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◊ᴺᵉˣᵃˡ ◊ᴸᵃᵗⁱⁿᵘᵐ ◊ᴰᵘᵗᶜʰ ◊ᴸᵉˢˢᵒⁿ⁵¹ ◊ⁿᵘ
Welcome to Lesson 51 of the Dutch course from the Latinum Institute. This lesson focuses on the English adverb “now” and its Dutch counterpart nu.
What does “now” mean in Dutch?
Nu is the ordinary Dutch word for the present moment: ik ben nu thuis, waar ben je nu?, kom nu! It is short, invariable and very frequent, and in its simplest uses it behaves exactly like English “now”. Where English speakers go wrong is in the sentence around it, not in the word.
Three points require attention.
First, word order. Nu is an adverb, and when it opens a sentence the verb must come second, before the subject: nu woon ik in Utrecht, never ✗ nu ik woon in Utrecht. This is the V2 rule of earlier lessons in its commonest everyday form.
Second, nu is also a subordinating conjunction meaning “now that”. In that use it sends its own verb to the end of the clause: nu het regent, blijven we binnen. The two patterns look alike at first sight. Adverbial nu is followed by the verb; conjunctive nu is followed by the subject and ends with the verb. They mean different things, so the order has to be read carefully.
Third, nu enters many fixed phrases that must be learned whole: tot nu toe (so far), van nu af aan (from now on), nu en dan (now and then), nu eenmaal (that is just how it is), pas nu (only now).
Etymology: nu is one of the oldest words in the language. It continues Old and Middle Dutch nu and Proto-Germanic *nū, and it has cognates across the Indo-European family: English “now” (Old English nū), German nun, Latin nunc, Greek νῦν. German, unlike Dutch, uses jetzt for the everyday “now” and keeps nun mostly for “well then”; Dutch nu covers both.
Course Index:
https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
Key Takeaways: -
Nu means “now” and never changes its form -
Nu at the front of a sentence brings the verb before the subject: nu woon ik hier -
Nu as a conjunction means “now that” and sends the verb to the end: nu het regent -
Fixed phrases: tot nu toe, van nu af aan, nu en dan, nu eenmaal -
Nou is the colloquial spoken form, and also a discourse particle meaning “well”
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nu /ny/ - One syllable with the rounded front vowel /y/, which English lacks. Say “ee” and round the lips as for “oo” without moving the tongue. English speakers tend to say “new” /njuː/, which is wrong: there is no ‘y’ glide and no back vowel.
nou /nʌu/ - The colloquial form, with the diphthong written ‘ou’ met in zou in Lesson 37. In the Netherlands it is very common in speech, and it is also the word for “well” at the start of a sentence.
eenmaal /ˈeːn.maːl/ - In nu eenmaal. Two long vowels, stress on the first syllable.
toe /tu/ - In tot nu toe. The ‘oe’ is /u/, as in boek.
Stress: nu can carry full sentence stress (Kom NU!) or be almost unstressed in the middle of a clause (ik ben nu thuis). The vowel stays /y/ in both.
