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How do you say "because" in Babylonian Aramaic?
The Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud says "because" with מִשּׁוּם (mi-shshūm). It is one of the words a student of the Gemara hears most often, because the Gemara is always asking for reasons. The question is אַמַּאי? (ʾammay), "why?", or מַאי טַעְמָא? (mai ṭaʿmā), "what is the reason?". The answer begins מִשּׁוּם.
The English learner should notice four things at once.
First, מִשּׁוּם is really "because of". Before a noun it needs nothing else: מִשּׁוּם סַכָּנָה, "because of danger" (lesson 47); מִשּׁוּם מִטְרָא, "because of the rain".
Second, before a whole clause it takes דְּ- (də-), "that". מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ, "because he fell ill", is word for word "because-of that he fell ill". You have met it already: מִשּׁוּם דְּהוּא חָכָם טוּבָא, "because he is very wise" (lesson 37); לָא פָּלְחִינַן עַל אַגְרָא, אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דְּרָחֲמִינַן לֵיהּ, "we do not work for a wage, but because we love him" (lesson 60). The little דְּ- changes its vowel with the word it is joined to: דְּ-, דִּ- or דַּ- (Section D, rule 2).
Third, מִשּׁוּם הָכִי (mi-shshūm hākhī) is "therefore". Word for word it is "because of thus": "for that reason".
Fourth, the Gemara reasons with מִשּׁוּם. אִי מִשּׁוּם …, "if it is because of …", tries out a reason; לָא מִשּׁוּם … אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם …, "not because … but because …", rejects one reason and gives another. The literary citation in Section F is built on three אִי מִשּׁוּם in a row.
The word is a compound of the preposition מִן (min), "from", and שׁוּם (shūm), "name". The nun of מִן is swallowed by the shin, and the dot in the shin (שּׁ) shows the doubling. The dictionaries of Jastrow and Klein both give this origin. "From the name of" became "on account of", and so "because of". The old sense lives on: אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, "Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon" (lesson 40). The same word is used in the Hebrew of the rabbis.
מִשּׁוּם is not the only way to give a reason. You have also met כֵּיוָן דְּ- (kēwān də-), "since, once" (lesson 11), and דְּ- alone in the sense "for" (lesson 63.25). מִשּׁוּם is the plain, everyday "because".
In this lesson the romanisation follows a simple academic scheme: ʾ for א, ʿ for ע, ḥ for ח, ṭ for ט, ṣ for צ, q for ק, sh for שׁ, kh for soft כ, v for soft ב, f for soft פ; long vowels are marked with a macron (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū), and ə stands for the short vowel shewa.
- מִשּׁוּם (mi-shshūm) = "because of" before a noun: מִשּׁוּם מִטְרָא, "because of the rain" - מִשּׁוּם דְּ- = "because" before a clause: מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ, "because he fell ill" - דְּ- becomes דִּ- before shewa (מִשּׁוּם דִּכְתִיב) and דַּ- before hataf patah (מִשּׁוּם דַּאֲמַרָה) - מִשּׁוּם הָכִי (mi-shshūm hākhī) = "therefore, for that reason" - אַמַּאי? / מַאי טַעְמָא? = "why?" / "what is the reason?", answered with מִשּׁוּם - אִי מִשּׁוּם … = "if it is because of …" - לָא מִשּׁוּם … אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם … = "not because … but because …" - From מִן, "from", + שׁוּם, "name"; also "in the name of" a sage
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The sentences of Sections A to C and of the Genre Section are written for this lesson; they are not quotations from the Talmud. The phrases of 64.1, 64.4, 64.10 and 64.14 are formulas the Gemara uses constantly, and לָא שְׁמִיעַ לֵיהּ in 64.11 is its idiom for "he had not heard it"; the only full quotation is in Section F.
64.1a מִשּׁוּם because-of הָכִי thus
64.1b mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of hākhī (HAA-khee) thus
64.2a מִשּׁוּם because-of סַכָּנָה danger
64.2b mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of sakkānā (sak-kaa-NAA) danger-F.SG
64.3a מִשּׁוּם because-of דַּחֲלַשׁ that-he-fell-ill
64.3b mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of da-ḥălash (da-kha-LASH) that-fall-ill-PERF.3M.SG
64.4a אַמַּאי why מִשּׁוּם because-of דִּכְתִיב that-it-is-written
64.4b ʾammay (am-MAI) why mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of di-khtīv (dikh-TEEV) that-write-PASS.PTCP.M.SG
64.5a בָּכֵי he-weeps מִשּׁוּם because-of בְּרֵיהּ his-son
64.5b bākhē (baa-KHAY) weep-PTCP.M.SG mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of bərēh (b'-RAYH) son-his
64.6a לָא not אֲתָא he-came מִשּׁוּם because-of מִטְרָא the-rain
64.6b lā (laa) not ʾătā (a-TAA) come-PERF.3M.SG mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of miṭrā (mit-RAA) rain-M.SG.EMPH
