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Welcome to Lesson 202 of the Latinum Institute Classical Latin Reading Course. This course uses the construed reading method to help English-speaking autodidact students develop genuine reading fluency in Classical Latin. Each lesson focuses on one high-frequency word from the Dickinson Core Vocabulary, building your working knowledge systematically from the most common words outward.
You can find the full course index at: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
What does ingēns mean in Classical Latin?
The adjective ingēns, ingentis means “huge,” “enormous,” “vast,” or “mighty.” It is a third declension adjective of one termination — meaning that the nominative singular form ingēns serves for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike. Only in the accusative singular neuter and the nominative/accusative neuter plural do the forms differ from the masculine and feminine. This adjective belongs to the i-stem category, which affects the ablative singular (ingentī) and the genitive plural (ingentium).
Ingēns is among the most vivid and powerful adjectives in the Latin language. Vergil uses it repeatedly in the Aeneid to evoke the overwhelming scale of heroes, monsters, storms, and emotions. Livy employs it in his histories to convey the magnitude of battles, armies, and the events that shaped Rome. Caesar and Cicero likewise reach for ingēns when ordinary words for “big” — magnus, grandis — simply will not suffice. Where magnus states a fact of size, ingēns creates an impression of awe.
The word likely derives from the prefix in- (here intensifying, not negating) combined with the root gen- (to produce, to be born), giving the original sense of something “beyond natural measure” — something whose very birth or origin defies the ordinary. This etymological nuance helps explain why Latin authors preferred ingēns for things that inspired wonder, terror, or reverence.
In the fifteen examples that follow, you will encounter ingēns modifying a variety of nouns across all genders and in several cases, illustrating how this adjective agrees with the noun it modifies while maintaining its own third declension endings.
Key Takeaways -
Ingēns is a one-termination third declension i-stem adjective: the nominative singular form is the same for all three genders. -
The genitive singular ingentis provides the stem ingent- to which all other case endings are added. -
The ablative singular ends in -ī (not -e), following the i-stem pattern. -
The genitive plural is ingentium, and the neuter nominative/accusative plural is ingentia. -
Ingēns conveys not just physical size but also emotional or conceptual magnitude — a huge grief, a vast undertaking, an enormous danger.
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ingēns [ˈɪn.ɡeːns] — The e is long; stress falls on the first syllable. The ng cluster is pronounced as in English “finger,” not as in “singer.”
ingentis [ɪn.ˈɡen.tɪs] — Genitive singular. Stress shifts to the second syllable.
ingentem [ɪn.ˈɡen.tem] — Accusative singular masculine/feminine.
ingentī [ɪn.ˈɡen.tiː] — Ablative singular. Note the long -ī, characteristic of i-stem adjectives.
ingentēs [ɪn.ˈɡen.teːs] — Nominative/accusative plural masculine/feminine.
ingentia [ɪn.ˈɡen.tɪ.a] — Nominative/accusative plural neuter.
ingentium [ɪn.ˈɡen.tɪ.ʊm] — Genitive plural, all genders.
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202.1 Ingēns huge saxum stone dē from monte mountain cecidit fell
202.2 Mīlitēs soldiers ingentem huge hostem enemy vīdērunt saw
202.3 Flūmen river ingēns huge per through agrōs fields fluēbat was flowing
202.4 Rēx king ingentī huge cum with exercitū army vēnit came
202.5 Mūrī walls urbis of the city ingentēs huge erant were
202.6 Nautae sailors ingentēs huge flūctūs waves maris of the sea timēbant feared
202.7 Tempestās storm ingēns huge nāvēs ships nostrās our dēlēvit destroyed
202.8 Caesar Caesar ingentia huge opera works in in Galliā Gaul fēcit made
202.9 Vōx voice ingēns huge per through tōtam entire silvam forest sonuit resounded
202.10 Dolor grief ingēns huge animum mind patris of the father oppressit overwhelmed
202.11 Lūna moon super over ingentia huge tēcta roofs templōrum of temples surgēbat was rising
202.12 Imperātor commander ingentī huge virtūte with courage bellum war gessit waged
202.13 Servī slaves ingentium of huge saxōrum stones pondus weight vix scarcely ferēbant were bearing
202.14 Populus people Rōmānus Roman ingentī huge gaudiō with joy victōriam victory celebrāvit celebrated
202.15 Talia such things voce with voice refert he relates cūrīsque and with anxieties ingentibus huge aeger sick spem hope vultū with face simulat feigns
