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78.1 Hostēs enemies tōtam whole urbem city dēlēvērunt destroyed
78.2 Tōtā whole nocte night puer boy dormiēbat was sleeping
78.3 Agricola farmer tōtum whole agrum field arāvit plowed
78.4 Dux leader tōtī to whole exercituī army imperāvit commanded
78.5 Tōtīus of whole urbis city cīvēs citizens conveniunt gather
78.6 Senātor senator tōtō in whole forō forum clāmābat was shouting
78.7 Tōtus whole exercitus army flūmen river trānsiit crossed
78.8 Magistra teacher tōtam whole fābulam story nārrat tells
78.9 Tōtō in whole annō year nix snow nōn not ceciderat had fallen
78.10 Tōtīus of whole vitae life memoriam memory retinēbat he kept
78.11 Mercātor merchant tōtās all mercēs goods vēndidit sold
78.12 Tōtī all mīlitēs soldiers arma weapons sūmpsērunt took up
78.13 Poēta poet tōtum whole carmen poem recitāvit recited
78.14 Tōtīs with all vīribus strength portam gate pulsāvit struck
78.15 Ōrātor orator tōtam whole multitūdinem crowd movēbat was moving
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78.1 Hostēs tōtam urbem dēlēvērunt. The enemies destroyed the entire city.
78.2 Tōtā nocte puer dormiēbat. The boy was sleeping through the whole night.
78.3 Agricola tōtum agrum arāvit. The farmer plowed the entire field.
78.4 Dux tōtī exercituī imperāvit. The leader gave orders to the whole army.
78.5 Tōtīus urbis cīvēs conveniunt. The citizens of the whole city gather.
78.6 Senātor tōtō forō clāmābat. The senator was shouting throughout the entire forum.
78.7 Tōtus exercitus flūmen trānsiit. The entire army crossed the river.
78.8 Magistra tōtam fābulam nārrat. The teacher tells the whole story.
78.9 Tōtō annō nix nōn ceciderat. Snow had not fallen for the entire year.
78.10 Tōtīus vitae memoriam retinēbat. He retained the memory of his whole life.
78.11 Mercātor tōtās mercēs vēndidit. The merchant sold all the goods.
78.12 Tōtī mīlitēs arma sūmpsērunt. All the soldiers took up arms.
78.13 Poēta tōtum carmen recitāvit. The poet recited the entire poem.
78.14 Tōtīs vīribus portam pulsāvit. He struck the gate with all his strength.
78.15 Ōrātor tōtam multitūdinem movēbat. The orator was moving the entire crowd.
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78.1 Hostēs tōtam urbem dēlēvērunt.
78.2 Tōtā nocte puer dormiēbat.
78.3 Agricola tōtum agrum arāvit.
78.4 Dux tōtī exercituī imperāvit.
78.5 Tōtīus urbis cīvēs conveniunt.
78.6 Senātor tōtō forō clāmābat.
78.7 Tōtus exercitus flūmen trānsiit.
78.8 Magistra tōtam fābulam nārrat.
78.9 Tōtō annō nix nōn ceciderat.
78.10 Tōtīus vitae memoriam retinēbat.
78.11 Mercātor tōtās mercēs vēndidit.
78.12 Tōtī mīlitēs arma sūmpsērunt.
78.13 Poēta tōtum carmen recitāvit.
78.14 Tōtīs vīribus portam pulsāvit.
78.15 Ōrātor tōtam multitūdinem movēbat.
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The adjective "tōtus -a -um" has several important features for English speakers to understand: -
Declension Pattern: -
Follows mixed 2nd declension pattern -
Has special endings in genitive (-īus) and dative (-ī) -
These endings are shared with other important adjectives like: -
ūnus (one) -
sōlus (alone) -
nullus (none) -
Forms: Singular: Masculine Feminine Neuter N: tōtus tōta tōtum G: tōtīus tōtīus tōtīus D: tōtī tōtī tōtī A: tōtum tōtam tōtum A: tōtō tōtā tōtō Plural: N: tōtī tōtae tōta G: tōtōrum tōtārum tōtōrum D: tōtīs tōtīs tōtīs A: tōtōs tōtās tōta A: tōtīs tōtīs tōtīs -
Usage: -
Agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case -
Can be used attributively or predicatively -
Often emphasizes completeness or wholeness -
Can mean "all" when referring to a single complete entity -
Common Constructions: -
Ablative of time: tōtā nocte (all night long) -
Ablative of manner: tōtīs vīribus (with all strength) -
Genitive of the whole: tōtīus urbis (of the whole city) -
Position: -
Usually precedes its noun -
Can be separated for emphasis -
Often appears near the start of its clause
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For English speakers, understanding "tōtus" requires cultural context: -
Roman Concepts of Wholeness: -
Romans valued completeness in ritual and law -
Military operations often involved "tōtus exercitus" -
Legal documents required complete execution -
Religious rites needed to be performed in full -
Administrative Usage: -
"Tōta prōvincia" meant entire provincial jurisdiction -
City administration dealt with "tōta urbs" -
Records needed to be complete for legal validity -
Public works affected "tōtus populus" -
Literary Significance: -
Authors used "tōtus" for dramatic emphasis -
Historians described complete events -
Poets used it for emotional impact -
Orators employed it in climactic passages -
Modern Relevance: -
Source of English "total" -
Legal term "in toto" still used -
Scientific term "totality" -
Concept important in modern administration
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From Cicero's "Pro Marcello" (8.25):
Part F-A (Interleaved Text)
Tōtam whole igitur therefore urbem city quam which tuō by your praesidiō protection et and cōnservāre to preserve et and ōrnāre to adorn potuistī you were able māgnā great cūrā with care et and dīligentiā diligence administrāre to manage dēbēs you ought
Tōtam igitur urbem, quam tuō praesidiō et cōnservāre et ōrnāre potuistī, māgnā cūrā et dīligentiā administrāre dēbēs.