64.7a אַמַּאי why קָא [now] בָּכֵית you-weep מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּאַבָּא that-father חָלֵישׁ is-ill
64.7b ʾammay (am-MAI) why qā (KAA) PROG bākhēt (baa-KHAYT) weep-PTCP.2M.SG mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-ʾabbā (d'-AB-baa) that-father-EMPH ḥālēsh (khaa-LAYSH) be-ill-PTCP.M.SG
64.8a מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּרַבָּה that-Rabbah חֲכִים is-wise שָׁאֲלִי they-ask מִינֵּיהּ from-him
64.8b mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-Rabbā (d'-RAB-baa) that-Rabbah ḥăkhīm (kha-KHEEM) wise-M.SG shāʾălī (shaa-a-LEE) ask-PTCP.M.PL minnēh (min-NAYH) from-him
64.9a לָא not אָזֵילְנָא I-go לְשׁוּקָא to-the-market מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּלֵית that-there-is-not לִי to-me זוּזֵי money
64.9b lā (laa) not ʾāzēlnā (aa-ZAYL-naa) go-PTCP.1SG lə-shūqā (l'-shoo-QAA) to-market-M.SG.EMPH mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-lēt (d'-LAYT) that-there-is-not lī (LEE) to-me zūzē (zoo-ZAY) zuz-M.PL
64.10a אִי if מִשּׁוּם because-of הָא this לָא not קַשְׁיָא it-is-difficult
64.10b ʾī (EE) if mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of hā (HAA) this-F lā (laa) not qashyā (QASH-yaa) difficult-F.SG
64.11a רַבָּה Rabbah לָא not אֲמַר said הָכִי thus מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּלָא that-not שְׁמִיעַ heard לֵיהּ to-him
64.11b Rabbā (RAB-baa) Rabbah lā (laa) not ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG hākhī (HAA-khee) thus mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-lā (d'-LAA) that-not shəmīaʿ (sh'-MEE-a') hear-PASS.PTCP.M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him
64.12a מִשּׁוּם because-of דַּהֲוָה that-he-was עַנְיָא poor יְהַב gave לֵיהּ to-him רַבָּה Rabbah נַהֲמָא bread
64.12b mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of da-hăwā (da-ha-VAA) that-be-PERF.3M.SG ʿanyā (an-YAA) poor-M.SG.EMPH yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him Rabbā (RAB-baa) Rabbah nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH
64.13a אָזֵילְנָא I-go לָא not מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּבָעֵינָא that-I-want אֶלָּא but מִשּׁוּם because-of דַּאֲמַרָה that-she-said לִי to-me אִימָּא mother
64.13b ʾāzēlnā (aa-ZAYL-naa) go-PTCP.1SG lā (laa) not mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-vāʿēnā (d'-vaa-'AY-naa) that-want-PTCP.1SG ʾellā (EL-laa) but mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of da-ʾămarā (da-a-ma-RAA) that-say-PERF.3F.SG lī (LEE) to-me ʾimmā (IM-maa) mother-EMPH
64.14a מַאי what טַעְמָא reason לָא not אֲתֵית you-came מִשּׁוּם because-of דַּהֲוָה that-there-was מִטְרָא rain טוּבָא much
64.14b mai (MAI) what ṭaʿmā (TA'-maa) reason-M.SG.EMPH lā (laa) not ʾătēt (a-TAYT) come-PERF.2M.SG mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of da-hăwā (da-ha-VAA) that-be-PERF.3M.SG miṭrā (mit-RAA) rain-M.SG.EMPH ṭūvā (too-VAA) much
64.15a מִשּׁוּם because-of הָכִי thus אָמְרִי say רַבָּנַן the-Rabbis תַּלְמִידָא a-student דְּלָא who-not שָׁאֵיל asks לָא not יָלֵיף learns
64.15b mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of hākhī (HAA-khee) thus ʾāmrī (AAM-ree) say-PTCP.M.PL rabbānan (rab-BAA-nan) Rabbis-M.PL talmīdā (tal-mee-DAA) student-M.SG.EMPH də-lā (d'-LAA) who-not shāʾēl (shaa-AYL) ask-PTCP.M.SG lā (laa) not yālēf (yaa-LAYF) learn-PTCP.M.SG
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64.1 מִשּׁוּם הָכִי. — mi-shshūm hākhī. — "Therefore."
64.2 מִשּׁוּם סַכָּנָה. — mi-shshūm sakkānā. — "Because of danger."
64.3 מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ. — mi-shshūm da-ḥălash. — "Because he fell ill."
64.4 אַמַּאי? מִשּׁוּם דִּכְתִיב. — ʾammay? mi-shshūm di-khtīv. — "Why? Because it is written."
64.5 בָּכֵי מִשּׁוּם בְּרֵיהּ. — bākhē mi-shshūm bərēh. — "He is weeping because of his son."
64.6 לָא אֲתָא מִשּׁוּם מִטְרָא. — lā ʾătā mi-shshūm miṭrā. — "He did not come because of the rain."
64.7 אַמַּאי קָא בָּכֵית? מִשּׁוּם דְּאַבָּא חָלֵישׁ. — ʾammay qā bākhēt? mi-shshūm də-ʾabbā ḥālēsh. — "Why are you weeping? Because father is ill."
64.8 מִשּׁוּם דְּרַבָּה חֲכִים, שָׁאֲלִי מִינֵּיהּ. — mi-shshūm də-Rabbā ḥăkhīm, shāʾălī minnēh. — "Because Rabbah is wise, they ask him."
64.9 לָא אָזֵילְנָא לְשׁוּקָא, מִשּׁוּם דְּלֵית לִי זוּזֵי. — lā ʾāzēlnā lə-shūqā, mi-shshūm də-lēt lī zūzē. — "I am not going to the market, because I have no money."
64.10 אִי מִשּׁוּם הָא, לָא קַשְׁיָא. — ʾī mi-shshūm hā, lā qashyā. — "If it is because of this, there is no difficulty."
64.11 רַבָּה לָא אֲמַר הָכִי, מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא שְׁמִיעַ לֵיהּ. — Rabbā lā ʾămar hākhī, mi-shshūm də-lā shəmīaʿ lēh. — "Rabbah did not say so, because he had not heard it."
