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65.1 Maior greater pars part exercitūs of army flūmen river trānsit crosses
65.2 Pars part mūrī of wall antiquī ancient adhūc still stat stands
65.3 Magnam great partem part viae of road pluviae rains dēlēvērunt destroyed
65.4 In in omnibus all partibus parts urbis of city templā temples sunt are
65.5 Minimā smallest ex from parte part cīvēs citizens vērum truth cognōscunt learn
65.6 Duae two partēs parts cohortium of cohorts ad to portam gate missae sent sunt were
65.7 Ex from alterā other parte part vīllae of villa horti gardens pulchrī beautiful vidērī to be seen possunt are able
65.8 Nūlla no pars part hostium of enemies castra camp nostra our oppugnāre to attack audet dares
65.9 Magnā great cum with parte part equitum of cavalry dux leader profectus having set out est is
65.10 Quā which in in parte part pugnae of battle victōria victory erat was?
65.11 Multae many partēs parts agrōrum of fields arīdae dry erant were
65.12 Quārtam fourth partem part praedae of booty mīlitēs soldiers accēpērunt received
65.13 Ab from omnī every parte part perīcula dangers nōbīs for us imminent threaten
65.14 Hās these in into partēs parts cōpiās forces hostium of enemies dīvīsimus we divided
65.15 Maiōrēs greater partēs parts nāvium of ships tempestās storm dēstrūxit destroyed
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65.1 Maior pars exercitūs flūmen trānsit. The greater part of the army crosses the river.
65.2 Pars mūrī antiquī adhūc stat. Part of the ancient wall still stands.
65.3 Magnam partem viae pluviae dēlēvērunt. The rains destroyed a large part of the road.
65.4 In omnibus partibus urbis templā sunt. There are temples in all parts of the city.
65.5 Minimā ex parte cīvēs vērum cognōscunt. The citizens learn the truth from only the smallest part.
65.6 Duae partēs cohortium ad portam missae sunt. Two parts of the cohorts were sent to the gate.
65.7 Ex alterā parte vīllae horti pulchrī vidērī possunt. Beautiful gardens can be seen from the other part of the villa.
65.8 Nūlla pars hostium castra nostra oppugnāre audet. No part of the enemy dares to attack our camp.
65.9 Magnā cum parte equitum dux profectus est. The leader set out with a large part of the cavalry.
65.10 Quā in parte pugnae victōria erat? In which part of the battle was the victory?
65.11 Multae partēs agrōrum arīdae erant. Many parts of the fields were dry.
65.12 Quārtam partem praedae mīlitēs accēpērunt. The soldiers received a fourth part of the booty.
65.13 Ab omnī parte perīcula nōbīs imminent. Dangers threaten us from every part.
65.14 Hās in partēs cōpiās hostium dīvīsimus. We divided the enemy forces into these parts.
65.15 Maiōrēs partēs nāvium tempestās dēstrūxit. The storm destroyed the larger parts of the ships.
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65.1 Maior pars exercitūs flūmen trānsit.
