### marathi abstract art
This lesson explores the Marathi second-person pronouns, which reveal the language's unique approach to social relationships and respect. As an autodidact student, you'll discover how Marathi's pronoun system differs significantly from both English's single "you" and Hindi's hierarchical system. Unlike Hindi where formal address is default, Marathi uses the informal तू (tū) as the neutral form, with तुम्ही (tumhī) and आपण (āpaṇ) reserved for specific contexts of formality or respect.
Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
FAQ: What does "you" mean in Marathi? Answer: Marathi has three main pronouns for "you": तू (tū) is the informal/familiar form used as default with family, friends, equals, and even respectfully with elders in traditional contexts. तुम्ही (tumhī) serves dual purpose as formal singular and all plural forms. आपण (āpaṇ) is ultra-formal, used in official contexts or showing extreme respect. Importantly, using तू in Marathi does not show disrespect as it might in Hindi—it's the natural, warm form of address. The verb conjugations change with each pronoun: तू आहेस (tū āhes), तुम्ही आहात (tumhī āhāt), आपण आहात (āpaṇ āhāt).
In the following 15 examples, you'll encounter these pronouns in various social contexts: family conversations with तू, polite exchanges with तुम्ही, and formal situations requiring आपण. The examples demonstrate how Marathi's pronoun choice reflects not just hierarchy but also warmth, distance, and cultural values distinct from neighboring languages.
Educational Classification: This is language learning material designed for English speakers studying Marathi as a foreign language, using the Latinum Institute's interlinear glossing method for accelerated comprehension.
Key Takeaways: -
तू is default and not disrespectful in Marathi culture -
तुम्ही serves for both formal singular and all plurals -
आपण represents extreme formality or official contexts -
Verb endings change with pronoun choice -
Cultural usage differs significantly from Hindi -
Regional variations exist in pronoun preferences
Marathi uses the Devanagari script (देवनागरी) with some modifications from standard Hindi usage. Key features: -
Additional letter ळ (ḷa) - retroflex lateral -
Pronunciation: अ is often pronounced as schwa [ə] -
Nasalization marked with anusvāra (ं) or candrabindu (ँ) -
Inherent 'a' vowel in consonants often silent at word end
Romanization follows IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration): -
ā = long a, ī = long i, ū = long u -
ṭ, ḍ, ṇ = retroflex sounds -
ś = palatal sh, ṣ = retroflex sh -
ṃ = anusvāra, ḥ = visarga
Common learner mistakes: -
Using Hindi pronoun conventions (defaulting to formal) -
Over-formalizing with तुम्ही where तू is appropriate -
Mismatching pronoun and verb conjugation -
Ignoring gender agreement in verb forms -
Confusing आपण (we inclusive) with आपण (you formal)
9.1 तू (tū) you-INFORMAL कसा (kasā) how-MASC आहेस (āhes) are-2SG.INFORMAL ? (?) QUESTION