64.12 מִשּׁוּם דַּהֲוָה עַנְיָא, יְהַב לֵיהּ רַבָּה נַהֲמָא. — mi-shshūm da-hăwā ʿanyā, yəhav lēh Rabbā nahămā. — "Because he was poor, Rabbah gave him bread."
64.13 אָזֵילְנָא, לָא מִשּׁוּם דְּבָעֵינָא, אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דַּאֲמַרָה לִי אִימָּא. — ʾāzēlnā, lā mi-shshūm də-vāʿēnā, ʾellā mi-shshūm da-ʾămarā lī ʾimmā. — "I am going, not because I want to, but because mother told me to."
64.14 מַאי טַעְמָא לָא אֲתֵית? מִשּׁוּם דַּהֲוָה מִטְרָא טוּבָא. — mai ṭaʿmā lā ʾătēt? mi-shshūm da-hăwā miṭrā ṭūvā. — "Why did you not come? Because there was heavy rain."
64.15 מִשּׁוּם הָכִי אָמְרִי רַבָּנַן: תַּלְמִידָא דְּלָא שָׁאֵיל, לָא יָלֵיף. — mi-shshūm hākhī ʾāmrī rabbānan: talmīdā də-lā shāʾēl, lā yālēf. — "That is why the Rabbis say: a student who does not ask does not learn."
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64.1 מִשּׁוּם הָכִי.
64.2 מִשּׁוּם סַכָּנָה.
64.3 מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ.
64.4 אַמַּאי? מִשּׁוּם דִּכְתִיב.
64.5 בָּכֵי מִשּׁוּם בְּרֵיהּ.
64.6 לָא אֲתָא מִשּׁוּם מִטְרָא.
64.7 אַמַּאי קָא בָּכֵית? מִשּׁוּם דְּאַבָּא חָלֵישׁ.
64.8 מִשּׁוּם דְּרַבָּה חֲכִים, שָׁאֲלִי מִינֵּיהּ.
64.9 לָא אָזֵילְנָא לְשׁוּקָא, מִשּׁוּם דְּלֵית לִי זוּזֵי.
64.10 אִי מִשּׁוּם הָא, לָא קַשְׁיָא.
64.11 רַבָּה לָא אֲמַר הָכִי, מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא שְׁמִיעַ לֵיהּ.
64.12 מִשּׁוּם דַּהֲוָה עַנְיָא, יְהַב לֵיהּ רַבָּה נַהֲמָא.
64.13 אָזֵילְנָא, לָא מִשּׁוּם דְּבָעֵינָא, אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דַּאֲמַרָה לִי אִימָּא.
64.14 מַאי טַעְמָא לָא אֲתֵית? מִשּׁוּם דַּהֲוָה מִטְרָא טוּבָא.
64.15 מִשּׁוּם הָכִי אָמְרִי רַבָּנַן: תַּלְמִידָא דְּלָא שָׁאֵיל, לָא יָלֵיף.
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1. מִשּׁוּם never changes. It is a preposition made of מִן, "from", and שׁוּם, "name". It takes no endings. Before a noun it means "because of": מִשּׁוּם סַכָּנָה (64.2), מִשּׁוּם מִטְרָא (64.6), מִשּׁוּם בְּרֵיהּ (64.5). Before a demonstrative it means "because of this": מִשּׁוּם הָכִי (64.1), מִשּׁוּם הָא (64.10).
2. Before a clause: מִשּׁוּם דְּ-. To say "because he did something", Aramaic joins דְּ- (də-), "that", to the first word of the clause. The vowel of דְּ- depends on that word:
- דְּ- (də-) before most words: מִשּׁוּם דְּאַבָּא חָלֵישׁ (64.7), מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא שְׁמִיעַ לֵיהּ (64.11), מִשּׁוּם דְּבָעֵינָא (64.13) - דִּ- (di-) before a shewa: מִשּׁוּם דִּכְתִיב (di-khtīv), "because it is written" (64.4); מִשּׁוּם דִּבְרָךְ (di-vrākh), "because your son" (64.29) - דַּ- (da-) before a hataf patah: מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ (64.3), מִשּׁוּם דַּהֲוָה (64.12, 64.14), מִשּׁוּם דַּאֲמַרָה (64.13)
The dot in דְּ is a dagesh: in this course the ד of the prefix is written with it.
3. The reason can come first or last. After the main clause: לָא אֲתָא מִשּׁוּם מִטְרָא, "he did not come because of the rain" (64.6). Before it, with a comma: מִשּׁוּם דְּרַבָּה חֲכִים, שָׁאֲלִי מִינֵּיהּ, "because Rabbah is wise, they ask him" (64.8). English does the same.
4. מִשּׁוּם הָכִי, "therefore". "Because of thus" points back to what was just said and draws the conclusion: מִשּׁוּם הָכִי אָמְרִי רַבָּנַן, "that is why the Rabbis say" (64.15). Compare אֲפִילּוּ הָכִי, "even so" (lesson 63): הָכִי, "thus", is the same in both, and the word before it gives the sense.
5. Question and answer. The questions that call for מִשּׁוּם:
- אַמַּאי (ʾammay), "why?": אַמַּאי קָא בָּכֵית? (64.7) - מַאי טַעְמָא (mai ṭaʿmā), "what is the reason?": מַאי טַעְמָא לָא אֲתֵית? (64.14)
The answer often begins with מִשּׁוּם alone, with the main clause understood: מִשּׁוּם דִּכְתִיב, "because it is written" (64.4).
