← Babylonian (Talmudic) Aramaic
How do you say "give" in Babylonian Aramaic?
The Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud says יְהַב (yəhav), "he gave". Its root is י-ה-ב. You have met it many times already: יָהֵיב צְדָקָה, "he gives charity" (lesson 11); יְהַב לִי אַגְרָא, "he gave me my wage" (lesson 20); הַב לֵיהּ הָנֵי פֵּירֵי, "give him this fruit" (lesson 66). In this lesson the verb is the subject itself.
The English learner should notice four things at once.
First, the person who receives takes לְ-, "to". English can say "he gave him a zuz", with no "to". Aramaic always marks the receiver with לְ-: יְהַב לֵיהּ זוּזָא, "he gave to-him a zuz"; יְהַב לְרַבָּה, "he gave to Rabbah". The short pronouns are the ones you know: לִי "to me", לָךְ "to you", לֵיהּ "to him", לַהּ "to her", לַן "to us", לְכוּ "to you (plural)", לְהוּ "to them".
Second, the short pronoun comes straight after the verb, before the thing given: הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ, "give them their cloaks", the words of Section F. This is also the order of English "give them their cloaks".
Third, the verb has four forms you must tell apart, all from the same three letters:
- יְהַב (yəhav), "he gave", the perfect - יָהֵיב (yāhēv), "he gives, he is giving", the participle - יְהִיב (yəhīv), "given", the passive participle - הַב (hav), "give!", the command, which has lost its י
Fourth, "he will give" and "to give" are borrowed from another shape. The future (the imperfect) and the infinitive of this verb do not keep the ה. The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon records them, for Babylonian Aramaic, as ליתב (or ליהב), "let him give", and מיתב, "giving" (with לְ-, "to give"). They look like forms of יְתֵיב, "sit", and you must read them from the context. This lesson uses only the perfect, the participle, the passive participle and the command.
The verb is old. Biblical Hebrew keeps the command: הָבוּ לַיהוָה, "give to the LORD" (Psalm 29:1), and the Aramaic of Daniel has the participle יָהֵב, "he gives" (Daniel 2:21). The Gemara, which speaks Aramaic, says יְהַב where its Hebrew sentences say נָתַן.
In this lesson the romanisation follows a simple academic scheme: ʾ for א, ʿ for ע, ḥ for ח, ṭ for ט, ṣ for צ, q for ק, sh for שׁ, kh for soft כ, v for soft ב, f for soft פ, w for consonantal ו; long vowels are marked with a macron (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū), and ə stands for the short vowel shewa.
- יְהַב (yəhav) = "he gave"; יָהֵיב (yāhēv) = "he gives"; יְהִיב (yəhīv) = "given"; הַב (hav) = "give!" - The receiver takes לְ-: יְהַב לֵיהּ, "he gave (to) him" - The short pronoun comes straight after the verb: הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ, "give them their cloaks" - וּ "and" before יְהַב is written וִיהַב (wīhav), "and he gave" - The future and the infinitive come from another shape (ליתב, מיתב), and look like forms of "sit" - יְהַב דַּעְתֵּיהּ, word for word "he gave his mind", means "he paid attention"
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The sentences of Sections A to C and of the Genre Section are written for this lesson; they are not quotations from the Talmud. 67.6 is a sentence of the Gemara (Bava Metzia 83a), quoted in full in Section F.
67.1a הַב give לִי to-me
67.1b hav (HAV) give-IMPV.M.SG lī (LEE) to-me
67.2a יְהַב he-gave לֵיהּ to-him זוּזָא a-zuz
67.2b yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him zūzā (zoo-ZAA) zuz-M.SG.EMPH
67.3a הַב give לִי to-me סִפְרָא the-book
67.3b hav (HAV) give-IMPV.M.SG lī (LEE) to-me sifrā (sif-RAA) book-M.SG.EMPH
67.4a מַאן who יְהַב gave לָךְ to-you הָא this
67.4b man (MAN) who yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG lākh (LAAKH) to-you-M.SG hā (HAA) this
67.5a רַבִּי my-master יְהַב gave לִי to-me
67.5b rabbī (rab-BEE) master-my yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG lī (LEE) to-me
67.6a הַב give לְהוּ to-them גְּלִימַיְיהוּ their-cloaks
67.6b hav (HAV) give-IMPV.M.SG ləhū (l'-HOO) to-them gəlīmayhū (g'-lee-MAI-hoo) cloak-M.PL-their
67.7a יָהֵיב he-gives צְדָקָה charity לְעַנְיֵי to-the-poor כׇּל every יוֹמָא day
67.7b yāhēv (yaa-HAYV) give-PTCP.M.SG ṣədāqā (ts'-daa-KAA) charity-F.SG lə-ʿanyē (l'-an-YAY) to-poor-M.PL kol (KOL) every yōmā (yoh-MAA) day-M.SG.EMPH