9.2 तुम्ही (tumhī) you-FORMAL कसे (kase) how-FORMAL आहात (āhāt) are-2PL.FORMAL ? (?) QUESTION
9.3 आपण (āpaṇ) you-ULTRA.FORMAL कुठे (kuṭhe) where जाणार (jāṇār) go-FUT आहात (āhāt) are-FORMAL ? (?) QUESTION
9.4 तुझे (tujhe) your-INFORMAL नाव (nāv) name काय (kāy) what आहे (āhe) is ? (?) QUESTION
9.5 तुमचे (tumce) your-FORMAL घर (ghar) house कुठे (kuṭhe) where आहे (āhe) is ? (?) QUESTION
9.6 तू (tū) you-INFORMAL माझा (mājhā) my मित्र (mitra) friend आहेस (āhes) are-2SG का (kā) QUESTION ? (?) QUESTION
9.7 तुम्हाला (tumhālā) you-FORMAL-DAT मराठी (marāṭhī) Marathi येते (yete) comes/knows का (kā) QUESTION ? (?) QUESTION
9.8 तुला (tulā) you-INFORMAL-DAT काय (kāy) what हवे (have) want आहे (āhe) is ? (?) QUESTION
9.9 आपल्याला (āpalyālā) you-ULTRA.FORMAL-DAT कॉफी (kŏphī) coffee आवडते (āvaḍate) like का (kā) QUESTION ? (?) QUESTION
9.10 तू (tū) you-INFORMAL कधी (kadhī) when येणार (yeṇār) come-FUT आहेस (āhes) are-2SG ? (?) QUESTION
9.11 तुम्ही (tumhī) you-FORMAL सगळे (sagaḷe) all इथे (ithe) here बसा (basā) sit-IMP.FORMAL
9.12 तुझ्या (tujhyā) your-INFORMAL-OBL आईला (āīlā) mother-DAT माझा (mājhā) my नमस्कार (namaskār) greeting सांग (sāṅg) tell-IMP
9.13 तुमच्या (tumcyā) your-FORMAL-OBL कुटुंबात (kuṭumbāt) family-LOC किती (kitī) how-many जण (jaṇ) people आहेत (āhet) are ? (?) QUESTION
9.14 तू (tū) you-INFORMAL हे (he) this पुस्तक (pustak) book वाचलेस (vācales) read-PERF-2SG का (kā) QUESTION ? (?) QUESTION
9.15 आपण (āpaṇ) you-ULTRA.FORMAL उद्या (udyā) tomorrow भेटू (bheṭū) meet-FUT.1PL शकतो (śakto) can का (kā) QUESTION ? (?) QUESTION
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9.1 तू कसा आहेस? How are you? (informal, to a male)
9.2 तुम्ही कसे आहात? How are you? (formal/plural)
9.3 आपण कुठे जाणार आहात? Where will you be going? (ultra-formal)
9.4 तुझे नाव काय आहे? What is your name? (informal)
9.5 तुमचे घर कुठे आहे? Where is your house? (formal)
9.6 तू माझा मित्र आहेस का? Are you my friend? (informal)
9.7 तुम्हाला मराठी येते का? Do you know Marathi? (formal)
9.8 तुला काय हवे आहे? What do you want? (informal)
9.9 आपल्याला कॉफी आवडते का? Do you like coffee? (ultra-formal)
9.10 तू कधी येणार आहेस? When will you come? (informal)
9.11 तुम्ही सगळे इथे बसा। All of you sit here. (plural/formal)
9.12 तुझ्या आईला माझा नमस्कार सांग। Give my greetings to your mother. (informal)
9.13 तुमच्या कुटुंबात किती जण आहेत? How many people are in your family? (formal)
9.14 तू हे पुस्तक वाचलेस का? Have you read this book? (informal)
9.15 आपण उद्या भेटू शकतो का? Can we meet tomorrow? (ultra-formal)
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9.1 तू कसा आहेस?
9.2 तुम्ही कसे आहात?
9.3 आपण कुठे जाणार आहात?
9.4 तुझे नाव काय आहे?
9.5 तुमचे घर कुठे आहे?
9.6 तू माझा मित्र आहेस का?
9.7 तुम्हाला मराठी येते का?
9.8 तुला काय हवे आहे?
9.9 आपल्याला कॉफी आवडते का?
9.10 तू कधी येणार आहेस?
9.11 तुम्ही सगळे इथे बसा।
9.12 तुझ्या आईला माझा नमस्कार सांग।
9.13 तुमच्या कुटुंबात किती जण आहेत?
9.14 तू हे पुस्तक वाचलेस का?
9.15 आपण उद्या भेटू शकतो का?
