← Babylonian (Talmudic) Aramaic
How do you say "any" in Babylonian Aramaic?
The Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud has no separate word for "any". It uses כׇּל (kol), the word that also means "all" and "every". What כׇּל means depends on the word that follows it.
The English learner should notice four things at once.
First, before an indefinite word, כׇּל means "any". Aramaic has a set of small words that point at no one thing in particular: מִידֵּי (mīddē), "a thing"; אִינִישׁ (ʾīnīsh), "a person"; מַאן (man), "who"; הֵיכָא (hēkhā), "where"; אֵימַת (ʾēmat), "when". Put כׇּל in front of them and you have the English words in any-: כׇּל מִידֵּי, "anything"; כׇּל אִינִישׁ, "anyone"; כׇּל הֵיכָא, "anywhere"; כׇּל אֵימַת, "any time".
Second, before דְּ- (də-), "that", it means "whatever, whoever". כׇּל מַאן דְּבָעֵי, "anyone who wants"; כׇּל הֵיכָא דְּאָזֵילְנָא, "anywhere I go"; כׇּל אֵימַת דְּבָעֵי, "any time he wants". With דְּ- alone: כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא, "whatever the Merciful One does", the famous saying of Section F.
Third, with לָא, "not", it means "not … any". לָא אֲכַל כׇּל מִידֵּי, "he did not eat anything". You have met this already: לֵית זְמָן לְמֶעְבַּד כָּל מִידֵּי, "there is no time to do anything" (lesson 54). The Gemara often leaves כׇּל out: לָא חֲזַיְתְּ מִידֵּי, "I did not see anything" (lesson 56). כׇּל makes the "any" stronger: "anything at all".
Fourth, before a definite noun it means "every" or "all". כׇּל יוֹמָא, "every day" (lesson 62.21); כׇּל הַאי, "all this". With an ending it becomes כּוּלֵּיהּ (kullēh), "all of it" (lessons 58 and 61). So כׇּל is one word with three English faces: "any", "every" and "all".
"Any" in the sense of "any amount, however small" has its own phrase. The rabbis' Hebrew says כׇּל שֶׁהוּא (kol she-hū), "whatever it be", which Jastrow explains as "the smallest quantity". The Aramaic of the same idea, כׇּל דְּהוּ (kol də-hū), "any amount at all", is used by the commentators Rashi and the Tosafot, for instance on Shabbat 21b. You will meet it when you read the Gemara with them.
The word comes from the root כ-ל-ל, "to include, to take in the whole". The same word is כֹּל in the Hebrew of the Bible and كُلّ (kull) in Arabic.
This lesson writes the word כׇּל, with the sign ׇ (qamats qatan) under the kaf, as the vocalised edition of the Talmud on Sefaria does. The sign says the vowel is a short o. Earlier lessons and many printed books write כָּל with an ordinary qamats; the word is the same and always said kol. Unvocalised editions write simply כל.
In this lesson the romanisation follows a simple academic scheme: ʾ for א, ʿ for ע, ḥ for ח, ṭ for ט, ṣ for צ, q for ק, sh for שׁ, kh for soft כ, v for soft ב, f for soft פ, w for consonantal ו; long vowels are marked with a macron (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū), and ə stands for the short vowel shewa.
- כׇּל (kol) + an indefinite word = "any": כׇּל מִידֵּי, "anything"; כׇּל אִינִישׁ, "anyone" - כׇּל הֵיכָא דְּ- = "anywhere that, wherever"; כׇּל אֵימַת דְּ- = "any time that, whenever" - כׇּל מַאן דְּ- = "anyone who, whoever"; כׇּל דְּ- = "whatever" - לָא … כׇּל מִידֵּי = "not … anything, nothing at all" - כׇּל + a definite noun = "every, all": כׇּל יוֹמָא, "every day" - כׇּל דְּהוּ (commentators) / כׇּל שֶׁהוּא (Hebrew) = "any amount at all" - Written כׇּל or כָּל; always said kol
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The sentences of Sections A to C and of the Genre Section are written for this lesson; they are not quotations from the Talmud. 65.14 is a phrase of the Gemara (Berakhot 26a), and 65.30 repeats the saying quoted in Section F; the only full quotation is in Section F.
65.1a כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing
65.1b kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing
65.2a כׇּל any אִינִישׁ person
65.2b kol (KOL) any ʾīnīsh (ee-NEESH) person-M.SG
65.3a כׇּל any מַאן who דְּבָעֵי that-wants
65.3b kol (KOL) any man (MAN) who də-vāʿē (d'-vaa-'AY) that-want-PTCP.M.SG
65.4a כׇּל any אֵימַת when דְּבָעֵית that-you-want
65.4b kol (KOL) any ʾēmat (ay-MAT) when də-vāʿēt (d'-vaa-'AYT) that-want-PTCP.2M.SG
65.5a לָא not אֲכַל he-ate כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing
65.5b lā (laa) not ʾăkhal (a-KHAL) eat-PERF.3M.SG kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing
65.6a כׇּל any מַאן who דְּאָתֵי that-comes אָכֵיל eats בַּהֲדַן with-us
65.6b kol (KOL) any man (MAN) who də-ʾātē (d'-aa-TAY) that-come-PTCP.M.SG ʾākhēl (aa-KHAYL) eat-PTCP.M.SG bahădan (ba-ha-DAN) with-us