67.8a אִימָּא the-mother יָהֲבָה gives נַהֲמָא bread לִבְרַהּ to-her-son
67.8b ʾimmā (IM-maa) mother-F.SG.EMPH yāhăvā (yaa-ha-VAA) give-PTCP.F.SG nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH li-vrah (liv-RAH) to-son-her
67.9a תַּלְמִידֵי the-students יָהֲבִי give יְקָרָא honour לְרַבַּיְיהוּ to-their-master
67.9b talmīdē (tal-mee-DAY) student-M.PL yāhăvī (yaa-ha-VEE) give-PTCP.M.PL yəqārā (y'-kaa-RAA) honour-M.SG.EMPH lə-rabbayhū (l'-rab-BAI-hoo) to-master-their
67.10a יְהַבִית I-gave מַתְּנָא a-gift לַאֲחִי to-my-brother
67.10b yəhavit (y'-ha-VEET) give-PERF.1SG mattənā (mat-t'-NAA) gift-F.SG.EMPH la-ʾăḥī (la-a-KHEE) to-brother-my
67.11a אַמַּאי why לָא not יְהַבְתְּ you-gave לֵיהּ to-him אַגְרֵיהּ his-wage
67.11b ʾammay (am-MAI) why lā (laa) not yəhavt (y'-HAVT) give-PERF.2M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾagrēh (ag-RAYH) wage-his
67.12a יָהֵיבְנָא I-give לָךְ to-you כׇּל all מַאי what דְּבָעֵית that-you-want
67.12b yāhēvnā (yaa-HAYV-naa) give-PTCP.1SG lākh (LAAKH) to-you-M.SG kol (KOL) all may (MAI) what də-vāʿēt (d'-vaa-AYT) that-want-PTCP.2M.SG
67.13a יְהַב gave רָבָא Rava דַּעְתֵּיהּ his-mind לְהָנֵי to-these מִילֵּי words
67.13b yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG Rāvā (RAA-vaa) Rava daʿtēh (da-TAYH) mind-his lə-hānē (l'-haa-NAY) to-these mīllē (MEEL-lay) word-F.PL
67.14a הָנֵי these זוּזֵי zuzim יְהִיבִי are-given לְעַנְיֵי to-the-poor
67.14b hānē (haa-NAY) these zūzē (zoo-ZAY) zuz-M.PL yəhīvī (y'-hee-VEE) give-PASS.PTCP.M.PL lə-ʿanyē (l'-an-YAY) to-poor-M.PL
67.15a כׇּל every מַאן one דְּיָהֵיב who-gives צְדָקָה charity לְעַנְיֵי to-the-poor יָהֲבִי they-give לֵיהּ to-him אַגְרָא reward מִן from שְׁמַיָּא heaven
67.15b kol (KOL) every man (MAN) one də-yāhēv (d'-yaa-HAYV) who-give-PTCP.M.SG ṣədāqā (ts'-daa-KAA) charity-F.SG lə-ʿanyē (l'-an-YAY) to-poor-M.PL yāhăvī (yaa-ha-VEE) give-PTCP.M.PL lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾagrā (ag-RAA) reward-M.SG.EMPH min (MIN) from shəmayyā (sh'-mai-YAA) heaven-M.PL.EMPH
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67.1 הַב לִי. — hav lī. — "Give me."
67.2 יְהַב לֵיהּ זוּזָא. — yəhav lēh zūzā. — "He gave him a zuz."
67.3 הַב לִי סִפְרָא. — hav lī sifrā. — "Give me the book."
67.4 מַאן יְהַב לָךְ הָא? — man yəhav lākh hā? — "Who gave you this?"
67.5 רַבִּי יְהַב לִי. — rabbī yəhav lī. — "My master gave it to me."
67.6 הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ. — hav ləhū gəlīmayhū. — "Give them their cloaks."
67.7 יָהֵיב צְדָקָה לְעַנְיֵי כׇּל יוֹמָא. — yāhēv ṣədāqā lə-ʿanyē kol yōmā. — "He gives charity to the poor every day."
67.8 אִימָּא יָהֲבָה נַהֲמָא לִבְרַהּ. — ʾimmā yāhăvā nahămā li-vrah. — "The mother gives bread to her son."
67.9 תַּלְמִידֵי יָהֲבִי יְקָרָא לְרַבַּיְיהוּ. — talmīdē yāhăvī yəqārā lə-rabbayhū. — "The students give honour to their master."
67.10 יְהַבִית מַתְּנָא לַאֲחִי. — yəhavit mattənā la-ʾăḥī. — "I gave a gift to my brother."
67.11 אַמַּאי לָא יְהַבְתְּ לֵיהּ אַגְרֵיהּ? — ʾammay lā yəhavt lēh ʾagrēh? — "Why did you not give him his wage?"
67.12 יָהֵיבְנָא לָךְ כׇּל מַאי דְּבָעֵית. — yāhēvnā lākh kol may də-vāʿēt. — "I will give you whatever you want."
67.13 יְהַב רָבָא דַּעְתֵּיהּ לְהָנֵי מִילֵּי. — yəhav Rāvā daʿtēh lə-hānē mīllē. — "Rava paid attention to these words."
67.14 הָנֵי זוּזֵי יְהִיבִי לְעַנְיֵי. — hānē zūzē yəhīvī lə-ʿanyē. — "These zuzim are given to the poor."
67.15 כׇּל מַאן דְּיָהֵיב צְדָקָה לְעַנְיֵי, יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ אַגְרָא מִן שְׁמַיָּא. — kol man də-yāhēv ṣədāqā lə-ʿanyē, yāhăvī lēh ʾagrā min shəmayyā. — "Everyone who gives charity to the poor is given a reward from heaven."
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67.1 הַב לִי.
67.2 יְהַב לֵיהּ זוּזָא.
67.3 הַב לִי סִפְרָא.
67.4 מַאן יְהַב לָךְ הָא?
67.5 רַבִּי יְהַב לִי.
67.6 הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ.
67.7 יָהֵיב צְדָקָה לְעַנְיֵי כׇּל יוֹמָא.
67.8 אִימָּא יָהֲבָה נַהֲמָא לִבְרַהּ.
67.9 תַּלְמִידֵי יָהֲבִי יְקָרָא לְרַבַּיְיהוּ.
67.10 יְהַבִית מַתְּנָא לַאֲחִי.
67.11 אַמַּאי לָא יְהַבְתְּ לֵיהּ אַגְרֵיהּ?
67.12 יָהֵיבְנָא לָךְ כׇּל מַאי דְּבָעֵית.
67.13 יְהַב רָבָא דַּעְתֵּיהּ לְהָנֵי מִילֵּי.
67.14 הָנֵי זוּזֵי יְהִיבִי לְעַנְיֵי.
67.15 כׇּל מַאן דְּיָהֵיב צְדָקָה לְעַנְיֵי, יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ אַגְרָא מִן שְׁמַיָּא.
