← Latinum Institute Ecclesiastical Latin Reading Course
Definition for the autodidact: Vendere (to sell) is a third conjugation Latin verb meaning to transfer goods or property in exchange for payment. In Ecclesiastical Latin, this word carries profound theological weight—from Christ’s command to the rich young man (”go, sell what you have”) to the Church’s condemnation of simony (the selling of spiritual things). The verb governs an accusative object (what is sold) and may take an ablative of price or a dative of recipient.
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FAQ: What does vendere mean in Ecclesiastical Latin? Vendere means “to sell” or “to vend.” In Church Latin, it appears prominently in Gospel passages about evangelical poverty (Matthew 19:21), in narratives about the early Christian community sharing possessions (Acts 4-5), and in moral theology discussions about just pricing and forbidden simony.
How This Lesson Works: The 15 examples below feature vendere in various forms—imperative, indicative, infinitive, and participial—drawing from authentic Catholic sources including Sacred Scripture, patristic writings, and scholastic theology.
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Vendere conjugates: vendō, vendere, vendidī, venditum (3rd conjugation) -
The imperative vende appears in Christ’s call to perfection (Matthew 19:21) -
Accusative marks what is sold; ablative or genitive marks the price -
Theological contexts include evangelical poverty, just price doctrine, and simony -
Related words: venditor (seller), venditiō (sale), pretium (price)
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1.1a Vade, go vende sell quae what habes. you-have
1.1b Vade, (/ˈva.de/) go vende (/ˈven.de/) sell quae (/kwe/) what habes. (/ˈa.bes/) you-have
1.2a Monachus the-monk panem bread vendit. sells
1.2b Monachus (/moˈna.kus/) the-monk panem (/ˈpa.nem/) bread vendit. (/ˈven.dit/) sells
1.3a Nōlī do-not vendere to-sell sapientiam. wisdom
1.3b Nōlī (/ˈno.li/) do-not vendere (/ˈven.de.re/) to-sell sapientiam. (/sa.pi.enˈtsi.am/) wisdom
1.4a Agrum the-field suum his vendidit. he-sold
1.4b Agrum (/ˈa.ɡrum/) the-field suum (/ˈsu.um/) his vendidit. (/ˈven.di.dit/) he-sold
1.5a Omnia all-things vendita sold sunt. are
1.5b Omnia (/ˈom.ni.a/) all-things vendita (/ˈven.di.ta/) sold sunt. (/sunt/) are
1.6a Ananiās Ananias cum with uxōre wife agrum field vendidit. sold
1.6b Ananiās (/a.naˈni.as/) Ananias cum (/kum/) with uxōre (/ukˈso.re/) wife agrum (/ˈa.ɡrum/) field vendidit. (/ˈven.di.dit/) sold
1.7a Mercātor the-merchant vīnum wine magnō for-great pretiō price vendit. sells
1.7b Mercātor (/merˈka.tor/) the-merchant vīnum (/ˈvi.num/) wine magnō (/ˈmaɲ.no/) for-great pretiō (/ˈpre.tsi.o/) price vendit. (/ˈven.dit/) sells
1.8a Sī if vīs you-wish perfectus perfect esse, to-be vende sell omnia. all-things
1.8b Sī (/si/) if vīs (/vis/) you-wish perfectus (/perˈfek.tus/) perfect esse, (/ˈes.se/) to-be vende (/ˈven.de/) sell omnia. (/ˈom.ni.a/) all-things
1.9a Nōn not licet it-is-permitted sacra sacred-things vendere. to-sell
1.9b Nōn (/non/) not licet (/ˈli.tʃet/) it-is-permitted sacra (/ˈsa.kra/) sacred-things vendere. (/ˈven.de.re/) to-sell