65.7a כׇּל any הֵיכָא where דְּאָזֵילְנָא that-I-go סִפְרָא the-book בַּהֲדַאי with-me
65.7b kol (KOL) any hēkhā (hay-KHAA) where də-ʾāzēlnā (d'-aa-ZAYL-naa) that-go-PTCP.1SG sifrā (sif-RAA) book-M.SG.EMPH bahăday (ba-ha-DAI) with-me
65.8a בְּלֵילְיָא in-the-night לָא not שָׁמַעְנָא I-hear כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing
65.8b bə-lēlyā (b'-LAYL-yaa) in-night-M.SG.EMPH lā (laa) not shāmaʿnā (shaa-MA'-naa) hear-PTCP.1SG kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing
65.9a כׇּל any אֵימַת when דְּאָתֵית that-you-come לְהָכָא to-here חָדֵינָא I-rejoice
65.9b kol (KOL) any ʾēmat (ay-MAT) when də-ʾātēt (d'-aa-TAYT) that-come-PTCP.2M.SG lə-hākhā (l'-HAA-khaa) to-here ḥādēnā (khaa-DAY-naa) rejoice-PTCP.1SG
65.10a כׇּל any הֵיכָא where דְּאִיכָּא that-there-is סְפֵיקָא a-doubt שָׁאֲלִינַן we-ask לְרַבָּה Rabbah
65.10b kol (KOL) any hēkhā (hay-KHAA) where də-ʾīkkā (d'-EEK-kaa) that-there-is səfēqā (s'-fay-QAA) doubt-M.SG.EMPH shāʾălīnan (shaa-a-LEE-nan) ask-PTCP.1PL lə-Rabbā (l'-RAB-baa) OBJ-Rabbah
65.11a כׇּל any מַאן who דְּלָא that-not יָדַע knows שָׁאֵיל asks לְרַבֵּיהּ his-master
65.11b kol (KOL) any man (MAN) who də-lā (d'-LAA) that-not yādaʿ (yaa-DA') know-PTCP.M.SG shāʾēl (shaa-AYL) ask-PTCP.M.SG lə-rabbēh (l'-rab-BAYH) OBJ-master-his
65.12a אִי if אִיכָּא there-is כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing דְּלָא that-not יָדְעַתְּ you-know אֵימָא say לִי to-me
65.12b ʾī (EE) if ʾīkkā (EEK-kaa) there-is kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing də-lā (d'-LAA) that-not yādʿat (YAAD-at) know-PTCP.2M.SG ʾēmā (AY-maa) say-IMPV.M.SG lī (LEE) to-me
65.13a רַבָּה Rabbah לָא not שְׁקַל took מִינֵּיהּ from-him כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing מִשּׁוּם because-of דַּהֲוָה that-he-was עַנְיָא poor
65.13b Rabbā (RAB-baa) Rabbah lā (laa) not shəqal (sh'-QAL) take-PERF.3M.SG minnēh (min-NAYH) from-him kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of da-hăwā (da-ha-VAA) that-be-PERF.3M.SG ʿanyā (an-YAA) poor-M.SG.EMPH
65.14a כׇּל any אֵימַת when דְּבָעֵי that-he-wants מְצַלֵּי he-prays וְאָזֵיל and-goes-on
65.14b kol (KOL) any ʾēmat (ay-MAT) when də-vāʿē (d'-vaa-'AY) that-want-PTCP.M.SG məṣallē (m'-tsal-LAY) pray-PTCP.M.SG wə-ʾāzēl (v'-aa-ZAYL) and-go-PTCP.M.SG
65.15a כׇּל any מַאן who דְּבָעֵי that-wants לְמִגְמַר to-learn לֵיתֵי let-him-come לְבֵי to-the-house-of מִדְרְשָׁא study
65.15b kol (KOL) any man (MAN) who də-vāʿē (d'-vaa-'AY) that-want-PTCP.M.SG lə-migmar (l'-mig-MAR) to-learn-INF lētē (lay-TAY) come-JUSS.3M.SG lə-vē (l'-VAY) to-house-CONST midrəshā (mid-r'-SHAA) study-M.SG.EMPH
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65.1 כׇּל מִידֵּי. — kol mīddē. — "Anything."
65.2 כׇּל אִינִישׁ. — kol ʾīnīsh. — "Anyone."
65.3 כׇּל מַאן דְּבָעֵי. — kol man də-vāʿē. — "Anyone who wants."
65.4 כׇּל אֵימַת דְּבָעֵית. — kol ʾēmat də-vāʿēt. — "Any time you want."
65.5 לָא אֲכַל כׇּל מִידֵּי. — lā ʾăkhal kol mīddē. — "He did not eat anything."
65.6 כׇּל מַאן דְּאָתֵי אָכֵיל בַּהֲדַן. — kol man də-ʾātē ʾākhēl bahădan. — "Anyone who comes eats with us."
65.7 כׇּל הֵיכָא דְּאָזֵילְנָא, סִפְרָא בַּהֲדַאי. — kol hēkhā də-ʾāzēlnā, sifrā bahăday. — "Anywhere I go, the book is with me."
65.8 בְּלֵילְיָא לָא שָׁמַעְנָא כׇּל מִידֵּי. — bə-lēlyā lā shāmaʿnā kol mīddē. — "At night I do not hear anything."
65.9 כׇּל אֵימַת דְּאָתֵית לְהָכָא, חָדֵינָא. — kol ʾēmat də-ʾātēt lə-hākhā, ḥādēnā. — "Any time you come here, I am glad."
65.10 כׇּל הֵיכָא דְּאִיכָּא סְפֵיקָא, שָׁאֲלִינַן לְרַבָּה. — kol hēkhā də-ʾīkkā səfēqā, shāʾălīnan lə-Rabbā. — "Wherever there is any doubt, we ask Rabbah."
65.11 כׇּל מַאן דְּלָא יָדַע, שָׁאֵיל לְרַבֵּיהּ. — kol man də-lā yādaʿ, shāʾēl lə-rabbēh. — "Anyone who does not know asks his master."
65.12 אִי אִיכָּא כׇּל מִידֵּי דְּלָא יָדְעַתְּ, אֵימָא לִי. — ʾī ʾīkkā kol mīddē də-lā yādʿat, ʾēmā lī. — "If there is anything you do not know, tell me."
65.13 רַבָּה לָא שְׁקַל מִינֵּיהּ כׇּל מִידֵּי, מִשּׁוּם דַּהֲוָה עַנְיָא. — Rabbā lā shəqal minnēh kol mīddē, mi-shshūm da-hăwā ʿanyā. — "Rabbah did not take anything from him, because he was poor."
65.14 כׇּל אֵימַת דְּבָעֵי, מְצַלֵּי וְאָזֵיל. — kol ʾēmat də-vāʿē, məṣallē wə-ʾāzēl. — "Any time he wants, he may go on praying."
65.15 כׇּל מַאן דְּבָעֵי לְמִגְמַר, לֵיתֵי לְבֵי מִדְרְשָׁא. — kol man də-vāʿē lə-migmar, lētē lə-vē midrəshā. — "Anyone who wants to learn, let him come to the study house."
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65.1 כׇּל מִידֵּי.
65.2 כׇּל אִינִישׁ.
65.3 כׇּל מַאן דְּבָעֵי.
65.4 כׇּל אֵימַת דְּבָעֵית.
65.5 לָא אֲכַל כׇּל מִידֵּי.