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51.1 Kom (kɔm) come nu (ny) now
51.2 Ik (ɪk) I ben (bɛn) am nu (ny) now thuis (tœys) home
51.3 Waar (ʋaːr) where ben (bɛn) are je (jə) you nu (ny) now
51.4 Nu (ny) now of (ɔf) or nooit (noːit) never
51.5 Wat (ʋɑt) what nu (ny) now
51.6 Nu (ny) now woon (ʋoːn) live ik (ɪk) I in (ɪn) in Utrecht (ˈy.trɛxt) Utrecht
51.7 Ik (ɪk) I moet (mut) must nu (ny) now echt (ɛxt) really gaan (ɣaːn) go
51.8 Tot (tɔt) until nu (ny) now toe (tu) to gaat (ɣaːt) goes alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything goed (ɣut) well
51.9 Van (vɑn) from nu (ny) now af (ɑf) off aan (aːn) on fiets (fits) cycle ik (ɪk) I naar (naːr) to mijn (mɛin) my werk (ʋɛrk) work
51.10 Ben (bɛn) are je (jə) you nu (ny) now al (ɑl) already klaar (klaːr) finished
51.11 Nu (ny) now-that het (ət) it regent (ˈreː.ɣənt) rains blijven (ˈblɛi.vən) stay we (ʋə) we binnen (ˈbɪ.nən) inside
51.12 Nu (ny) now en (ɛn) and dan (dɑn) then zien (zin) see we (ʋə) we elkaar (ɛlˈkaːr) each-other nog (nɔx) still
51.13 Zo (zoː) so is (ɪs) is het (ət) it nu (ny) now eenmaal (ˈeːn.maːl) once
51.14 Vroeger (ˈvru.ɣər) formerly was (ʋɑs) was hier (hiːr) here een (ən) a boerderij (ˌbur.dəˈrɛi) farm maar (maːr) but nu (ny) now staat (staːt) stands er (ər) there een (ən) a school (sxoːl) school
51.15 Nu (ny) now-that ik (ɪk) I erover (ɛrˈoː.vər) about-it nadenk (ˈnaː.dɛŋk) think-over heb (hɛp) have je (jə) you gelijk (ɣəˈlɛik) right
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51.1 Kom nu! → “Come on now!”
51.2 Ik ben nu thuis. → “I'm home now.”
51.3 Waar ben je nu? → “Where are you now?”
51.4 Nu of nooit. → “Now or never.”
51.5 Wat nu? → “What now?”
51.6 Nu woon ik in Utrecht. → “I live in Utrecht now.”
51.7 Ik moet nu echt gaan. → “I really have to go now.”
51.8 Tot nu toe gaat alles goed. → “So far everything is going well.”
51.9 Van nu af aan fiets ik naar mijn werk. → “From now on I'm cycling to work.”
51.10 Ben je nu al klaar? → “Are you finished already?”
51.11 Nu het regent, blijven we binnen. → “Now that it's raining, we're staying inside.”
51.12 Nu en dan zien we elkaar nog. → “We still see each other now and then.”
51.13 Zo is het nu eenmaal. → “That's just the way it is.”
51.14 Vroeger was hier een boerderij, maar nu staat er een school. → “There used to be a farm here, but now there's a school.”
51.15 Nu ik erover nadenk, heb je gelijk. → “Now that I think about it, you're right.”
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51.1 Kom nu!
51.2 Ik ben nu thuis.
51.3 Waar ben je nu?
51.4 Nu of nooit.
51.5 Wat nu?
51.6 Nu woon ik in Utrecht.
51.7 Ik moet nu echt gaan.
51.8 Tot nu toe gaat alles goed.
51.9 Van nu af aan fiets ik naar mijn werk.
51.10 Ben je nu al klaar?
51.11 Nu het regent, blijven we binnen.
51.12 Nu en dan zien we elkaar nog.
51.13 Zo is het nu eenmaal.
51.14 Vroeger was hier een boerderij, maar nu staat er een school.
51.15 Nu ik erover nadenk, heb je gelijk.
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Grammar Rules for “now” in Dutch:
1. Nu Is Invariable
Nu has no endings and no other forms. It never agrees with anything and never changes for tense: ik ben nu thuis, ik was toen thuis. For the past, Dutch uses toen (“then”, at that time), not nu.
2. Nu at the Front: Inversion
Like every Dutch adverb, nu may open a main clause, and the finite verb must then stand in second position, directly before the subject: -
Nu woon ik in Utrecht -
Nu staat er een school -
Nu rijdt de trein weg
English “Now I live in Utrecht” keeps subject before verb; Dutch cannot. This is the V2 rule, and nu is the adverb on which learners most often break it.
3. Nu in the Middle Field
When the subject comes first, nu follows the finite verb, and a pronoun subject in inversion comes before it: -
Ik ben nu thuis -
Waar ben je nu? -
Ik moet nu echt gaan
Nu tends to come early in the middle field, before expressions of manner and place — the time-manner-place order: ik ga nu met de fiets naar huis.