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1. The perfect: "gave". The perfect tells what was done. Its endings are the ones you have learnt with אֲמַר, "said":
- יְהַב (yəhav), "he gave" (67.2, 67.4, 67.5, 67.13) - יְהַבוּ (yəhavū), "they gave" - יְהַבְתְּ (yəhavt), "you gave" (67.11, 67.24) - יְהַבִית (yəhavit), "I gave" (67.10, 67.23) - יְהַבְתּוּן (yəhavtūn), "you (plural) gave" (67.29)
After וְ-, "and", two shewas cannot stand together: וְ + יְ is written וִי, so וִיהַב (wīhav), "and he gave" (67.26; lesson 66.21). After דְּ-, "that", it is דִּיהַבְתְּ (dī-havt), "that you gave" (67.27).
2. The participle: "gives, is giving". The participle is the Gemara's present, and often its future too (67.12: "I will give you"):
- יָהֵיב (yāhēv), "he gives" (67.7, 67.15) - יָהֲבָה (yāhăvā), "she gives" (67.8) - יָהֲבִי (yāhăvī), "they give" (67.9) - יָהֵיבְנָא (yāhēvnā), "I give" (67.12, 67.25, 67.29) - יָהֲבִינַן (yāhăvīnan), "we give" (lesson 66.29)
In a story, with הֲוָה, "was", it describes what someone used to do or was doing: לָא הֲוָה יָהֵיב לֵיהּ אִינִישׁ מִידֵּי, "no one was giving him anything" (67.18).
3. "They give" for "it is given". The plural participle with no subject is a common way of saying what is done by people in general: יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ אַגְרָא, "they give him a reward", that is, "he is given a reward" (67.15, 67.30).
4. The passive participle: "given". יְהִיב (yəhīv), "given", plural יְהִיבִי (yəhīvī): הָנֵי זוּזֵי יְהִיבִי לְעַנְיֵי, "these zuzim are given to the poor" (67.14). Lesson 8 had יְהִיב לְאִנְתְּתָא דָּא, "given to this woman".
5. The command: "give!". הַב (hav), to one man (67.1, 67.3, 67.6, 67.17, 67.19, 67.22); הַבוּ (havū), to several. The י of the root falls away. A command is often made stronger with זִיל, "go": זִיל הַב אַגְרַיְיהוּ, "go, give them their wages" (Section F).
6. The receiver with לְ-. The person who receives always takes לְ-, either as a pronoun ending (לֵיהּ, לְהוּ, לִי, לָךְ, לַן, לְכוּ) or before a noun: יָהֵיב צְדָקָה לְעַנְיֵי, "he gives charity to the poor" (67.7). Often both come together, the pronoun first and then the noun: יְהַב לֵיהּ בְּרָא לְעַנְיָא הַהוּא זוּזָא, "the son gave him, the poor man, that zuz" (67.20), as in אָמַר לֵיהּ לִבְרֵיהּ (lesson 66, Section F).
7. Order. The usual order is verb, then the short pronoun, then the thing given: הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ (67.6). When the receiver is a full noun and there is no pronoun, the thing given often comes first: יְהַבִית מַתְּנָא לַאֲחִי, "I gave a gift to my brother" (67.10). The subject may stand before or after the verb: רַבִּי יְהַב לִי (67.5); יְהַב רָבָא דַּעְתֵּיהּ (67.13).
8. The future and the infinitive. For "he will give", "let him give" and "to give", Babylonian Aramaic does not use the ה. The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon gives the imperfect as ליתב or ליהב and the infinitive as מיתב. These look like forms of יְתֵיב, "sit", and the context decides between them. Learn to recognise them; this lesson does not use them.
9. Idioms. יְהַב דַּעְתֵּיהּ, "he gave his mind", means "he paid attention" (67.13). The word דַּעְתָּא, "mind", takes the possessive ending: דַּעְתֵּיהּ, "his mind"; דַּעְתַּיְיהוּ, "their mind".
10. New words in this lesson.
- גְּלִימָא (gəlīmā), "cloak"; גְּלִימַיְיהוּ, "their cloaks" (67.6, Section F) - אַגְרָא (ʾagrā), "wage, reward"; אַגְרֵיהּ, "his wage"; אַגְרַיְיהוּ, "their wages" (67.11, 67.15, Section F) - כָּפֵין (kāfēn), "hungry"; כָּפֵינַן, "we are hungry" (67.18, Section F) - נַחְתּוֹמָא (naḥtōmā), "baker" (67.17) - פַּלְגָא (palgā), "half" (67.26) - בִּרְכְתָא (birkhətā), "blessing" (67.29) - לְגַבַּיְיהוּ (lə-gabbayhū), "to them, to where they were" (67.28)
- Leaving out לְ-. ✗ יְהַב הוּא זוּזָא for "he gave him a zuz" → ✓ יְהַב לֵיהּ זוּזָא. The receiver is always marked with לְ-. - Confusing the four forms. יְהַב (y'-HAV) "he gave"; יָהֵיב (yaa-HAYV) "he gives"; יְהִיב (y'-HEEV) "given"; הַב (HAV) "give!". In unvocalised texts יהב and יהיב can each be read more than one way; look at the vowels or the context. - Adding the י to the command. ✗ יְהַב לִי! for "give me!" → ✓ הַב לִי! - Reading מיתב or ליתב only as "sit". In a sentence about money, a gift or a wage, they belong to "give" (rule 8). - Translating יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ only as "they give him". With no subject named, it often means "he is given" (rule 3).
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The story of Section F, Rabbah bar bar Ḥanan and the porters, is one of the Talmud's best-known cases. The porters broke his barrel of wine, and he held their cloaks against the loss. Rav ordered him to give the cloaks back, and then to pay their wages as well. Each time Rabbah asks, דִּינָא הָכִי?, "is that the law?", and each time Rav answers with half of a verse: לְמַעַן תֵּלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ טוֹבִים, וְאׇרְחוֹת צַדִּיקִים תִּשְׁמֹר, "So that you may walk in the way of good men, and keep the paths of the righteous" (Proverbs 2:20). The story is often taught as the classic example of acting lifnim mi-shurat ha-din, "within the line of the law", that is, doing more than strict law requires.