65.6 כׇּל מַאן דְּאָתֵי אָכֵיל בַּהֲדַן.
65.7 כׇּל הֵיכָא דְּאָזֵילְנָא, סִפְרָא בַּהֲדַאי.
65.8 בְּלֵילְיָא לָא שָׁמַעְנָא כׇּל מִידֵּי.
65.9 כׇּל אֵימַת דְּאָתֵית לְהָכָא, חָדֵינָא.
65.10 כׇּל הֵיכָא דְּאִיכָּא סְפֵיקָא, שָׁאֲלִינַן לְרַבָּה.
65.11 כׇּל מַאן דְּלָא יָדַע, שָׁאֵיל לְרַבֵּיהּ.
65.12 אִי אִיכָּא כׇּל מִידֵּי דְּלָא יָדְעַתְּ, אֵימָא לִי.
65.13 רַבָּה לָא שְׁקַל מִינֵּיהּ כׇּל מִידֵּי, מִשּׁוּם דַּהֲוָה עַנְיָא.
65.14 כׇּל אֵימַת דְּבָעֵי, מְצַלֵּי וְאָזֵיל.
65.15 כׇּל מַאן דְּבָעֵי לְמִגְמַר, לֵיתֵי לְבֵי מִדְרְשָׁא.
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1. כׇּל never changes on its own. It takes no ending for gender or number and always stands before the word it governs. With a pronoun ending it changes its shape: כּוּלֵּיהּ (kullēh), "all of it", כּוּלְּהוּ (kulləhū), "all of them" (lessons 58 and 61). Those forms mean "all", never "any".
2. כׇּל + an indefinite word = "any". The indefinite words of the Gemara become the English any- words:
- כׇּל מִידֵּי (kol mīddē), "anything" (65.1, 65.5, 65.8, 65.12, 65.13) - כׇּל אִינִישׁ (kol ʾīnīsh), "anyone" (65.2) - כׇּל מַאן (kol man), "anyone, whoever" (65.3, 65.6, 65.11, 65.15) - כׇּל הֵיכָא (kol hēkhā), "anywhere, wherever" (65.7, 65.10) - כׇּל אֵימַת (kol ʾēmat), "any time, whenever" (65.4, 65.9, 65.14)
3. Before a clause: כׇּל … דְּ-. כׇּל מַאן, כׇּל הֵיכָא and כׇּל אֵימַת are almost always followed by דְּ-, "that", and a clause: כׇּל מַאן דְּאָתֵי, "anyone who comes" (65.6); כׇּל הֵיכָא דְּאִיכָּא סְפֵיקָא, "wherever there is a doubt" (65.10); כׇּל אֵימַת דְּאָתֵית, "any time you come" (65.9). The clause with דְּ- comes first, and the main clause follows: "anyone who comes — eats with us". דְּ- takes its vowel by the rule of lesson 64: דְּ- before most words, דִּ- before shewa, דַּ- before hataf patah.
4. כׇּל דְּ- = "whatever". With no other word between them, כׇּל דְּ- means "everything that, whatever": כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא לְטָב עָבֵיד, "whatever the Merciful One does, He does for good" (65.30 and Section F).
5. Negative sentences: לָא … כׇּל מִידֵּי. "Not … anything" is לָא with the verb and כׇּל מִידֵּי after it: לָא אֲכַל כׇּל מִידֵּי, "he did not eat anything" (65.5); לָא שָׁמַעְנָא כׇּל מִידֵּי, "I do not hear anything" (65.8). The Gemara also says just לָא … מִידֵּי, with the same meaning (lesson 56.3). Aramaic has no single word "nothing": it says "not … anything".
6. Conditions and questions. In an "if" clause or a question, כׇּל מִידֵּי is "anything" in the English sense of "anything at all": אִי אִיכָּא כׇּל מִידֵּי דְּלָא יָדְעַתְּ, "if there is anything you do not know" (65.12). The same sense is in the questions of the dialogue (65.17).
7. כׇּל + a definite noun or a demonstrative = "every, all". כׇּל יוֹמָא, "every day" (lesson 62.21); כׇּל הַאי, "all this" (65.25). The definite noun names a whole that is known, so כׇּל takes it all. The indefinite word names nothing in particular, so כׇּל leaves the choice open: "any".
8. "Any amount": כׇּל דְּהוּ. כׇּל דְּהוּ (kol də-hū), word for word "any that it be", is "any amount at all, however small". It is the Aramaic of the Hebrew כׇּל שֶׁהוּא (kol she-hū). You will meet it in the commentaries printed round the Gemara.
9. New verb forms in this lesson. The participle with the endings of the persons, as in lesson 64:
- בָּעֵי (bāʿē), "he wants"; בָּעֵית (bāʿēt), "you want" (65.3, 65.4) - אָתֵי (ʾātē), "he comes"; אָתֵית (ʾātēt), "you come"; אָתֵינָא (ʾātēnā), "I come" (65.6, 65.9, 65.29) - יָדַע (yādaʿ), "he knows"; יָדְעַתְּ (yādʿat), "you know" (65.11, 65.12) - שָׁמַעְנָא (shāmaʿnā), "I hear"; חָדֵינָא (ḥādēnā), "I rejoice" (65.8, 65.9) - שָׁאֵיל (shāʾēl), "he asks"; שָׁאֲלִינַן (shāʾălīnan), "we ask": -inan is the ending for "we" (65.10, 65.11)
Two commands: אֵימָא (ʾēmā), "say!" (65.12), and עוּל (ʿūl), "come in!" (65.19). And one wish: לֵיתֵי (lētē), "let him come" (65.15).
10. לְ- before the object. שָׁאֲלִינַן לְרַבָּה, "we ask Rabbah" (65.10); שָׁאֵיל לְרַבֵּיהּ, "he asks his master" (65.11). The object of a verb is often marked with לְ-. Section F shows a stronger form of the same thing: the object is named twice, as an ending on the verb and with לְ-.
- Reading כׇּל as "all" every time. ✗ כׇּל מִידֵּי = "all thing" → ✓ "anything". Before an indefinite word it is "any". - Leaving out דְּ- before the clause. ✗ כׇּל מַאן אָתֵי → ✓ כׇּל מַאן דְּאָתֵי, "anyone who comes". - Looking for a word for "nothing". ✗ An English sentence with "nothing" has no one Aramaic word to match → ✓ לָא … כׇּל מִידֵּי, "not … anything". - Saying kaal. The vowel of כׇּל is a short o: kol, whether it is printed כׇּל or כָּל. - Confusing כׇּל דְּ- with כׇּל דְּהוּ. כׇּל דְּ- + clause is "whatever …"; כׇּל דְּהוּ standing alone is "any amount at all".
