Lesson 93

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

93.1 Hostis enemy urbem city magnō with great exercitū army oppugnat attacks

93.2 Multī many hostēs enemies in in agrīs fields nostrīs our sunt are

93.3 Mīlitēs soldiers nostrī our hostium of enemies castra camp vīdērunt saw

93.4 Dux leader hostibus to enemies pācem peace dare to give nōn not vult wishes

93.5 Hostēs enemies per through montēs mountains altōs high fugiunt flee

93.6 Populus people Rōmānus Roman hostēs enemies multōs many habet has

93.7 Ab by hoste enemy victī conquered sumus we are

93.8 Hostis enemy noster our auxilium help petit seeks

93.9 Cum with hostibus enemies magnō great in in proēliō battle pugnāmus we fight

93.10 Hostium of enemies arma weapons in in flūmine river sunt are

93.11 Fortēs brave virī men hostem enemy nōn not timent fear

93.12 Ex from hostibus enemies multī many occīsī killed sunt were

93.13 Hostēs enemies murum wall altum high trānsīre to cross temptant try

93.14 Ad to hostium of enemies fīnēs territories vēnimus we came

93.15 Hostēs enemies prope near portam gate urbis of city vīsī seen sunt were

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

93.1 Urbem magnō exercitū hostis oppugnat. The enemy attacks the city with a great army.

93.2 In agrīs nostrīs hostēs multī sunt. Many enemies are in our fields.

93.3 Castra hostium mīlitēs nostrī vīdērunt. Our soldiers saw the enemy's camp.

93.4 Hostibus pācem dare dux nōn vult. The leader does not wish to give peace to the enemies.

93.5 Per montēs altōs hostēs fugiunt. The enemies flee through the high mountains.

93.6 Hostēs multōs populus Rōmānus habet. The Roman people have many enemies.

93.7 Ab hoste victī sumus. We have been conquered by the enemy.

93.8 Auxilium hostis noster petit. Our enemy seeks help.

93.9 Magnō in proēliō cum hostibus pugnāmus. We fight with the enemies in a great battle.

93.10 In flūmine arma hostium sunt. The enemies' weapons are in the river.

93.11 Hostem fortēs virī nōn timent. Brave men do not fear the enemy.

93.12 Multī ex hostibus occīsī sunt. Many of the enemies were killed.

93.13 Murum altum hostēs trānsīre temptant. The enemies try to cross the high wall.

93.14 Ad fīnēs hostium vēnimus. We came to the territories of the enemies.

93.15 Prope portam urbis hostēs vīsī sunt. The enemies were seen near the city gate.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

93.1 Urbem magnō exercitū hostis oppugnat.

93.2 In agrīs nostrīs hostēs multī sunt.

93.3 Castra hostium mīlitēs nostrī vīdērunt.

93.4 Hostibus pācem dare dux nōn vult.

93.5 Per montēs altōs hostēs fugiunt.

93.6 Hostēs multōs populus Rōmānus habet.

93.7 Ab hoste victī sumus.

93.8 Auxilium hostis noster petit.

93.9 Magnō in proēliō cum hostibus pugnāmus.

93.10 In flūmine arma hostium sunt.

93.11 Hostem fortēs virī nōn timent.

93.12 Multī ex hostibus occīsī sunt.

93.13 Murum altum hostēs trānsīre temptant.

93.14 Ad fīnēs hostium vēnimus.

93.15 Prope portam urbis hostēs vīsī sunt.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

The noun "hostis" presents several important features for English speakers: -

Form and Gender: -

Third declension i-stem noun -

Can be either masculine or feminine -

Nominative singular: hostis -

Genitive singular: hostis -

Usually masculine in military contexts -

Declension Pattern: Singular: -

Nominative: hostis -

Genitive: hostis -

Dative: hostī -

Accusative: hostem -

Ablative: hoste

Plural: -

Nominative: hostēs -

Genitive: hostium -

Dative: hostibus -

Accusative: hostēs -

Ablative: hostibus -

Common Uses: -

Subject: "hostis urbem oppugnat" -

Direct object: "hostem nōn timent" -

With prepositions: "ab hoste", "cum hostibus" -

Genitive of possession: "castra hostium" -

Special Constructions: -

Often used with military vocabulary -

Common in ablative of agent: "ab hoste victī" -

Frequent in plural: "hostēs" = "the enemy" (collective) -

Used with defensive terms: "contra hostēs"

