Lesson 2

Topic: sum esse fuī futūrum (to be)

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

1.1 God Deus is est eternal aeternus

1.2 The Spirit Spiritus is est holy sanctus

1.3 Christ Christus is est the way via

1.4 The church ecclesia is est holy sancta

1.5 We nos are sumus the faithful fideles

1.6 They illi were erant apostles apostoli

1.7 The Lord Dominus will be erit with you tecum

1.8 Let there be sit light lux

1.9 Peace pax be sit with you vobiscum

1.10 I ego am sum the resurrection resurrectio

1.11 You tu are es Peter Petrus

1.12 The kingdom regnum is est near prope

1.13 Glory gloria be sit to the Father Patri

1.14 I ego am sum who qui I am sum

1.15 The truth veritas will be erit known cognita

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Part B (Complete Latin Sentences with English Translations)

1.1 Deus aeternus est. God is eternal.

1.2 Spiritus sanctus est. The Spirit is holy.

1.3 Christus via est. Christ is the way.

1.4 Ecclesia sancta est. The church is holy.

1.5 Nos fideles sumus. We are the faithful.

1.6 Illi apostoli erant. They were apostles.

1.7 Dominus tecum erit. The Lord will be with you.

1.8 Sit lux. Let there be light.

1.9 Pax vobiscum sit. Peace be with you.

1.10 Ego sum resurrectio. I am the resurrection.

1.11 Tu es Petrus. You are Peter.

1.12 Regnum prope est. The kingdom is near.

1.13 Gloria Patri sit. Glory be to the Father.

1.14 Ego sum qui sum. I am who I am.

1.15 Veritas cognita erit. The truth will be known.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

1.1 Deus aeternus est.

1.2 Spiritus sanctus est.

1.3 Christus via est.

1.4 Ecclesia sancta est.

1.5 Nos fideles sumus.

1.6 Illi apostoli erant.

1.7 Dominus tecum erit.

1.8 Sit lux.

1.9 Pax vobiscum sit.

1.10 Ego sum resurrectio.

1.11 Tu es Petrus.

1.12 Regnum prope est.

1.13 Gloria Patri sit.

1.14 Ego sum qui sum.

1.15 Veritas cognita erit.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

For English speakers learning the Latin verb "sum" (to be), here are the key points: -

Present Tense Forms: -

sum (I am) -

es (you are) -

est (he/she/it is) -

sumus (we are) -

estis (you [plural] are) -

sunt (they are) -

Important Features for English Speakers: -

Unlike English, Latin doesn't require pronouns (ego, tu, etc.) unless emphasizing -

Word order is flexible: "Deus bonus est" = "Est Deus bonus" = "God is good" -

The verb "sum" often links subject and predicate nominative -

No continuous forms like "is being" exist in Latin -

Common Uses in Christian Texts: -

Statements of identity: "Ego sum via" (I am the way) -

Religious formulas: "Gloria Patri sit" (Glory be to the Father) -

Theological assertions: "Deus est" (God is/exists) -

Key Forms for Beginners: -

est (is) - Most common form -

sunt (are) - Plural form -

sit (may be/let be) - Subjunctive, used in prayers -

erit (will be) - Future tense -

erat (was) - Imperfect tense

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Part E (Cultural Context)

For English speakers studying Medieval Latin: -

Religious Context: -

"Sum" appears frequently in Biblical quotations -

The phrase "Ego sum qui sum" (I am who I am) is God's self-revelation to Moses -

Common in liturgical formulas like "Dominus vobiscum" (The Lord be with you) -

Medieval Usage: -

Essential in scholastic philosophy discussing existence and essence -

Used in theological definitions and church documents -

Key component of medieval hymns and prayers -

Differences from Classical Latin: -

More frequent use in abstract theological concepts -

Simplified syntax in medieval church Latin -

Often used in standardized religious formulas -

Modern Relevance: -

Still used in Catholic Church documents -

Important for reading medieval manuscripts -

Essential for understanding Christian theology

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Part F (Literary Citation)

Section F-A (Interleaved Text)

"In In the beginning principio was erat the Word" Verbum (John 1:1)

Section F-B (Complete Translation)

"In principio erat Verbum" - "In the beginning was the Word"

Section F-C (Literary Analysis)

This opening of John's Gospel demonstrates the profound use of "sum" (here as "erat") in theological context. The imperfect tense "erat" suggests continuous existence, emphasizing the Word's eternal nature.