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כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא לְטָב עָבֵיד, "whatever the Merciful One does, He does for good", is one of the best-known Aramaic sentences in Jewish speech. The Gemara (Berakhot 60b) says a person should always be in the habit of saying it, and tells the story of Rabbi Akiva in Section F to show why. רַחֲמָנָא (raḥămānā), "the Merciful One", is the Gemara's usual Aramaic name for God; it is a word from the root of רַחֲמִין, "mercy". A Hebrew saying of the same kind, גַּם זוּ לְטוֹבָה, "this too is for good", is told of Naḥum of Gimzo in tractate Ta'anit (21a).
In Berakhot 26a the Gemara asks whether a person who missed a prayer at its time may make it up later. One side of the question is that prayer is a plea for mercy, and so כׇּל אֵימַת דְּבָעֵי מְצַלֵּי וְאָזֵיל, "any time he wants, he may go on praying" (65.14). כׇּל אֵימַת דְּ- in this sense, "at any time that", is how the Gemara says that something has no fixed limit.
The Aramaic phrase לְכׇל מַאן דְּבָעֵי, "to anyone who wants", lives on in modern Hebrew. It means "for all who are interested", and it heads a letter or a certificate addressed to no one in particular, where English writes "To whom it may concern".
The law often asks how much of a thing makes a difference. Sometimes the answer is a fixed measure: an olive's bulk, a date's bulk. Sometimes it is "any amount at all", כׇּל שֶׁהוּא in the Hebrew of the rabbis, כׇּל דְּהוּ in the Aramaic of the commentators: the smallest amount is enough.
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The Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 60b, text as in the William Davidson (Vilna-based, vocalised) edition on Sefaria; checked line by line against the unvocalised Vilna-based text on Hebrew Wikisource, which spells שבייה for שַׁבְיַיהּ. The Gemara gives a teaching, "whatever the Merciful One does, He does for good", and tells a story to show it. Rabbi Akiva is refused a bed in a town and has to sleep in the open field. He loses his lamp, his rooster and his donkey, and each time he says the same sentence. In the night an army takes the town. The passage is chosen because its key sentence is built on כׇּל דְּ-, "whatever", and because the story is told in plain narrative Aramaic: short clauses, one action after another. The teaching itself (F.1–F.2) is passed on מִשּׁוּם, "in the name of", a sage, the use of lesson 64. The story continues: Rabbi Akiva reminds his companions, in a sentence that begins in Aramaic and ends in Hebrew, that everything the Holy One does is for good, and explains that the light, the rooster or the donkey would have shown the army where he was.
F.1a אָמַר said רַב Rav הוּנָא Huna אָמַר said רַב Rav מִשּׁוּם in-the-name-of רַבִּי Rabbi מֵאִיר Meir וְכֵן and-so תָּנָא it-was-taught מִשְּׁמֵיהּ in-the-name דְּרַבִּי of-Rabbi עֲקִיבָא Akiva
F.1b ʾāmar (aa-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG Rav (RAV) Rav Hūnā (HOO-naa) Huna ʾāmar (aa-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG Rav (RAV) Rav mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) in-the-name-of Rabbī (rab-BEE) Rabbi Mēʾīr (may-EER) Meir wə-khēn (v'-KHAYN) and-so tānā (taa-NAA) teach-PERF.3M.SG mi-shshəmēh (mish-sh'-MAYH) from-name-his də-Rabbī (d'-rab-BEE) of-Rabbi ʿĂqīvā (a-kee-VAA) Akiva
F.2a לְעוֹלָם always יְהֵא should-be אָדָם a-person רָגִיל accustomed לוֹמַר to-say כׇּל any-thing דְּעָבֵיד that-does רַחֲמָנָא the-Merciful-One לְטָב for-good עָבֵיד He-does
F.2b lə-ʿōlām (l'-oh-LAAM) always yəhē (y'-HAY) be-IMPF.3M.SG ʾādām (aa-DAAM) person-M.SG rāgīl (raa-GEEL) accustomed-M.SG lōmar (loh-MAR) say-INF kol (KOL) any də-ʿāvēd (d'-aa-VAYD) that-do-PTCP.M.SG raḥămānā (ra-kha-maa-NAA) Merciful-One-M.SG.EMPH lə-ṭāv (l'-TAAV) for-good ʿāvēd (aa-VAYD) do-PTCP.M.SG
F.3a כִּי like הָא this דְּרַבִּי of-Rabbi עֲקִיבָא Akiva דַּהֲוָה who-was קָאָזֵיל going בְּאוֹרְחָא on-the-road
F.3b kī (KEE) like hā (HAA) this-F də-Rabbī (d'-rab-BEE) of-Rabbi ʿĂqīvā (a-kee-VAA) Akiva da-hăwā (da-ha-VAA) who-be-PERF.3M.SG qā-ʾāzēl (kaa-aa-ZAYL) PROG-go-PTCP.M.SG bə-ʾōrḥā (b'-ohr-KHAA) on-way-M.SG.EMPH
F.4a מְטָא he-reached לְהַהִיא to-a-certain מָתָא town בְּעָא he-asked-for אוּשְׁפִּיזָא lodging לָא not יָהֲבִי they-give לֵיהּ to-him
F.4b məṭā (m'-TAA) reach-PERF.3M.SG lə-hahī (l'-ha-HEE) to-that-F mātā (maa-TAA) town-F.SG.EMPH bəʿā (b'-'AA) ask-PERF.3M.SG ʾūshpīzā (oosh-pee-ZAA) lodging-M.SG.EMPH lā (laa) not yāhăvī (yaa-ha-VEE) give-PTCP.M.PL lēh (LAYH) to-him
