Lesson 108

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Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

108.1 Dux leader mīlitēs soldiers sequitur follows

108.2 Canem dog puer boy per through silvam forest secūtus est followed

108.3 Sequimur we follow viam road longam long ad to urbem city

108.4 Nōn not tē you sequar I will follow in into perīculum danger

108.5 Hostēs enemies nōs us diū for long time secūtī sunt followed

108.6 Magister teacher iubet orders discipulōs students sē himself sequī to follow

108.7 Umbra shadow hominem man ubīque everywhere sequitur follows

108.8 Rēgem king novum new populī peoples sequentur will follow

108.9 Verba words patris of father fīlius son semper always sequēbātur was following

108.10 Sequere follow! mē me inquit he says dux leader

108.11 Flūmen river viam path suam its own sequitur follows

108.12 Pāstor shepherd ovēs sheep errāntēs wandering secūtus est followed

108.13 Nox night diem day sequitur follows

108.14 Virtūtem virtue iuvenēs young men sequī to follow dēbent ought

108.15 Nāvēs ships ducem leader ship per through mare sea sequuntur follow

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

108.1 Dux mīlitēs sequitur. The leader follows the soldiers.

108.2 Canem puer per silvam secūtus est. The boy followed the dog through the forest.

108.3 Sequimur viam longam ad urbem. We follow the long road to the city.

108.4 Nōn tē sequar in perīculum. I will not follow you into danger.

108.5 Hostēs nōs diū secūtī sunt. The enemies followed us for a long time.

108.6 Magister iubet discipulōs sē sequī. The teacher orders the students to follow him.

108.7 Umbra hominem ubīque sequitur. A shadow follows the man everywhere.

108.8 Rēgem novum populī sequentur. The peoples will follow the new king.

108.9 Verba patris fīlius semper sequēbātur. The son was always following his father's words.

108.10 "Sequere mē," inquit dux. "Follow me," says the leader.

108.11 Flūmen viam suam sequitur. The river follows its own path.

108.12 Pāstor ovēs errāntēs secūtus est. The shepherd followed the wandering sheep.

108.13 Nox diem sequitur. Night follows day.

108.14 Virtūtem iuvenēs sequī dēbent. Young men ought to follow virtue.

108.15 Nāvēs ducem per mare sequuntur. The ships follow the leader through the sea.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

108.1 Dux mīlitēs sequitur.

108.2 Canem puer per silvam secūtus est.

108.3 Sequimur viam longam ad urbem.

108.4 Nōn tē sequar in perīculum.

108.5 Hostēs nōs diū secūtī sunt.

108.6 Magister iubet discipulōs sē sequī.

108.7 Umbra hominem ubīque sequitur.

108.8 Rēgem novum populī sequentur.

108.9 Verba patris fīlius semper sequēbātur.

108.10 "Sequere mē," inquit dux.

108.11 Flūmen viam suam sequitur.

108.12 Pāstor ovēs errāntēs secūtus est.

108.13 Nox diem sequitur.

108.14 Virtūtem iuvenēs sequī dēbent.

108.15 Nāvēs ducem per mare sequuntur.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

For English speakers learning Latin, "sequor" is a crucial deponent verb that requires special attention: -

Deponent Nature: -

Looks passive but means active -

sequor = "I follow" (not "I am followed") -

Uses passive endings with active meaning -

No active forms exist -

Principal Parts: -

sequor (1st person present) -

sequī (infinitive) -

secūtus sum (perfect) -

All deponent verbs use passive forms -

Conjugation Examples: Present: -

sequor = I follow -

sequeris = you follow -

sequitur = he/she follows -

sequimur = we follow

Perfect: -

secūtus sum = I followed/have followed -

secūtus es = you followed -

secūtī sunt = they followed -

Common Constructions: -

With accusative direct object: "ducem sequor" (I follow the leader) -

With infinitive: "iubet mē sequī" (he orders me to follow) -

Imperative: "sequere!" (follow! - singular) -

Word Order Variations: -

Object first: "Virtūtem sequī" (to follow virtue) -

Verb first: "Sequitur umbra" (the shadow follows) -

Split construction: "Verba patris fīlius sequēbātur" (the son followed father's words)

