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84.1 Pater father servum slave cēnam dinner parāre to prepare iubet orders
84.2 Dux leader mīlitēs soldiers hostēs enemies oppugnāre to attack iussit ordered
84.3 Senātus senate cōnsulem consul exercitum army dūcere to lead iussit ordered
84.4 Magister teacher puerōs boys librōs books legere to read iubet orders
84.5 Māter mother fīliam daughter in in hortō garden manēre to remain iussit ordered
84.6 Rēx king templum temple novum new aedificārī to be built iubet orders
84.7 Mīles soldier portās gates urbis of city claudī to be closed iussit ordered
84.8 Agricola farmer servōs slaves agrōs fields arāre to plow iubet orders
84.9 Dominus master canem dog cubīle bed custōdīre to guard iussit ordered
84.10 Sacerdōs priest populōs peoples deōs gods colere to worship iubet orders
84.11 Iubet orders magister teacher discipulōs students verba words scrībere to write
84.12 Medicus doctor aegrum sick man lectō in bed manēre to remain iussit ordered
84.13 Māter mother puerōs boys cibōs foods suōs their edere to eat iubet orders
84.14 Cōnsul consul urbem city mūrīs with walls altīs high mūnīrī to be fortified iussit ordered
84.15 Imperātor emperor captīvōs captives līberārī to be freed iubet orders
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84.1 Pater servum cēnam parāre iubet. Father orders the slave to prepare dinner.
84.2 Hostēs oppugnāre mīlitēs dux iussit. The leader ordered the soldiers to attack the enemies.
84.3 Exercitum dūcere cōnsulem senātus iussit. The senate ordered the consul to lead the army.
84.4 Librōs legere magister puerōs iubet. The teacher orders the boys to read the books.
84.5 In hortō fīliam manēre māter iussit. Mother ordered her daughter to remain in the garden.
84.6 Templum novum rēx aedificārī iubet. The king orders a new temple to be built.
84.7 Portās urbis mīles claudī iussit. The soldier ordered the city gates to be closed.
84.8 Servōs agrōs arāre agricola iubet. The farmer orders the slaves to plow the fields.
84.9 Canem cubīle custōdīre dominus iussit. The master ordered the dog to guard the bed.
84.10 Deōs colere sacerdōs populōs iubet. The priest orders the peoples to worship the gods.
84.11 Discipulōs verba scrībere magister iubet. The teacher orders the students to write the words.
84.12 Aegrum lectō manēre medicus iussit. The doctor ordered the sick man to remain in bed.
84.13 Puerōs cibōs suōs edere māter iubet. Mother orders the boys to eat their food.
84.14 Urbem mūrīs altīs mūnīrī cōnsul iussit. The consul ordered the city to be fortified with high walls.
84.15 Captīvōs imperātor līberārī iubet. The emperor orders the captives to be freed.
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84.1 Pater servum cēnam parāre iubet.