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These are the grammar rules for Marathi second-person pronouns:
Three-Level System: -
तू (tū) - Informal/Familiar: -
Default pronoun for most relationships -
Used with family, friends, children, equals -
NOT inherently disrespectful (unlike Hindi) -
Verb ending: -स/-शील (āhes, karśīl) -
Possessive: तुझा/तुझी/तुझे (tujhā/tujhī/tujhe) -
Oblique: तुझ्या (tujhyā) -
Dative: तुला (tulā) -
तुम्ही (tumhī) - Formal/Plural: -
Used for respect or social distance -
All plural situations (even informal groups) -
Strangers, professional contexts -
Verb ending: -ता/-आल (āhāt, karāl) -
Possessive: तुमचा/तुमची/तुमचे (tumcā/tumcī/tumce) -
Oblique: तुमच्या (tumcyā) -
Dative: तुम्हाला (tumhālā) -
आपण (āpaṇ) - Ultra-Formal: -
Extreme respect or official contexts -
Can also mean "we" (inclusive) -
Verb ending: same as तुम्ही -
Possessive: आपला/आपली/आपले (āplā/āplī/āple) -
Dative: आपल्याला (āpalyālā)
Common Mistakes: -
Applying Hindi conventions (formal as default) -
Using तुम्ही with close family (sounds distant) -
Forgetting gender agreement in verb forms -
Mixing pronoun levels in same conversation -
Confusing आपण (you) with आम्ही (we exclusive)
Comparison with English: English "you" is neutral for number and formality. Marathi requires constant social calibration, but with तू as the warm default rather than formal distance. This reflects Marathi culture's emphasis on warmth and inclusion over hierarchy.
Cultural Contrast with Hindi: In Hindi: आप (formal) → तुम (familiar) → तू (intimate/rude) In Marathi: आपण (ultra-formal) → तुम्ही (formal/plural) → तू (normal/warm)
Step-by-Step Selection: -
Is this official/extremely formal? → आपण -
Is this plural (any level)? → तुम्ही -
Do I need to show special respect? → तुम्ही -
Is this a stranger in formal context? → तुम्ही -
Default for all others → तू
Grammatical Summary: -
Pronouns trigger verb agreement -
Gender appears in possessives and some verb forms -
Case system: Direct, Oblique, Dative forms -
No gender distinction in pronouns themselves -
Word order typically SOV
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Formal and Informal Usage: Marathi's default use of तू reflects Maharashtra's egalitarian social values, contrasting with the hierarchical tendencies of North Indian languages. Even with parents and elders, many Marathi speakers use तू as a mark of closeness rather than disrespect. However, urban educated classes increasingly adopt तुम्ही under Hindi/English influence, creating generational divides. Traditional families maintain तू for intimacy, while modernizing families may see it as crude.
Cultural Significance: The pronoun system embodies core Marathi values: -
साहजिकता (sāhajiktā) - naturalness in relationships -
आपुलकी (āpulkī) - warmth and belonging -
समता (samatā) - equality -
मानवंदना (mānavandanā) - respectful acknowledgment when needed
The Sant tradition (Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram) used तू for God, emphasizing intimate devotion over distant reverence, profoundly influencing Marathi linguistic culture.
Regional Variations: -
Mumbai: Heavy Hindi influence, more तुम्ही usage -
Pune: Traditional, maintains तू norms -
Konkan: Coastal regions use तू predominantly -
Vidarbha: Eastern dialect has unique pronoun forms -
Rural Maharashtra: तू remains universal default
Idiomatic Expressions: -
तू तू मैं मैं (tū tū maĩ maĩ) = informal arguing -
तुम्ही म्हणता तसे (tumhī mhaṇatā tase) = "as you say" (agreement) -
आपल्या मनासारखे (āpalyā manāsārkhe) = "as you wish" -
तुझ्या तोंडात घी-शक्कर (tujhyā toṇḍāt ghī-śakkar) = "may your words come true" -
तुम्हाला काय वाटते? (tumhālā kāy vāṭate?) = "what do you think?"
Syntactical Peculiarities: Marathi allows pronoun dropping more than Hindi but less than Japanese. The verb ending often sufficiently indicates the subject. Questions frequently end with का (kā), which can soften directness. Double pronouns appear for emphasis: तू तूच (tū tūc) "you yourself." The inclusive आपण can create ambiguity between "we" and "you," resolved through context.
Contemporary Observations: Modern corporate culture promotes तुम्ही as professional standard. Social media sees creative mixing: तू for closeness, तुम्ही for public posts. English "you" influence creates confusion in translation. Younger generations in cities may not fully grasp traditional तू warmth, seeing it as rural or backward.