4. Nu as a Conjunction: “Now That”
Nu also introduces a subordinate clause meaning “now that” or “since, as things now stand”. As a subordinating conjunction it sends the verb to the end of its clause, and the main clause that follows begins with its verb: -
Nu het regent, blijven we binnen -
Nu ik erover nadenk, heb je gelijk
Compare the two patterns directly: -
Nu regent het. (adverb: “Now it is raining.”) -
Nu het regent, ... (conjunction: “Now that it is raining, ...”)
The word is the same; the order of verb and subject tells you which it is.
5. Fixed Phrases
These combinations should be learned as units: -
tot nu toe - so far, until now (toe is required) -
van nu af aan - from now on (also voortaan) -
nu en dan - now and then -
nu meteen - right now, at once -
nu al - already, as early as now -
pas nu - only now, not until now -
net nu - just now, of all moments (present, not past) -
nu eenmaal - modal particle: “that's how it is and there's no changing it”
6. Nu as a Particle
In speech, nu (and especially nou) also works as a softening or insisting particle with little or no time meaning: kom nou! (come on!), wat is dat nu weer? (what's this now?). Zo is het nu eenmaal belongs here: nu eenmaal adds resignation, not time.
7. Het Nu
Nu can be used as a neuter noun: het nu, “the present moment”, as in in het hier en nu, “in the here and now”.
Common Mistakes to Avoid: -
No inversion after nu: ✗ “Nu ik woon in Utrecht” → ✓ “Nu woon ik in Utrecht” -
Main-clause order after conjunctive nu: ✗ “Nu het regent, we blijven binnen” → ✓ “Nu het regent, blijven we binnen” -
“Just now” meaning a moment ago: ✗ “Ik zag hem net nu” → ✓ “Ik zag hem net” or “Ik zag hem zojuist” -
Dropping toe: ✗ “tot nu” → ✓ “tot nu toe” -
Calquing “from now”: ✗ “van nu” → ✓ “van nu af aan” or “voortaan” -
Writing nou in formal prose: in careful writing, use nu -
Pronouncing nu as English “new”: the vowel is /y/, with no glide
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Nu and Nou:
In the Netherlands, spoken Dutch prefers nou in many places where writing has nu: waar ben je nou?, kom nou!, wat nou? Nou is also one of the most frequent words in northern conversation in a different role altogether. At the start of a sentence it means “well”, as in nou, ik weet het niet, and on its own it can mean anything from agreement to disbelief depending on the intonation: nou!, nou ja, nou en? (so what?). Flemish speakers use nou much less and keep nu, so nou marks speech as northern. A learner should write nu and learn to recognise nou.
Nu eenmaal and Dutch Pragmatism:
Zo is het nu eenmaal (that's just how it is) is one of the characteristic phrases of the language. It closes a discussion without conceding the argument, and it fits a culture that prizes practical acceptance of what cannot be changed. It appears in rules, in explanations to children and in office politics, often with a shrug.
Nu Zijt Wellekome:
One of the oldest Dutch Christmas songs still in general use begins with this word, and it is the literary citation of this lesson. For Dutch and Flemish listeners the phrase nu zijt wellekome is immediately Christmas, much as “Silent night” is in English.
Regional Notes:
Flemish colloquial speech often uses allee where northern speech uses nou for “come on”. Both varieties share the fixed phrases of Section D, and nu itself is the same in standard usage on both sides of the border.
Common Expressions with Nu: -
“Nu of nooit” - Now or never -
“Tot nu toe” - So far -
“Van nu af aan” - From now on -
“Nu en dan” - Now and then -
“Zo is het nu eenmaal” - That's just the way it is -
“In het hier en nu” - In the here and now -
“Wat nu?” - What now?
Reminder: This lesson is designed for English speakers learning Dutch.
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From the carol Nu zijt wellekome, Jesu, lieve Heer — one of the oldest Christmas songs still commonly sung in Dutch. It goes back to a German Leise of the fourteenth century, sung to a medieval melody. The text in use today follows the version printed in Het Paradys der Gheestelijcke ende Kerckelijcke Lof-Sanghen (1621), in modernised spelling. It is sung widely in churches and schools and is no. 476 in the current Liedboek (2013).