6. אִי מִשּׁוּם …, "if it is because of …". The Gemara tries out a reason and answers it: אִי מִשּׁוּם הָא, לָא קַשְׁיָא, "if it is because of this, there is no difficulty" (64.10). Several in a row, וְאִי מִשּׁוּם … וְאִי מִשּׁוּם …, go through the possible reasons one by one (Section F).
7. לָא מִשּׁוּם … אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם …, "not because … but because …". One reason is denied and the true one given: לָא מִשּׁוּם דְּבָעֵינָא, אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דַּאֲמַרָה לִי אִימָּא (64.13); compare lesson 60.15.
8. קָא with the participle. In אַמַּאי קָא בָּכֵית, "why are you weeping?" (64.7), the little word קָא (qā) marks an action going on now. בָּכֵית is the participle בָּכֵי, "weeping", with the ending for "you": "you are weeping". In the same way בָּכֵינָא, "I am weeping" (Section F), is like אָזֵילְנָא, "I am going" (64.9).
9. "Because of" a sage: "in the name of". When a sage reports another's teaching, מִשּׁוּם keeps its old meaning: אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, "Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon" (lesson 40). The sense is decided by what follows: a sage's name gives "in the name of"; a thing or a clause gives "because".
- Leaving out דְּ- before a clause. ✗ מִשּׁוּם אַבָּא חָלֵישׁ → ✓ מִשּׁוּם דְּאַבָּא חָלֵישׁ. Without דְּ- the reader hears "because of father", and the sentence does not hold together. - The wrong vowel on דְּ-. ✗ מִשּׁוּם דְּכְתִיב → ✓ מִשּׁוּם דִּכְתִיב; ✗ מִשּׁוּם דְּחֲלַשׁ → ✓ מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ. - Reading מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי … as "because of Rabbi …". Before a sage's name it is "in the name of". - Writing מִשּׁוּם without the dagesh. The dot in שּׁ is the swallowed nun of מִן: say mish-SHOOM, not mi-SHOOM. Unvocalised editions write simply משום. - Using כֵּיוָן דְּ- for every "because". כֵּיוָן דְּ- is "since, once": it states a fact already granted and draws a consequence (lesson 11). מִשּׁוּם gives the cause.
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The Gemara is not content with a rule; it wants the rule's reason. מַאי טַעְמָא?, "what is the reason?", is one of its most frequent questions, and the answer is introduced by מִשּׁוּם. Often the reason is a verse: מִשּׁוּם דִּכְתִיב, "because it is written", followed by the verse. A student learns early to expect the pair: a question for the reason, and מִשּׁוּם with the answer.
When the Gemara does not know the reason, it guesses aloud. אִי מִשּׁוּם …, "if it is because of …", tests a possible reason, and the next words show why it fails or holds: לָא קַשְׁיָא, "there is no difficulty", or a new question. Many passages work through two or three such guesses before they reach the true reason. Section F shows the same pattern used not in law but in comfort: a sage guesses why his friend weeps.
Jastrow gives מִשּׁוּם two great senses: "in the name of" a teacher, and "because of, as coming under the category of". The first carries the chain of tradition, as one sage hands on what he heard from another. The second also belongs to the law: a person may be liable מִשּׁוּם, "under the heading of", a particular prohibition. Both grow from the same picture: a thing is named, and the name tells you why it is so.
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The Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 5b, text as in the William Davidson (Vilna-based, vocalised) edition on Sefaria; checked against the unvocalised Vilna-based text on Hebrew Wikisource, which has the same words in these lines. Rabbi Elazar falls ill, and Rabbi Yoḥanan goes to visit him. He finds him weeping. Rabbi Yoḥanan asks why, and offers three reasons, each with אִי מִשּׁוּם, "if it is because of", and each with an answer. Rabbi Elazar then gives the true reason. The passage is chosen because it is a list of reasons: three times מִשּׁוּם, then the answer. It also shows the Gemara's Aramaic frame with a Hebrew teaching inside it. The Mishnah quoted in F.2 is from tractate Menaḥot (13:11). In the lines before the citation the edition calls the sick man רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר; the Wikisource text reads ר׳ אליעזר at his second mention. Printed editions and manuscripts differ on this name.