202.1 Ingēns saxum dē monte cecidit. → “A huge rock fell from the mountain.”
202.2 Mīlitēs ingentem hostem vīdērunt. → “The soldiers saw the enormous enemy.”
202.3 Flūmen ingēns per agrōs fluēbat. → “A vast river was flowing through the fields.”
202.4 Rēx ingentī cum exercitū vēnit. → “The king came with a huge army.”
202.5 Mūrī urbis ingentēs erant. → “The walls of the city were enormous.”
202.6 Nautae ingentēs flūctūs maris timēbant. → “The sailors feared the huge waves of the sea.”
202.7 Tempestās ingēns nāvēs nostrās dēlēvit. → “An enormous storm destroyed our ships.”
202.8 Caesar ingentia opera in Galliā fēcit. → “Caesar built huge works in Gaul.”
202.9 Vōx ingēns per tōtam silvam sonuit. → “A mighty voice resounded through the entire forest.”
202.10 Dolor ingēns animum patris oppressit. → “Immense grief overwhelmed the father’s mind.”
202.11 Lūna super ingentia tēcta templōrum surgēbat. → “The moon was rising above the huge roofs of the temples.”
202.12 Imperātor ingentī virtūte bellum gessit. → “The general waged war with enormous courage.”
202.13 Servī ingentium saxōrum pondus vix ferēbant. → “The slaves could barely carry the weight of the huge rocks.”
202.14 Populus Rōmānus ingentī gaudiō victōriam celebrāvit. → “The Roman people celebrated the victory with immense joy.”
202.15 Talia voce refert, cūrīsque ingentibus aeger, spem vultū simulat. → “He speaks these words, and though sick with enormous cares, he feigns hope on his face.” (After Vergil, Aeneid I.208–209)
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202.1 Ingēns saxum dē monte cecidit.
202.2 Mīlitēs ingentem hostem vīdērunt.
202.3 Flūmen ingēns per agrōs fluēbat.
202.4 Rēx ingentī cum exercitū vēnit.
202.5 Mūrī urbis ingentēs erant.
202.6 Nautae ingentēs flūctūs maris timēbant.
202.7 Tempestās ingēns nāvēs nostrās dēlēvit.
202.8 Caesar ingentia opera in Galliā fēcit.
202.9 Vōx ingēns per tōtam silvam sonuit.
202.10 Dolor ingēns animum patris oppressit.
202.11 Lūna super ingentia tēcta templōrum surgēbat.
202.12 Imperātor ingentī virtūte bellum gessit.
202.13 Servī ingentium saxōrum pondus vix ferēbant.
202.14 Populus Rōmānus ingentī gaudiō victōriam celebrāvit.
202.15 Talia voce refert, cūrīsque ingentibus aeger, spem vultū simulat.
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Grammar Rules for This Passage
The following grammar notes explain the key structures and patterns found in the fifteen examples above. They are designed specifically for English speakers learning Classical Latin.
The Third Declension Adjective of One Termination
Ingēns belongs to a category of adjectives that have only one form in the nominative singular for all three genders. Unlike first-and-second declension adjectives such as bonus, -a, -um, which have clearly distinct masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative forms, one-termination adjectives look identical across genders in the nominative. The dictionary entry ingēns, ingentis gives you two pieces of information: the nominative singular (used for all genders) and the genitive singular (which reveals the stem).
To decline ingēns, remove the genitive ending -is to find the stem ingent-, then add the standard third declension i-stem endings. The full declension is as follows:
Singular — Nominative: ingēns (all genders). Genitive: ingentis. Dative: ingentī. Accusative: ingentem (masculine/feminine), ingēns (neuter). Ablative: ingentī.
Plural — Nominative: ingentēs (masculine/feminine), ingentia (neuter). Genitive: ingentium. Dative: ingentibus. Accusative: ingentēs (masculine/feminine), ingentia (neuter). Ablative: ingentibus.