1.10a Frātrēs the-brothers frūmentum grain pauperibus to-the-poor vendēbant. were-selling
1.10b Frātrēs (/ˈfra.tres/) the-brothers frūmentum (/fruˈmen.tum/) grain pauperibus (/pawˈpe.ri.bus/) to-the-poor vendēbant. (/venˈde.bant/) were-selling
1.11a Vēritātem truth eme buy et and nōlī do-not vendere to-sell doctrinam. doctrine
1.11b Vēritātem (/ve.riˈta.tem/) truth eme (/ˈe.me/) buy et (/et/) and nōlī (/ˈno.li/) do-not vendere (/ˈven.de.re/) to-sell doctrinam. (/dokˈtri.nam/) doctrine
1.12a Nūllus no-one debet ought vendere to-sell alterī to-another quod what nōn not est is suum. his-own
1.12b Nūllus (/ˈnul.lus/) no-one debet (/ˈde.bet/) ought vendere (/ˈven.de.re/) to-sell alterī (/alˈte.ri/) to-another quod (/kwod/) what nōn (/non/) not est (/est/) is suum. (/ˈsu.um/) his-own
1.13a Barnabās, Barnabas cum since habēret he-had agrum, field vendidit sold eum it et and posuit placed pretium the-price ad at pedēs feet apostolōrum. of-the-apostles
1.13b Barnabās, (/ˈbar.na.bas/) Barnabas cum (/kum/) since habēret (/aˈbe.ret/) he-had agrum, (/ˈa.ɡrum/) field vendidit (/ˈven.di.dit/) sold eum (/ˈe.um/) it et (/et/) and posuit (/ˈpo.su.it/) placed pretium (/ˈpre.tsi.um/) the-price ad (/ad/) at pedēs (/ˈpe.des/) feet apostolōrum. (/a.pos.toˈlo.rum/) of-the-apostles
1.14a Ille that-one quī who vendidit sold nōn not damnificātur is-harmed carendō by-lacking rē the-thing illā. that
1.14b Ille (/ˈil.le/) that-one quī (/kwi/) who vendidit (/ˈven.di.dit/) sold nōn (/non/) not damnificātur (/dam.ni.fiˈka.tur/) is-harmed carendō (/kaˈren.do/) by-lacking rē (/re/) the-thing illā. (/ˈil.la/) that
1.15a Dīc say mihi, to-me mulier: woman sī if tantī for-so-much agrum the-field vendidistis? you-sold
1.15b Dīc (/ditʃ/) say mihi, (/ˈmi.i/) to-me mulier: (/ˈmu.li.er/) woman sī (/si/) if tantī (/ˈtan.ti/) for-so-much agrum (/ˈa.ɡrum/) the-field vendidistis? (/ven.diˈdis.tis/) you-sold
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1.1 Vade, vende quae habēs. “Go, sell what you have.”
1.2 Monachus panem vendit. “The monk sells bread.”
1.3 Nōlī vendere sapientiam. “Do not sell wisdom.”
1.4 Agrum suum vendidit. “He sold his field.”
1.5 Omnia vendita sunt. “All things have been sold.”
1.6 Ananiās cum uxōre agrum vendidit. “Ananias with his wife sold a field.”
1.7 Mercātor vīnum magnō pretiō vendit. “The merchant sells wine for a great price.”
1.8 Sī vīs perfectus esse, vende omnia. “If you wish to be perfect, sell all things.”
1.9 Nōn licet sacra vendere. “It is not permitted to sell sacred things.”
1.10 Frātrēs frūmentum pauperibus vendēbant. “The brothers were selling grain to the poor.”
1.11 Vēritātem eme et nōlī vendere doctrinam. “Buy truth and do not sell doctrine.”
1.12 Nūllus debet vendere alterī quod nōn est suum. “No one ought to sell to another what is not his own.”
1.13 Barnabās, cum habēret agrum, vendidit eum et posuit pretium ad pedēs apostolōrum. “Barnabas, since he had a field, sold it and placed the price at the feet of the apostles.”
1.14 Ille quī vendidit nōn damnificātur carendō rē illā. “He who sold is not harmed by lacking that thing.”
1.15 Dīc mihi, mulier: sī tantī agrum vendidistis? “Tell me, woman: did you sell the field for so much?”
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1.1 Vade, vende quae habēs.