F.1a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him אַמַּאי why קָא [now] בָּכֵית you-weep
F.1b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾammay (am-MAI) why qā (KAA) PROG bākhēt (baa-KHAYT) weep-PTCP.2M.SG
F.2a אִי if מִשּׁוּם because-of תּוֹרָה Torah דְּלָא that-not אַפֵּשְׁתְּ you-increased שָׁנִינוּ we-have-learned אֶחָד one הַמַּרְבֶּה who-gives-much וְאֶחָד and-one הַמַּמְעִיט who-gives-little וּבִלְבַד provided-only שֶׁיְּכַוֵּין that-he-direct לִבּוֹ his-heart לַשָּׁמַיִם to-heaven
F.2b ʾī (EE) if mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of tōrā (toh-RAA) Torah-F.SG də-lā (d'-LAA) that-not ʾappesht (ap-PESHT) increase-PERF.2M.SG shānīnū (shaa-NEE-noo) learn-PERF.1PL ʾeḥād (e-KHAAD) one-M ha-marbe (ha-mar-BEH) the-increase-PTCP.M.SG wə-ʾeḥād (v'-e-KHAAD) and-one-M ha-mamʿīṭ (ha-mam-'EET) the-diminish-PTCP.M.SG u-vilvad (oo-vil-VAD) and-only she-ykhawwēn (she-y'-khav-VAYN) that-direct-IMPF.3M.SG libbō (lib-BOH) heart-his la-shshāmayim (lash-shaa-MA-yim) to-the-heaven-M.PL
F.3a וְאִי and-if מִשּׁוּם because-of מְזוֹנֵי food לֹא not כׇּל every אָדָם person זוֹכֶה merits לִשְׁתֵּי to-two שֻׁלְחָנוֹת tables
F.3b wə-ʾī (v'-EE) and-if mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of məzōnē (m'-zoh-NAY) food-M.PL lō (loh) not kol (KOL) every ʾādām (aa-DAAM) person-M.SG zōkhe (zoh-KHEH) merit-PTCP.M.SG li-shtē (lish-TAY) to-two-F.CONST shulḥānōt (shul-khaa-NOHT) table-M.PL
F.4a וְאִי and-if מִשּׁוּם because-of בְּנֵי children דֵּין this גַּרְמָא bone דַּעֲשִׂירָאָה of-the-tenth בִּיר my-son
F.4b wə-ʾī (v'-EE) and-if mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of bənē (b'-NAY) son-M.PL dēn (DAYN) this-M garmā (gar-MAA) bone-M.SG.EMPH da-ʿăsīrāʾā (da-a-see-RAA-aa) of-tenth-M.SG.EMPH bīr (BEER) son-my
F.5a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him לְהַאי for-this שׁוּפְרָא beauty דְּבָלֵי that-wastes-away בְּעַפְרָא in-the-dust קָא [now] בָּכֵינָא I-weep
F.5b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him lə-hāy (l'-HAI) for-this-M shūfrā (shoof-RAA) beauty-M.SG.EMPH də-vālē (d'-vaa-LAY) that-waste-away-PTCP.M.SG bə-ʿafrā (b'-af-RAA) in-dust-M.SG.EMPH qā (KAA) PROG bākhēnā (baa-KHAY-naa) weep-PTCP.1SG
F.6a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him עַל over דָּא this וַדַּאי surely קָא [now] בָּכֵית you-weep וּבְכוֹ and-they-wept תַּרְוַיְיהוּ both-of-them
F.6b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʿal (AL) over dā (DAA) this-F waddāy (vad-DAI) surely qā (KAA) PROG bākhēt (baa-KHAYT) weep-PTCP.2M.SG u-vəkhō (oo-v'-KHOH) and-weep-PERF.3M.PL tarwayhū (tar-VAI-hoo) two-of-them
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַמַּאי קָא בָּכֵית? אִי מִשּׁוּם תּוֹרָה דְּלָא אַפֵּשְׁתְּ — שָׁנִינוּ: אֶחָד הַמַּרְבֶּה וְאֶחָד הַמַּמְעִיט, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיְּכַוֵּין לִבּוֹ לַשָּׁמַיִם. וְאִי מִשּׁוּם מְזוֹנֵי — לֹא כׇּל אָדָם זוֹכֶה לִשְׁתֵּי שֻׁלְחָנוֹת. וְאִי מִשּׁוּם בְּנֵי — דֵּין גַּרְמָא דַּעֲשִׂירָאָה בִּיר. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לְהַאי שׁוּפְרָא דְּבָלֵי בְּעַפְרָא קָא בָּכֵינָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עַל דָּא וַדַּאי קָא בָּכֵית, וּבְכוֹ תַּרְוַיְיהוּ.
He said to him: Why are you weeping? If it is because of the Torah, that you did not study much of it — we have learned: "It is the same whether one gives much or gives little, provided that he directs his heart to Heaven." And if it is because of a livelihood — not every person merits two tables. And if it is because of children — this is the bone of my tenth son. He said to him: I am weeping for this beauty that will waste away in the dust. He said to him: For that you surely weep. And the two of them wept.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַמַּאי קָא בָּכֵית? אִי מִשּׁוּם תּוֹרָה דְּלָא אַפֵּשְׁתְּ — שָׁנִינוּ: אֶחָד הַמַּרְבֶּה וְאֶחָד הַמַּמְעִיט, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיְּכַוֵּין לִבּוֹ לַשָּׁמַיִם. וְאִי מִשּׁוּם מְזוֹנֵי — לֹא כׇּל אָדָם זוֹכֶה לִשְׁתֵּי שֻׁלְחָנוֹת. וְאִי מִשּׁוּם בְּנֵי — דֵּין גַּרְמָא דַּעֲשִׂירָאָה בִּיר. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לְהַאי שׁוּפְרָא דְּבָלֵי בְּעַפְרָא קָא בָּכֵינָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עַל דָּא וַדַּאי קָא בָּכֵית, וּבְכוֹ תַּרְוַיְיהוּ.