The root י-ה-ב is shared with Hebrew, where it survives mostly in the command: הָבוּ לַיהוָה בְּנֵי אֵלִים, "Give to the LORD, you sons of the mighty" (Psalm 29:1). In the Aramaic chapters of Daniel the verb is common: יָהֵב חׇכְמְתָא לְחַכִּימִין, "he gives wisdom to the wise" (Daniel 2:21). Modern Hebrew speakers know the root from יְהָב, "burden", in Psalm 55:23: הַשְׁלֵךְ עַל יְהוָה יְהָבְךָ, "cast your burden upon the LORD".
יְהַב דַּעְתֵּיהּ, "he paid attention", is a common Gemara expression. The idea of attention as something given has a parallel in English "to give one's mind to something".
צְדָקָה (ṣədāqā), "charity", is a Hebrew word used inside Aramaic sentences, as in 67.7. Its root means "righteousness": in Jewish thought, giving to the poor is a matter of justice, not only kindness.
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The Babylonian Talmud, Bava Metzia 83a, text as in the William Davidson (Vilna-based, vocalised) edition on Sefaria; checked word by word against the unvocalised Wikisource text of the Talmud on Sefaria, which has the same words, except that it writes יהיב for יְהַיב, writes the second אֲמַר לֵיהּ before דִּינָא הָכִי in short, as אל, and spells the last word of the verse תשמור. The punctuation is the Sefaria edition's. Certain porters have broken a barrel of wine belonging to Rabbah bar bar Ḥanan, and he has taken their cloaks to cover the loss. The passage is chosen because the command הַב, "give!", carries it: Rav twice tells Rabbah to give, and the giving is the point of the story.
F.1a רַבָּה Rabbah בַּר son-of בַּר son-of חָנָן Ḥanan תְּבַרוּ broke לֵיהּ for-him הָנְהוּ certain שָׁקוֹלָאֵי porters חָבִיתָא a-barrel דְחַמְרָא of-wine שְׁקַל he-took לִגְלִימַיְיהוּ their-cloaks
F.1b Rabbā (RAB-baa) Rabbah bar (BAR) son-CONST bar (BAR) son-CONST Ḥānān (khaa-NAAN) Ḥanan təvarū (t'-va-ROO) break-PERF.3M.PL lēh (LAYH) to-him hānhū (HAAN-hoo) those shāqōlāʾē (shaa-koh-laa-AY) porter-M.PL ḥāvītā (khaa-vee-TAA) barrel-F.SG.EMPH də-ḥamrā (d'-kham-RAA) of-wine-M.SG.EMPH shəqal (sh'-KAL) take-PERF.3M.SG li-glīmayhū (lig-lee-MAI-hoo) OBJ-cloak-M.PL-their
F.2a אֲתוֹ they-came אֲמַרוּ they-told לְרַב to-Rav
F.2b ʾătō (a-TOH) come-PERF.3M.PL ʾămarū (a-ma-ROO) say-PERF.3M.PL lə-Rav (l'-RAV) to-Rav
F.3a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him הַב give לְהוּ to-them גְּלִימַיְיהוּ their-cloaks
F.3b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him hav (HAV) give-IMPV.M.SG ləhū (l'-HOO) to-them gəlīmayhū (g'-lee-MAI-hoo) cloak-M.PL-their
F.4a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him דִּינָא the-law הָכִי thus אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him אִין yes לְמַעַן so-that תֵּלֵךְ you-may-walk בְּדֶרֶךְ in-the-way-of טוֹבִים good-men
F.4b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him dīnā (dee-NAA) law-M.SG.EMPH hākhī (haa-KHEE) thus ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾīn (EEN) yes ləmaʿan (l'-MA-an) so-that (Hebrew) tēlēkh (tay-LAYKH) walk-IMPF.2M.SG (Hebrew) bə-derekh (b'-DEH-rekh) in-way-CONST (Hebrew) ṭōvīm (toh-VEEM) good-M.PL (Hebrew)
F.5a יְהַיב he-gave לְהוּ to-them גְּלִימַיְיהוּ their-cloaks
F.5b yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG ləhū (l'-HOO) to-them gəlīmayhū (g'-lee-MAI-hoo) cloak-M.PL-their
F.6a אֲמַרוּ they-said לֵיהּ to-him עַנְיֵי poor אֲנַן we וְטָרְחִינַן and-we-toiled כּוּלֵּהּ all-of יוֹמָא the-day וְכָפֵינַן and-we-are-hungry וְלֵית and-there-is-not לַן to-us מִידֵּי anything
F.6b ʾămarū (a-ma-ROO) say-PERF.3M.PL lēh (LAYH) to-him ʿanyē (an-YAY) poor-M.PL ʾănan (a-NAN) we wə-ṭārḥīnan (v'-taar-KHEE-nan) and-toil-PTCP.1PL kullēh (kul-LAYH) all-of-it yōmā (yoh-MAA) day-M.SG.EMPH wə-khāfēnan (v'-khaa-FAY-nan) and-hungry-PTCP.1PL wə-lēt (v'-LAYT) and-there-is-not lan (LAN) to-us mīddē (MEED-day) thing
F.7a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him זִיל go הַב give אַגְרַיְיהוּ their-wages
F.7b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him zīl (ZEEL) go-IMPV.M.SG hav (HAV) give-IMPV.M.SG ʾagrayhū (ag-RAI-hoo) wage-M.PL-their
F.8a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him דִּינָא the-law הָכִי thus אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him אִין yes וְאׇרְחוֹת and-the-paths-of צַדִּיקִים the-righteous תִּשְׁמֹר you-shall-keep
F.8b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him dīnā (dee-NAA) law-M.SG.EMPH hākhī (haa-KHEE) thus ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾīn (EEN) yes wə-ʾorḥōt (v'-or-KHOHT) and-path-F.PL.CONST (Hebrew) ṣaddīqīm (tsad-dee-KEEM) righteous-M.PL (Hebrew) tishmōr (tish-MOHR) keep-IMPF.2M.SG (Hebrew)
רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָן תְּבַרוּ לֵיהּ הָנְהוּ שָׁקוֹלָאֵי חָבִיתָא דְחַמְרָא, שְׁקַל לִגְלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲתוֹ אֲמַרוּ לְרַב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּינָא הָכִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִין, ״לְמַעַן תֵּלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ טוֹבִים״. יְהַיב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: עַנְיֵי אֲנַן, וְטָרְחִינַן כּוּלֵּהּ יוֹמָא, וְכָפֵינַן, וְלֵית לַן מִידֵּי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: זִיל הַב אַגְרַיְיהוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּינָא הָכִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִין, ״וְאׇרְחוֹת צַדִּיקִים תִּשְׁמֹר״.