Nu zijt wellekome, Jesu, lieve Heer, Gij komt van alzo hoge, van alzo veer. Nu zijt wellekome van de hoge hemel neer, Hier al in dit aardrijk zijt Gij gezien nooit meer. Kyrieleis.
F-A: Interlinear Analysis
Nu (ny) now zijt (zɛit) be wellekome (ˌʋɛ.ləˈkoː.mə) welcome Jesu (ˈjeː.zy) Jesus lieve (ˈli.və) dear Heer (heːr) Lord Gij (ɣɛi) you komt (kɔmt) come van (vɑn) from alzo (ˈɑl.zoː) so hoge (ˈhoː.ɣə) high van (vɑn) from alzo (ˈɑl.zoː) so veer (veːr) far Nu (ny) now zijt (zɛit) be wellekome (ˌʋɛ.ləˈkoː.mə) welcome van (vɑn) from de (də) the hoge (ˈhoː.ɣə) high hemel (ˈheː.məl) heaven neer (neːr) down Hier (hiːr) here al (ɑl) all in (ɪn) in dit (dɪt) this aardrijk (ˈaːrt.rɛik) earth zijt (zɛit) are Gij (ɣɛi) you gezien (ɣəˈzin) seen nooit (noːit) never meer (meːr) more Kyrieleis (ˌki.ri.ˈlɛis) Lord-have-mercy
F-B: Natural Text with Translation
Nu zijt wellekome, Jesu, lieve Heer, Gij komt van alzo hoge, van alzo veer. Nu zijt wellekome van de hoge hemel neer, Hier al in dit aardrijk zijt Gij gezien nooit meer. Kyrieleis.
→ “Now be welcome, Jesus, dear Lord; you come from so high, from so far. Now be welcome, down from high heaven; here on this earth you were never seen before. Lord, have mercy.”
F-C: Original Dutch Text
Nu zijt wellekome, Jesu, lieve Heer, Gij komt van alzo hoge, van alzo veer. Nu zijt wellekome van de hoge hemel neer, Hier al in dit aardrijk zijt Gij gezien nooit meer. Kyrieleis.
F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Notes
Nu opens the carol and returns at the head of the third line. Its sense is the present moment of the feast — now, tonight, at this birth — and it carries the imperative that follows it: nu zijt wellekome, “now be welcome”. Placed first, it gives the greeting the urgency of something happening as it is sung.
Zijt is the old second-person form of zijn, used with gij. Modern Dutch has jij bent or u bent, and the imperative would be wees welkom. Here zijt serves as the imperative, as it did in older Dutch with gij.
Wellekome is an older, fuller form of welkom, with an extra syllable that the melody needs.
Jesu is the Latin vocative of Jesus, kept in the Dutch text as it was in liturgical usage.
Van alzo hoge, van alzo veer: alzo is an old intensive, “so very”, and veer is the older form of ver (far), kept here for the rhyme with Heer. Hoge is the adjective used as a noun, “the height”.
Aardrijk is an archaic word for “the earth, the earthly realm”. The modern word is aarde.
Gezien nooit meer puts the participle before the adverbs, an order modern Dutch would not use (nooit gezien). The line is usually understood as “never seen here before”. Modern Dutch would express that with nog nooit, so the meaning of nooit meer here belongs to the older language.
F-E: Literary Commentary
The carol is a Leise, a vernacular song ending in the refrain Kyrieleis, and such songs were among the first ways lay people could join in the liturgy in their own language. What survives of that function is the directness of the opening word. Nu is not decoration. It turns a doctrinal statement, that God comes down from heaven, into an event taking place in the present of the singers. The same word opens the first line and the third, so the song rests on the adverb twice, and the contrast between hoge hemel and dit aardrijk is measured from the one moment, nu, in which the two meet.