1.2 Monachus panem vendit.
1.3 Nōlī vendere sapientiam.
1.4 Agrum suum vendidit.
1.5 Omnia vendita sunt.
1.6 Ananiās cum uxōre agrum vendidit.
1.7 Mercātor vīnum magnō pretiō vendit.
1.8 Sī vīs perfectus esse, vende omnia.
1.9 Nōn licet sacra vendere.
1.10 Frātrēs frūmentum pauperibus vendēbant.
1.11 Vēritātem eme et nōlī vendere doctrinam.
1.12 Nūllus debet vendere alterī quod nōn est suum.
1.13 Barnabās, cum habēret agrum, vendidit eum et posuit pretium ad pedēs apostolōrum.
1.14 Ille quī vendidit nōn damnificātur carendō rē illā.
1.15 Dīc mihi, mulier: sī tantī agrum vendidistis?
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VENDERE — Third Conjugation Verb
Principal Parts: vendō, vendere, vendidī, venditum
Present Active Indicative: -
vendō (I sell), vendis (you sell), vendit (he/she sells) -
vendimus (we sell), venditis (you all sell), vendunt (they sell)
Imperfect Active Indicative: -
vendēbam, vendēbās, vendēbat, vendēbāmus, vendēbātis, vendēbant
Future Active Indicative: -
vendam, vendēs, vendet, vendēmus, vendētis, vendent
Perfect Active Indicative: -
vendidī, vendidistī, vendidit, vendidimus, vendidistis, vendidērunt
Imperative: -
vende (singular: “sell!”) -
vendite (plural: “sell!”)
Prohibitive (with nōlī/nōlīte): -
Nōlī vendere (”Do not sell!”)
Infinitives: -
Present: vendere (to sell) -
Perfect: vendidisse (to have sold) -
Future: venditūrum esse (to be about to sell)
Participles: -
Present Active: vendēns, vendentis (selling) -
Perfect Passive: venditus, -a, -um (having been sold) -
Future Active: venditūrus, -a, -um (about to sell) -
Gerundive: vendendus, -a, -um (to be sold, ought to be sold)
Case Government: -
The thing sold takes the ACCUSATIVE: agrum vendere (to sell a field) -
The price takes the ABLATIVE or GENITIVE of value: magnō pretiō / tantī (for a great price / for so much) -
The recipient takes the DATIVE: pauperibus vendere (to sell to the poor)
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Evangelical Poverty: Christ’s command Vade, vende quae habēs et dā pauperibus (Matthew 19:21) became foundational for religious life in the Church. This imperative use of vende represents the radical call to detachment from earthly goods for the sake of the Kingdom.
Simony: The Church strictly forbids the selling of sacred things (vendere sacra), a sin named after Simon Magus who attempted to buy the power of the Holy Spirit (Acts 8). The phrase nōn licet vendere expresses this canonical prohibition.
Just Price Doctrine: St. Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologiae (II-II, q.77) extensively discusses emptio et venditio (buying and selling). His principle nūllus debet vendere alterī quod nōn est suum (”no one ought to sell to another what is not his own”) establishes moral constraints on commerce.
Ananias and Sapphira: Acts 5 narrates how Ananias vendidit agrum but fraudulently kept back part of the price. Peter’s question sī tantī agrum vendidistis? (”did you sell the field for so much?”) uses the genitive of price tantī.
Related Vocabulary: -
venditor, -ōris (m.) — seller, vendor -
venditiō, -ōnis (f.) — a sale, selling -
pretium, -iī (n.) — price, value -
emere — to buy (antonym of vendere) -
merx, mercis (f.) — merchandise, goods
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Source: Vulgate Bible, Matthew 19:21 (Clementine Text)
F-A: Interlinear Analysis
Ait said illī to-him Iēsus: Jesus Sī if vīs you-wish perfectus perfect esse, to-be vade, go vende sell quae what habēs, you-have et and dā give pauperibus, to-the-poor et and habēbis you-will-have thēsaurum treasure in in caelō: heaven et and venī, come sequere follow mē. me
Ait (/a.it/) said illī (/ˈil.li/) to-him Iēsus: (/ˈje.sus/) Jesus Sī (/si/) if vīs (/vis/) you-wish perfectus (/perˈfek.tus/) perfect esse, (/ˈes.se/) to-be vade, (/ˈva.de/) go vende (/ˈven.de/) sell quae (/kwe/) what habēs, (/ˈa.bes/) you-have et (/et/) and dā (/da/) give pauperibus, (/pawˈpe.ri.bus/) to-the-poor et (/et/) and habēbis (/aˈbe.bis/) you-will-have thēsaurum (/teˈsaw.rum/) treasure in (/in/) in caelō: (/ˈtʃe.lo/) heaven et (/et/) and venī, (/ˈve.ni/) come sequere (/ˈse.kwe.re/) follow mē. (/me/) me
F-B: Text with Translation
Ait illī Iēsus: Sī vīs perfectus esse, vade, vende quae habēs, et dā pauperibus, et habēbis thēsaurum in caelō: et venī, sequere mē.