- Three reasons, one pattern. אִי מִשּׁוּם … — וְאִי מִשּׁוּם … — וְאִי מִשּׁוּם …: each guess is a noun after מִשּׁוּם (Torah, food, children), and each is answered at once. This is rule 6 of Section D. Only the first guess adds a clause, with דְּ-: מִשּׁוּם תּוֹרָה דְּלָא אַפֵּשְׁתְּ, "because of the Torah, that you did not increase [in it]". - אַפֵּשְׁתְּ. "You increased", a causative form from the root פ-ו-שׁ, "to be much". With לָא: "you did not study much". - A Hebrew teaching in an Aramaic frame. שָׁנִינוּ, "we have learned", brings in a Mishnah in Hebrew: אֶחָד הַמַּרְבֶּה וְאֶחָד הַמַּמְעִיט, "the one who does much and the one who does little are the same". In Menaḥot it is said of offerings; here Rabbi Yoḥanan applies it to study. - שְׁתֵּי שֻׁלְחָנוֹת, "two tables". A Hebrew saying: not everyone is given two tables. The usual explanation, Rashi's, is the table of Torah and the table of wealth. - דֵּין גַּרְמָא דַּעֲשִׂירָאָה בִּיר. "This is the bone of my tenth son." Rabbi Yoḥanan had lost his sons; he consoles his friend with his own grief. דֵּין is the masculine "this"; דַּעֲשִׂירָאָה is דְּ-, "of", with the ordinal "tenth", and the vowel is דַּ- before hataf patah, as in rule 2. בִּיר is a short form of "my son". - The true reason has no מִשּׁוּם. Rabbi Elazar answers with לְ-, "for": לְהַאי שׁוּפְרָא … קָא בָּכֵינָא, "for this beauty … I am weeping". The guesses were "because of"; the answer is the thing wept over. - קָא בָּכֵית / קָא בָּכֵינָא. The question and the answer use the same participle with קָא, "you are weeping" and "I am weeping" (Section D, rule 8). שׁוּפְרָא דְּבָלֵי, "beauty that wastes away", uses דְּ- as "that, which", the same דְּ- that follows מִשּׁוּם. - עַל דָּא, "over this". דָּא is the feminine "this", here meaning "this matter". וַדַּאי, "surely": Rabbi Yoḥanan agrees that this, at least, is worth weeping for. - וּבְכוֹ תַּרְוַיְיהוּ. "And the two of them wept". The vocalised edition prints וּבְכוֹ; תַּרְוַיְיהוּ, "both of them", is the word of lesson 63, Section F.
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A short dialogue in the language of the Gemara, written for this lesson. It is not a quotation from the Talmud.
64.16a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him רַבֵּיהּ his-master אַמַּאי why לָא not אֲתֵית you-came לְבֵי to-the-house-of מִדְרְשָׁא study תְּלָתָא three יוֹמֵי days
64.16b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him rabbēh (rab-BAYH) master-his ʾammay (am-MAI) why lā (laa) not ʾătēt (a-TAYT) come-PERF.2M.SG lə-vē (l'-VAY) to-house-CONST midrəshā (mid-r'-SHAA) study-M.SG.EMPH təlātā (t'-laa-TAA) three yōmē (yoh-MAY) day-M.PL
64.17a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him מִשּׁוּם because-of דַּחֲלַשׁ that-fell-ill אַבָּא father
64.17b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of da-ḥălash (da-kha-LASH) that-fall-ill-PERF.3M.SG ʾabbā (AB-baa) father-EMPH
64.18a אַמַּאי why לָא not שְׁלַחְתְּ you-sent לִי to-me
64.18b ʾammay (am-MAI) why lā (laa) not shəlaḥt (sh'-LAKHT) send-PERF.2M.SG lī (LEE) to-me
64.19a מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּלָא that-not הֲוָה there-was אִינִישׁ person אַחֲרִינָא other בְּבֵיתָא in-the-house
64.19b mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-lā (d'-LAA) that-not hăwā (ha-VAA) be-PERF.3M.SG ʾīnīsh (ee-NEESH) person-M.SG ʾaḥărīnā (a-kha-ree-NAA) other-M.SG.EMPH bə-vētā (b'-vay-TAA) in-house-M.SG.EMPH
64.20a וּמַאי and-what אֲמַר said אָסְיָא the-physician
64.20b u-mai (oo-MAI) and-what ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG ʾāsyā (aas-YAA) physician-M.SG.EMPH
64.21a אֲמַר he-said חָלֵישׁ he-is-weak מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּלָא that-not אֲכַל he-ate תְּרֵי two יוֹמֵי days
64.21b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG ḥālēsh (khaa-LAYSH) be-ill-PTCP.M.SG mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-lā (d'-LAA) that-not ʾăkhal (a-KHAL) eat-PERF.3M.SG trē (TRAY) two-M yōmē (yoh-MAY) day-M.PL
64.22a אַמַּאי why לָא not אֲכַל he-ate
64.22b ʾammay (am-MAI) why lā (laa) not ʾăkhal (a-KHAL) eat-PERF.3M.SG
64.23a מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּלָא that-not הֲוָה there-was לַן to-us נַהֲמָא bread
64.23b mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-lā (d'-LAA) that-not hăwā (ha-VAA) be-PERF.3M.SG lan (LAN) to-us nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH
64.24a שְׁמַע heard רַבֵּיהּ his-master וּשְׁתֵיק and-was-silent
64.24b shəmaʿ (sh'-MA') hear-PERF.3M.SG rabbēh (rab-BAYH) master-his u-shtēq (oo-SHTAYQ) and-be-silent-PERF.3M.SG
64.25a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him מִשּׁוּם because-of הָכִי thus לָא not אֲתֵית you-came וְאַמַּאי and-why לָא not אֲמַרְתְּ you-said לִי to-me