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From Sant Tukaram's Abhanga (17th century):
Original Text (42 words in Marathi): तुका म्हणे माझे हेचि दान तुम्हा। परि अंतरीचा विश्वास धरा॥ जे का रंजले गांजले। ते सांपडती मेळवले॥ दाविती लागु धरितां पाय। संसार सुखाचा करूं रिघाय॥
तुका (tukā) Tuka म्हणे (mhaṇe) says माझे (mājhe) my हेचि (heci) this-only दान (dān) gift तुम्हा (tumhā) to-you-DAT परि (pari) but अंतरीचा (antarīcā) inner विश्वास (viśvās) faith धरा (dharā) hold-IMP जे (je) those-who का (kā) EMPH रंजले (raṅjale) afflicted गांजले (gāṅjale) exhausted ते (te) they सांपडती (sāmpaḍatī) are-found मेळवले (meḷavale) obtained दाविती (dāvitī) show लागु (lāgu) connection धरितां (dharitāṃ) holding पाय (pāy) feet संसार (saṃsār) worldly-life सुखाचा (sukhācā) of-happiness करूं (karūṃ) make रिघाय (righāy) completely
तुका म्हणे माझे हेचि दान तुम्हा। परि अंतरीचा विश्वास धरा॥ जे का रंजले गांजले। ते सांपडती मेळवले॥ दाविती लागु धरितां पाय। संसार सुखाचा करूं रिघाय॥
Tuka says: This is my only gift to you, but hold faith within your heart. Those who are afflicted and exhausted, they are found and obtained. They show connection when holding (His) feet, making worldly life completely happy.
तुका म्हणे माझे हेचि दान तुम्हा। परि अंतरीचा विश्वास धरा॥ जे का रंजले गांजले। ते सांपडती मेळवले॥ दाविती लागु धरितां पाय। संसार सुखाचा करूं रिघाय॥
This abhanga demonstrates Tukaram's characteristic use of pronouns in devotional context. He uses तुम्हा (tumhā - dative of तुम्ही) addressing devotees collectively with warmth rather than distance. The phrase "तुका म्हणे" (Tuka says) is his signature, using third person self-reference common in sant poetry. The imperative धरा (dharā - hold) takes the formal/plural form matching तुम्हा. The word अंतरीचा (inner) combines अंतर (inside) with the genitive suffix, showing Marathi's agglutinative tendencies. Tukaram's language bridges classical and colloquial, using रंजले गांजले (afflicted and exhausted) - a rhythmic pair typical of abhanga style. The meter is ovi, with first three lines rhyming and fourth providing resolution. This democratic use of pronouns - addressing all devotees equally with तुम्हा - reflects the Bhakti movement's social reform agenda.
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9.16 आई (āī) mother : (:) COLON "तू (tū) you-INFORMAL जेवलास (jevalās) ate-PERF-2SG का (kā) QUESTION बाळा (bāḷā) child ?" (?) QUESTION
9.17 मुलगा (mulgā) son : (:) COLON "हो (ho) yes आई (āī) mother , (,) COMMA तू (tū) you-INFORMAL पण (paṇ) also जेव (jev) eat-IMP ना (nā) EMPH !" (!) EXCLAMATION
9.18 आजी (ājī) grandmother : (:) COLON "तुम्ही (tumhī) you-PLURAL सगळे (sagaḷe) all इकडे (ikaḍe) here या (yā) come-IMP ." (.) PERIOD
9.19 नातू (nātū) grandson : (:) COLON "आजी (ājī) grandmother , (,) COMMA तुला (tulā) you-DAT औषध (auṣadh) medicine घेतले (ghetale) took का (kā) QUESTION ?" (?) QUESTION
9.20 वडील (vaḍīl) father : (:) COLON "तुम्हाला (tumhālā) you-FORMAL-DAT काही (kāhī) something सांगायचे (sāṅgāyace) to-say आहे (āhe) is ." (.) PERIOD