Certain porters broke a barrel of wine belonging to Rabbah bar bar Ḥanan, and he took their cloaks. They came and told Rav. Rav said to him: "Give them their cloaks." He said to him: "Is that the law?" He said to him: "Yes: 'So that you may walk in the way of good men.'" He gave them their cloaks. They said to him: "We are poor men, and we have toiled all day, and we are hungry, and we have nothing." Rav said to him: "Go, give them their wages." He said to him: "Is that the law?" He said to him: "Yes: 'And keep the paths of the righteous.'"
רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָן תְּבַרוּ לֵיהּ הָנְהוּ שָׁקוֹלָאֵי חָבִיתָא דְחַמְרָא, שְׁקַל לִגְלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲתוֹ אֲמַרוּ לְרַב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּינָא הָכִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִין, ״לְמַעַן תֵּלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ טוֹבִים״. יְהַיב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: עַנְיֵי אֲנַן, וְטָרְחִינַן כּוּלֵּהּ יוֹמָא, וְכָפֵינַן, וְלֵית לַן מִידֵּי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: זִיל הַב אַגְרַיְיהוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּינָא הָכִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִין, ״וְאׇרְחוֹת צַדִּיקִים תִּשְׁמֹר״.
- הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ, "give them their cloaks". The command הַב, then the receiver as a pronoun, לְהוּ, then the thing given (rules 5–7). The same order in זִיל הַב אַגְרַיְיהוּ, "go, give them their wages", where the receiver is understood from the ending of אַגְרַיְיהוּ, "their wages". - יְהַיב, "he gave". The vocalised edition writes the perfect with an extra י, יְהַיב, and points it as יְהַב. The unvocalised text has יהיב, which could also be read as the participle יָהֵיב, "he gives": the Gemara's stories often tell the past in the present. The meaning is the same: Rabbah obeyed. - תְּבַרוּ לֵיהּ, "they broke for him". לֵיהּ marks the person who suffered the loss: "they broke his barrel". The same לְ- that marks the receiver of a gift marks the loser of a loss. - שְׁקַל לִגְלִימַיְיהוּ, "he took their cloaks". Here לְ- marks the object, as לִבְרֵיהּ in lesson 66's Section F. - הָנְהוּ שָׁקוֹלָאֵי, "certain porters". הָנְהוּ introduces new people in a story (lesson 66, rule 7). - דִּינָא הָכִי?, "is that the law?". A question without a verb, made by the voice alone: "the law (is) thus?". אִין, "yes", is the answer. - עַנְיֵי אֲנַן, "we are poor". No word for "are" is needed; the pronoun follows the noun. טָרְחִינַן and כָּפֵינַן are participles with the ending -īnan, "we", as יָהֲבִינַן in lesson 66. - The verse in two halves. Rav quotes Proverbs 2:20 in two parts, one for each command. The Hebrew of the verse sits inside the Aramaic story, as in lessons 64 to 66.
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A short story in the language of the Gemara, written for this lesson. It is not a quotation from the Talmud.
67.16a בְּצַפְרָא in-the-morning יְהַב gave אַבָּא the-father לִבְרֵיהּ to-his-son זוּזָא a-zuz
67.16b bə-ṣafrā (b'-tsaf-RAA) in-morning-M.SG.EMPH yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG ʾabbā (AB-baa) father-M.SG.EMPH li-vrēh (liv-RAYH) to-son-his zūzā (zoo-ZAA) zuz-M.SG.EMPH
67.17a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him הַב give זוּזָא the-zuz לְנַחְתּוֹמָא to-the-baker וְאַיְיתִי and-bring לַן to-us נַהֲמָא bread
67.17b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him hav (HAV) give-IMPV.M.SG zūzā (zoo-ZAA) zuz-M.SG.EMPH lə-naḥtōmā (l'-nakh-toh-MAA) to-baker-M.SG.EMPH wə-ʾayyətī (v'-ai-y'-TEE) and-bring-IMPV.M.SG lan (LAN) to-us nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH
67.18a בְּאוֹרְחָא on-the-way חֲזָא he-saw הַהוּא a-certain עַנְיָא poor-man דַּהֲוָה who-was כָּפֵין hungry וְלָא and-not הֲוָה was יָהֵיב giving לֵיהּ to-him אִינִישׁ anyone מִידֵּי anything
67.18b bə-ʾōrḥā (b'-ohr-KHAA) on-way-M.SG.EMPH ḥăzā (kha-ZAA) see-PERF.3M.SG hahū (ha-HOO) that-M ʿanyā (an-YAA) poor-M.SG.EMPH da-hăwā (da-ha-VAA) who-be-PERF.3M.SG kāfēn (kaa-FAYN) hungry-PTCP.M.SG wə-lā (v'-LAA) and-not hăwā (ha-VAA) be-PERF.3M.SG yāhēv (yaa-HAYV) give-PTCP.M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾīnīsh (ee-NEESH) person mīddē (MEED-day) thing
67.19a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him עַנְיָא the-poor-man הַב give לִי to-me מִידֵּי something דְּלֵית for-there-is-not לִי to-me נַהֲמָא bread
67.19b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʿanyā (an-YAA) poor-M.SG.EMPH hav (HAV) give-IMPV.M.SG lī (LEE) to-me mīddē (MEED-day) thing də-lēt (d'-LAYT) for-there-is-not lī (LEE) to-me nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH
