Welcome to Lesson 12 of the Bengali language course for English speakers. This lesson focuses on the word "to" and its various Bengali equivalents. For a complete index of all lessons in this series, please visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index.
In Bengali, the English word "to" is expressed through several postpositions and case markers, primarily কে (ke), তে (te), এ (e), and various compound forms like কাছে (kache) "near/to" and দিকে (dike) "towards". Unlike English, where "to" is a preposition placed before the noun, Bengali uses postpositions that come after the noun they modify.
FAQ Schema: Q: What does "to" mean in Bengali? A: The English word "to" has several Bengali equivalents depending on context. কে (ke) marks the indirect object (giving something to someone), তে (te) and এ (e) indicate location or direction, কাছে (kache) means "to/near someone," and দিকে (dike) means "towards." The choice depends on whether you're indicating direction, recipient, location, or purpose.
In this lesson, you will encounter "to" used in various contexts: as a marker of indirect objects (I gave the book to her), direction (going to school), location (came to the market), and time expressions (quarter to five). Each usage requires a different Bengali construction, which will be thoroughly explored through our 15 examples.
Educational Schema: Subject: Language Learning - Bengali for English Speakers Level: Beginner to Intermediate Skill Focus: Understanding and using Bengali postpositions equivalent to English "to" Learning Objectives: Students will learn to identify and correctly use কে, তে, এ, and related postpositions in various contexts
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Bengali uses postpositions (after the noun) rather than prepositions (before the noun) -
কে (ke) primarily marks indirect objects and recipients -
তে (te) and এ (e) indicate location or direction -
কাছে (kache) means "to/near" when referring to people -
দিকে (dike) expresses "towards" or "in the direction of" -
Context determines which Bengali equivalent of "to" to use -
Word order in Bengali differs significantly from English
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12.1 আমি I (a-mi) তোমাকে you-to (to-ma-ke) বই book (bo-i) দিলাম gave (di-lam)
12.2 সে He/she (she) স্কুলে school-to (sku-le) গেল went (ge-lo)
12.3 মা Mother (ma) বাজারে market-to (ba-ja-re) যাচ্ছে is-going (ja-chchhe)
12.4 ছেলেটি The-boy (chhe-le-ṭi) আমার my (a-mar) কাছে to/near (ka-chhe) এসেছে has-come (e-she-chhe)
12.5 পাখি Bird (pa-khi) গাছের tree-of (ga-chher) দিকে towards (di-ke) উড়ল flew (uṛ-lo)
12.6 বাবা Father (ba-ba) অফিসে office-to (o-fi-she) যাবে will-go (ja-be)
12.7 তুমি You (tu-mi) আমাকে me-to (a-ma-ke) চিঠি letter (chi-ṭhi) লিখবে will-write (likh-be)?
12.8 বৃষ্টি Rain (briṣh-ṭi) মাটিতে ground-to (ma-ṭi-te) পড়ছে is-falling (poṛ-chhe)
12.9 দিদি Elder-sister (di-di) তার her (tar) বন্ধুকে friend-to (bon-dhu-ke) ফোন phone (fon) করল did (ko-ro-lo)
12.10 নদী River (no-di) সমুদ্রের sea-of (sho-mud-rer) দিকে towards (di-ke) বয়ে flows (bo-e) চলে goes (cho-le)
12.11 শিক্ষক Teacher (shik-khok) ছাত্রদেরকে students-to (chha-tro-der-ke) পড়ান teach (po-ṛan)
12.12 ট্রেন Train (ṭren) স্টেশনে station-to (sṭe-sho-ne) পৌঁছাল arrived (poun-chha-lo)
12.13 মেয়েটি The-girl (me-e-ṭi) ঘরে home-to (gho-re) ফিরে returned (fi-re) এল came (e-lo)
12.14 আমরা We (am-ra) কলকাতায় Kolkata-to (kol-ka-ta-e) যাব will-go (ja-bo)
12.15 রাজা King (ra-ja) প্রজাদেরকে subjects-to (pro-ja-der-ke) দান gift (dan) দিলেন gave (di-len)
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12.1 আমি তোমাকে বই দিলাম। I gave the book to you.
12.2 সে স্কুলে গেল। He went to school.
