← Latinum Institute Ecclesiastical Latin Reading Course
28.1 Sacerdōs the priest per through templum the temple ambulat walks
28.2 Vīnum wine per through calicem the chalice fluit flows
28.3 Lūx light per through fenestram the window intrat enters
28.4 Per through silvam the forest iter journey facimus we make
28.5 Grātia grace per through ōrātiōnem prayer venit comes
28.6 Monachī the monks per through claustra the cloisters ambulant walk
28.7 Per through epistulam letter verbum word Deī of God docet he teaches
28.8 Aqua water per through fontem the fountain fluit flows
28.9 Per through noctem night vigilāmus we keep watch
28.10 Cantus song per through ecclēsiam the church resonat resounds
28.11 Spīritus the Spirit per through prophetam the prophet loquitur speaks
28.12 Per through portam the gate sacram holy intrāmus we enter
28.13 Crūx cross per through mundum the world portātur is carried
28.14 Per through librum book sacrum holy vēritātem truth discimus we learn
28.15 Angelus angel per through sōmnium dream appāret appears
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
28.1 Sacerdōs per templum ambulat. The priest walks through the temple.
28.2 Vīnum per calicem fluit. The wine flows through the chalice.
28.3 Lūx per fenestram intrat. Light enters through the window.
28.4 Per silvam iter facimus. We make a journey through the forest.
28.5 Grātia per ōrātiōnem venit. Grace comes through prayer.
28.6 Monachī per claustra ambulant. The monks walk through the cloisters.
28.7 Per epistulam verbum Deī docet. He teaches the word of God through a letter.
28.8 Aqua per fontem fluit. Water flows through the fountain.
28.9 Per noctem vigilāmus. We keep watch through the night.
28.10 Cantus per ecclēsiam resonat. Song resounds through the church.
28.11 Spīritus per prophetam loquitur. The Spirit speaks through the prophet.
28.12 Per portam sacram intrāmus. We enter through the holy gate.
28.13 Crūx per mundum portātur. The cross is carried through the world.
28.14 Per librum sacrum vēritātem discimus. We learn truth through the holy book.
28.15 Angelus per sōmnium appāret. An angel appears through a dream.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
28.1 Sacerdōs per templum ambulat.
28.2 Vīnum per calicem fluit.
28.3 Lūx per fenestram intrat.
28.4 Per silvam iter facimus.
28.5 Grātia per ōrātiōnem venit.
28.6 Monachī per claustra ambulant.
28.7 Per epistulam verbum Deī docet.
28.8 Aqua per fontem fluit.
28.9 Per noctem vigilāmus.
28.10 Cantus per ecclēsiam resonat.
28.11 Spīritus per prophetam loquitur.
28.12 Per portam sacram intrāmus.
28.13 Crūx per mundum portātur.
28.14 Per librum sacrum vēritātem discimus.
28.15 Angelus per sōmnium appāret.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
The preposition "per" is used with the accusative case and has several key uses that English speakers should understand: -
Physical Movement Through Space: -
Shows movement through or across something -
Example: "per templum" (through the temple) -
Similar to English "through" in physical sense -
Duration of Time: -
Indicates duration or extent of time -
Example: "per noctem" (through the night) -
Different from ablative of time when/within which -
Agency or Means: -
Shows how something is accomplished -
Example: "per epistulam" (through/by means of a letter) -
Often translatable as "by means of"
Key Grammar Points: -
Always takes accusative case -
Cannot be used with ablative -
Position usually before its object -
Can be separated from its object for emphasis
Common Mistakes for English Speakers: -
Confusing with ablative of means -
Using wrong case after "per" -
Misunderstanding temporal uses
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
For English speakers learning Medieval Latin, understanding "per" requires cultural context: -
Christian Usage: -
Frequent in liturgical texts -
Used in descriptions of divine mediation -
Common in prayers and theological writings -
Medieval Context: -
Important in monastic descriptions -
Used in architectural descriptions -
Frequent in miraculous accounts -
Educational Context: -
Used in medieval teaching texts -
Common in scriptural commentaries -
Present in philosophical works -
Modern Relevance: -
Still used in Church Latin -
Important for reading medieval texts -
Helpful for understanding theological concepts
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Part F-A (Interleaved Text)
From Augustine's "Confessions" (I.1):
Per through laudem praise meam my te you laudant they praise
Per laudem meam te laudant. Through my praise they praise you.