67.20a יְהַב gave לֵיהּ to-him בְּרָא the-son לְעַנְיָא to-the-poor-man הַהוּא that זוּזָא zuz
67.20b yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him bərā (b'-RAA) son-M.SG.EMPH lə-ʿanyā (l'-an-YAA) to-poor-M.SG.EMPH hahū (ha-HOO) that-M zūzā (zoo-ZAA) zuz-M.SG.EMPH
67.21a הֲדַר returned בְּרָא the-son לְבֵיתָא to-the-house וְלָא and-not הֲוָה was בִּידֵיהּ in-his-hand מִידֵּי anything דְּהָא for-indeed יְהַב he-had-given זוּזָא the-zuz
67.21b hădar (ha-DAR) return-PERF.3M.SG bərā (b'-RAA) son-M.SG.EMPH lə-vētā (l'-vay-TAA) to-house-M.SG.EMPH wə-lā (v'-LAA) and-not hăwā (ha-VAA) be-PERF.3M.SG bīdēh (bee-DAYH) in-hand-his mīddē (MEED-day) thing də-hā (d'-HAA) for-behold yəhav (y'-HAV) give-PERF.3M.SG zūzā (zoo-ZAA) zuz-M.SG.EMPH
67.22a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him אֲבוּהּ his-father הַב give לִי to-me נַהֲמָא the-bread
67.22b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾăvūh (a-VOOH) father-his hav (HAV) give-IMPV.M.SG lī (LEE) to-me nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH
67.23a אֲמַר he-said לֵיהּ to-him לֵית there-is-not לִי to-me נַהֲמָא bread דְּזוּזָא for-the-zuz יְהַבִית I-gave לְעַנְיָא to-a-poor-man
67.23b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him lēt (LAYT) there-is-not lī (LEE) to-me nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH də-zūzā (d'-zoo-ZAA) for-zuz-M.SG.EMPH yəhavit (y'-ha-VEET) give-PERF.1SG lə-ʿanyā (l'-an-YAA) to-poor-M.SG.EMPH
67.24a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him אֲבוּהּ his-father אַמַּאי why יְהַבְתְּ did-you-give לֵיהּ to-him זוּזָא the-zuz דִּידַן of-ours
67.24b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾăvūh (a-VOOH) father-his ʾammay (am-MAI) why yəhavt (y'-HAVT) give-PERF.2M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him zūzā (zoo-ZAA) zuz-M.SG.EMPH dīdan (DEE-dan) of-us
67.25a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him בְּרָא the-son כָּפֵין hungry הֲוָה he-was וְאִי and-if לָא not יָהֵיבְנָא I-give לֵיהּ to-him מַאן who יָהֵיב gives לֵיהּ to-him
67.25b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him bərā (b'-RAA) son-M.SG.EMPH kāfēn (kaa-FAYN) hungry-PTCP.M.SG hăwā (ha-VAA) be-PERF.3M.SG wə-ʾī (v'-EE) and-if lā (laa) not yāhēvnā (yaa-HAYV-naa) give-PTCP.1SG lēh (LAYH) to-him man (MAN) who yāhēv (yaa-HAYV) give-PTCP.M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him
67.26a שְׁקַל took אֲבוּהּ his-father נַהֲמָא the-bread דִּידֵיהּ of-his-own וִיהַב and-gave לִבְרֵיהּ to-his-son פַּלְגָא half
67.26b shəqal (sh'-KAL) take-PERF.3M.SG ʾăvūh (a-VOOH) father-his nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH dīdēh (dee-DAYH) of-him wīhav (vee-HAV) and-give-PERF.3M.SG li-vrēh (liv-RAYH) to-son-his palgā (pal-GAA) half-M.SG.EMPH
67.27a וַאֲמַר and-said לֵיהּ to-him שַׁפִּיר well עֲבַדְתְּ you-did דִּיהַבְתְּ that-you-gave לְעַנְיָא to-the-poor-man
67.27b wa-ʾămar (va-a-MAR) and-say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him shappīr (shap-PEER) well ʿăvadt (a-VADT) do-PERF.2M.SG dī-havt (dee-HAVT) that-give-PERF.2M.SG lə-ʿanyā (l'-an-YAA) to-poor-M.SG.EMPH
67.28a לְמָחָר the-next-day אֲתָא came הַהוּא that עַנְיָא poor-man לְגַבַּיְיהוּ to-them וְלֵית and-there-is-not לֵיהּ to-him מִידֵּי anything דְּיָהֵיב that-he-gives לְהוּ to-them
67.28b lə-māḥār (l'-maa-KHAAR) to-tomorrow ʾătā (a-TAA) come-PERF.3M.SG hahū (ha-HOO) that-M ʿanyā (an-YAA) poor-M.SG.EMPH lə-gabbayhū (l'-gab-BAI-hoo) to-beside-them wə-lēt (v'-LAYT) and-there-is-not lēh (LAYH) to-him mīddē (MEED-day) thing də-yāhēv (d'-yaa-HAYV) that-give-PTCP.M.SG ləhū (l'-HOO) to-them
67.29a אֲמַר he-said לְהוּ to-them אַתּוּן you יְהַבְתּוּן gave לִי to-me נַהֲמָא bread וַאֲנָא and-I יָהֵיבְנָא give לְכוּ to-you בִּרְכְתָא a-blessing
67.29b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG ləhū (l'-HOO) to-them ʾattūn (at-TOON) you-M.PL yəhavtūn (y'-hav-TOON) give-PERF.2M.PL lī (LEE) to-me nahămā (na-ha-MAA) bread-M.SG.EMPH wa-ʾănā (va-a-NAA) and-I yāhēvnā (yaa-HAYV-naa) give-PTCP.1SG ləkhū (l'-KHOO) to-you-M.PL birkhətā (bir-kh'-TAA) blessing-F.SG.EMPH
67.30a אֲמַר said לֵיהּ to-him אַבָּא the-father לִבְרֵיהּ to-his-son חֲזִי see מַאן who דְּיָהֵיב that-gives יָהֲבִי they-give לֵיהּ to-him
67.30b ʾămar (a-MAR) say-PERF.3M.SG lēh (LAYH) to-him ʾabbā (AB-baa) father-M.SG.EMPH li-vrēh (liv-RAYH) to-son-his ḥăzī (kha-ZEE) see-IMPV.M.SG man (MAN) who də-yāhēv (d'-yaa-HAYV) that-give-PTCP.M.SG yāhăvī (yaa-ha-VEE) give-PTCP.M.PL lēh (LAYH) to-him
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67.16 בְּצַפְרָא יְהַב אַבָּא לִבְרֵיהּ זוּזָא. — bə-ṣafrā yəhav ʾabbā li-vrēh zūzā. — "In the morning the father gave his son a zuz."