12.3 মা বাজারে যাচ্ছে। Mother is going to the market.
12.4 ছেলেটি আমার কাছে এসেছে। The boy has come to me.
12.5 পাখি গাছের দিকে উড়ল। The bird flew towards the tree.
12.6 বাবা অফিসে যাবে। Father will go to the office.
12.7 তুমি আমাকে চিঠি লিখবে? Will you write a letter to me?
12.8 বৃষ্টি মাটিতে পড়ছে। Rain is falling to the ground.
12.9 দিদি তার বন্ধুকে ফোন করল। Elder sister phoned to her friend.
12.10 নদী সমুদ্রের দিকে বয়ে চলে। The river flows towards the sea.
12.11 শিক্ষক ছাত্রদেরকে পড়ান। The teacher teaches to the students.
12.12 ট্রেন স্টেশনে পৌঁছাল। The train arrived to the station.
12.13 মেয়েটি ঘরে ফিরে এল। The girl returned to home.
12.14 আমরা কলকাতায় যাব। We will go to Kolkata.
12.15 রাজা প্রজাদেরকে দান দিলেন। The king gave gifts to his subjects.
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12.1 আমি তোমাকে বই দিলাম।
12.2 সে স্কুলে গেল।
12.3 মা বাজারে যাচ্ছে।
12.4 ছেলেটি আমার কাছে এসেছে।
12.5 পাখি গাছের দিকে উড়ল।
12.6 বাবা অফিসে যাবে।
12.7 তুমি আমাকে চিঠি লিখবে?
12.8 বৃষ্টি মাটিতে পড়ছে।
12.9 দিদি তার বন্ধুকে ফোন করল।
12.10 নদী সমুদ্রের দিকে বয়ে চলে।
12.11 শিক্ষক ছাত্রদেরকে পড়ান।
12.12 ট্রেন স্টেশনে পৌঁছাল।
12.13 মেয়েটি ঘরে ফিরে এল।
12.14 আমরা কলকাতায় যাব।
12.15 রাজা প্রজাদেরকে দান দিলেন।
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The English preposition "to" corresponds to several different postpositions and case markers in Bengali, each with specific uses:
1. কে (ke) - Dative Case Marker -
Used to mark the indirect object (recipient of an action) -
Attached directly to pronouns: আমাকে (a-ma-ke) "to me", তোমাকে (to-ma-ke) "to you" -
With nouns, often becomes দেরকে (-der-ke) for plurals: ছাত্রদেরকে "to the students" -
Example: আমি তাকে টাকা দিলাম "I gave money to him"
2. এ (e) / তে (te) - Locative Case Markers -
Used to indicate location or destination -
এ is used after words ending in consonants or অ (o): স্কুলে "to school", বাজারে "to market" -
তে is used after other vowel endings: মাটিতে "to/on the ground", বাড়িতে "to/at home" -
Also used for time expressions: সকালে "in the morning"
3. কাছে (kache) - "to/near" -
Used when going to a person rather than a place -
Requires genitive case before it: আমার কাছে "to me" (literally "my near") -
Example: সে আমার কাছে এল "He came to me"
4. দিকে (dike) - "towards/in the direction of" -
Indicates direction rather than destination -
Requires genitive case: গাছের দিকে "towards the tree" -
More specific than simple locative markers
5. য় (e) - Special Locative for Place Names -
Used with many place names: কলকাতায় "to/in Kolkata" -
Alternative to তে/এ for geographical locations
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Using কে with places: English speakers often use কে for all instances of "to", but কে is only for animate recipients. Use এ/তে for places. -
Wrong: স্কুলকে যাচ্ছি -
Right: স্কুলে যাচ্ছি "going to school" -
Forgetting the genitive before কাছে: কাছে requires the genitive case marker র/এর -
Wrong: আমি কাছে -
Right: আমার কাছে "to me" -
Word order confusion: Bengali is SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), so "to" phrases come before the verb -
English: I am going to school -
Bengali: আমি স্কুলে যাচ্ছি (I school-to going-am) -
Overusing দিকে: দিকে implies "towards" not arrival at destination -
Use স্কুলে গেলাম "went to school" (arrived) -
Use স্কুলের দিকে গেলাম "went towards school" (direction only) -
Mixing এ and তে: Remember the phonological rule -
After consonants and অ: use এ -
After other vowels: use তে
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Is the recipient a person? -
For giving/telling/showing: use কে -
For going to a person: use কাছে -
Is it a place? -
For destination: use এ/তে -
For direction only: use দিকে -
Is it an abstract concept or time? -
Usually use এ/তে -
Check the ending of the word: -
Consonant or অ → এ -
Other vowels → তে -
Place names → often য়
Personal Pronouns with কে: -