“Jesus said to him: If you wish to be perfect, go, sell what you have, and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me.”
F-C: Latin Only
Ait illī Iēsus: Sī vīs perfectus esse, vade, vende quae habēs, et dā pauperibus, et habēbis thēsaurum in caelō: et venī, sequere mē.
F-D: Vocabulary Notes -
ait — defective verb meaning “he/she says/said” (common in narrative) -
perfectus — perfect, complete (first/second declension adjective) -
thēsaurus — treasure (from Greek θησαυρός) -
sequere — deponent imperative of sequī (to follow)
F-E: Commentary
This verse represents one of the most significant uses of vendere in all of Sacred Scripture. Christ’s command to the rich young man established the theological foundation for the evangelical counsels—poverty, chastity, and obedience—that have shaped religious life throughout Church history. The imperative vende here is not merely economic advice but a call to radical discipleship, exchanging temporal possessions for eternal thēsaurus. St. Francis of Assisi famously took this passage literally, selling everything and founding the Franciscan Order. The structure vade... vende... dā... venī... sequere presents a sequence of imperatives that constitute the path to Christian perfection.
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This section presents a coherent narrative based on Acts 4-5, depicting the early Christian practice of selling possessions and sharing with those in need.
2.1a Multitūdō the-multitude crēdentium of-believers erat was cor heart ūnum one et and anima soul ūna. one
2.1b Multitūdō (/mul.tiˈtu.do/) the-multitude crēdentium (/kreˈden.tsi.um/) of-believers erat (/ˈe.rat/) was cor (/kor/) heart ūnum (/ˈu.num/) one et (/et/) and anima (/ˈa.ni.ma/) soul ūna. (/ˈu.na/) one
2.2a Quotquot as-many-as possessōrēs owners agrōrum of-fields erant, were vendentēs selling afferēbant they-were-bringing pretia the-prices eōrum. of-them
2.2b Quotquot (/kwotˈkwot/) as-many-as possessōrēs (/pos.sesˈso.res/) owners agrōrum (/aˈɡro.rum/) of-fields erant, (/ˈe.rant/) were vendentēs (/venˈden.tes/) selling afferēbant (/af.feˈre.bant/) they-were-bringing pretia (/ˈpre.tsi.a/) the-prices eōrum. (/eˈo.rum/) of-them
2.3a Pretium the-price pōnēbant they-were-placing ad at pedēs feet apostolōrum. of-the-apostles
2.3b Pretium (/ˈpre.tsi.um/) the-price pōnēbant (/poˈne.bant/) they-were-placing ad (/ad/) at pedēs (/ˈpe.des/) feet apostolōrum. (/a.pos.toˈlo.rum/) of-the-apostles
2.4a Nēmō no-one dīcēbat was-saying aliquid anything suōrum of-his-own esse to-be proprium. his-property
2.4b Nēmō (/ˈne.mo/) no-one dīcēbat (/diˈtʃe.bat/) was-saying aliquid (/ˈa.li.kwid/) anything suōrum (/suˈo.rum/) of-his-own esse (/ˈes.se/) to-be proprium. (/ˈpro.pri.um/) his-property
2.5a Iōsēph, Joseph quī who cognōminātus surnamed est was Barnabās, Barnabas habēbat had agrum. a-field
2.5b Iōsēph, (/joˈsef/) Joseph quī (/kwi/) who cognōminātus (/koɲ.no.miˈna.tus/) surnamed est (/est/) was Barnabās, (/ˈbar.na.bas/) Barnabas habēbat (/aˈbe.bat/) had agrum. (/ˈa.ɡrum/) a-field
2.6a Agrum the-field vendidit he-sold et and attulit brought pretium. the-price
2.6b Agrum (/ˈa.ɡrum/) the-field vendidit (/ˈven.di.dit/) he-sold et (/et/) and attulit (/ˈat.tu.lit/) brought pretium. (/ˈpre.tsi.um/) the-price