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Part E (Cultural Context)

For English speakers, understanding "hostis" requires cultural context: -

Legal Status: -

Originally meant "stranger" or "foreigner" -

Later became "public enemy" -

Different from "inimīcus" (personal enemy) -

Legal term: "hostis publicus" -

Military Usage: -

Central to Roman military reports -

Used in formal declarations of war -

Part of triumph ceremonies -

Key term in military strategy -

Political Implications: -

Declaration as "hostis" was serious -

Could lead to loss of citizenship -

Used in political rhetoric -

Important in diplomatic language -

Modern Connections: -

Source of English "hostile" -

Used in international law -

Influences military terminology -

Found in diplomatic discourse

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Part F (Literary Citation)

From Caesar's "De Bello Gallico" (1.15):

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Hostēs enemies ubi when primum first nostrōrum of our men equitum cavalry turmas squadrons cōnspexērunt they saw, quōrum of whom erat was quīnque five mīlium thousand numerus number, cum although ipsī themselves nōn not amplius more than octingentōs eight hundred equitēs horsemen habērent had...

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

"Hostēs ubi prīmum nostrōrum equitum turmās cōnspexērunt, quōrum erat quīnque mīlium numerus, cum ipsī nōn amplius octingentōs equitēs habērent..."

When the enemies first caught sight of our cavalry squadrons, which numbered five thousand, although they themselves had no more than eight hundred horsemen...

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Caesar uses "hostēs" here to begin his description of a tactical situation. The word placement emphasizes the enemy's perspective and their reaction to Roman forces.

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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"hostēs" as subject of main clause -

Temporal clause with "ubi prīmum" -

Relative clause with "quōrum" -

Concessive clause with "cum" -

Number expressions showing force disparity

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Genre Section: Military Dispatch

Part A (Interleaved Text)

93.16 Castra camp nostra our prope near hostium of enemies fīnēs territories posuimus we placed

93.17 Hostēs enemies magnās great cōpiās forces parāre to prepare dīcuntur are said

93.18 Explōrātōrēs scouts nostrī our hostium of enemies adventum approach nūntiāvērunt announced

93.19 Quīnque five mīlia thousand hostium of enemies ad to flūmen river vēnērunt came

93.20 Cum with hostibus enemies prīmā at first lūce light pugnābimus we will fight

93.21 Dux leader hostium of enemies cōnsilium plan mūtāvit changed

93.22 Nōs we hostēs enemies magnō with great proēliō battle superāvimus overcame

93.23 Multī many ex from hostibus enemies captī captured sunt were

93.24 Hostis enemy novus new ā from septemtriōnibus north venit comes

93.25 Hostēs enemies pacem peace petere to seek incipiunt begin

93.26 Prīncipēs chiefs hostium of enemies ad to castra camp vēnērunt came

93.27 Magnō great cum with perīculō danger hostium of enemies cōnsilia plans cognōvimus we learned

93.28 Hostēs enemies subitō suddenly impetum attack fēcērunt made

93.29 Per through noctem night hostium of enemies castra camp incendimus we burned

93.30 Pāx peace cum with hostibus enemies facta made est was

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

93.16 Prope hostium fīnēs castra nostra posuimus. We placed our camp near the enemy's territories.

93.17 Magnās cōpiās hostēs parāre dīcuntur. The enemies are said to be preparing great forces.

93.18 Hostium adventum explōrātōrēs nostrī nūntiāvērunt. Our scouts announced the approach of the enemies.

93.19 Ad flūmen quīnque mīlia hostium vēnērunt. Five thousand of the enemy came to the river.

93.20 Prīmā lūce cum hostibus pugnābimus. We will fight with the enemies at first light.

93.21 Cōnsilium dux hostium mūtāvit. The leader of the enemies changed his plan.

93.22 Magnō proēliō hostēs superāvimus. We overcame the enemies in a great battle.

93.23 Ex hostibus multī captī sunt. Many of the enemies were captured.

93.24 Ā septemtriōnibus hostis novus venit. A new enemy comes from the north.