আমাকে (a-ma-ke) - to me -
তোমাকে (to-ma-ke) - to you (informal) -
তাকে (ta-ke) - to him/her -
আপনাকে (ap-na-ke) - to you (formal) -
আমাদেরকে (a-ma-der-ke) - to us -
তোমাদেরকে (to-ma-der-ke) - to you (plural informal) -
তাদেরকে (ta-der-ke) - to them
Possessive + কাছে: -
আমার কাছে - to me -
তোমার কাছে - to you -
তার কাছে - to him/her -
আমাদের কাছে - to us -
তাদের কাছে - to them
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Understanding how to express "to" in Bengali requires appreciation of several cultural and linguistic features unique to South Asian languages.
Postpositions vs. Prepositions: While English places "to" before the noun, Bengali places equivalent markers after the noun. This reflects the broader SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) structure of Bengali, inherited from Sanskrit. This word order feels natural to Bengali speakers but requires mental adjustment for English speakers.
Respect and Formality: The choice of "to" construction can indicate respect levels. When addressing elders or showing respect, Bengali speakers often use longer, more formal constructions. For instance, আপনার কাছে (apnar kache) "to you (formal)" shows more respect than তোমার কাছে (tomar kache) "to you (informal)".
Animate vs. Inanimate Distinction: Bengali grammar makes a clear distinction between animate beings (people, animals, deities) and inanimate objects or places. This distinction, marked by using কে for animates and এ/তে for inanimates, doesn't exist in English but is fundamental to Bengali thought patterns.
The Concept of কাছে (kache): The word কাছে literally means "near" or "proximity," reflecting a Bengali cultural concept where "going to someone" implies entering their personal space or sphere of influence. This is why আমার কাছে এসো (amar kache esho) "come to me" feels more intimate than a simple directional statement.
Place Names and Identity: The special locative য় (e) used with place names (কলকাতায়, ঢাকায়) reflects the importance of geographical identity in Bengali culture. Cities, villages, and regions are not just locations but carriers of cultural identity.
Verbal Courtesy: In Bengali culture, indirect communication is often preferred. The various ways to express "to" allow speakers to be precise about their intentions while maintaining appropriate social distance. For example, using দিকে "towards" rather than a direct locative can soften a statement.
Historical Influences: The multiple options for expressing "to" reflect Bengali's rich history. The কে marker comes from Sanskrit, এ/তে are indigenous developments, and constructions like কাছে show Persian-Arabic influence from the Mughal period. This linguistic diversity mirrors Bengal's cosmopolitan cultural heritage.
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From Rabindranath Tagore's "Gitanjali" (Song Offerings), Song 35:
যেখানে Where (je-kha-ne) ভয় fear (bhoy) নাই not-is (nai), মাথা head (ma-tha) উঁচু high (ũ-chu) রয় remains (roy); যেখানে where (je-kha-ne) জ্ঞান knowledge (gyan) মুক্ত free (muk-to); যেখানে where (je-kha-ne) বিশ্ব world (bish-sho) খণ্ড-খণ্ড fragmented (khon-ḍo-khon-ḍo) ঘরের house-of (gho-rer) প্রাচীরে wall-to (pra-chi-re) ভাগ divided (bhag) হয়ে being (ho-ye) নাই not-has (nai)
যেখানে ভয় নাই, মাথা উঁচু রয়; যেখানে জ্ঞান মুক্ত; যেখানে বিশ্ব খণ্ড খণ্ড ঘরের প্রাচীরে ভাগ হয়ে নাই
Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls
যেখানে ভয় নাই, মাথা উঁচু রয়; যেখানে জ্ঞান মুক্ত; যেখানে বিশ্ব খণ্ড খণ্ড ঘরের প্রাচীরে ভাগ হয়ে নাই
This excerpt from Tagore's "Gitanjali" demonstrates the use of এ (e) in প্রাচীরে (pra-chi-re) "to/into walls." Here, the locative marker এ doesn't indicate physical movement "to" walls, but rather metaphorical division "into" fragments by walls. This poetic usage shows how Bengali locative markers can express abstract concepts beyond simple physical direction.