Augustine uses "per" to show how divine praise flows through human agency. The preposition connects human and divine action.
-
"per" takes accusative "laudem" -
"meam" agrees with "laudem" -
Present tense "laudant" shows continuous action -
Direct object "te" receives the action
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
28.16 Per through Chrīstum Christ Dominum Lord nostrum our ōrāmus we pray
28.17 Grātiam grace per through crucis of the cross mystērium mystery accipimus we receive
28.18 Per through sacra holy mystēria mysteries salvāmur we are saved
28.19 Benedīctio blessing per through manus hands sacerdōtis of the priest datur is given
28.20 Per through signum sign crūcis of the cross benedicimus we bless
28.21 Spīritus Spirit per through aquam water baptismī of baptism operātur works
28.22 Per through cōrpus body et and sanguinem blood Chrīstī of Christ vīvimus we live
28.23 Misericordia mercy per through sacrāmenta sacraments fluēns flowing sanctificat sanctifies
28.24 Per through sanctōs saints angelōs angels tuōs your custōdī guard nōs us
28.25 Lūx light per through grātiam grace tuam your fulget shines
28.26 Per through fidem faith et and baptismum baptism renāscimur we are reborn
28.27 Verbum Word per through Spīritum Spirit Sanctum Holy revelātur is revealed
28.28 Per through passionem passion tuam your līberā free nōs us
28.29 Pāx peace per through benedīctiōnem blessing tuam your dēscendit descends
28.30 Per through intercessionem intercession Mariae of Mary exaudī hear nōs us
28.16 Per Chrīstum Dominum nostrum ōrāmus. We pray through Christ our Lord.
28.17 Grātiam per crucis mystērium accipimus. We receive grace through the mystery of the cross.
28.18 Per sacra mystēria salvāmur. We are saved through the holy mysteries.
28.19 Benedīctio per manus sacerdōtis datur. The blessing is given through the hands of the priest.
28.20 Per signum crūcis benedicimus. We bless through the sign of the cross.
28.21 Spīritus per aquam baptismī operātur. The Spirit works through the water of baptism.
28.22 Per cōrpus et sanguinem Chrīstī vīvimus. We live through the body and blood of Christ.
28.23 Misericordia per sacrāmenta fluēns sanctificat. Mercy flowing through the sacraments sanctifies.
28.24 Per sanctōs angelōs tuōs custōdī nōs. Guard us through your holy angels.
28.25 Lūx per grātiam tuam fulget. Light shines through your grace.
28.26 Per fidem et baptismum renāscimur. We are reborn through faith and baptism.
28.27 Verbum per Spīritum Sanctum revelātur. The Word is revealed through the Holy Spirit.
28.28 Per passionem tuam līberā nōs. Through your passion, free us.
28.29 Pāx per benedīctiōnem tuam dēscendit. Peace descends through your blessing.
28.30 Per intercessionem Mariae exaudī nōs. Hear us through Mary's intercession.
28.16 Per Chrīstum Dominum nostrum ōrāmus.
28.17 Grātiam per crucis mystērium accipimus.
28.18 Per sacra mystēria salvāmur.
28.19 Benedīctio per manus sacerdōtis datur.
28.20 Per signum crūcis benedicimus.
28.21 Spīritus per aquam baptismī operātur.
28.22 Per cōrpus et sanguinem Chrīstī vīvimus.
28.23 Misericordia per sacrāmenta fluēns sanctificat.
28.24 Per sanctōs angelōs tuōs custōdī nōs.
28.25 Lūx per grātiam tuam fulget.
28.26 Per fidem et baptismum renāscimur.
28.27 Verbum per Spīritum Sanctum revelātur.
28.28 Per passionem tuam līberā nōs.
28.29 Pāx per benedīctiōnem tuam dēscendit.
28.30 Per intercessionem Mariae exaudī nōs.
-
Formula Patterns: -
Fixed expressions like "Per Chrīstum Dominum nostrum" -
Imperative forms in prayers -
Passive voice in theological statements -
Special Liturgical Features: -
Use with sacred terminology -
Connection to ritual actions -
Standard prayer endings -
Important Constructions: -
Per + accusative in petitions -
Passive verbs in theological statements -
Imperative mood in prayers -
Word Order: -
Per often begins prayer formulas -
Solemn word order for emphasis -
Traditional liturgical patterns
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
---