F.5a אֲמַר he-said כׇּל any-thing דְּעָבֵיד that-does רַחֲמָנָא the-Merciful-One לְטָב for-good
F.5b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG kol (KOL) any də-ʿāvēd (d'-aa-VAYD) that-do-PTCP.M.SG raḥămānā (ra-kha-maa-NAA) Merciful-One-M.SG.EMPH lə-ṭāv (l'-TAAV) for-good
F.6a אֲזַל he-went וּבָת and-spent-the-night בְּדַבְרָא in-the-field וַהֲוָה and-there-was בַּהֲדֵיהּ with-him תַּרְנְגוֹלָא a-rooster וַחֲמָרָא and-a-donkey וּשְׁרָגָא and-a-lamp
F.6b ʾăzal (a-ZAL) go-PERF.3M.SG u-vāt (oo-VAAT) and-spend-the-night-PERF.3M.SG bə-davrā (b'-dav-RAA) in-field-M.SG.EMPH wa-hăwā (va-ha-VAA) and-be-PERF.3M.SG bahădēh (ba-ha-DAYH) with-him tarnəgōlā (tar-n'-goh-LAA) rooster-M.SG.EMPH wa-ḥămārā (va-kha-maa-RAA) and-donkey-M.SG.EMPH u-shrāgā (oo-shraa-GAA) and-lamp-M.SG.EMPH
F.7a אֲתָא came זִיקָא a-wind כַּבְיֵיהּ put-it-out לִשְׁרָגָא the-lamp
F.7b ʾătā (a-TAA) come-PERF.3M.SG zīqā (zee-QAA) wind-M.SG.EMPH kavyēh (kav-YAYH) extinguish-PERF.3M.SG-it li-shrāgā (lish-raa-GAA) OBJ-lamp-M.SG.EMPH
F.8a אֲתָא came שׁוּנָּרָא a-cat אַכְלֵיהּ ate-it לְתַרְנְגוֹלָא the-rooster
F.8b ʾătā (a-TAA) come-PERF.3M.SG shunnārā (shun-naa-RAA) cat-M.SG.EMPH ʾakhlēh (akh-LAYH) eat-PERF.3M.SG-it lə-tarnəgōlā (l'-tar-n'-goh-LAA) OBJ-rooster-M.SG.EMPH
F.9a אֲתָא came אַרְיָה a-lion אַכְלֵיהּ ate-it לַחֲמָרָא the-donkey
F.9b ʾătā (a-TAA) come-PERF.3M.SG ʾaryā (ar-YAA) lion-M.SG ʾakhlēh (akh-LAYH) eat-PERF.3M.SG-it la-ḥămārā (la-kha-maa-RAA) OBJ-donkey-M.SG.EMPH
F.10a אֲמַר he-said כׇּל any-thing דְּעָבֵיד that-does רַחֲמָנָא the-Merciful-One לְטָב for-good
F.10b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG kol (KOL) any də-ʿāvēd (d'-aa-VAYD) that-do-PTCP.M.SG raḥămānā (ra-kha-maa-NAA) Merciful-One-M.SG.EMPH lə-ṭāv (l'-TAAV) for-good
F.11a בֵּיהּ in-that בְּלֵילְיָא in-the-night אֲתָא came גְּיָיסָא a-troop שַׁבְיַיהּ took-it-captive לְמָתָא the-town
F.11b bēh (BAYH) in-it bə-lēlyā (b'-LAYL-yaa) in-night-M.SG.EMPH ʾătā (a-TAA) come-PERF.3M.SG gəyāsā (g'-yaa-SAA) troop-M.SG.EMPH shavyah (shav-YAH) capture-PERF.3M.SG-it-F lə-mātā (l'-maa-TAA) OBJ-town-F.SG.EMPH
אָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי מֵאִיר, וְכֵן תָּנָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא: לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם רָגִיל לוֹמַר: "כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא לְטָב עָבֵיד". כִּי הָא דְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא דַּהֲוָה קָאָזֵיל בְּאוֹרְחָא. מְטָא לְהַהִיא מָתָא, בְּעָא אוּשְׁפִּיזָא לָא יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ. אֲמַר: "כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא — לְטָב". אֲזַל וּבָת בְּדַבְרָא, וַהֲוָה בַּהֲדֵיהּ תַּרְנְגוֹלָא וַחֲמָרָא וּשְׁרָגָא. אֲתָא זִיקָא כַּבְיֵיהּ לִשְׁרָגָא. אֲתָא שׁוּנָּרָא אַכְלֵיהּ לְתַרְנְגוֹלָא. אֲתָא אַרְיָה אַכְלֵיהּ לַחֲמָרָא. אֲמַר: "כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא — לְטָב". בֵּיהּ בְּלֵילְיָא אֲתָא גְּיָיסָא, שַׁבְיַיהּ לְמָתָא.
Rav Huna said that Rav said in the name of Rabbi Meir, and so it was taught in the name of Rabbi Akiva: A person should always be accustomed to say, "Whatever the Merciful One does, He does for good." As in the story of Rabbi Akiva, who was travelling on the road. He came to a certain town and asked for lodging, and they would not give it to him. He said, "Whatever the Merciful One does is for good." He went and spent the night in the field, and he had with him a rooster, a donkey and a lamp. A wind came and blew out the lamp. A cat came and ate the rooster. A lion came and ate the donkey. He said, "Whatever the Merciful One does is for good." That same night a troop came and took the town captive.
אָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי מֵאִיר, וְכֵן תָּנָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא: לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם רָגִיל לוֹמַר: "כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא לְטָב עָבֵיד". כִּי הָא דְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא דַּהֲוָה קָאָזֵיל בְּאוֹרְחָא. מְטָא לְהַהִיא מָתָא, בְּעָא אוּשְׁפִּיזָא לָא יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ. אֲמַר: "כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא — לְטָב". אֲזַל וּבָת בְּדַבְרָא, וַהֲוָה בַּהֲדֵיהּ תַּרְנְגוֹלָא וַחֲמָרָא וּשְׁרָגָא. אֲתָא זִיקָא כַּבְיֵיהּ לִשְׁרָגָא. אֲתָא שׁוּנָּרָא אַכְלֵיהּ לְתַרְנְגוֹלָא. אֲתָא אַרְיָה אַכְלֵיהּ לַחֲמָרָא. אֲמַר: "כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא — לְטָב". בֵּיהּ בְּלֵילְיָא אֲתָא גְּיָיסָא, שַׁבְיַיהּ לְמָתָא.