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Part A: Interlinear Construed Text
51.16 Het (ət) it is (ɪs) is nu (ny) now tien (tin) ten voor (voːr) before twaalf (tʋaːlf) twelve
51.17 Sanne (ˈsɑ.nə) Sanne rent (rɛnt) runs over (ˈoː.vər) across het (ət) the perron (pɛˈrɔn) platform
51.18 De (də) the laatste (ˈlaːt.stə) last trein (trɛin) train staat (staːt) stands nog (nɔx) still op (ɔp) on spoor (spoːr) track drie (dri) three
51.19 De (də) the conducteur (kɔn.dʏkˈtøːr) conductor fluit (flœyt) whistles al (ɑl) already
51.20 Nu (ny) now of (ɔf) or nooit (noːit) never denkt (dɛŋkt) thinks ze (zə) she
51.21 Ze (zə) she springt (sprɪŋt) jumps en (ɛn) and nu (ny) now staat (staːt) stands ze (zə) she binnen (ˈbɪ.nən) inside
51.22 Achter (ˈɑx.tər) behind haar (haːr) her gaan (ɣaːn) go de (də) the deuren (ˈdøː.rən) doors dicht (dɪxt) shut
51.23 Pas (pɑs) only nu (ny) now merkt (mɛrkt) notices ze (zə) she dat (dɑt) that haar (haːr) her tas (tɑs) bag er (ər) there niet (nit) not is (ɪs) is
51.24 Waar (ʋaːr) where is (ɪs) is hij (hɛi) it nu (ny) now
51.25 Door (doːr) through het (ət) the raam (raːm) window ziet (zit) sees ze (zə) she hem (hɛm) it op (ɔp) on het (ət) the perron (pɛˈrɔn) platform
51.26 Een (ən) a jongen (ˈjɔ.ŋən) boy pakt (pɑkt) grabs de (də) the tas (tɑs) bag en (ɛn) and rent (rɛnt) runs naar (naːr) to de (də) the trein (trɛin) train
51.27 De (də) the conducteur (kɔn.dʏkˈtøːr) conductor ziet (zit) sees het (ət) it en (ɛn) and opent (ˈoː.pənt) opens de (də) the deur (døːr) door nog (nɔx) still één (eːn) one keer (keːr) time
51.28 Nu (ny) now roept (rupt) shouts de (də) the jongen (ˈjɔ.ŋən) boy en (ɛn) and hij (hɛi) he gooit (ɣoːit) throws de (də) the tas (tɑs) bag naar (naːr) to binnen (ˈbɪ.nən) inside
51.29 Nu (ny) now rijdt (rɛit) rides de (də) the trein (trɛin) train echt (ɛxt) really weg (ʋɛx) away
51.30 Sanne (ˈsɑ.nə) Sanne zit (zɪt) sits en (ɛn) and lacht (lɑxt) laughs nu (ny) now is (ɪs) is alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything goed (ɣut) good
Part B: Natural Sentences
51.16 Het is nu tien voor twaalf. → “It is now ten to twelve.”
51.17 Sanne rent over het perron. → “Sanne runs along the platform.”
51.18 De laatste trein staat nog op spoor drie. → “The last train is still standing at platform three.”
51.19 De conducteur fluit al. → “The conductor is already blowing the whistle.”
51.20 Nu of nooit, denkt ze. → “Now or never, she thinks.”
51.21 Ze springt, en nu staat ze binnen. → “She jumps, and now she's inside.”
51.22 Achter haar gaan de deuren dicht. → “Behind her the doors close.”
51.23 Pas nu merkt ze dat haar tas er niet is. → “Only now does she notice that her bag isn't there.”
51.24 Waar is hij nu? → “Where is it now?”
51.25 Door het raam ziet ze hem op het perron. → “Through the window she sees it on the platform.”
51.26 Een jongen pakt de tas en rent naar de trein. → “A boy grabs the bag and runs to the train.”
51.27 De conducteur ziet het en opent de deur nog één keer. → “The conductor sees it and opens the door one more time.”
51.28 “Nu!” roept de jongen, en hij gooit de tas naar binnen. → “‘Now!’ shouts the boy, and he throws the bag in.”