93.25 Pacem hostēs petere incipiunt. The enemies begin to seek peace.

93.26 Ad castra prīncipēs hostium vēnērunt. The chiefs of the enemies came to the camp.

93.27 Magnō cum perīculō cōnsilia hostium cognōvimus. With great danger we learned the enemies' plans.

93.28 Impetum subitō hostēs fēcērunt. The enemies suddenly made an attack.

93.29 Hostium castra per noctem incendimus. We burned the enemies' camp during the night.

93.30 Pāx cum hostibus facta est. Peace was made with the enemies.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

93.16 Prope hostium fīnēs castra nostra posuimus.

93.17 Magnās cōpiās hostēs parāre dīcuntur.

93.18 Hostium adventum explōrātōrēs nostrī nūntiāvērunt.

93.19 Ad flūmen quīnque mīlia hostium vēnērunt.

93.20 Prīmā lūce cum hostibus pugnābimus.

93.21 Cōnsilium dux hostium mūtāvit.

93.22 Magnō proēliō hostēs superāvimus.

93.23 Ex hostibus multī captī sunt.

93.24 Ā septemtriōnibus hostis novus venit.

93.25 Pacem hostēs petere incipiunt.

93.26 Ad castra prīncipēs hostium vēnērunt.

93.27 Magnō cum perīculō cōnsilia hostium cognōvimus.

93.28 Impetum subitō hostēs fēcērunt.

93.29 Hostium castra per noctem incendimus.

93.30 Pāx cum hostibus facta est.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation with Concrete Examples)

In military dispatches, "hostis" appears in several distinct grammatical constructions that are particularly important for this genre: -

Case Usage in Military Context: a) Genitive for Possession: -

"hostium castra" (the enemies' camp) -

"hostium adventus" (the enemies' approach) -

"hostium cōnsilia" (the enemies' plans)

b) Ablative with Prepositions: -

"cum hostibus" (with the enemies) -

"ex hostibus" (from among the enemies) -

"ab hostibus" (by the enemies) -

Position and Emphasis: a) Initial Position (emphasizing enemy action): -

"Hostēs impetum fēcērunt" -

"Hostium adventum nūntiāvērunt"

b) Medial Position (emphasizing other elements): -

"Magnās cōpiās hostēs parāre dīcuntur" -

"Castra hostium incendimus" -

Military Vocabulary Combinations: a) With Battle Terms: -

"cum hostibus pugnāre" (to fight with enemies) -

"hostēs superāre" (to overcome enemies) -

"hostium impetus" (attack of enemies)

b) With Strategic Terms: -

"hostium cōnsilia" (enemies' plans) -

"hostium adventus" (enemies' approach) -

"hostium castra" (enemies' camp) -

Temporal Expressions in Military Context: -

"prīmā lūce" (at first light) -

"per noctem" (through the night) -

Showing sequence of events in dispatch style -

Number Usage: -

Collective singular: "hostis" (the enemy as a group) -

Plural for specific forces: "hostēs" (enemy forces) -

With specific numbers: "quīnque mīlia hostium" -

Voice Selection: a) Active for Enemy Actions: -

"hostēs impetum fēcērunt" -

"hostēs petere incipiunt"

b) Passive for Enemy Losses: -

"ex hostibus multī captī sunt" -

"pāx cum hostibus facta est" -

Common Dispatch Formations: a) Reporting Enemy Movement: -

Location: "ā septemtriōnibus" -

Numbers: "quīnque mīlia" -

Time references: "prīmā lūce"

b) Recording Tactical Situations: -

Enemy status: "hostēs parāre dīcuntur" -

Battle outcomes: "hostēs superāvimus" -

Strategic information: "cōnsilia hostium"

These constructions reflect the precise, factual nature of military dispatches while maintaining proper Latin style and syntax.

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