I-Stem Features
The i-stem characteristics of ingēns are important to note. The ablative singular ends in -ī rather than -e. This distinguishes i-stem adjectives from ordinary third declension nouns. The genitive plural ends in -ium (not -um), and the neuter nominative/accusative plural ends in -ia (not -a). See examples 202.4 and 202.12 for the ablative singular ingentī, example 202.13 for the genitive plural ingentium, and example 202.8 for the neuter plural ingentia.
Adjective-Noun Agreement
Latin adjectives must agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case, but they need not belong to the same declension. In example 202.4, ingentī exercitū pairs the third declension adjective ingentī (ablative singular) with the fourth declension noun exercitū (ablative singular). Though their declensions differ, both words are ablative singular masculine, and agreement is maintained. Similarly, in 202.14, ingentī gaudiō pairs a third declension adjective with a second declension neuter noun — both ablative singular neuter.
Position of the Adjective
In prose, Latin adjectives most commonly follow their nouns, but in poetry and elevated prose they frequently precede. When ingēns is placed before its noun (as in 202.1, ingēns saxum), it receives additional emphasis — the reader encounters the quality of hugeness before discovering what is huge. When placed after (as in 202.3, flūmen ingēns), the effect is more matter-of-fact. Both orders are grammatically correct, and the choice is stylistic.
Ablative of Manner and Ablative of Accompaniment
Several examples illustrate the ablative case used with cum. In 202.4, ingentī cum exercitū is an ablative of accompaniment (”with a huge army”). In 202.12 and 202.14, the constructions ingentī virtūte and ingentī gaudiō function as ablatives of manner (”with enormous courage,” “with immense joy”). When the ablative of manner is modified by an adjective, the preposition cum may be omitted, as in these examples, or included and placed between adjective and noun (ingentī cum gaudiō).
Common Student Errors
English speakers often forget that the ablative singular of i-stem adjectives ends in -ī, not -e. Writing ingente instead of ingentī is a frequent mistake. Another common error is using ingentem for neuter accusative singular — the correct neuter accusative singular is ingēns, identical to the nominative. Finally, students sometimes confuse ingentium (genitive plural of the adjective) with ingenium (a second declension noun meaning “nature, talent, genius”). Context will always distinguish them.
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The adjective ingēns opens a window into Roman perceptions of scale, grandeur, and the sublime. For a civilization that built the Colosseum, spanned continents with roads, and engineered aqueducts stretching hundreds of miles, the concept of enormity was not merely descriptive — it was aspirational. Roman public architecture was designed to overwhelm, and the language reflected this ambition.
In literature, ingēns carries distinct emotional weight depending on its context. When Vergil describes the Cyclops Polyphemus as mōnstrum horrendum, īnforme, ingēns — “a monster dreadful, shapeless, huge” (Aeneid III.658) — the adjective contributes to a crescendo of horror. When Livy writes of ingentēs cōpiae (”enormous forces”), he evokes the sheer military power that made and unmade nations. When Cicero describes ingēns dolor (”immense grief”), he brings emotional experience into the register of the physically overwhelming.
The word sits in a semantic field alongside several other Latin adjectives of size: magnus (great, large — the neutral, common term), grandis (tall, imposing — often used of physical stature), immānis (monstrous, savage — with connotations of the unnatural), vāstus (desolate, immense — with overtones of emptiness), and immensum (unmeasured, boundless). Each carries its own shade of meaning. Ingēns distinguishes itself by combining raw physical magnitude with a sense of the awe-inspiring — it is the word you reach for when something is not merely big, but staggeringly, impressively, almost unbelievably so.
In everyday speech and writing, magnus would have served for most purposes. Ingēns was the elevated alternative, reserved for literary, oratorical, and formal contexts where the writer wished to make the audience feel the scale of what was being described, not merely understand it intellectually.
The comparative ingentior and superlative ingentissimus exist but are rare in classical prose and poetry. Most Roman authors preferred to intensify ingēns with adverbs or through rhetorical amplification rather than by declining it further. This itself tells us something about the word: ingēns was already felt to be at the upper end of the scale, and pushing it further with morphological comparison seemed superfluous to careful stylists.