- כׇּל דְּ-, "whatever". The teaching and Rabbi Akiva's refrain are built on rule 4 of Section D: כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא, "anything that the Merciful One does", that is, "whatever He does". The full sentence ends with the verb again, לְטָב עָבֵיד, "for good He does"; the refrain shortens it to לְטָב, "for good". - A Hebrew sentence in an Aramaic frame. לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם רָגִיל לוֹמַר, "a person should always be accustomed to say", is Hebrew: אָדָם and לוֹמַר are Hebrew words. The saying it introduces is Aramaic. As in the citation of lesson 64, the Gemara moves between the two languages within one passage. - The chain of names. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי מֵאִיר: "Rav Huna said, Rav said, in the name of Rabbi Meir". מִשּׁוּם is "in the name of" (lesson 64, rule 9). מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, "in his name, of Rabbi Akiva", says the same with the word שְׁמָא, "name", itself. - דַּהֲוָה קָאָזֵיל, "who was going". הֲוָה, "was", with the participle אָזֵיל, "going", and קָא, which marks the action as going on (lesson 64, rule 8): "he was on his way". Here קָא is written joined to the participle: קָאָזֵיל. - לָא יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ. "They do not give him", that is, "nobody would give him lodging". The plural participle with no subject is the Gemara's "they", meaning people in general. - The verb takes its object twice. כַּבְיֵיהּ לִשְׁרָגָא, "it put it out, the lamp"; אַכְלֵיהּ לְתַרְנְגוֹלָא, "it ate it, the rooster"; שַׁבְיַיהּ לְמָתָא, "it took her captive, the town". The verb carries a pronoun ending (-ēh "him, it"; -ah "her, it"), and the object follows with לְ-. The ending of שַׁבְיַיהּ is feminine because מָתָא, "town", is feminine. - Three times the same pattern. אֲתָא … אַכְלֵיהּ …: "came a wind … came a cat … came a lion". The verb comes first, then the subject, then what it did. The repetition makes the losses fall one after another; the refrain כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא לְטָב comes after the first loss and after the third. - בֵּיהּ בְּלֵילְיָא, "in it, in the night". "That very night": the ending of בֵּיהּ points forward to לֵילְיָא. The army came the same night, and nothing Rabbi Akiva had with him gave him away.
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A short dialogue in the language of the Gemara, written for this lesson. It is not a quotation from the Talmud. Its opening echoes the story of Section F, and its last line repeats Rabbi Akiva's saying.
65.16a אֲתָא came תַּלְמִידָא a-student לְהַהִיא to-a-certain מָתָא town וּבְעָא and-asked-for אוּשְׁפִּיזָא lodging
65.16b ʾătā (a-TAA) come-PERF.3M.SG talmīdā (tal-mee-DAA) student-M.SG.EMPH lə-hahī (l'-ha-HEE) to-that-F mātā (maa-TAA) town-F.SG.EMPH u-vəʿā (oo-v'-'AA) and-ask-PERF.3M.SG ʾūshpīzā (oosh-pee-ZAA) lodging-M.SG.EMPH
65.17a אֲמַר he-said אִיכָּא is-there כׇּל any אִינִישׁ person דְּיָהֵיב who-gives לִי to-me אוּשְׁפִּיזָא lodging
65.17b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG ʾīkkā (EEK-kaa) there-is kol (KOL) any ʾīnīsh (ee-NEESH) person-M.SG də-yāhēv (d'-yaa-HAYV) who-give-PTCP.M.SG lī (LEE) to-me ʾūshpīzā (oosh-pee-ZAA) lodging-M.SG.EMPH
65.18a לָא not יְהַבוּ they-gave לֵיהּ to-him כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing
65.18b lā (laa) not yəhavū (y'-ha-VOO) give-PERF.3M.PL lēh (LAYH) to-him kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing
65.19a אֲתָא came הַהוּא a-certain סָבָא old-man אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him עוּל come-in לְבֵיתִי to-my-house
65.19b ʾătā (a-TAA) come-PERF.3M.SG hahū (ha-HOO) that-M sāvā (saa-VAA) old-man-M.SG.EMPH ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʿūl (OOL) enter-IMPV.M.SG lə-vētī (l'-vay-TEE) to-house-my
65.20a כׇּל any מַאן who דְּאָתֵי that-comes לְבֵיתִי to-my-house אָכֵיל eats וְשָׁתֵי and-drinks
65.20b kol (KOL) any man (MAN) who də-ʾātē (d'-aa-TAY) that-come-PTCP.M.SG lə-vētī (l'-vay-TEE) to-house-my ʾākhēl (aa-KHAYL) eat-PTCP.M.SG wə-shātē (v'-shaa-TAY) and-drink-PTCP.M.SG
65.21a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him תַּלְמִידָא the-student לֵית there-is-not לִי to-me כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing לְמֵיהַב to-give לָךְ to-you
65.21b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him talmīdā (tal-mee-DAA) student-M.SG.EMPH lēt (LAYT) there-is-not lī (LEE) to-me kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing lə-mēhav (l'-may-HAV) to-give-INF lākh (LAAKH) to-you-M.SG
65.22a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him סָבָא the-old-man לָא not בָּעֵינָא I-want כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing
65.22b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him sāvā (saa-VAA) old-man-M.SG.EMPH lā (laa) not bāʿēnā (baa-'AY-naa) want-PTCP.1SG kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing
65.23a כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing דְּאִית that-there-is בְּבֵיתָא in-the-house דִּידָךְ yours הוּא it-is