67.17 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַב זוּזָא לְנַחְתּוֹמָא, וְאַיְיתִי לַן נַהֲמָא. — ʾămar lēh: hav zūzā lə-naḥtōmā, wə-ʾayyətī lan nahămā. — "He said to him: Give the zuz to the baker, and bring us bread."
67.18 בְּאוֹרְחָא חֲזָא הַהוּא עַנְיָא דַּהֲוָה כָּפֵין, וְלָא הֲוָה יָהֵיב לֵיהּ אִינִישׁ מִידֵּי. — bə-ʾōrḥā ḥăzā hahū ʿanyā da-hăwā kāfēn, wə-lā hăwā yāhēv lēh ʾīnīsh mīddē. — "On the way he saw a certain poor man who was hungry, and no one was giving him anything."
67.19 אֲמַר לֵיהּ עַנְיָא: הַב לִי מִידֵּי, דְּלֵית לִי נַהֲמָא. — ʾămar lēh ʿanyā: hav lī mīddē, də-lēt lī nahămā. — "The poor man said to him: Give me something, for I have no bread."
67.20 יְהַב לֵיהּ בְּרָא לְעַנְיָא הַהוּא זוּזָא. — yəhav lēh bərā lə-ʿanyā hahū zūzā. — "The son gave the poor man that zuz."
67.21 הֲדַר בְּרָא לְבֵיתָא, וְלָא הֲוָה בִּידֵיהּ מִידֵּי, דְּהָא יְהַב זוּזָא. — hădar bərā lə-vētā, wə-lā hăwā bīdēh mīddē, də-hā yəhav zūzā. — "The son went back home, and there was nothing in his hand, for he had given away the zuz."
67.22 אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲבוּהּ: הַב לִי נַהֲמָא. — ʾămar lēh ʾăvūh: hav lī nahămā. — "His father said to him: Give me the bread."
67.23 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לֵית לִי נַהֲמָא, דְּזוּזָא יְהַבִית לְעַנְיָא. — ʾămar lēh: lēt lī nahămā, də-zūzā yəhavit lə-ʿanyā. — "He said to him: I have no bread, for I gave the zuz to a poor man."
67.24 אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲבוּהּ: אַמַּאי יְהַבְתְּ לֵיהּ זוּזָא דִּידַן? — ʾămar lēh ʾăvūh: ʾammay yəhavt lēh zūzā dīdan? — "His father said to him: Why did you give him our zuz?"
67.25 אֲמַר לֵיהּ בְּרָא: כָּפֵין הֲוָה, וְאִי לָא יָהֵיבְנָא לֵיהּ, מַאן יָהֵיב לֵיהּ? — ʾămar lēh bərā: kāfēn hăwā, wə-ʾī lā yāhēvnā lēh, man yāhēv lēh? — "The son said to him: He was hungry, and if I do not give to him, who will?"
67.26 שְׁקַל אֲבוּהּ נַהֲמָא דִּידֵיהּ, וִיהַב לִבְרֵיהּ פַּלְגָא. — shəqal ʾăvūh nahămā dīdēh, wīhav li-vrēh palgā. — "His father took his own bread and gave his son half."
67.27 וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ: שַׁפִּיר עֲבַדְתְּ דִּיהַבְתְּ לְעַנְיָא. — wa-ʾămar lēh: shappīr ʿăvadt dī-havt lə-ʿanyā. — "And he said to him: You did well to give to the poor man."
67.28 לְמָחָר אֲתָא הַהוּא עַנְיָא לְגַבַּיְיהוּ, וְלֵית לֵיהּ מִידֵּי דְּיָהֵיב לְהוּ. — lə-māḥār ʾătā hahū ʿanyā lə-gabbayhū, wə-lēt lēh mīddē də-yāhēv ləhū. — "The next day that poor man came to them, and he had nothing to give them."
67.29 אֲמַר לְהוּ: אַתּוּן יְהַבְתּוּן לִי נַהֲמָא, וַאֲנָא יָהֵיבְנָא לְכוּ בִּרְכְתָא. — ʾămar ləhū: ʾattūn yəhavtūn lī nahămā, wa-ʾănā yāhēvnā ləkhū birkhətā. — "He said to them: You gave me bread, and I give you a blessing."
67.30 אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבָּא לִבְרֵיהּ: חֲזִי, מַאן דְּיָהֵיב, יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ. — ʾămar lēh ʾabbā li-vrēh: ḥăzī, man də-yāhēv, yāhăvī lēh. — "The father said to his son: See, whoever gives is given to."
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67.16 בְּצַפְרָא יְהַב אַבָּא לִבְרֵיהּ זוּזָא.
67.17 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַב זוּזָא לְנַחְתּוֹמָא, וְאַיְיתִי לַן נַהֲמָא.