The construction ঘরের প্রাচীরে (ghorer prachire) "by domestic walls" literally means "to/at the walls of house," showing how the genitive case (ঘরের) combines with the locative (প্রাচীরে) to create complex meanings. Tagore uses this to criticize the social and religious divisions that fragment humanity.
The repeated যেখানে (jekha-ne) "where/to which place" contains the locative এ within the word itself, demonstrating how "to" concepts are embedded in Bengali question words. This creates a rhythmic pattern while building towards his vision of an ideal nation.
For English speakers, note how Bengali expresses "broken up into fragments" using the locative - literally "divided to/at walls" rather than "divided by walls" as in English. This illustrates how Bengali conceptualizes spatial and abstract relationships differently from English, requiring learners to think in new patterns.
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12.16 এক Once (ek) রাজা king (ra-ja) তার his (tar) তিন three (tin) ছেলেকে sons-to (chhe-le-ke) ডেকে calling (ḍe-ke) বললেন said (bol-len)
12.17 তোমরা You-all (tom-ra) বনে forest-to (bo-ne) যাও go (jao) এবং and (e-bong) আমার my (a-mar) জন্য for (jon-no) সোনার golden (sho-nar) পাখি bird (pa-khi) নিয়ে bringing (ni-ye) এসো come (e-sho)
12.18 বড় Big (bo-ṛo) ভাই brother (bhai) পূর্ব east (pur-bo) দিকে direction-to (di-ke) গেল went (ge-lo)
12.19 মেজো Middle (me-jho) ভাই brother (bhai) পশ্চিমে west-to (posh-chi-me) রওনা setting-out (ro-o-na) হল became (ho-lo)
12.20 ছোট Youngest (chho-ṭo) ভাই brother (bhai) এক one (ek) বুড়ির old-woman's (bu-ṛir) কাছে to/near (ka-chhe) সাহায্য help (sha-haj-jo) চাইতে asking (chai-te) গেল went (ge-lo)
12.21 বুড়ি Old-woman (bu-ṛi) তাকে him-to (ta-ke) একটা a (ek-ṭa) জাদুর magic (ja-dur) বাঁশি flute (bã-shi) দিল gave (di-lo)
12.22 তুমি You (tu-mi) নদীর river's (no-dir) ধারে bank-to (dha-re) গিয়ে going (gi-ye) এই this (ei) বাঁশি flute (bã-shi) বাজাবে will-play (ba-ja-be)
12.23 সোনার Golden (sho-nar) পাখি bird (pa-khi) তোমার your (to-mar) কাছে to/near (ka-chhe) নিজেই itself (ni-jei) আসবে will-come (ash-be)
12.24 ছেলেটি The-boy (chhe-le-ṭi) নদীর river's (no-dir) তীরে bank-to (ti-re) পৌঁছে reaching (poun-chhe) বাঁশি flute (bã-shi) বাজাল played (ba-ja-lo)
12.25 পাখি Bird (pa-khi) আকাশ sky (a-kash) থেকে from (the-ke) নেমে descending (ne-me) তার his (tar) কাঁধে shoulder-to (kã-dhe) বসল sat (bosh-lo)
12.26 সে He (she) পাখিটিকে the-bird-to (pa-khi-ṭi-ke) নিয়ে taking (ni-ye) রাজার king's (ra-jar) দরবারে court-to (dor-ba-re) ফিরল returned (fi-rol)
12.27 রাজা King (ra-ja) খুশি happy (khu-shi) হয়ে being (ho-ye) ছোট youngest (chho-ṭo) ছেলেকে son-to (chhe-le-ke) সিংহাসন throne (shing-ha-shon) দিলেন gave (di-len)
12.28 দুই Two (dui) ভাই brothers (bhai) রাজ্যে kingdom-to (raj-je) ফিরে returning (fi-re) এসে coming (e-she) অবাক astonished (o-bak) হল became (ho-lo)
12.29 তারা They (ta-ra) ছোট youngest (chho-ṭo) ভাইকে brother-to (bhai-ke) জিজ্ঞেস asked (jig-gesh) করল did (kor-lo) কীভাবে how (ki-bha-be) সফল successful (sho-fol) হলে became (ho-le)
12.30 সেই That (shei) দিন day (din) থেকে from (the-ke) সবাই everyone (sho-bai) বুড়িদের old-women-to (bu-ṛi-der) কাছে to/near (ka-chhe) যেত would-go (je-to) পরামর্শ advice (po-ra-mor-sho) নিতে to-take (ni-te)
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12.16 এক রাজা তার তিন ছেলেকে ডেকে বললেন। A king called his three sons and said.