2.7a Vir a-man autem however quīdam certain nōmine by-name Ananiās Ananias cum with Saphīrā Sapphira uxōre wife suā his vendidit sold agrum. a-field
2.7b Vir (/vir/) a-man autem (/ˈaw.tem/) however quīdam (/ˈkwi.dam/) certain nōmine (/ˈno.mi.ne/) by-name Ananiās (/a.naˈni.as/) Ananias cum (/kum/) with Saphīrā (/saˈfi.ra/) Sapphira uxōre (/ukˈso.re/) wife suā (/ˈsu.a/) his vendidit (/ˈven.di.dit/) sold agrum. (/ˈa.ɡrum/) a-field
2.8a Et and fraudāvit he-defrauded dē from pretiō the-price agrī. of-the-field
2.8b Et (/et/) and fraudāvit (/frawˈda.vit/) he-defrauded dē (/de/) from pretiō (/ˈpre.tsi.o/) the-price agrī. (/ˈa.ɡri/) of-the-field
2.9a Dīxit said Petrus: Peter Cūr why tentāvit tempted Satanās Satan cor heart tuum? your
2.9b Dīxit (/ˈdik.sit/) said Petrus: (/ˈpe.trus/) Peter Cūr (/kur/) why tentāvit (/tenˈta.vit/) tempted Satanās (/saˈta.nas/) Satan cor (/kor/) heart tuum? (/ˈtu.um/) your
2.10a Nōnne not manēns remaining tibi to-you manēbat? was-remaining
2.10b Nōnne (/ˈnon.ne/) not manēns (/ˈma.nens/) remaining tibi (/ˈti.bi/) to-you manēbat? (/maˈne.bat/) was-remaining
2.11a Et and vēnundātum having-been-sold in in tuā your erat was potestāte. power
2.11b Et (/et/) and vēnundātum (/ve.nunˈda.tum/) having-been-sold in (/in/) in tuā (/ˈtu.a/) your erat (/ˈe.rat/) was potestāte. (/po.tesˈta.te/) power
2.12a Nōn not es you-are mentītus having-lied hominibus to-men sed but Deō. to-God
2.12b Nōn (/non/) not es (/es/) you-are mentītus (/menˈti.tus/) having-lied hominibus (/oˈmi.ni.bus/) to-men sed (/sed/) but Deō. (/ˈde.o/) to-God
2.13a Audiēns hearing haec these-things Ananiās Ananias cecidit fell et and expīrāvit. expired
2.13b Audiēns (/awˈdi.ens/) hearing haec (/ek/) these-things Ananiās (/a.naˈni.as/) Ananias cecidit (/ˈtʃe.tʃi.dit/) fell et (/et/) and expīrāvit. (/eks.piˈra.vit/) expired
2.14a Factus made est was timor fear magnus great in upon omnēs all quī who audiērunt. heard
2.14b Factus (/ˈfak.tus/) made est (/est/) was timor (/ˈti.mor/) fear magnus (/ˈmaɲ.nus/) great in (/in/) upon omnēs (/ˈom.nes/) all quī (/kwi/) who audiērunt. (/aw.diˈe.runt/) heard
2.15a Sīc thus discēbant they-were-learning crēdentēs the-believers vendere to-sell omnia all-things et and dare to-give pauperibus. to-the-poor
2.15b Sīc (/sitʃ/) thus discēbant (/disˈtʃe.bant/) they-were-learning crēdentēs (/kreˈden.tes/) the-believers vendere (/ˈven.de.re/) to-sell omnia (/ˈom.ni.a/) all-things et (/et/) and dare (/ˈda.re/) to-give pauperibus. (/pawˈpe.ri.bus/) to-the-poor
2.1 Multitūdō crēdentium erat cor ūnum et anima ūna. “The multitude of believers was one heart and one soul.”
2.2 Quotquot possessōrēs agrōrum erant, vendentēs afferēbant pretia eōrum. “As many as were owners of fields, selling them, were bringing their prices.”
2.3 Pretium pōnēbant ad pedēs apostolōrum. “They were placing the price at the feet of the apostles.”
2.4 Nēmō dīcēbat aliquid suōrum esse proprium. “No one was saying anything of his own to be his property.”
2.5 Iōsēph, quī cognōminātus est Barnabās, habēbat agrum. “Joseph, who was surnamed Barnabas, had a field.”
2.6 Agrum vendidit et attulit pretium. “He sold the field and brought the price.”
2.7 Vir autem quīdam nōmine Ananiās cum Saphīrā uxōre suā vendidit agrum. “However, a certain man named Ananias with Sapphira his wife sold a field.”