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Part E (Cultural Context)

Understanding "sequor" in Roman culture reveals important social concepts: -

Military Context: -

Following commanders was sacred duty -

"Sequī signa" (follow the standards) was military motto -

Desertion (not following) meant death -

Victory depended on disciplined following -

Political Following: -

Clients followed patrons daily -

Political factions followed leaders -

"Sequor" implied loyalty and support -

Not just physical but ideological following -

Philosophical Usage: -

Stoics: "sequī natūram" (follow nature) -

Following virtue as life goal -

Teachers expected students to follow doctrine -

Intellectual discipleship common -

Religious Significance: -

Following gods' will paramount -

Processions literally followed priests -

Omens showed what to follow -

Fate (fatum) must be followed -

Modern English Connections: -

"Sequence" (things that follow) -

"Consequence" (what follows from) -

"Prosecute" (follow through legally) -

"Subsequent" (following after)

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Part F (Literary Citation)

From Caesar's De Bello Gallico 1.1:

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

108.1 Leader-x soldiers-ēs follow-itur

108.2 Dog-em boy-us through-r forest-am follow-ūtus est

108.3 Follow-imur road-am long-am to-d city-em

108.4 Not-n you-ē follow-ar into-n danger-um

108.5 Enemies-ēs us-ōs long time-ū follow-ūtī sunt

108.6 Teacher-r order-et students-ōs himself-ē follow-ī

108.7 Shadow-a man-inem everywhere-ue follow-itur

108.8 King-em new-um peoples-ī follow-entur

108.9 Words-a father-is son-us always-er follow-ēbātur

108.10 Follow-ere me-ē say-it leader-x

108.11 River-en path-am own-am follow-itur

108.12 Shepherd-or sheep-ēs wandering-ēs follow-ūtus est

108.13 Night-x day-em follow-itur

108.14 Virtue-em young men-ēs follow-ī ought-ent

108.15 Ships-ēs leader-em through-r sea-e follow-untur

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Part F-B (Complete Translation)

Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt. Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen, ā Belgīs Mātrona et Sēquana dīvidit. Hōrum omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae.

All these differ among themselves in language, customs, and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitanians, the Marne and Seine from the Belgians. Of all these, the Belgians are the bravest.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Caesar uses geographical boundaries (rivers) that people follow to define tribal territories. The rivers literally "lead" or mark the boundaries that peoples follow in establishing their separate identities.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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"inter sē" = reciprocal pronoun construction -

Ablative of respect: "linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus" -

Rivers as subjects with active verb "dīvidit" -

Superlative "fortissimī" for emphasis -

Parallel structure in listing differences

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Genre Section: Historical Narrative

Part A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Hī these omnēs all linguā in language īnstitūtīs in customs lēgibus in laws inter among sē themselves differunt differ. Gallōs the Gauls ab from Aquītānīs Aquitanians Garumna Garonne flūmen river, ā from Belgīs Belgians Mātrona Marne et and Sēquana Seine dīvidit divides. Hōrum of these omnium all fortissimī bravest sunt are Belgae the Belgians.

Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

108.16 Hannibal cum elephantīs Alpēs trānsīre cōnstituit. Hannibal decided to cross the Alps with elephants.

108.17 Mīlitēs Poenī ducem suum fīdēliter secūtī sunt. The Carthaginian soldiers faithfully followed their leader.

108.18 Per nivēs altās et viās angustās exercitus sequēbātur. Through deep snows and narrow paths the army was following.

108.19 Multī elephantī in montibus perīērunt, sed Hannibal iter sequī persevērāvit. Many elephants perished in the mountains, but Hannibal persevered in following his journey.

108.20 Gallī quī in Italiā habitābant Hannibalem sequī coeperunt. The Gauls who were living in Italy began to follow Hannibal.

108.21 Rōmānī terrebantur quod tot gentēs Hannibalem sequēbantur. The Romans were terrified because so many peoples were following Hannibal.

108.22 Scipiō cōnsul Hannibalem ad Tīcīnum flūmen secūtus est. The consul Scipio followed Hannibal to the Ticinus river.

108.23 Post pugnam Rōmānī fugientēs Hannibalem sequī nōn ausī sunt. After the battle the fleeing Romans did not dare to follow Hannibal.