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Source: Vergil, Aeneid III.655–661 — The Trojans sight the blinded Cyclops Polyphemus on the shore of Sicily.
Part F-A: Interleaved Construed Text
Vix scarcely ea those-things-ACC fātus having-spoken-NOM erat he-had summō highest-ABL cum when monte mountain-ABL vidēmus we-see ipsum himself-ACC inter among pecudēs sheep-ACC vāstā vast-ABL sē himself-ACC mōle bulk-ABL moventem moving-ACC pāstōrem shepherd-ACC Polyphēmum Polyphemus-ACC et and lītora shores-ACC nōta known-ACC petentem, seeking-ACC, mōnstrum monster-NOM horrendum, dreadful-NOM, īnforme, shapeless-NOM, ingēns, huge-NOM, cui to-whom-DAT lūmen light-NOM adēmptum. taken-away-NOM. Trunca broken-NOM manum hand-ACC pīnus pine-NOM regit guides et and vestīgia steps-ACC firmat; steadies; lānigerae wool-bearing-NOM comitantur accompany ovēs; sheep-NOM; ea that-NOM sōla only-NOM voluptās pleasure-NOM sōlāmenque and-comfort-NOM malī. of-suffering-GEN.
Part F-B: Text with Translation
Vix ea fātus erat summō cum monte vidēmus / ipsum inter pecudēs vāstā sē mōle moventem / pāstōrem Polyphēmum et lītora nōta petentem, / mōnstrum horrendum, īnforme, ingēns, cui lūmen adēmptum. / Trunca manum pīnus regit et vestīgia firmat; / lānigerae comitantur ovēs; ea sōla voluptās / sōlāmenque malī.
→ “He had scarcely spoken these words when from the mountain’s peak we see Polyphemus himself, the shepherd, moving his vast bulk among his flocks and making for the familiar shore — a monster dreadful, shapeless, huge, whose eye had been taken from him. A broken pine guided his hand and steadied his steps; his woolly sheep accompanied him — that was his only pleasure, his only comfort in suffering.”
Part F-C: Latin Text Only
Vix ea fātus erat summō cum monte vidēmus ipsum inter pecudēs vāstā sē mōle moventem pāstōrem Polyphēmum et lītora nōta petentem, mōnstrum horrendum, īnforme, ingēns, cui lūmen adēmptum. Trunca manum pīnus regit et vestīgia firmat; lānigerae comitantur ovēs; ea sōla voluptās sōlāmenque malī.
Part F-D: Grammar Commentary
This passage is one of the most celebrated in the Aeneid and showcases Vergil’s mastery of the appositional adjective cluster. The phrase mōnstrum horrendum, īnforme, ingēns places three adjectives in asyndeton (without conjunctions) after the noun, building a crescendo of horror — dreadful, shapeless, huge. Each adjective is nominative singular neuter, agreeing with mōnstrum. Note that ingēns serves as the climactic third member of this tricolon: Vergil saves the most physically overwhelming descriptor for last.
The relative clause cui lūmen adēmptum (literally “to whom the light [was] taken away”) uses the dative of disadvantage cui and the perfect passive participle adēmptum (from adimō, adimere, adēmī, adēmptum, “to take away”). The suppressed verb est is characteristic of elevated Latin poetry.
The construction vāstā sē mōle moventem — “moving his vast bulk” — uses the reflexive pronoun sē as an accusative of respect with the participle moventem, itself modifying pāstōrem Polyphēmum. The ablative mōle functions as an ablative of manner.
The final phrase ea sōla voluptās sōlāmenque malī is a poignant nominative sentence (”that [was] the only pleasure and comfort in his suffering”), with the genitive malī functioning as an objective genitive. The pathos is striking — Vergil, even when describing a monster, finds room for compassion.
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In this genre section, ingēns appears within a coherent descriptive passage evoking the grandeur of Rome’s monuments and the awe they inspired in visitors. Since ingēns is an adjective, a descriptive passage best demonstrates its natural range of use across varied contexts.
Part A: Interlinear Construed Text
This passage celebrates the magnificence of ancient Rome through a series of vivid descriptions using the adjective ingēns (enormous/huge) and related forms.