Therefore you ought to manage with great care and diligence the entire city, which you were able both to preserve and to adorn by your protection.
Cicero uses "tōtam" to emphasize the comprehensive nature of Caesar's responsibility to Rome. The placement at the beginning of the sentence emphasizes the totality of the city's needs.
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"tōtam" modifies "urbem" in accusative case -
Complex sentence with relative clause -
Multiple infinitives showing scope of duty -
Ablative of manner in "māgnā cūrā et dīligentiā"
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78.16 Hannibal Hannibal tōtum whole exercitum army trāns across Alpēs Alps dūxit led
78.17 Tōtā whole Italiā in Italy terror terror erat was
78.18 Rōmānī Romans tōtās all cōpiās forces parābant were preparing
78.19 Tōtīus of whole reī matter pūblicae public salūs safety in in perīculō danger erat was
78.20 Tōtum whole diem day pugnātum it was fought est was
78.21 Tōtae all legiōnēs legions ad to urbem city properābant were hurrying
78.22 Dux leader tōtīs with all cōpiīs forces hostēs enemies aggressus having attacked est is
78.23 Tōtā in whole Āfricā Africa bellum war gerēbātur was being waged
78.24 Tōtīus of whole exercitūs army virtūs courage laudāta praised est was
78.25 Senātus senate tōtum whole annum year dēlīberāvit deliberated
78.26 Tōtā in whole prōvinciā province pāx peace erat was
78.27 Imperātor commander tōtam whole victōriam victory populō to people nuntiāvit announced
78.28 Tōtīus of whole pugnae battle fortūna fortune mūtāta changed est is
78.29 Mīlitēs soldiers tōtā with whole audāciā boldness pugnāvērunt fought
78.30 Tōtīus of whole imperii empire glōria glory aucta increased est is
78.16 Hannibal tōtum exercitum trāns Alpēs dūxit. Hannibal led the entire army across the Alps.
78.17 Tōtā Italiā terror erat. There was terror throughout all Italy.
78.18 Rōmānī tōtās cōpiās parābant. The Romans were preparing all their forces.
78.19 Tōtīus reī pūblicae salūs in perīculō erat. The safety of the entire republic was in danger.
78.20 Tōtum diem pugnātum est. They fought for the whole day.
78.21 Tōtae legiōnēs ad urbem properābant. All the legions were hurrying to the city.
78.22 Dux tōtīs cōpiīs hostēs aggressus est. The leader attacked the enemies with all his forces.
78.23 Tōtā Āfricā bellum gerēbātur. War was being waged throughout all Africa.
78.24 Tōtīus exercitūs virtūs laudāta est. The courage of the entire army was praised.
78.25 Senātus tōtum annum dēlīberāvit. The senate deliberated for the whole year.
78.26 Tōtā prōvinciā pāx erat. There was peace throughout the whole province.
78.27 Imperātor tōtam victōriam populō nuntiāvit. The commander announced the complete victory to the people.
78.28 Tōtīus pugnae fortūna mūtāta est. The fortune of the entire battle was changed.
78.29 Mīlitēs tōtā audāciā pugnāvērunt. The soldiers fought with complete boldness.
78.30 Tōtīus imperii glōria aucta est. The glory of the entire empire was increased.
78.21 Tōtae legiōnēs ad urbem properābant.
78.22 Dux tōtīs cōpiīs hostēs aggressus est.
78.23 Tōtā Āfricā bellum gerēbātur.
78.24 Tōtīus exercitūs virtūs laudāta est.
78.25 Senātus tōtum annum dēlīberāvit.
78.26 Tōtā prōvinciā pāx erat.
78.27 Imperātor tōtam victōriam populō nuntiāvit.
78.28 Tōtīus pugnae fortūna mūtāta est.
78.29 Mīlitēs tōtā audāciā pugnāvērunt.
78.30 Tōtīus imperii glōria aucta est.
The historical narrative section demonstrates several important grammatical features of tōtus: -
Military Context Usage: -
With collective nouns: tōtae legiōnēs, tōtīs cōpiīs -
With abstract concepts: tōta virtūs, tōta audāciā -
With geographical terms: tōtā Āfricā, tōtā prōvinciā -
Case Functions: -
Ablative of place where: tōtā Āfricā (throughout Africa) -
Ablative of means: tōtīs cōpiīs (with all forces) -
Genitive of possession: tōtīus exercitūs (of the entire army) -
Accusative of duration: tōtum annum (for a whole year) -
Word Order Patterns: -
Initial position for emphasis: Tōtā prōvinciā pāx erat -
Mid-sentence for description: Dux tōtīs cōpiīs -
Separation from noun for style: Tōtīus... virtūs -
Military Terminology: -
Battle terms: pugna, bellum, cōpiae -
Command structure: dux, imperātor -
Unit descriptions: legiōnēs, exercitūs -
Common Phrases: -
tōtā audāciā: with complete boldness -
tōta victōria: complete victory -
tōtum imperium: the entire empire -
Syntactic Features: -
Agreement with abstract nouns: tōta audāciā -
Use with passive verbs: laudāta est, mūtāta est -
Coordination with other modifiers
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