108.24 Fabius dictātor novam ratiōnem bellī sequī dēcrēvit. Fabius the dictator decided to follow a new strategy of war.

108.25 Nōn pugnam sed moram Fabius sequēbātur. Fabius was following not battle but delay.

108.26 Ubīcumque Hannibal īret, Fabius eum procul sequēbātur. Wherever Hannibal would go, Fabius was following him from afar.

108.27 Hannibal nōn poterat Fabium ad pugnam ēlicere, quamquam eum semper sequēbātur. Hannibal was not able to draw Fabius out to battle, although he was always following him.

108.28 Tandem Varrō cōnsul veterem mōrem pugnandī sequī voluit. Finally the consul Varro wished to follow the old custom of fighting.

108.29 Ad Cannās Rōmānī Hannibalem in pugnam secūtī sunt. At Cannae the Romans followed Hannibal into battle.

108.30 Post clādem Rōmānī iterum Fabiī cōnsilium sequī dīdicērunt. After the disaster the Romans again learned to follow Fabius's plan.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

108.16 Hannibal cum elephantīs Alpēs trānsīre cōnstituit.

108.17 Mīlitēs Poenī ducem suum fīdēliter secūtī sunt.

108.18 Per nivēs altās et viās angustās exercitus sequēbātur.

108.19 Multī elephantī in montibus perīērunt, sed Hannibal iter sequī persevērāvit.

108.20 Gallī quī in Italiā habitābant Hannibalem sequī coeperunt.

108.21 Rōmānī terrebantur quod tot gentēs Hannibalem sequēbantur.

108.22 Scipiō cōnsul Hannibalem ad Tīcīnum flūmen secūtus est.

108.23 Post pugnam Rōmānī fugientēs Hannibalem sequī nōn ausī sunt.

108.24 Fabius dictātor novam ratiōnem bellī sequī dēcrēvit.

108.25 Nōn pugnam sed moram Fabius sequēbātur.

108.26 Ubīcumque Hannibal īret, Fabius eum procul sequēbātur.

108.27 Hannibal nōn poterat Fabium ad pugnam ēlicere, quamquam eum semper sequēbātur.

108.28 Tandem Varrō cōnsul veterem mōrem pugnandī sequī voluit.

108.29 Ad Cannās Rōmānī Hannibalem in pugnam secūtī sunt.

108.30 Post clādem Rōmānī iterum Fabiī cōnsilium sequī dīdicērunt.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation for Historical Narrative)

This historical narrative demonstrates advanced uses of "sequor" in context: -

Complementary Infinitive: -

"sequī persevērāvit" (persevered in following) -

"sequī coeperunt" (began to follow) -

"sequī dēcrēvit" (decided to follow) -

"sequī voluit" (wished to follow) -

"sequī dīdicērunt" (learned to follow) -

Perfect Tense Variations: -

"secūtī sunt" (they followed) - plural masculine -

"secūtus est" (he followed) - singular masculine -

Shows agreement with subject in deponent verbs -

Imperfect for Ongoing Action: -

"sequēbātur" (was following) - continuous past action -

"sequēbantur" (were following) - plural form -

Used for Fabius's persistent shadowing strategy -

Indirect Statement: -

"Rōmānī terrebantur quod tot gentēs Hannibalem sequēbantur" -

"quod" + indicative for factual reason -

Conditional Clauses: -

"Ubīcumque Hannibal īret" (wherever Hannibal would go) -

Subjunctive in subordinate clause with "ubīcumque" -

Object Placement: -

Direct object before verb: "Hannibalem sequī" -

Direct object after verb: "sequī cōnsilium" -

Shows flexible Latin word order -

Military Technical Terms: -

"in pugnam sequī" (follow into battle) -

"procul sequēbātur" (was following from afar) -

Specific military contexts for "sequor" -

Compound Verbs with sequor: -

"persevērāvit" (persevered) + infinitive -

"ausī sunt" (dared) + infinitive -

Shows how deponent infinitives work with other verbs

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