1. Physical Grandeur (sentences 16-20) - Rome's position on seven hills - Enormous gates and temples - The crowded Forum - Engineering marvels (aqueducts)
2. Architectural Splendor (sentences 21-26) - Augustus's marble buildings - The great Circus - The Appian Way - Remains of the baths
3. Power and Authority (sentences 27-30) - Military might inspiring fear - Unmatched glory - Poets celebrating the state - Noble sacrifice for the public good
- Nominative predicative adjectives: ingēns... urbs est (Rome is enormous) - Accusative with infinitives: intellegere potest (is able to understand) - Ablative of means: marmore ōrnāvit (adorned with marble) - Ablative of cause: ingentī metū captī (seized by enormous fear)
The final sentence (30) is particularly powerful—it contrasts the difficulty of serving Rome's public good with the greatness of the reward for those who fight for her.
Would you like me to clarify any particular sentences or grammatical constructions? Part B: Natural Sentences
202.16 Rōma urbs ingēns in septem collibus posita est. → “Rome is a huge city situated on seven hills.”
202.17 Viātor ingentem portam urbis prīmum aspicit. → “The traveller first beholds the enormous gate of the city.”
202.18 Ingentēs columnae templum Iovis sustinent. → “Huge columns support the temple of Jupiter.”
202.19 Forum Rōmānum ingentī multitūdine hominum semper plēnum erat. → “The Roman Forum was always full of an enormous crowd of people.”
202.20 Aquaeductūs ingentēs aquam ā montibus ad urbem dūcēbant. → “Enormous aqueducts brought water from the mountains to the city.”
202.21 Augustus imperātor ingentia aedificia marmore ōrnāvit. → “The emperor Augustus adorned enormous buildings with marble.”
202.22 Circus Maximus ingentī clāmōre spectātōrum resonābat. → “The Circus Maximus resounded with the enormous roar of the spectators.”
202.23 Via Appia ingentibus lapidibus strāta per Italiam prōcēdēbat. → “The Appian Way, paved with enormous stones, extended through Italy.”
202.24 Senātōrēs ingentī cūrā rem pūblicam administrābant. → “The senators administered the state with enormous care.”
202.25 Ingentia simulācra deōrum in omnibus templīs stābant. → “Enormous statues of the gods stood in all the temples.”
202.26 Thermarum ingentium ruīnae hodiē quoque mīrābilēs sunt. → “The ruins of the enormous baths are wondrous even today.”
202.27 Hostēs ingentī metū captī fugiēbant cum legiōnēs Rōmānās vīdērunt. → “The enemies, seized by enormous fear, were fleeing when they saw the Roman legions.”
202.28 Nēmō nisi quī Rōmam ipse vīdit ingentem glōriam eius intellegere potest. → “No one can understand her enormous glory unless he himself has seen Rome.”
202.29 Poēta ingentibus verbīs patriam laudat et cīvēs ad virtūtem hortātur. → “The poet praises the fatherland with mighty words and urges the citizens toward virtue.”
202.30 Ingēns est opus, ingēns labor, sed ingēns quoque praemium eōrum quī prō rē pūblicā pūgnant. → “The task is enormous, the toil is enormous, but enormous too is the reward of those who fight for the republic.”