65.2 Pars mūrī antiquī adhūc stat.
65.3 Magnam partem viae pluviae dēlēvērunt.
65.4 In omnibus partibus urbis templā sunt.
65.5 Minimā ex parte cīvēs vērum cognōscunt.
65.6 Duae partēs cohortium ad portam missae sunt.
65.7 Ex alterā parte vīllae horti pulchrī vidērī possunt.
65.8 Nūlla pars hostium castra nostra oppugnāre audet.
65.9 Magnā cum parte equitum dux profectus est.
65.10 Quā in parte pugnae victōria erat?
65.11 Multae partēs agrōrum arīdae erant.
65.12 Quārtam partem praedae mīlitēs accēpērunt.
65.13 Ab omnī parte perīcula nōbīs imminent.
65.14 Hās in partēs cōpiās hostium dīvīsimus.
65.15 Maiōrēs partēs nāvium tempestās dēstrūxit.
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The noun "pars" has several important features for English speakers to understand: -
Form and Declension: -
Third declension feminine noun -
Stem: part- -
Nominative singular drops final -t -
Shows typical third declension endings -
Declension Pattern: Singular: -
Nominative: pars -
Genitive: partis -
Dative: partī -
Accusative: partem -
Ablative: parte
Plural: -
Nominative: partēs -
Genitive: partium -
Dative: partibus -
Accusative: partēs -
Ablative: partibus -
Common Uses: -
With genitive of the whole: pars exercitūs (part of the army) -
As subject: pars stat (a part stands) -
With prepositions: ex parte, in parte -
With adjectives of size: magna pars, minor pars -
In partitive expressions: duae partēs (two parts) -
Special Constructions: -
ex parte: partially, in part -
magnā ex parte: for the most part -
in partēs: into parts (with verbs of dividing) -
ab omnī parte: from every side
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For English speakers, understanding how Romans used "pars" requires cultural context: -
Military Usage: -
Divisions of army units -
Parts of fortifications -
Battle formations -
Distribution of spoils -
Political Context: -
Factions (partēs) in politics -
Division of provinces -
Voting sections -
Social classes -
Geographical Applications: -
Regions of cities -
Parts of provinces -
Divisions of territory -
Cardinal directions -
Architectural Usage: -
Sections of buildings -
Parts of temples -
Components of houses -
City districts
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From Caesar's "De Bello Gallico" (4.1):
Part F-A (Interleaved Text)
Eā in that tempestāte time ex from Suēbīs the Suebi maximā greatest pars part ad to rīpās banks Rhēnī of Rhine sēdēs settlements habēbat had, atque and inde from there prōximōs nearest fīnēs territories crebrō frequently excursiōnibus by raids vēxābat harassed.
"Eā tempestāte ex Suēbīs maximā pars ad rīpās Rhēnī sēdēs habēbat, atque inde prōximōs fīnēs crebrō excursiōnibus vēxābat."
At that time the greatest part of the Suebi had their settlements near the banks of the Rhine, and from there frequently harassed the nearest territories with raids.
Caesar uses "pars" here to describe a large portion of a Germanic tribe. The word placement emphasizes the size of the group ("maximā pars"). His precise language reflects both military and ethnographic interests.
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"maximā pars" is nominative subject -
Agreement with singular verb "habēbat" -
Ablative of time in "eā tempestāte" -
Prepositional phrases show location -
Complex sentence structure typical of Caesar
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| Ref | Translation | |-----|-------------| | 65.16 | A third part of the legion began to fortify the camp | | 65.17 | Another part of the soldiers collects wood for the rampart | | 65.18 | From the higher part of the hill, enemies are able to be seen | | 65.19 | The commander divided the army into three parts | | 65.20 | A part of the cavalry, having pursued fleeing enemies, is [present] | | 65.21 | Guards were placed from every part of the camp | | 65.22 | In that part of the mountain there were no enemies | | 65.23 | The enemies were ordered to hand over a third part of the weapons | | 65.24 | From which part of the town will they make a sally? | | 65.25 | In the first part of the night there was silence | | 65.26 | Auxiliary forces were sent into other parts | | 65.27 | Siege engines were placed on a great part of the wall | | 65.28 | We left two parts of the baggage in the camp |
- pars/partem/partēs = part/section (used consistently throughout) - Perfect passives: reliquimus (we left), dīvīsit (he divided), iussī sunt (they were ordered) - Ablative of separation: ex parte, ex superiōre parte - Ablative of quality: Magnā ex parte
This passage focuses on military organization and division of forces during a siege or campaign.
"Ad eam partem castrōrum cohortēs novae vēnērunt"
"To that part of the camp new cohorts came"
- Ad eam partem = to that part (direction) - castrōrum = of the camp (genitive) - cohortēs novae = new cohorts (nominative plural) - vēnērunt = came (perfect tense)
"Maximā pars pugnae in dextrō latere erat"
"The greatest part of the battle was on the right side"
- Maximā pars = greatest part (nominative, agreeing with predicate nominative) - pugnae = of the battle (genitive) - in dextrō latere = on the right side (locative construction) - erat = was (imperfect tense)
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Key grammatical points: - Both sentences use genitive constructions to show possession (partem castrōrum, pars pugnae) - Dextrō latere = "on the right flank" (common military terminology) - These appear to be from a continuous narrative about a battle