12.17 তোমরা বনে যাও এবং আমার জন্য সোনার পাখি নিয়ে এসো। Go to the forest and bring me the golden bird.
12.18 বড় ভাই পূর্ব দিকে গেল। The eldest brother went towards the east.
12.19 মেজো ভাই পশ্চিমে রওনা হল। The middle brother set out to the west.
12.20 ছোট ভাই এক বুড়ির কাছে সাহায্য চাইতে গেল। The youngest brother went to an old woman to ask for help.
12.21 বুড়ি তাকে একটা জাদুর বাঁশি দিল। The old woman gave him a magic flute.
12.22 তুমি নদীর ধারে গিয়ে এই বাঁশি বাজাবে। You will go to the river bank and play this flute.
12.23 সোনার পাখি তোমার কাছে নিজেই আসবে। The golden bird will come to you by itself.
12.24 ছেলেটি নদীর তীরে পৌঁছে বাঁশি বাজাল। The boy reached the river bank and played the flute.
12.25 পাখি আকাশ থেকে নেমে তার কাঁধে বসল। The bird descended from the sky and sat on his shoulder.
12.26 সে পাখিটিকে নিয়ে রাজার দরবারে ফিরল। He returned to the king's court with the bird.
12.27 রাজা খুশি হয়ে ছোট ছেলেকে সিংহাসন দিলেন। The king, being pleased, gave the throne to the youngest son.
12.28 দুই ভাই রাজ্যে ফিরে এসে অবাক হল। The two brothers returned to the kingdom and were astonished.
12.29 তারা ছোট ভাইকে জিজ্ঞেস করল কীভাবে সফল হলে। They asked the youngest brother how he succeeded.
12.30 সেই দিন থেকে সবাই বুড়িদের কাছে যেত পরামর্শ নিতে। From that day, everyone would go to old women to seek advice.
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12.16 এক রাজা তার তিন ছেলেকে ডেকে বললেন।
12.17 তোমরা বনে যাও এবং আমার জন্য সোনার পাখি নিয়ে এসো।
12.18 বড় ভাই পূর্ব দিকে গেল।
12.19 মেজো ভাই পশ্চিমে রওনা হল।
12.20 ছোট ভাই এক বুড়ির কাছে সাহায্য চাইতে গেল।
12.21 বুড়ি তাকে একটা জাদুর বাঁশি দিল।
12.22 তুমি নদীর ধারে গিয়ে এই বাঁশি বাজাবে।
12.23 সোনার পাখি তোমার কাছে নিজেই আসবে।
12.24 ছেলেটি নদীর তীরে পৌঁছে বাঁশি বাজাল।
12.25 পাখি আকাশ থেকে নেমে তার কাঁধে বসল।
12.26 সে পাখিটিকে নিয়ে রাজার দরবারে ফিরল।
12.27 রাজা খুশি হয়ে ছোট ছেলেকে সিংহাসন দিলেন।
12.28 দুই ভাই রাজ্যে ফিরে এসে অবাক হল।
12.29 তারা ছোট ভাইকে জিজ্ঞেস করল কীভাবে সফল হলে।
12.30 সেই দিন থেকে সবাই বুড়িদের কাছে যেত পরামর্শ নিতে।
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1. Narrative Movement Folk tales frequently use directional markers to show character movement: -
দিকে (dike) for journeys: পূর্ব দিকে গেল "went towards the east" -
এ/তে for destinations: বনে যাও "go to the forest" -
Combination patterns: নদীর ধারে/তীরে "to the river bank"
2. Character Interactions Folk tales emphasize relationships using কে and কাছে: -
রাজা ছেলেকে বললেন "the king said to his son" -
বুড়ির কাছে গেল "went to the old woman" -
The choice between কে and কাছে indicates different types of interactions
3. Traditional Formulas Certain "to" constructions appear repeatedly in folk narratives: -
দরবারে ফিরল "returned to the court" -
রাজ্যে ফিরে এসে "returning to the kingdom" -
সিংহাসন দিলেন "gave the throne (to him)"
4. Purposive Constructions Folk tales often use special purpose constructions: -
সাহায্য চাইতে গেল "went to ask for help" -
পরামর্শ নিতে যেত "would go to take advice" -
The infinitive + "to go" pattern is characteristic of Bengali narrative style
5. Vertical Movement Bengali folk tales distinguish between horizontal and vertical "to": -
কাঁধে বসল "sat on (to) the shoulder" -
আকাশ থেকে নেমে "descending from the sky" -
Vertical movement often uses এ rather than other markers
Common Folk Tale Patterns:
Royal Court Language: -
রাজার কাছে "to the king" -
দরবারে "to the court" -
সিংহাসনে "to the throne"
Natural World Directions: -
বনে "to the forest" -
নদীর ধারে "to the riverbank" -
