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76.1 Puer boy quoque also māter mother suam his amat loves
76.2 Rōmānī Romans quoque also deōs gods Graecōs Greek colēbant worshipped
76.3 Servus slave dominum master quoque also timēbat feared
76.4 Mīles soldier fortis brave pecūniam money quoque also petēbat sought
76.5 Magister teacher discipulōs pupils quoque also laudat praises
76.6 Agricola farmer agrōs fields quoque also parvōs small habet has
76.7 Fīlius son patrem father quoque also sequitur follows
76.8 Rēx king populō people quoque also grātus pleasing erat was
76.9 Senex old man iuvenēs young men quoque also docēbat was teaching
76.10 Poēta poet carmina songs quoque also scrībit writes
76.11 Hostēs enemies urbem city quoque also oppugnābant were attacking
76.12 Fēmina woman sacerdōs priest quoque also esse to be potest is able
76.13 Puella girl frātrem brother quoque also vidēre to see cupit desires
76.14 Mercātor merchant argentum silver quoque also vendit sells
76.15 Cīvēs citizens lēgēs laws quoque also servāre to preserve dēbent ought
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76.1 Puer quoque mātrem suam amat. The boy also loves his mother.
76.2 Deōs Graecōs Rōmānī quoque colēbant. The Romans also worshipped the Greek gods.
76.3 Dominum servus quoque timēbat. The slave also feared his master.
76.4 Fortis mīles pecūniam quoque petēbat. The brave soldier was also seeking money.
76.5 Discipulōs magister quoque laudat. The teacher also praises his pupils.
76.6 Agrōs parvōs agricola quoque habet. The farmer also has small fields.
76.7 Patrem fīlius quoque sequitur. The son also follows his father.
76.8 Populō rēx quoque grātus erat. The king was also pleasing to the people.
76.9 Iuvenēs senex quoque docēbat. The old man was also teaching the young men.
76.10 Carmina poēta quoque scrībit. The poet also writes songs.
76.11 Urbem hostēs quoque oppugnābant. The enemies were also attacking the city.
76.12 Sacerdōs fēmina quoque esse potest. A woman can also be a priest.
76.13 Frātrem puella quoque vidēre cupit. The girl also desires to see her brother.
76.14 Argentum mercātor quoque vendit. The merchant also sells silver.
76.15 Lēgēs cīvēs quoque servāre dēbent. The citizens also ought to preserve the laws.
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76.1 Puer quoque mātrem suam amat.