51.29 Nu rijdt de trein echt weg. → “Now the train really pulls away.”
51.30 Sanne zit en lacht: nu is alles goed. → “Sanne sits down and laughs: now everything is fine.”
Part C: Target Language Only
51.16 Het is nu tien voor twaalf.
51.17 Sanne rent over het perron.
51.18 De laatste trein staat nog op spoor drie.
51.19 De conducteur fluit al.
51.20 Nu of nooit, denkt ze.
51.21 Ze springt, en nu staat ze binnen.
51.22 Achter haar gaan de deuren dicht.
51.23 Pas nu merkt ze dat haar tas er niet is.
51.24 Waar is hij nu?
51.25 Door het raam ziet ze hem op het perron.
51.26 Een jongen pakt de tas en rent naar de trein.
51.27 De conducteur ziet het en opent de deur nog één keer.
51.28 “Nu!” roept de jongen, en hij gooit de tas naar binnen.
51.29 Nu rijdt de trein echt weg.
51.30 Sanne zit en lacht: nu is alles goed.
Part D: Grammar Notes for Genre Section
The narrative is told in the present tense, as Dutch action writing often is. Nu keeps returning as the story moves from one moment to the next:
Inversion After Nu: 51.21, 51.23, 51.28 and 51.29 all place nu before the verb, and in every case the subject follows the verb — nu staat ze, pas nu merkt ze, nu rijdt de trein. This is the rule of Section D in action, applied four times in fifteen sentences.
Nu in the Middle Field: 51.16 and 51.24 keep the normal order, with nu after the verb: het is nu, waar is hij nu.
Pas nu: 51.23 uses pas, “only, not until”, to mark the moment at which Sanne realises. Pas nu is stronger than nu alone: the discovery comes late.
Nu as an Exclamation: 51.28 uses nu alone as a one-word command, and the quotation then forces inversion in the reporting clause: roept de jongen, not ✗ de jongen roept.
De-Words and Hem: tas is a de-word, so it is referred to as hij (51.24) and hem (51.25), not het. English says “it” for both.
Separable Verbs: dichtgaan in 51.22 (gaan... dicht) and wegrijden in 51.29 (rijdt... weg) split in the main clause, with the particle at the end.
Recycled Structures: 51.23 uses the er of Lesson 38 (er niet is); 51.25 uses door, “through”, from Lesson 32; 51.19 uses al in the sense “already”, distinct from the al “all” of Lesson 39; 51.18 uses nog, also found in 51.27.
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Key Sounds in This Lesson:
The vowel /y/ in nu: This is the single most important point of the lesson. Nu /ny/ is not English “new” /njuː/, nor /nu/ with the vowel of boek. Hold the tongue for /i/ and round the lips. The same vowel appears in Utrecht /ˈy.trɛxt/ and Jesu /ˈjeː.zy/.
Nu against nou: /ny/ against /nʌu/. The spoken form nou has a diphthong and should not be written in formal prose.
The ‘ui’ of thuis and fluit: /œy/, a rounded diphthong with no English equivalent, met in earlier lessons. Thuis /tœys/ is spelled with th but pronounced with a plain /t/.
Double consonants: perron /pɛˈrɔn/, binnen /ˈbɪ.nən/, Sanne /ˈsɑ.nə/. Dutch doubles a consonant in writing to keep the preceding vowel short; it is pronounced single.
The accented één: in 51.27, één is written with acute accents to show that it means the number “one” and not the article een. The accents separate the stressed numeral /eːn/ from the unstressed article /ən/.
Older Spelling in the Carol: wellekome, veer and aardrijk are older forms kept for rhyme and metre. Modern Dutch has welkom, ver and aarde. The 1621 print used spellings such as wellecome and aertrijck, which modern editions standardise.
Audio Practice Suggestion: Live sports commentary and news bulletins use nu constantly. Listen for the short, rounded /y/, and for how often speakers in the Netherlands say nou where a written text would have nu.
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◊ᴺᵉˣᵃˡ ◊ᴸᵃᵗⁱⁿᵘᵐ ◊ᴰᵘᵗᶜʰ ◊ᴸᵉˢˢᵒⁿ⁵¹ ◊ⁿᵘ ◊ᶜᵒᵐᵖˡᵉᵗᵉ
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