64.25b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of hākhī (HAA-khee) thus lā (laa) not ʾătēt (a-TAYT) come-PERF.2M.SG wə-ʾammay (v'-am-MAI) and-why lā (laa) not ʾămart (a-MART) say-PERF.2M.SG lī (LEE) to-me
64.26a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him מִשּׁוּם because-of דְּאַתְּ that-you גַּבְרָא a-man רַבָּה great וַאֲנָא and-I תַּלְמִידָא a-student עַנְיָא poor
64.26b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of də-ʾat (d'-AT) that-you-M.SG gavrā (gav-RAA) man-M.SG.EMPH rabbā (RAB-baa) great-M.SG.EMPH wa-ʾănā (va-a-NAA) and-I talmīdā (tal-mee-DAA) student-M.SG.EMPH ʿanyā (an-YAA) poor-M.SG.EMPH
64.27a שְׁקַל took רַבֵּיהּ his-master נַהֲמָא bread וּבִשְׂרָא and-meat וַאֲזַל and-went בַּהֲדֵיהּ with-him לְבֵיתֵיהּ to-his-house
64.27b shəqal (sh'-QAL) take-PERF.3M.SG rabbēh (rab-BAYH) master-his nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH u-visrā (oo-vis-RAA) and-meat-M.SG.EMPH wa-ʾăzal (va-a-ZAL) and-go-PERF.3M.SG bahădēh (ba-ha-DAYH) with-him lə-vētēh (l'-vay-TAYH) to-house-his
64.28a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him אֲבוּהּ the-father דְּתַלְמִידָא of-the-student אַמַּאי why אֲתֵית you-came לְהָכָא to-here
64.28b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾăvūh (a-VOOH) father-his də-talmīdā (d'-tal-mee-DAA) of-student-M.SG.EMPH ʾammay (am-MAI) why ʾătēt (a-TAYT) come-PERF.2M.SG lə-hākhā (l'-HAA-khaa) to-here
64.29a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him מִשּׁוּם because-of דִּבְרָךְ that-your-son תַּלְמִידִי my-student הוּא he-is
64.29b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him mi-shshūm (mish-SHOOM) because-of di-vrākh (div-RAAKH) that-son-your-M.SG talmīdī (tal-mee-DEE) student-my hū (HOO) he
64.30a וְתַלְמִידָא and-a-student כִּבְרָא like-a-son הוּא he-is
64.30b wə-talmīdā (v'-tal-mee-DAA) and-student-M.SG.EMPH ki-vrā (kiv-RAA) like-son-M.SG.EMPH hū (HOO) he
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64.16 אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבֵּיהּ: אַמַּאי לָא אֲתֵית לְבֵי מִדְרְשָׁא תְּלָתָא יוֹמֵי? — ʾămar lēh rabbēh: ʾammay lā ʾătēt lə-vē midrəshā təlātā yōmē? — "His master said to him: Why have you not come to the study house for three days?"
64.17 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ אַבָּא. — ʾămar lēh: mi-shshūm da-ḥălash ʾabbā. — "He said to him: Because father fell ill."
64.18 אַמַּאי לָא שְׁלַחְתְּ לִי? — ʾammay lā shəlaḥt lī? — "Why did you not send word to me?"
64.19 מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא הֲוָה אִינִישׁ אַחֲרִינָא בְּבֵיתָא. — mi-shshūm də-lā hăwā ʾīnīsh ʾaḥărīnā bə-vētā. — "Because there was no one else in the house."
64.20 וּמַאי אֲמַר אָסְיָא? — u-mai ʾămar ʾāsyā? — "And what did the physician say?"
64.21 אֲמַר: חָלֵישׁ מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא אֲכַל תְּרֵי יוֹמֵי. — ʾămar: ḥālēsh mi-shshūm də-lā ʾăkhal trē yōmē. — "He said: He is weak because he has not eaten for two days."
64.22 אַמַּאי לָא אֲכַל? — ʾammay lā ʾăkhal? — "Why did he not eat?"
64.23 מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא הֲוָה לַן נַהֲמָא. — mi-shshūm də-lā hăwā lan nahămā. — "Because we had no bread."
64.24 שְׁמַע רַבֵּיהּ וּשְׁתֵיק. — shəmaʿ rabbēh u-shtēq. — "His master heard and was silent."
64.25 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם הָכִי לָא אֲתֵית? וְאַמַּאי לָא אֲמַרְתְּ לִי? — ʾămar lēh: mi-shshūm hākhī lā ʾătēt? wə-ʾammay lā ʾămart lī? — "He said to him: Is that why you did not come? And why did you not tell me?"
64.26 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דְּאַתְּ גַּבְרָא רַבָּה, וַאֲנָא תַּלְמִידָא עַנְיָא. — ʾămar lēh: mi-shshūm də-ʾat gavrā rabbā, wa-ʾănā talmīdā ʿanyā. — "He said to him: Because you are a great man, and I am a poor student."
64.27 שְׁקַל רַבֵּיהּ נַהֲמָא וּבִשְׂרָא, וַאֲזַל בַּהֲדֵיהּ לְבֵיתֵיהּ. — shəqal rabbēh nahămā u-visrā, wa-ʾăzal bahădēh lə-vētēh. — "His master took bread and meat, and went with him to his house."
64.28 אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲבוּהּ דְּתַלְמִידָא: אַמַּאי אֲתֵית לְהָכָא? — ʾămar lēh ʾăvūh də-talmīdā: ʾammay ʾătēt lə-hākhā? — "The student's father said to him: Why have you come here?"
64.29 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דִּבְרָךְ תַּלְמִידִי הוּא. — ʾămar lēh: mi-shshūm di-vrākh talmīdī hū. — "He said to him: Because your son is my student."
64.30 וְתַלְמִידָא כִּבְרָא הוּא. — wə-talmīdā ki-vrā hū. — "And a student is like a son."
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64.16 אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבֵּיהּ: אַמַּאי לָא אֲתֵית לְבֵי מִדְרְשָׁא תְּלָתָא יוֹמֵי?
64.17 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ אַבָּא.
64.18 אַמַּאי לָא שְׁלַחְתְּ לִי?