76.2 Deōs Graecōs Rōmānī quoque colēbant.
76.3 Dominum servus quoque timēbat.
76.4 Fortis mīles pecūniam quoque petēbat.
76.5 Discipulōs magister quoque laudat.
76.6 Agrōs parvōs agricola quoque habet.
76.7 Patrem fīlius quoque sequitur.
76.8 Populō rēx quoque grātus erat.
76.9 Iuvenēs senex quoque docēbat.
76.10 Carmina poēta quoque scrībit.
76.11 Urbem hostēs quoque oppugnābant.
76.12 Sacerdōs fēmina quoque esse potest.
76.13 Frātrem puella quoque vidēre cupit.
76.14 Argentum mercātor quoque vendit.
76.15 Lēgēs cīvēs quoque servāre dēbent.
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The word "quoque" is an enclitic particle meaning "also" or "too." For English speakers, understanding its use requires attention to several key points: -
Position: -
Always follows the word it modifies -
Cannot begin a clause -
Often appears second or third in its clause Example: "Puer quoque" = "the boy also" -
Usage: -
Adds elements to a previous statement -
Similar to "etiam" but more specific -
Emphasizes the word it follows Example: "Magister discipulōs laudat, puer quoque laudat" = "The teacher praises the pupils, the boy praises them too" -
Common Patterns: -
With nouns: "servus quoque" -
With adjectives: "fortis quoque" -
With verbs: "laudāre quoque" Example: "Mīles fortis pecūniam quoque petēbat" shows placement after object -
Differences from English: -
English "also" can move freely -
Latin "quoque" must follow modified word -
Creates emphasis through position Example: Compare "The soldier also sought money" vs. "Pecūniam quoque mīles petēbat"
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Understanding "quoque" requires cultural context: -
Roman Rhetoric: -
Essential for adding arguments -
Used in legal speeches -
Important in political debate Example: Cicero often uses "quoque" to build cases -
Social Implications: -
Shows inclusion in groups -
Indicates shared activities -
Reflects social connections Example: "Senātōrēs quoque" shows class inclusion -
Religious Usage: -
In prayers including multiple gods -
During ritual formulas -
For expanding invocations Example: "Dī quoque immortālēs" -
Literary Style: -
Creates emphasis -
Builds parallel structures -
Enhances arguments Example: Found in Vergil for poetic emphasis
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From Cicero's "Pro Archiā" (12):
Part F-A (Interleaved Text)
Quārē wherefore suō his iūre by right noster our ille that Ennius Ennius sānctōs holy appellat calls poētās, poets, quod because quasi as if deōrum of gods aliquō by some dōnō gift atque and mūnere favor commendātī entrusted nōbīs to us esse to be videantur they seem. Sit let it be igitur, therefore, iūdicēs, judges, sānctum sacred apud among vōs, you, hūmānissimōs most cultivated hominēs, men, hoc this poētae of poet nōmen name quoque also, , quod which nūlla no umquam ever barbaria barbarism violāvit has violated.
"Quārē suō iūre noster ille Ennius sānctōs appellat poētās, quod quasi deōrum aliquō dōnō atque mūnere commendātī nōbīs esse videantur. Sit igitur, iūdicēs, sānctum apud vōs, hūmānissimōs hominēs, hoc poētae nōmen quoque, quod nūlla umquam barbaria violāvit."
Wherefore with his own right that Ennius of ours calls poets holy, because they seem to have been entrusted to us as if by some gift and favor of the gods. Therefore, judges, let this name of poet also be sacred among you, most cultivated men, which no barbarism has ever violated.
Cicero uses "quoque" here to emphasize the sanctity of poets, building on previous arguments about the value of literature and culture. The word helps create a climactic effect in his defense of Archias.
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"quoque" follows "nōmen" emphasizing the word it modifies -
Complex sentence structure with multiple clauses -
Subjunctive "sit" in hortatory clause -
Perfect tense "violāvit" showing completed action
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76.16 Rōmulus Romulus urbem city quoque also sicut just as frāter brother suus his condēre to found volēbat wanted
76.17 Rēmus Remus locum place quoque also aptum suitable invēnit found
76.18 Avēs birds Rōmulō to Romulus quoque also signum sign dedērunt gave
76.19 Augurēs augurs sacrī sacred rēgī to king quoque also favēbant were favorable
76.20 Mūrōs walls novōs new mīlitēs soldiers quoque also dēfendēbant were defending
76.21 Cīvēs citizens novī new templum temple quoque also aedificāre to build cupiēbant desired
76.22 Sabīnī Sabines pacem peace quoque also petere to seek dēbēbant had to
76.23 Fēminae women Sabīnae Sabine bellum war quoque also fīnīvērunt ended
76.24 Senātōrēs senators novī new rēgem king quoque also eligēbant were choosing
76.25 Populus people Rōmānus Roman lēgēs laws quoque also novās new scrīpsit wrote
76.26 Sacerdōtēs priests deōs gods novōs new quoque also colēbant worshipped
76.27 Vestalēs Vestals virginēs virgins ignem fire quoque also custōdiēbant were guarding
76.28 Tarpeia Tarpeia hostibus to enemies quoque also portam gate aperuit opened
76.29 Urbs city nova new mercātōrēs merchants quoque also invītābat was inviting
76.30 Rōmulus Romulus immortālis immortal quoque also factus made est was
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76.16 Urbem Rōmulus quoque sicut frāter suus condēre volēbat. Romulus too wanted to found a city, just like his brother.