65.23b kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing də-ʾīt (d'-EET) that-there-is bə-vētā (b'-vay-TAA) in-house-M.SG.EMPH dīdākh (dee-DAAKH) of-you-M.SG hū (HOO) it-M
65.24a אֲכַלוּ they-ate וּשְׁתוֹ and-drank וּבָת and-spent-the-night תַּלְמִידָא the-student בְּבֵיתֵיהּ in-his-house
65.24b ʾăkhalū (a-kha-LOO) eat-PERF.3M.PL u-shtō (oo-SHTOH) and-drink-PERF.3M.PL u-vāt (oo-VAAT) and-spend-the-night-PERF.3M.SG talmīdā (tal-mee-DAA) student-M.SG.EMPH bə-vētēh (b'-vay-TAYH) in-house-his
65.25a בְּצַפְרָא in-the-morning אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him תַּלְמִידָא the-student אַמַּאי why עֲבַדְתְּ you-did לִי for-me כׇּל all הַאי this
65.25b bə-ṣafrā (b'-tsaf-RAA) in-morning-M.SG.EMPH ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him talmīdā (tal-mee-DAA) student-M.SG.EMPH ʾammay (am-MAI) why ʿăvadt (a-VADT) do-PERF.2M.SG lī (LEE) for-me kol (KOL) all hāy (HAI) this-M
65.26a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him מִשּׁוּם because-of דַּאֲנָא that-I נָמֵי also תַּלְמִידָא a-student הֲוַאי I-was
65.26b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of da-ʾănā (da-a-NAA) that-I nāmē (naa-MAY) also talmīdā (tal-mee-DAA) student-M.SG.EMPH hăway (ha-VAI) be-PERF.1SG
65.27a וְלָא and-not הֲוָה there-was לִי to-me כׇּל any מִידֵּי thing
65.27b wə-lā (v'-LAA) and-not hăwā (ha-VAA) be-PERF.3M.SG lī (LEE) to-me kol (KOL) any mīddē (MEED-day) thing
65.28a וְכׇל and-any הֵיכָא where דַּאֲזַלִי that-I-went יָהֲבִי they-would-give לִי to-me נַהֲמָא bread
65.28b wə-khol (v'-KHOL) and-any hēkhā (hay-KHAA) where da-ʾăzalī (da-a-za-LEE) that-go-PERF.1SG yāhăvī (yaa-ha-VEE) give-PTCP.M.PL lī (LEE) to-me nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH
65.29a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him תַּלְמִידָא the-student כׇּל any אֵימַת when דְּאָתֵינָא that-I-come לְהָכָא to-here אָתֵינָא I-come לְבֵיתָךְ to-your-house
65.29b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him talmīdā (tal-mee-DAA) student-M.SG.EMPH kol (KOL) any ʾēmat (ay-MAT) when də-ʾātēnā (d'-aa-TAY-naa) that-come-PTCP.1SG lə-hākhā (l'-HAA-khaa) to-here ʾātēnā (aa-TAY-naa) come-PTCP.1SG lə-vētākh (l'-vay-TAAKH) to-house-your-M.SG
65.30a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him סָבָא the-old-man כׇּל any-thing דְּעָבֵיד that-does רַחֲמָנָא the-Merciful-One לְטָב for-good עָבֵיד He-does
65.30b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him sāvā (saa-VAA) old-man-M.SG.EMPH kol (KOL) any də-ʿāvēd (d'-aa-VAYD) that-do-PTCP.M.SG raḥămānā (ra-kha-maa-NAA) Merciful-One-M.SG.EMPH lə-ṭāv (l'-TAAV) for-good ʿāvēd (aa-VAYD) do-PTCP.M.SG
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65.16 אֲתָא תַּלְמִידָא לְהַהִיא מָתָא, וּבְעָא אוּשְׁפִּיזָא. — ʾătā talmīdā lə-hahī mātā, u-vəʿā ʾūshpīzā. — "A student came to a certain town and asked for lodging."
65.17 אֲמַר: אִיכָּא כׇּל אִינִישׁ דְּיָהֵיב לִי אוּשְׁפִּיזָא? — ʾămar: ʾīkkā kol ʾīnīsh də-yāhēv lī ʾūshpīzā? — "He said: Is there anyone who will give me lodging?"
65.18 לָא יְהַבוּ לֵיהּ כׇּל מִידֵּי. — lā yəhavū lēh kol mīddē. — "They did not give him anything."
65.19 אֲתָא הַהוּא סָבָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עוּל לְבֵיתִי. — ʾătā hahū sāvā, ʾămar lēh: ʿūl lə-vētī. — "A certain old man came and said to him: Come into my house."
65.20 כׇּל מַאן דְּאָתֵי לְבֵיתִי, אָכֵיל וְשָׁתֵי. — kol man də-ʾātē lə-vētī, ʾākhēl wə-shātē. — "Anyone who comes to my house eats and drinks."
65.21 אֲמַר לֵיהּ תַּלְמִידָא: לֵית לִי כׇּל מִידֵּי לְמֵיהַב לָךְ. — ʾămar lēh talmīdā: lēt lī kol mīddē lə-mēhav lākh. — "The student said to him: I have nothing to give you."
65.22 אֲמַר לֵיהּ סָבָא: לָא בָּעֵינָא כׇּל מִידֵּי. — ʾămar lēh sāvā: lā bāʿēnā kol mīddē. — "The old man said to him: I do not want anything."
65.23 כׇּל מִידֵּי דְּאִית בְּבֵיתָא, דִּידָךְ הוּא. — kol mīddē də-ʾīt bə-vētā, dīdākh hū. — "Anything that is in the house is yours."
65.24 אֲכַלוּ וּשְׁתוֹ, וּבָת תַּלְמִידָא בְּבֵיתֵיהּ. — ʾăkhalū u-shtō, u-vāt talmīdā bə-vētēh. — "They ate and drank, and the student spent the night in his house."
65.25 בְּצַפְרָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ תַּלְמִידָא: אַמַּאי עֲבַדְתְּ לִי כׇּל הַאי? — bə-ṣafrā ʾămar lēh talmīdā: ʾammay ʿăvadt lī kol hāy? — "In the morning the student said to him: Why did you do all this for me?"
65.26 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דַּאֲנָא נָמֵי תַּלְמִידָא הֲוַאי, — ʾămar lēh: mi-shshūm da-ʾănā nāmē talmīdā hăway, — "He said to him: Because I too was a student,"
65.27 וְלָא הֲוָה לִי כׇּל מִידֵּי. — wə-lā hăwā lī kol mīddē. — "and I had nothing at all."
65.28 וְכׇל הֵיכָא דַּאֲזַלִי, יָהֲבִי לִי נַהֲמָא. — wə-khol hēkhā da-ʾăzalī, yāhăvī lī nahămā. — "And anywhere I went, people would give me bread."
65.29 אֲמַר לֵיהּ תַּלְמִידָא: כׇּל אֵימַת דְּאָתֵינָא לְהָכָא, אָתֵינָא לְבֵיתָךְ. — ʾămar lēh talmīdā: kol ʾēmat də-ʾātēnā lə-hākhā, ʾātēnā lə-vētākh. — "The student said to him: Any time I come here, I will come to your house."
65.30 אֲמַר לֵיהּ סָבָא: כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא לְטָב עָבֵיד. — ʾămar lēh sāvā: kol də-ʿāvēd raḥămānā lə-ṭāv ʿāvēd. — "The old man said to him: Whatever the Merciful One does, He does for good."