পাহাড়ে "to the mountain"
Time-Honored Phrases: -
সেই দিন থেকে "from that day (onward to now)" -
রাজ্যে ফিরে "returning to the kingdom" -
কাছে যাওয়া "going to (someone for help)"
These patterns help create the rhythmic, formulaic quality that makes Bengali folk tales memorable and easy to transmit orally across generations.
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The Latinum Institute has been pioneering online language learning since 2006, creating comprehensive courses for autodidacts who prefer structured self-study. These lessons follow the Institute's proven method, which emphasizes:
Interlinear Learning: Each lesson begins with detailed word-by-word glossing, allowing students to see the exact correspondence between Bengali and English. This granular approach helps beginners understand both vocabulary and structure simultaneously.
Contextual Grammar: Rather than abstract rules, grammar is taught through authentic examples. Students learn how Bengali actually works by seeing patterns repeated across varied, interesting sentences.
Cultural Integration: Language and culture are inseparable. Each lesson includes cultural notes that explain not just what to say, but why Bengali speakers express things differently from English speakers.
Literary Exposure: Every lesson includes an authentic literary text, carefully scaffolded for beginners. This early exposure to real Bengali literature builds confidence and cultural literacy.
Genre Variety: The genre sections expose students to different registers and styles of Bengali - from folk tales to formal letters, from poetry to newspaper articles. This variety prepares learners for real-world Bengali in all its diversity.
Progressive Difficulty: While maintaining accessibility for beginners, lessons gradually introduce more complex structures. The construed texts in Section A allow even beginners to tackle sophisticated content.
Self-Study Friendly: All materials are designed for independent learners. Clear explanations in English, consistent formatting, and comprehensive examples mean students can progress without a teacher.
The Bengali course is part of the Latinum Institute's broader mission to make language learning accessible to everyone, regardless of location or circumstances. By providing free, high-quality materials online, the Institute continues its tradition of democratizing language education.
For more about the Latinum Institute's approach and to access the full course index, visit https://latinum.substack.com/p/index. Additional resources and method explanations can be found at latinum.org.uk.
The Institute's reputation for excellence in online language education is reflected in student reviews and testimonials available at https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/latinum.org.uk, where learners consistently praise the clarity, depth, and usability of these materials.
Whether you're learning Bengali for heritage reasons, travel, literature, or pure interest, these lessons provide a solid foundation. The interlinear method allows you to start reading real Bengali from the very first lesson, while the grammatical explanations ensure you understand the underlying patterns.
Remember: language learning is a journey, not a destination. Take your time with each lesson, practice the examples aloud, and enjoy discovering the beauty of the Bengali language and its rich cultural heritage.
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