76.17 Locum aptum Rēmus quoque invēnit. Remus also found a suitable place.
76.18 Avēs Rōmulō quoque signum dedērunt. The birds also gave a sign to Romulus.
76.19 Rēgī augurēs sacrī quoque favēbant. The sacred augurs were also favorable to the king.
76.20 Novōs mūrōs mīlitēs quoque dēfendēbant. The soldiers were also defending the new walls.
76.21 Templum cīvēs novī quoque aedificāre cupiēbant. The new citizens also desired to build a temple.
76.22 Sabīnī pacem quoque petere dēbēbant. The Sabines also had to seek peace.
76.23 Bellum fēminae Sabīnae quoque fīnīvērunt. The Sabine women also ended the war.
76.24 Rēgem senātōrēs novī quoque eligēbant. The new senators were also choosing a king.
76.25 Lēgēs novās populus Rōmānus quoque scrīpsit. The Roman people also wrote new laws.
76.26 Deōs novōs sacerdōtēs quoque colēbant. The priests were also worshipping new gods.
76.27 Ignem Vestalēs virginēs quoque custōdiēbant. The Vestal virgins were also guarding the fire.
76.28 Hostibus Tarpeia portam quoque aperuit. Tarpeia also opened the gate to the enemies.
76.29 Mercātōrēs urbs nova quoque invītābat. The new city was also inviting merchants.
76.30 Immortālis Rōmulus quoque factus est. Romulus was also made immortal.
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76.16 Urbem Rōmulus quoque sicut frāter suus condēre volēbat.
76.17 Locum aptum Rēmus quoque invēnit.
76.18 Avēs Rōmulō quoque signum dedērunt.
76.19 Rēgī augurēs sacrī quoque favēbant.
76.20 Novōs mūrōs mīlitēs quoque dēfendēbant.
76.21 Templum cīvēs novī quoque aedificāre cupiēbant.
76.22 Sabīnī pacem quoque petere dēbēbant.
76.23 Bellum fēminae Sabīnae quoque fīnīvērunt.
76.24 Rēgem senātōrēs novī quoque eligēbant.
76.25 Lēgēs novās populus Rōmānus quoque scrīpsit.
76.26 Deōs novōs sacerdōtēs quoque colēbant.
76.27 Ignem Vestalēs virginēs quoque custōdiēbant.
76.28 Hostibus Tarpeia portam quoque aperuit.
76.29 Mercātōrēs urbs nova quoque invītābat.
76.30 Immortālis Rōmulus quoque factus est.
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The Historical Narrative section demonstrates several important features of "quoque" in extended narrative: -
Narrative Sequence: -
"quoque" helps build chronological progression -
Links related events in the story -
Shows parallel actions by different characters Example: "Rēmus quoque invēnit" connects to previous discoveries -
Character Development: -
Shows multiple actions by same character -
Indicates shared characteristics -
Links different characters' similar actions Example: "Rōmulus quoque...sicut frāter" shows parallel between brothers -
Complex Sentences: -
Position with infinitives: "condēre quoque volēbat" -
Use with participles: "factus quoque est" -
Placement in subordinate clauses Example: "aedificāre quoque cupiēbant" shows infinitive construction -
Historical Context: -
Time sequence markers -
Cause and effect relationships -
Multiple agent actions Example: "Sabīnī pacem quoque petere dēbēbant" shows consequential action -
Special Uses in Historical Writing: -
Adding new elements to narrative -
Connecting parallel events -
Building dramatic tension Example: "fēminae Sabīnae quoque fīnīvērunt" adds dramatic element -
Word Order Variations: -
After proper nouns: "Tarpeia quoque" -
With objects: "portam quoque" -
In complex phrases Example: Various positions shown throughout narrative
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