9.21 मुलगी (mulgī) daughter : (:) COLON "बाबा (bābā) father , (,) COMMA तुम्ही (tumhī) you-FORMAL कधी (kadhī) when येणार (yeṇār) coming ?" (?) QUESTION
9.22 काका (kākā) uncle : (:) COLON "तू (tū) you-INFORMAL अभ्यास (abhyās) study केलास (kelās) did-2SG का (kā) QUESTION ?" (?) QUESTION
9.23 भाऊ (bhāū) brother : (:) COLON "तुझे (tujhe) your-INFORMAL मित्र (mitra) friends आले (āle) came होते (hote) were ." (.) PERIOD
9.24 बहीण (bahīṇ) sister : (:) COLON "तुला (tulā) you-DAT माझी (mājhī) my मदत (madat) help पाहिजे (pāhije) need का (kā) QUESTION ?" (?) QUESTION
9.25 आजोबा (ājobā) grandfather : (:) COLON "तुम्ही (tumhī) you-PLURAL मुलं (mulaṃ) children ऐका (aikā) listen-IMP हे (he) this ." (.) PERIOD
9.26 पती (patī) husband : (:) COLON "तू (tū) you-INFORMAL थकलीस (thakalīs) tired-FEM का (kā) QUESTION ?" (?) QUESTION
9.27 पत्नी (patnī) wife : (:) COLON "तुम्ही (tumhī) you-FORMAL लवकर (lavkar) early या (yā) come-IMP घरी (gharī) home ." (.) PERIOD
9.28 मावशी (māvaśī) aunt : (:) COLON "तुझ्या (tujhyā) your-OBL आईचे (āīce) mother's कसे (kase) how आहे (āhe) is ?" (?) QUESTION
9.29 चुलता (culatā) cousin : (:) COLON "तू (tū) you-INFORMAL नवीन (navīn) new गाडी (gāḍī) car घेतलीस (ghetalīs) bought-2SG ?" (?) QUESTION
9.30 सासू (sāsū) mother-in-law : (:) COLON "तुम्हाला (tumhālā) you-FORMAL-DAT चहा (cahā) tea करून (karūn) making देते (dete) give-1SG ." (.) PERIOD
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9.16 आई: "तू जेवलास का बाळा?" Mother: "Have you eaten, child?"
9.17 मुलगा: "हो आई, तू पण जेव ना!" Son: "Yes mother, you eat too!"
9.18 आजी: "तुम्ही सगळे इकडे या." Grandmother: "All of you come here."
9.19 नातू: "आजी, तुला औषध घेतले का?" Grandson: "Grandma, did you take your medicine?"
9.20 वडील: "तुम्हाला काही सांगायचे आहे." Father: "I have something to tell you." (formal to children)
9.21 मुलगी: "बाबा, तुम्ही कधी येणार?" Daughter: "Father, when will you come?"
9.22 काका: "तू अभ्यास केलास का?" Uncle: "Did you study?"
9.23 भाऊ: "तुझे मित्र आले होते." Brother: "Your friends had come."
9.24 बहीण: "तुला माझी मदत पाहिजे का?" Sister: "Do you need my help?"
9.25 आजोबा: "तुम्ही मुलं ऐका हे." Grandfather: "You children, listen to this."
9.26 पती: "तू थकलीस का?" Husband: "Are you tired?" (to wife)
9.27 पत्नी: "तुम्ही लवकर या घरी." Wife: "Come home early." (formal to husband)
9.28 मावशी: "तुझ्या आईचे कसे आहे?" Aunt: "How is your mother?"
9.29 चुलता: "तू नवीन गाडी घेतलीस?" Cousin: "Did you buy a new car?"
9.30 सासू: "तुम्हाला चहा करून देते." Mother-in-law: "I'll make tea for you."
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9.16 आई: "तू जेवलास का बाळा?"
9.17 मुलगा: "हो आई, तू पण जेव ना!"
9.18 आजी: "तुम्ही सगळे इकडे या."
9.19 नातू: "आजी, तुला औषध घेतले का?"
9.20 वडील: "तुम्हाला काही सांगायचे आहे."
9.21 मुलगी: "बाबा, तुम्ही कधी येणार?"
9.22 काका: "तू अभ्यास केलास का?"
9.23 भाऊ: "तुझे मित्र आले होते."
9.24 बहीण: "तुला माझी मदत पाहिजे का?"