84.2 Hostēs oppugnāre mīlitēs dux iussit.
84.3 Exercitum dūcere cōnsulem senātus iussit.
84.4 Librōs legere magister puerōs iubet.
84.5 In hortō fīliam manēre māter iussit.
84.6 Templum novum rēx aedificārī iubet.
84.7 Portās urbis mīles claudī iussit.
84.8 Servōs agrōs arāre agricola iubet.
84.9 Canem cubīle custōdīre dominus iussit.
84.10 Deōs colere sacerdōs populōs iubet.
84.11 Discipulōs verba scrībere magister iubet.
84.12 Aegrum lectō manēre medicus iussit.
84.13 Puerōs cibōs suōs edere māter iubet.
84.14 Urbem mūrīs altīs mūnīrī cōnsul iussit.
84.15 Captīvōs imperātor līberārī iubet.
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The verb "iubeō" is particularly important for English speakers to understand because it operates differently from English command verbs. Here are the key points: -
Principal Parts: -
iubeō (present) -
iubēre (infinitive) -
iussī (perfect) -
iussum (supine) -
Special Construction: -
Unlike English "order/command + person + to do", Latin uses: -
iubeō + accusative (person) + infinitive (action) -
Example: "Pater servum cēnam parāre iubet" -
(NOT "Pater servō ut cēnam paret iubet") -
Voice in Infinitive: -
Active for actions done by subject: "servum parāre" -
Passive for actions done to subject: "templum aedificārī" -
Common Patterns: -
With persons: "mīlitēs pugnāre iubet" -
With passive infinitives: "portās claudī iubet" -
In past tense: "rēx iussit" -
Word Order: -
Flexible, but often: -
Subject + object + infinitive + iubeō -
Or: Object + infinitive + subject + iubeō
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For English speakers, understanding "iubeō" requires cultural context: -
Roman Authority: -
Reflected hierarchy of Roman society -
Used in military commands -
Part of legal terminology -
Essential in political life -
Social Implications: -
Different from "rogō" (ask) or "ōrō" (beg) -
Implied authority of speaker -
Used between unequal social ranks -
Important in family structure -
Military Usage: -
Standard in military orders -
Part of formal command language -
Used in battle descriptions -
Found in military documents -
Modern Connections: -
Similar to English "order/command" -
Used in legal Latin today -
Found in academic phrases -
Part of ecclesiastical Latin
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From Caesar's "De Bello Gallico" (5.33):
Part F-A (Interleaved Text)
Tum then Titurius Titurius, quī who nihil nothing ante before prōvīdisset had foreseen, trepidāre to rush about, concursāre to run together cohortēsque and the cohorts dispōnere to arrange, haec these things tamen however timidē fearfully atque and ut as eum him omnia all things dēficere to fail vidērentur seemed; quod which plērumque usually iīs to those accidere to happen cōnsuēvit is accustomed, quī who in in ipsō actual negōtiō business cōnsilium plan capere to take cōguntur are forced.
"Tum Titurius, quī nihil ante prōvīdisset, trepidāre, concursāre cohortēsque dispōnere, haec tamen timidē atque ut eum omnia dēficere vidērentur; quod plērumque iīs accidere cōnsuēvit, quī in ipsō negōtiō cōnsilium capere cōguntur."
Then Titurius, who had foreseen nothing beforehand, began to hurry about in alarm, to run to and fro, and to arrange the cohorts - yet doing these things timidly and in such a way that all his actions seemed to be failing him; which usually happens to those who are forced to form their plans in the very midst of action.
Caesar uses this passage to illustrate poor leadership under pressure. The sequence of infinitives (trepidāre, concursāre, dispōnere) emphasizes the frantic nature of Titurius's actions.
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Historical infinitives (trepidāre, concursāre, dispōnere) -
Relative clauses (quī nihil ante prōvīdisset) -
Impersonal construction (accidere cōnsuēvit) -
Result clause (ut...vidērentur)
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These sentences all follow the pattern of iussive constructions where military commanders order actions. Here's the grammatical structure:
iussit = ordered (perfect tense - completed action) iubet = orders (present tense - ongoing/habitual action)
1. Accusative + Infinitive: The object of the command is in the accusative case with an infinitive verb - mīlitēs arma capere = "soldiers to take arms" - equitēs flūmen trānsīre = "cavalry to cross the river"
2. Passive infinitives also appear: - castra mūnīrī = "camp to be fortified" - impedīmenta portārī = "baggage to be carried" - castra metārī = "camp to be measured out"
3. Prepositional phrases modify the infinitives: - in tūtum locum portārī = "to be carried into a safe place" - vāllō fōssāque mūnīrī = "to be fortified with rampart and ditch"
84.16: "The commander ordered his men to move camp" 84.22: "The prefect ordered the camp to be fortified with rampart and ditch"
Would you like help translating any specific sentence or clarification on the grammatical structures? ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
84.16 Imperātor suōs castra movēre iussit. The commander ordered his men to move camp.
84.17 Prīmā lūce legiōnēs proficīscī dux iubet. At first light, the leader orders the legions to set out.
84.18 Mīlitēs arma capere centuriō iussit. The centurion ordered the soldiers to take up arms.
84.19 Cohortēs pontem dēfendere tribūnus iubet. The tribune orders the cohorts to defend the bridge.
84.20 Hostium itinera explōrātōrēs cognōscere imperātor iussit. The commander ordered the scouts to learn the enemies' routes.