67.18 בְּאוֹרְחָא חֲזָא הַהוּא עַנְיָא דַּהֲוָה כָּפֵין, וְלָא הֲוָה יָהֵיב לֵיהּ אִינִישׁ מִידֵּי.
67.19 אֲמַר לֵיהּ עַנְיָא: הַב לִי מִידֵּי, דְּלֵית לִי נַהֲמָא.
67.20 יְהַב לֵיהּ בְּרָא לְעַנְיָא הַהוּא זוּזָא.
67.21 הֲדַר בְּרָא לְבֵיתָא, וְלָא הֲוָה בִּידֵיהּ מִידֵּי, דְּהָא יְהַב זוּזָא.
67.22 אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲבוּהּ: הַב לִי נַהֲמָא.
67.23 אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לֵית לִי נַהֲמָא, דְּזוּזָא יְהַבִית לְעַנְיָא.
67.24 אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲבוּהּ: אַמַּאי יְהַבְתְּ לֵיהּ זוּזָא דִּידַן?
67.25 אֲמַר לֵיהּ בְּרָא: כָּפֵין הֲוָה, וְאִי לָא יָהֵיבְנָא לֵיהּ, מַאן יָהֵיב לֵיהּ?
67.26 שְׁקַל אֲבוּהּ נַהֲמָא דִּידֵיהּ, וִיהַב לִבְרֵיהּ פַּלְגָא.
67.27 וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ: שַׁפִּיר עֲבַדְתְּ דִּיהַבְתְּ לְעַנְיָא.
67.28 לְמָחָר אֲתָא הַהוּא עַנְיָא לְגַבַּיְיהוּ, וְלֵית לֵיהּ מִידֵּי דְּיָהֵיב לְהוּ.
67.29 אֲמַר לְהוּ: אַתּוּן יְהַבְתּוּן לִי נַהֲמָא, וַאֲנָא יָהֵיבְנָא לְכוּ בִּרְכְתָא.
67.30 אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבָּא לִבְרֵיהּ: חֲזִי, מַאן דְּיָהֵיב, יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ.
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- Every form of the verb. The perfect: יְהַב (67.16, 67.20, 67.21), יְהַבִית (67.23), יְהַבְתְּ (67.24), דִּיהַבְתְּ (67.27), יְהַבְתּוּן (67.29), וִיהַב (67.26). The participle: יָהֵיב (67.18, 67.25, 67.28, 67.30), יָהֵיבְנָא (67.25, 67.29), יָהֲבִי (67.30). The command: הַב (67.17, 67.19, 67.22). - The receiver, twice. יְהַב לֵיהּ בְּרָא לְעַנְיָא (67.20): לֵיהּ, "to him", and then לְעַנְיָא, "to the poor man" (rule 6). - "Had given". דְּהָא יְהַב זוּזָא (67.21): the perfect serves for "had given" too; דְּהָא, "for indeed", gives the reason. - "Was giving". וְלָא הֲוָה יָהֵיב לֵיהּ אִינִישׁ מִידֵּי (67.18): הֲוָה with the participle, "was giving"; לָא … אִינִישׁ, "not … anyone", is "no one". - "Something to give". מִידֵּי דְּיָהֵיב לְהוּ (67.28), "a thing that he gives them": a clause with דְּ- does the work of the English infinitive "to give", and so avoids the borrowed infinitive of rule 8. - "Whoever gives is given to". מַאן דְּיָהֵיב, יָהֲבִי לֵיהּ (67.30): מַאן דְּ-, "whoever"; then the plural participle with no subject, "they give him", for "he is given" (rule 3). It repeats 67.15 in a shorter form. - Echoes of Section F. כָּפֵין, "hungry" (67.18, 67.25), as כָּפֵינַן; a poor man who has nothing, וְלֵית לֵיהּ מִידֵּי (67.28), as וְלֵית לַן מִידֵּי; and a command הַב that is obeyed. - אֲבוּהּ, "his father". אַבָּא, "father", with the ending "his" is אֲבוּהּ (67.22, 67.24, 67.26).
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- IPA: /jəˈhav/ - י (yod) = y, as in yes. - ְ (shewa) under the י = a very short, light vowel: y'. - ה (he) = h, breathed out. - ַ (patah) = a, as in father, but short. - ב (vet, without a dot) = v. - The stress falls on the last syllable: y'-HAV.
- IPA: /jaːˈheːv/ - yaa-HAYV: a long a, then a long e as in English day.
- IPA: /jəˈhiːv/ - y'-HEEV: a long i, as in see.
- IPA: /hav/ - HAV: one syllable, with the h breathed out.
- IPA: /ɡəliːˈmajhuː/ - g'-lee-MAI-hoo: the two yods together are read as one y, closing the syllable mai.
- ח (ḥet) in חָנָן, חָבִיתָא, דְחַמְרָא, טָרְחִינַן, וְאׇרְחוֹת, נַחְתּוֹמָא, חֲזָא, חֲזִי, אֲחִי, לְמָחָר: a rasping sound in the throat, like the ch of Scottish loch. Written kh in the respellings. - ע (ʿayin) in עַנְיָא, עַנְיֵי, דַּעְתֵּיהּ, דְּבָעֵית, עֲבַדְתְּ, לְמַעַן: a voiced sound in the throat, in most modern readings silent or a slight catch. - ט (ṭet) in טוֹבִים, וְטָרְחִינַן: originally an emphatic t; most readers today say a plain t. - ק (qof) in שָׁקוֹלָאֵי, שְׁקַל, צְדָקָה, יְקָרָא: originally a k made further back in the throat; most readers today say a plain k. - צ (ṣade) in צְדָקָה, צַדִּיקִים, בְּצַפְרָא: ts, as in English cats. - The mappiq ה in לֵיהּ, אַגְרֵיהּ, דַּעְתֵּיהּ, לִבְרַהּ, אֲבוּהּ, בִּידֵיהּ: the final h is really breathed out.
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)