Section F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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"erat" - imperfect tense of "sum" -

Shows past continuous aspect -

Used for describing eternal truths -

Typical word order: time phrase (in principio) + verb (erat) + subject (Verbum)

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Genre Section: Liturgical Prayers

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

1.16 Blessed Benedictus be sit the Lord Dominus God Deus of Israel Israel

1.17 Holy Sanctus, holy sanctus, holy sanctus is est the Lord Dominus

1.18 My soul Anima mea is est troubled turbata

1.19 The Lord Dominus is est my shepherd pastor meus

1.20 Worthy Dignus is est the Lamb Agnus

1.21 Let us Simus be simus mindful memores

1.22 The chalice Calix of blessing benedictionis is est communion communicatio

1.23 Your word Verbum tuum is est truth veritas

1.24 Great Magna is est your faithfulness fidelitas tua

1.25 Be Este perfect perfecti

1.26 The Lord Dominus was erat my helper adiutor meus

1.27 Let there be Sit peace pax on earth in terra

1.28 My presence Praesentia mea will be erit with you tecum

1.29 Blessed Beata is est she who believed quae credidit

1.30 The kingdom Regnum of heaven caelorum is est at hand proximum

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Part B (Complete Latin Sentences with English Translations)

1.16 Benedictus sit Dominus Deus Israel. Blessed be the Lord God of Israel.

1.17 Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus est Dominus. Holy, holy, holy is the Lord.

1.18 Anima mea turbata est. My soul is troubled.

1.19 Dominus pastor meus est. The Lord is my shepherd.

1.20 Dignus est Agnus. Worthy is the Lamb.

1.21 Simus memores. Let us be mindful.

1.22 Calix benedictionis communicatio est. The cup of blessing is communion.

1.23 Verbum tuum veritas est. Your word is truth.

1.24 Magna est fidelitas tua. Great is your faithfulness.

1.25 Este perfecti. Be perfect.

1.26 Dominus erat adiutor meus. The Lord was my helper.

1.27 Sit pax in terra. Let there be peace on earth.

1.28 Praesentia mea erit tecum. My presence will be with you.

1.29 Beata est quae credidit. Blessed is she who believed.

1.30 Regnum caelorum proximum est. The kingdom of heaven is at hand.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

1.16 Benedictus sit Dominus Deus Israel.

1.17 Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus est Dominus.

1.18 Anima mea turbata est.

1.19 Dominus pastor meus est.

1.20 Dignus est Agnus.

1.21 Simus memores.

1.22 Calix benedictionis communicatio est.

1.23 Verbum tuum veritas est.

1.24 Magna est fidelitas tua.

1.25 Este perfecti.

1.26 Dominus erat adiutor meus.

1.27 Sit pax in terra.

1.28 Praesentia mea erit tecum.

1.29 Beata est quae credidit.

1.30 Regnum caelorum proximum est.

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Part D (Grammar Notes for Genre Section)

Special features of "sum" in liturgical contexts: -

Subjunctive Forms: -

"sit" in blessings and prayers -

"simus" in exhortations -

"este" in commands -

Word Order in Liturgical Latin: -

Often more formal than classical Latin -

Tendency to place "est" at the end of phrases -

Emphasis through fronting of important words -

Common Patterns: -

Adjective + est constructions -

Possessive expressions with "meus/tuus" -

Present tense for eternal truths -

Future tense in promises -

Perfect tense in statements of faith -

Special Vocabulary Notes: -

Religious terminology -

Biblical quotations -

Liturgical formulas -

Traditional epithets

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