2.8 Et fraudāvit dē pretiō agrī. “And he defrauded from the price of the field.”
2.9 Dīxit Petrus: Cūr tentāvit Satanās cor tuum? “Peter said: Why did Satan tempt your heart?”
2.10 Nōnne manēns tibi manēbat? “Did it not remain yours while remaining unsold?”
2.11 Et vēnundātum in tuā erat potestāte. “And having been sold, was it not in your power?”
2.12 Nōn es mentītus hominibus sed Deō. “You have not lied to men but to God.”
2.13 Audiēns haec Ananiās cecidit et expīrāvit. “Hearing these things, Ananias fell down and expired.”
2.14 Factus est timor magnus in omnēs quī audiērunt. “Great fear came upon all who heard.”
2.15 Sīc discēbant crēdentēs vendere omnia et dare pauperibus. “Thus the believers were learning to sell all things and give to the poor.”
2.1 Multitūdō crēdentium erat cor ūnum et anima ūna.
2.2 Quotquot possessōrēs agrōrum erant, vendentēs afferēbant pretia eōrum.
2.3 Pretium pōnēbant ad pedēs apostolōrum.
2.4 Nēmō dīcēbat aliquid suōrum esse proprium.
2.5 Iōsēph, quī cognōminātus est Barnabās, habēbat agrum.
2.6 Agrum vendidit et attulit pretium.
2.7 Vir autem quīdam nōmine Ananiās cum Saphīrā uxōre suā vendidit agrum.
2.8 Et fraudāvit dē pretiō agrī.
2.9 Dīxit Petrus: Cūr tentāvit Satanās cor tuum?
2.10 Nōnne manēns tibi manēbat?
2.11 Et vēnundātum in tuā erat potestāte.
2.12 Nōn es mentītus hominibus sed Deō.
2.13 Audiēns haec Ananiās cecidit et expīrāvit.
2.14 Factus est timor magnus in omnēs quī audiērunt.
2.15 Sīc discēbant crēdentēs vendere omnia et dare pauperibus.
Key Forms in This Passage: -
vendentēs — present active participle nominative plural (”selling, those who were selling”) -
vendidit — perfect active indicative 3rd singular (”he/she sold”) -
vēnundātum — perfect passive participle (from vēnundō, a compound meaning “to sell” used in the Vulgate) -
vendere — present active infinitive (”to sell”)
Participle Usage: The present participle vendentēs functions as a substantive here, meaning “those who were selling” or “sellers.” This participial usage is common in Ecclesiastical Latin narrative.
The Compound vēnundō: In Acts 5:4, the Vulgate uses vēnundātum rather than venditum. The verb vēnundō (or vēnum dō, literally “I give for sale”) is an archaic compound meaning the same as vendō. Both forms appear in Church Latin.
Genitive of Price: In fraudāvit dē pretiō agrī, the genitive agrī shows possession (the price of the field), while pretiō is ablative after the preposition dē.
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This is Lesson 164 in the Ecclesiastical Latin Reading Course, a systematic curriculum designed for autodidact learners following the Latinum Institute methodology. The course employs frequency-based vocabulary progression using the Dickinson Core Latin Vocabulary list, ensuring that learners encounter the most useful words first.
Course Features: -
Interlinear construed text for direct comprehension -
Ecclesiastical (Italian) pronunciation with IPA -
Authentic Catholic texts from Scripture, Fathers, and Doctors -
Progressive difficulty within each lesson -
Grammar integrated with meaningful content
Course Index: https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
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The Latinum Method: Rather than memorizing abstract paradigms in isolation, this course presents grammar through authentic ecclesiastical texts. The interlinear format allows learners to comprehend Latin directly while building intuitive mastery of forms. Each lesson’s 30 examples provide extensive exposure to the target vocabulary in varied contexts.
Why Ecclesiastical Pronunciation? This course uses the pronunciation authorized by Pope Pius X (1903) and maintained in the Roman Rite. This is the Latin heard in papal liturgies, sacred music, and Catholic universities worldwide—the living tradition of Church Latin.
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