84.21 Equitēs flūmen trānsīre dux iubet. The leader orders the cavalry to cross the river.
84.22 Castra vāllō fōssāque mūnīrī praefectus iussit. The prefect ordered the camp to be fortified with a rampart and ditch. 84.16 Imperātor commander suōs his men castra camp movēre to move iussit ordered
84.17 Dux leader legiōnēs legions prīmā at first lūce light proficīscī to set out iubet orders
84.18 Centuriō centurion mīlitēs soldiers arma arms capere to take iussit ordered
84.19 Tribūnus tribune cohortēs cohorts pontem bridge dēfendere to defend iubet orders
84.20 Imperātor commander explōrātōrēs scouts hostium of enemies itinera routes cognōscere to learn iussit ordered
84.21 Dux leader equitēs cavalry flūmen river trānsīre to cross iubet orders
84.22 Praefectus prefect castra camp vāllō with rampart fōssāque and ditch mūnīrī to be fortified iussit ordered
84.23 Lēgātus lieutenant sagittāriōs archers collem hill occupāre to seize iubet orders
84.24 Imperātor commander impedīmenta baggage in to tūtum safe locum place portārī to be carried iussit ordered
84.25 Tribūnus tribune signifer standard-bearer signa standards īnferre to advance iubet orders
84.26 Dux leader tubicinem trumpeter proelium battle canere to sound iussit ordered
84.27 Centuriō centurion vigilēs sentries portās gates servāre to guard iubet orders
84.28 Lēgātus lieutenant mīlitēs soldiers tēla weapons parāre to prepare iubet orders
84.29 Imperātor commander cornua wings exercitūs of army prōcēdere to advance iussit ordered
84.30 Dux leader castra camp metārī to be measured out iubet orders
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84.16 Imperātor suōs castra movēre iussit.
84.17 Prīmā lūce legiōnēs proficīscī dux iubet.
84.18 Mīlitēs arma capere centuriō iussit.
84.19 Cohortēs pontem dēfendere tribūnus iubet.
84.20 Hostium itinera explōrātōrēs cognōscere imperātor iussit.
84.21 Equitēs flūmen trānsīre dux iubet.
84.22 Castra vāllō fōssāque mūnīrī praefectus iussit.
84.23 Sagittāriōs collem occupāre lēgātus iubet.
84.24 Impedīmenta in tūtum locum portārī imperātor iussit.
84.25 Signifer signa īnferre tribūnus iubet.
84.26 Tubicinem proelium canere dux iussit.
84.27 Vigilēs portās servāre centuriō iubet.
84.28 Mīlitēs tēla parāre lēgātus iubet.
84.29 Cornua exercitūs prōcēdere imperātor iussit.
84.30 Castra metārī dux iubet.
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In Roman military contexts, "iubeō" exhibits specific patterns worth noting: -
Command Chain Structure: -
Higher ranks (imperātor, dux) ordering lower ranks -
Specific military terminology with technical infinitives -
Use of passive infinitives for tactical operations -
Common Military Infinitives: -
Movement: movēre, proficīscī, trānsīre -
Defense: dēfendere, servāre, mūnīrī -
Combat: pugnāre, oppugnāre -
Setup: metārī, mūnīrī -
Word Order in Military Commands: -
Often begins with object (person being commanded) -
Action (infinitive) frequently precedes iubeō -
Commander often named at end for emphasis -
Special Military Constructions: -
Use of passive infinitives for group actions -
Technical terms in accusative -
Ablative of means for equipment (vāllō, tēlīs) -
Time expressions (prīmā lūce) -
Voice Selection: -
Active for direct actions by troops -
Passive for construction/fortification -
Deponent verbs common in military contexts
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