65.16 Tertia pars legiōnis castra mūnīre coepit. The third part of the legion began to fortify the camp.
65.17 Altera pars mīlitum lignā ad vallum colligit. The other part of the soldiers collects wood for the rampart.
65.18 Ex superiōre parte collīs hostēs vidērī possunt. The enemies can be seen from the higher part of the hill.
65.19 In trēs partēs imperātor exercitum dīvīsit. The commander divided the army into three parts.
65.20 Pars equitum hostēs fugientēs īnsecūta est. Part of the cavalry pursued the fleeing enemies.
65.21 Ab omnī parte castrōrum vigiliae dispōsitae sunt. Guards were positioned at every part of the camp.
65.22 In eā parte montis nūllī hostēs erant. There were no enemies in that part of the mountain.
65.23 Tertiam partem armōrum hostēs trādere iussī sunt. The enemies were ordered to hand over a third part of their weapons.
65.24 Quā ex parte oppidī eruptiōnem facient? From which part of the town will they make a sally?
65.25 Prīmā parte noctis silentium erat. There was silence in the first part of the night.
65.26 Aliās in partēs cōpiae auxiliārēs missae sunt. The auxiliary forces were sent into other parts.
65.27 Magnā ex parte mūrī tormenta posita erant. Siege engines had been placed along a great part of the wall.
65.28 Duas partēs impedīmentōrum in castrīs relīquimus. We left two parts of the baggage in camp.
65.29 Ad eam partem castrōrum cohortēs novae vēnērunt. New cohorts came to that part of the camp.
65.30 Maximā pars pugnae in dextrō latere erat. The greatest part of the battle was on the right flank.
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65.16 Tertia pars legiōnis castra mūnīre coepit.
65.17 Altera pars mīlitum lignā ad vallum colligit.
65.18 Ex superiōre parte collīs hostēs vidērī possunt.
65.19 In trēs partēs imperātor exercitum dīvīsit.
65.20 Pars equitum hostēs fugientēs īnsecūta est.
65.21 Ab omnī parte castrōrum vigiliae dispōsitae sunt.
65.22 In eā parte montis nūllī hostēs erant.
65.23 Tertiam partem armōrum hostēs trādere iussī sunt.
65.24 Quā ex parte oppidī eruptiōnem facient?
65.25 Prīmā parte noctis silentium erat.
65.26 Aliās in partēs cōpiae auxiliārēs missae sunt.
65.27 Magnā ex parte mūrī tormenta posita erant.
65.28 Duas partēs impedīmentōrum in castrīs relīquimus.
65.29 Ad eam partem castrōrum cohortēs novae vēnērunt.
65.30 Maximā pars pugnae in dextrō latere erat.
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Military Units and Division: -
"pars legiōnis" (part of a legion) - genitive construction showing division of military units -
"in trēs partēs" (into three parts) - accusative with in showing division -
"pars equitum" (part of the cavalry) - partitive genitive with military unit -
Time References in Military Context: -
"prīmā parte noctis" (in the first part of the night) - ablative of time when -
Divisions of watch periods marked by partēs -
Important for military operations timing -
Topographical Usage: -
"ex superiōre parte collīs" (from the higher part of the hill) -
"in eā parte montis" (in that part of the mountain) -
Critical for military positioning and strategy -
Camp Organization: -
"ab omnī parte castrōrum" (from every part of the camp) -
Showing defensive arrangements -
Distribution of forces within camp -
Combat Operations: -
"maximā pars pugnae" (the greatest part of the battle) -
Description of battle locations and intensity -
Strategic deployment of forces -
Common Military Phrases: -
With verbs of fortification: mūnīre (to fortify) -
With verbs of movement: mittere (to send) -
With verbs of observation: vidēre (to see) -
With verbs of pursuit: īnsequī (to pursue) -
Position and Tactical Terms: -
"in dextrō latere" (on the right flank) -
"ad vallum" (for the rampart) -
Directional and tactical terminology -
Special Military Constructions: -
Orders: "trādere iussī sunt" (were ordered to hand over) -
Passive voice common in military reports -
Precise numerical divisions
This military context shows how "pars" was essential in Roman military vocabulary for: -
Organizing troops -
Describing terrain -
Planning operations -
Reporting outcomes -
Managing logistics
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