64.19 מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא הֲוָה אִינִישׁ אַחֲרִינָא בְּבֵיתָא.
64.20 וּמַאי אֲמַר אָסְיָא?
64.21 אֲמַר: חָלֵישׁ מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא אֲכַל תְּרֵי יוֹמֵי.
64.22 אַמַּאי לָא אֲכַל?
64.23 מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא הֲוָה לַן נַהֲמָא.
64.24 שְׁמַע רַבֵּיהּ וּשְׁתֵיק.
64.25 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם הָכִי לָא אֲתֵית? וְאַמַּאי לָא אֲמַרְתְּ לִי?
64.26 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דְּאַתְּ גַּבְרָא רַבָּה, וַאֲנָא תַּלְמִידָא עַנְיָא.
64.27 שְׁקַל רַבֵּיהּ נַהֲמָא וּבִשְׂרָא, וַאֲזַל בַּהֲדֵיהּ לְבֵיתֵיהּ.
64.28 אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲבוּהּ דְּתַלְמִידָא: אַמַּאי אֲתֵית לְהָכָא?
64.29 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דִּבְרָךְ תַּלְמִידִי הוּא.
64.30 וְתַלְמִידָא כִּבְרָא הוּא.
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- A dialogue of whys. The dialogue is a chain of questions with אַמַּאי, "why?" (64.16, 64.18, 64.22, 64.25, 64.28), each answered with מִשּׁוּם (64.17, 64.19, 64.21, 64.23, 64.26, 64.29). It reads the way the Gemara reads: a question, a reason, and a new question about the reason. - The three vowels of דְּ- after מִשּׁוּם. דְּ- in מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא (64.19, 64.21, 64.23) and מִשּׁוּם דְּאַתְּ (64.26); דַּ- before hataf patah in מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲלַשׁ (64.17); דִּ- before shewa in מִשּׁוּם דִּבְרָךְ (64.29). The same rule gives כִּבְרָא, "like a son", from כְּ- and בְּרָא (64.30). - "Not to have". לָא הֲוָה לַן נַהֲמָא, "we had no bread", word for word "there was not to us bread" (64.23); compare לֵית לִי זוּזֵי, "I have no money" (64.9). - Second-person perfects. אֲתֵית, "you came" (64.16, 64.25, 64.28); שְׁלַחְתְּ, "you sent" (64.18); אֲמַרְתְּ, "you said" (64.25). The ending -t marks "you". - מִשּׁוּם הָכִי as a question. In 64.25 the master turns the boy's reason into a question: מִשּׁוּם הָכִי לָא אֲתֵית?, "is that why you did not come?". Only the tone of voice (in writing, the question mark) makes it a question. - Possession with a suffix and with דְּ-. רַבֵּיהּ, "his master" (64.16); בְּרָךְ, "your son" (64.29); תַּלְמִידִי, "my student" (64.29). אֲבוּהּ דְּתַלְמִידָא, "the student's father", is word for word "his father, of the student" (64.28): the Gemara's usual way to say "X of Y". - Being without a verb. תַּלְמִידִי הוּא, "he is my student" (64.29), and כִּבְרָא הוּא, "he is like a son" (64.30): Aramaic needs no verb "is" in the present; the pronoun הוּא, "he", does the work. - בַּהֲדֵיהּ, "with him". בַּהֲדֵי (bahădē) is "with" (of company), and takes the pronoun endings: בַּהֲדֵיהּ, "with him" (64.27).
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- IPA: /miʃˈʃuːm/ - מִ (mem with hiriq) = mi, short. - שּׁ (shin with a dot) = a doubled sh: hold it, mish-SHOOM. The dot (dagesh) is the nun of מִן, which has been absorbed into the shin. - וּ (shuruq) = a long oo. - Stress falls on the last syllable: mish-SHOOM.
- IPA: /miʃˈʃuːm dixˈtiːv/ - Before the shewa of כְּתִיב the prefix takes i; the kaf after it is soft: dikh-TEEV.
- IPA: /ʔamˈmaj/ - The mem is doubled; the ending rhymes with English my: am-MAI.
- IPA: /tˤaʕˈmaː/ - The ע closes the first syllable: TA'-maa, with a catch, or in most readings just TAH-maa.
- IPA: /daʕasiːraːˈʔaː/ - Five syllables: da-a-see-RAA-aa. The שׂ with its dot on the left is s, not sh.
- ח (ḥet) in דַּחֲלַשׁ, חָלֵישׁ, חֲכִים, שְׁלַחְתְּ, אַחֲרִינָא, שֻׁלְחָנוֹת: a rasping sound in the throat, like the ch of Scottish loch. Written kh in the respellings. - ע (ʿayin) in עַנְיָא, בָּעֵינָא, שְׁמִיעַ, טַעְמָא, הַמַּמְעִיט, בְּעַפְרָא, שְׁמַע, עַל: a voiced sound in the throat, in most modern readings silent or a slight catch. Written ' in the respellings. - ט (ṭet) in מִטְרָא, טוּבָא, טַעְמָא, הַמַּמְעִיט: originally an emphatic t; most readers today say a plain t. - ק (qof) in קָא, קַשְׁיָא, לְשׁוּקָא, וּשְׁתֵיק, שְׁקַל: originally a k made further back in the throat; most readers today say a plain k. - The mappiq ה in לֵיהּ, בְּרֵיהּ, מִינֵּיהּ, רַבֵּיהּ, בַּהֲדֵיהּ, לְבֵיתֵיהּ, אֲבוּהּ: the final h is really breathed out.
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)