9.25 आजोबा: "तुम्ही मुलं ऐका हे."
9.26 पती: "तू थकलीस का?"
9.27 पत्नी: "तुम्ही लवकर या घरी."
9.28 मावशी: "तुझ्या आईचे कसे आहे?"
9.29 चुलता: "तू नवीन गाडी घेतलीस?"
9.30 सासू: "तुम्हाला चहा करून देते."
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This family conversation demonstrates the nuanced use of pronouns in Marathi households. Notice how children use तू with mothers and grandmothers, showing warmth not disrespect. The mother's response "तू पण जेव" (you also eat) reciprocates this intimacy. However, some modern families show variation: the daughter uses तुम्ही with father, reflecting changing dynamics where formal respect enters family relations.
The grandmother uses तुम्ही सगळे (you all) for the plural, even though addressing family. Gender agreement appears in थकलीस (thakalīs - tired, feminine) when the husband addresses his wife. The variation between spouses is particularly interesting: traditional husband uses तू (intimate), while wife uses तुम्ही (respectful), though this pattern is changing in urban areas.
Possessive forms show case changes: तुझे मित्र (your friends - direct case), तुझ्या आईचे (your mother's - oblique case). The dative तुला appears frequently in family care contexts: "तुला औषध घेतले का?" (did you take medicine?), "तुला मदत पाहिजे का?" (do you need help?).
The informal imperative जेव (eat) contrasts with formal या (come). Question particle का softens inquiries, essential in family communication. The discourse shows Marathi families navigate between traditional warmth (तू) and evolving respect patterns (तुम्ही), creating a complex but caring linguistic environment.
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IPA Transcriptions for Key Terms: -
तू [t̪uː] - informal "you" -
तुम्ही [t̪umʱiː] - formal/plural "you" -
आपण [aːpəɳ] - ultra-formal "you" -
तुझा [t̪ud͡ʒʱaː] - your (informal) -
तुमचा [t̪umt͡ʃaː] - your (formal)
Common Pronunciation Errors: -
Not distinguishing retroflex ण from dental न -
Missing aspiration in भ, घ, ध (bh, gh, dh) -
Pronouncing schwa where it should be deleted -
Not lengthening long vowels (ā, ī, ū) -
Confusing श (ś) and ष (ṣ) sounds
Schwa Deletion Rules: -
Final अ usually silent: तुमचा = [t̪umt͡ʃaː] not [t̪umt͡ʃaːə] -
Retained before consonant clusters -
Retained in monosyllabic words -
Regional variations in application
Tone and Stress Patterns: Marathi is not tonal but has predictable stress: -
Usually penultimate syllable -
Long vowels attract stress -
Question intonation rises with का -
Commands have falling intonation
Audio Reference Suggestions: -
All India Radio Mumbai for standard pronunciation -
Marathi films for colloquial speech -
Sant Tukaram abhangas for classical pronunciation -
YouTube channels like "Learn Marathi with Kaushik"
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The Latinum Institute has been creating innovative language learning materials since 2006, pioneering the use of comprehensible input through interlinear glossing and construed texts. This method, inspired by Renaissance polyglot traditions, enables autodidact learners to rapidly acquire reading comprehension in any language by presenting the target language with immediate, word-by-word English glosses.
Our Marathi course addresses the unique sociolinguistic features of this Indo-Aryan language, particularly its distinctive pronoun system that differs markedly from neighboring Hindi despite sharing the Devanagari script. The interlinear method reveals how Marathi's default informal pronouns create warmth rather than disrespect, helping learners avoid the cultural misunderstandings that often arise from applying Hindi or English conventions to Marathi conversation.
The course draws from Maharashtra's rich literary tradition, featuring the Bhakti movement saints like Tukaram and Dnyaneshwar whose democratic use of language revolutionized Marathi literature. Each lesson presents authentic Marathi in multiple formats—from carefully glossed beginner texts to unmodified native materials—allowing learners to gradually develop independent reading skills while appreciating the cultural values embedded in linguistic choices.
For more courses and the complete index of lessons, visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index or explore our full range of materials at latinum.org.uk. User reviews and testimonials available at https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk.
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