FORMAL sami (sami) together-FORMAL ngibadah (ngibadah) worship ." (.) PERIOD
9.30 Adik (adik) younger-sibling : (:) COLON "Mas (mas) older-brother , (,) COMMA sampéyan (sampéyan) you-POLITE kapan (kapan) when mulih (mulih) go-home ?" (?) QUESTION
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9.16 Guru: "Panjenengan sampun maos serat Wedhatama dereng?" Teacher: "Have you read the Wedhatama text yet?"
9.17 Murid: "Sampun Pak, nanging kula dereng mangertos sedaya." Student: "Yes sir, but I don't understand everything yet."
9.18 Ibu: "Kowé aja lali madang sik ya." Mother: "Don't forget to eat first, okay."
9.19 Anak: "Inggih Bu, sampéyan pun mangan ta?" Child: "Yes mother, have you eaten too?"
9.20 Wong tuwa: "Sliramu aja kesusu ning dalan." Elder: "Don't hurry on the road."
9.21 Kanca: "Hé, kowé sesuk teka ora?" Friend: "Hey, are you coming tomorrow?"
9.22 Bakul: "Sampéyan tumbas napa dinten niki?" Seller: "What are you buying today?"
9.23 Pembeli: "Njenengan gadah gula Jawi mboten?" Buyer: "Do you have Javanese sugar?"
9.24 Dalang: "Sira iku satriya sing bagus." Puppeteer: "You are a handsome knight."
9.25 Priyayi: "Panjenengan dalem kersa nampi tamu?" Nobleman: "Would Your Highness receive guests?"
9.26 Bocah: "Kon kok nakal banget ta?" Child: "Why are you so naughty?"
9.27 Simbah: "Awakmu kudu ngaji ben pinter." Grandparent: "You must study Quran to be smart."
9.28 Tetangga: "Rika wis rampung gaweyan durung?" Neighbor: "Have you finished work yet?"
9.29 Kyai: "Panjenengan sedaya kedah sami ngibadah." Religious teacher: "You all must worship together."
9.30 Adik: "Mas, sampéyan kapan mulih?" Younger sibling: "Brother, when are you coming home?"
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9.16 Guru: "Panjenengan sampun maos serat Wedhatama dereng?"
9.17 Murid: "Sampun Pak, nanging kula dereng mangertos sedaya."
9.18 Ibu: "Kowé aja lali madang sik ya."
9.19 Anak: "Inggih Bu, sampéyan pun mangan ta?"
9.20 Wong tuwa: "Sliramu aja kesusu ning dalan."
9.21 Kanca: "Hé, kowé sesuk teka ora?"
9.22 Bakul: "Sampéyan tumbas napa dinten niki?"
9.23 Pembeli: "Njenengan gadah gula Jawi mboten?"
9.24 Dalang: "Sira iku satriya sing bagus."
9.25 Priyayi: "Panjenengan dalem kersa nampi tamu?"
9.26 Bocah: "Kon kok nakal banget ta?"
9.27 Simbah: "Awakmu kudu ngaji ben pinter."
9.28 Tetangga: "Rika wis rampung gaweyan durung?"
9.29 Kyai: "Panjenengan sedaya kedah sami ngibadah."
9.30 Adik: "Mas, sampéyan kapan mulih?"
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This dialogue section demonstrates pronoun usage across various social contexts. Notice how children use sampéyan with parents but receive kowé in return, reflecting age hierarchy. The teacher-student exchange shows extreme formality with panjenengan and kula, using krama vocabulary throughout (maos instead of maca, mangertos instead of ngerti).
Regional variations appear naturally: kon in Eastern Javanese child speech, rika from Western dialect, and the literary sira in traditional puppet theater context. The phrase "panjenengan dalem" for royalty represents the highest respect level, rarely used in modern contexts except for Yogyakarta and Surakarta palace settings.
Code-switching occurs when speakers adjust formality mid-conversation. The mother uses informal kowé with her child but the child responds with polite sampéyan, showing learned respect. Among friends, kowé dominates unless age differences exist. The Islamic influence appears in "ngaji" (Quranic recitation) and "ngibadah" (worship), borrowings from Arabic fully integrated into Javanese.
Syntactically, questions often end with particles like ta (confirmation seeking) or ora (yes/no). The word order remains flexible but generally follows SVO pattern. Pronoun dropping occurs frequently: "Sesuk teka?" implies "you" without stating it.
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IPA Transcriptions for Key Pronouns: -
kowé [kowe] - informal "you" -
sampéyan [sampɛjan] - polite "you" -
panjenengan [paɲjənəŋan] - formal "you" -
kon [kɔn] - Eastern "you" -
rika [rikaʔ] - Western "you"
Common Pronunciation Errors: -
Not distinguishing é [e] from è [ɛ] changes meaning -
Pronouncing silent h in words (h often not pronounced) -
Missing retroflex sounds dh [ɖ] and th [ʈ] -
Not nasalizing ng [ŋ] properly -
Confusing ny [ɲ] with regular n
Tone and Stress Patterns: Javanese is not tonal but uses stress patterns. Generally, stress falls on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable: -
ko-WÉ (informal you) -
sam-PÉ-yan (polite you) -
pan-je-NENG-an (formal you)
In compounds and borrowed words, stress patterns may shift. Sanskrit loanwords often retain original stress.
Audio Reference Suggestions: -
Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Yogyakarta for formal Javanese -
Javanese wayang (puppet) performances for literary pronunciation -
Local television stations in Central and East Java -
YouTube channels teaching Javanese conversation
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The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative language learning materials since 2006, pioneering the use of comprehensible input through interlinear glossing and construed texts. This method, inspired by Renaissance polyglot traditions, enables autodidact learners to rapidly acquire reading comprehension in any language by presenting the target language with immediate, word-by-word English glosses.
Our Javanese course addresses the unique challenges of this hierarchical language system, where social relationships determine vocabulary choices. The interlinear method particularly suits Javanese learning, as students can immediately see how speech levels affect entire sentences, not just individual words. This transparency accelerates understanding of the complex unggah-ungguh (speech level) system that often frustrates learners using traditional methods.
The course draws from classical texts like Serat Wedhatama alongside modern conversational Javanese, bridging the literary tradition with contemporary usage. Each lesson presents authentic Javanese in multiple formats—from carefully glossed beginner texts to unmodified native materials—allowing learners to gradually develop independent reading skills while appreciating the cultural depth embedded in the language.
For more courses and the complete index of lessons, visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index or explore our full range of materials at latinum.org.uk. User reviews and testimonials available at https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk.
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