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65.16 אֲתָא תַּלְמִידָא לְהַהִיא מָתָא, וּבְעָא אוּשְׁפִּיזָא.
65.17 אֲמַר: אִיכָּא כׇּל אִינִישׁ דְּיָהֵיב לִי אוּשְׁפִּיזָא?
65.18 לָא יְהַבוּ לֵיהּ כׇּל מִידֵּי.
65.19 אֲתָא הַהוּא סָבָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עוּל לְבֵיתִי.
65.20 כׇּל מַאן דְּאָתֵי לְבֵיתִי, אָכֵיל וְשָׁתֵי.
65.21 אֲמַר לֵיהּ תַּלְמִידָא: לֵית לִי כׇּל מִידֵּי לְמֵיהַב לָךְ.
65.22 אֲמַר לֵיהּ סָבָא: לָא בָּעֵינָא כׇּל מִידֵּי.
65.23 כׇּל מִידֵּי דְּאִית בְּבֵיתָא, דִּידָךְ הוּא.
65.24 אֲכַלוּ וּשְׁתוֹ, וּבָת תַּלְמִידָא בְּבֵיתֵיהּ.
65.25 בְּצַפְרָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ תַּלְמִידָא: אַמַּאי עֲבַדְתְּ לִי כׇּל הַאי?
65.26 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דַּאֲנָא נָמֵי תַּלְמִידָא הֲוַאי,
65.27 וְלָא הֲוָה לִי כׇּל מִידֵּי.
65.28 וְכׇל הֵיכָא דַּאֲזַלִי, יָהֲבִי לִי נַהֲמָא.
65.29 אֲמַר לֵיהּ תַּלְמִידָא: כׇּל אֵימַת דְּאָתֵינָא לְהָכָא, אָתֵינָא לְבֵיתָךְ.
65.30 אֲמַר לֵיהּ סָבָא: כׇּל דְּעָבֵיד רַחֲמָנָא לְטָב עָבֵיד.
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- "Any" in every turn of the dialogue. כׇּל אִינִישׁ, "anyone" (65.17); כׇּל מִידֵּי, "anything" (65.18, 65.21, 65.22, 65.23, 65.27); כׇּל מַאן דְּ-, "anyone who" (65.20); כׇּל הֵיכָא דְּ-, "anywhere that" (65.28); כׇּל אֵימַת דְּ-, "any time that" (65.29); כׇּל דְּ-, "whatever" (65.30). - "Any" and "all" side by side. In 65.25 the student asks אַמַּאי עֲבַדְתְּ לִי כׇּל הַאי?, "why did you do all this for me?". Before the demonstrative הַאי, "this", כׇּל is "all" (Section D, rule 7). - Nothing to give. לֵית לִי כׇּל מִידֵּי לְמֵיהַב לָךְ, "there is not to me anything to give to you" (65.21): לֵית לִי, "I have not", with כׇּל מִידֵּי and an infinitive with לְ-, "to give". In the past, לָא הֲוָה לִי כׇּל מִידֵּי, "I had nothing" (65.27); compare לָא הֲוָה לַן נַהֲמָא, "we had no bread" (64.23). - A question with אִיכָּא. אִיכָּא כׇּל אִינִישׁ …?, "is there anyone …?" (65.17). אִיכָּא, "there is", becomes a question only by the tone of voice. - "I" in the perfect. הֲוַאי, "I was" (65.26), and אֲזַלִי, "I went" (65.28): the perfect for "I" ends in -ay or -ī. Rabbi Akiva uses the same ending in the Hebrew-and-Aramaic sentence that follows the citation: אֲמַרִי, "I said". - Plural perfects. יְהַבוּ, "they gave" (65.18); אֲכַלוּ, "they ate" (65.24): the ending -ū marks "they". Verbs whose root ends in a weak letter take -ō: שְׁתוֹ, "they drank" (65.24), like וּבְכוֹ, "they wept", in lesson 64. - "Yours". דִּידָךְ, "yours" (65.23), is דִּיד- with the ending for "you". Compare דִּידִי, "mine" (lessons 58 and 59). - Echoes of Section F. וּבְעָא אוּשְׁפִּיזָא, "and asked for lodging" (65.16), and וּבָת, "and spent the night" (65.24), are the words of the story of Rabbi Akiva; יָהֲבִי לִי (65.28) is the plural participle "people give" of F.4, here without the "not".
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- IPA: /kol/ - כּ (kaf with a dot) = a hard k. The dot (dagesh) shows that the kaf is hard, not the soft kh. - ׇ (qamats qatan) = a short o, as in English hot said with rounded lips. Where the book prints the ordinary qamats ָ, the sound is still o in this word. - ל (lamed) = l. - After a prefix the kaf goes soft: וְכׇל (wə-khol), "and any" (65.28); לְכׇל (lə-khol), "to any".
- IPA: /miːdˈdeː/ - The dot in the ד doubles it: MEED-day, as in the course's earlier lessons.
- IPA: /ʔeːˈmat/ - ay-MAT: the first vowel as in English day, the stress on the last syllable.
- IPA: /raħamaːˈnaː/ - Four syllables: ra-kha-maa-NAA. The ח is the rasping kh of Scottish loch.
- IPA: /ʃavˈjah/ - shav-YAH: the ב is soft (v), and the final ה with its dot (mappiq) is breathed out.
- ח (ḥet) in חָדֵינָא, רַחֲמָנָא, חֲמָרָא, לַחֲמָרָא: a rasping sound in the throat, like the ch of Scottish loch. Written kh in the respellings. - ע (ʿayin) in בָּעֵי, יָדַע, שָׁמַעְנָא, עָבֵיד, עֲקִיבָא, בְּעָא, עַנְיָא, עוּל: a voiced sound in the throat, in most modern readings silent or a slight catch. Written ' in the respellings. - צ (ṣade) in מְצַלֵּי, בְּצַפְרָא: ts, as in English cats. - ט (ṭet) in לְטָב, מְטָא: originally an emphatic t; most readers today say a plain t. - ק (qof) in סְפֵיקָא, שְׁקַל, זִיקָא, קָאָזֵיל: originally a k made further back in the throat; most readers today say a plain k. - The mappiq ה in לֵיהּ, מִינֵּיהּ, רַבֵּיהּ, בַּהֲדֵיהּ, כַּבְיֵיהּ, אַכְלֵיהּ, שַׁבְיַיהּ, בֵּיהּ: the final h is really breathed out.
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)