Part C: Latin Text Only
202.16 Rōma urbs ingēns in septem collibus posita est.
202.17 Viātor ingentem portam urbis prīmum aspicit.
202.18 Ingentēs columnae templum Iovis sustinent.
202.19 Forum Rōmānum ingentī multitūdine hominum semper plēnum erat.
202.20 Aquaeductūs ingentēs aquam ā montibus ad urbem dūcēbant.
202.21 Augustus imperātor ingentia aedificia marmore ōrnāvit.
202.22 Circus Maximus ingentī clāmōre spectātōrum resonābat.
202.23 Via Appia ingentibus lapidibus strāta per Italiam prōcēdēbat.
202.24 Senātōrēs ingentī cūrā rem pūblicam administrābant.
202.25 Ingentia simulācra deōrum in omnibus templīs stābant.
202.26 Thermarum ingentium ruīnae hodiē quoque mīrābilēs sunt.
202.27 Hostēs ingentī metū captī fugiēbant cum legiōnēs Rōmānās vīdērunt.
202.28 Nēmō nisi quī Rōmam ipse vīdit ingentem glōriam eius intellegere potest.
202.29 Poēta ingentibus verbīs patriam laudat et cīvēs ad virtūtem hortātur.
202.30 Ingēns est opus, ingēns labor, sed ingēns quoque praemium eōrum quī prō rē pūblicā pūgnant.
Part D: Grammar Notes for Genre Section
This descriptive passage demonstrates ingēns in every case form available across its declension. By collecting these examples together, the student can review the full range of agreements:
Nominative singular (all genders): ingēns — examples 202.16 (feminine, with urbs), 202.30 (neuter, with opus, labor, praemium).
Accusative singular masculine/feminine: ingentem — examples 202.17 (portam), 202.28 (glōriam).
Ablative singular: ingentī — examples 202.19, 202.22, 202.24, 202.27, all showing the characteristic i-stem -ī ending.
Nominative plural masculine/feminine: ingentēs — examples 202.18 (columnae), 202.20 (aquaeductūs).
Accusative plural neuter: ingentia — examples 202.21 (aedificia), 202.25 (simulācra).
Genitive plural: ingentium — example 202.26 (thermarum ingentium).
Ablative plural: ingentibus — examples 202.23 (lapidibus), 202.29 (verbīs).
Note particularly example 202.21: Augustus imperātor ingentia aedificia marmore ōrnāvit. Here Augustus stands in apposition to imperātor, both nominative, forming the compound subject “the emperor Augustus.” The ablative marmore is an ablative of means (”with marble”), used without a preposition, as is standard for instruments and materials.
Example 202.30 uses the rhetorical figure of anaphora — the repetition of ingēns three times — to create a sense of climactic accumulation. This is a favourite device of Ciceronian oratory and illustrates how ingēns can serve not merely as a descriptor but as a structural element in persuasive writing.
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The macrons (long marks) used throughout this lesson represent vowel length, a feature essential to correct Latin pronunciation and to scanning Latin verse. In ingēns, the ē is long, whereas the i is short. When declining the word, the stem vowels remain consistent: ingent- always has a short i and short e.
The cluster -ng- in Latin was always pronounced as two distinct sounds [ŋɡ], similar to English “finger” — never as the simple nasal [ŋ] found in English “singer.” This means ingēns has a hard g audible after the nasal.
In the ablative singular ingentī, the final -ī is long. This is metrically important in verse: Vergil relies on the length of this syllable when composing hexameters. Students who plan to read Latin poetry aloud should practise distinguishing ingentī (long final syllable, ablative) from ingentis (genitive).
The comparative ingentior and superlative ingentissimus, while attested, are extremely rare in the classical period. Horace and later authors occasionally use them, but Vergil, Caesar, Cicero, and Livy appear to have avoided these forms, preferring paraphrases such as etiam ingentior or maximē ingēns when comparison was needed.
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The Latinum Institute has been creating online language learning materials since 2006. This course uses the Dickinson College Core Vocabulary, a frequency-ranked list of the most common words in Classical Latin literature, as the basis for systematic vocabulary acquisition. By mastering the most frequent 1,000 words, students gain access to approximately 80% of the vocabulary they will encounter in standard classical texts.
Each lesson follows the construed reading method: Latin text is presented first in an interlinear format with granular word-by-word glossing, then as natural translations, and finally as clean Latin text. This three-stage approach trains the brain to move progressively from dependence on English glosses toward independent reading in Latin. The literary citation in each lesson connects students with authentic classical texts from the beginning of their studies, while the genre section provides additional practice within a coherent thematic context.
For more information about the Latinum Institute and its methodology, visit: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
For reviews of the Latinum Institute’s courses: https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk
The course proceeds word by word through the frequency list, building cumulative knowledge. Previous lessons have covered fundamental vocabulary including nouns, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and other adjectives. Lesson 201 introduced labor, labōris (toil, exertion). This lesson, 202, presents ingēns, ingentis (huge, enormous). The next lesson, 203, will address tālis, tāle (such, of such a kind).
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