Lesson 84

Part A (Interleaved English and Latin Text)

84.1 Rōmānī the Romans bellum war gerunt wage

84.2 Hoc this bellum war longum long est is

84.3 Dux leader ad for bellum war parātus prepared erat was

84.4 Mīlitēs soldiers bellum war timeunt fear

84.5 Post after bellum war pāx peace venit comes

84.6 Bellī of war perīcula dangers magna great sunt are

84.7 Fīnis end bellī of war appropinquat approaches

84.8 Bellō by war multī many pereunt perish

84.9 In in bellō war fortitūdō bravery laudātur is praised

84.10 Cīvēs citizens dē about bellō war cōgitant think

84.11 Bella wars populum people vexant trouble

84.12 Multā many bella wars gesta waged sunt have been

84.13 Bellōrum of wars causae causes variae various sunt are

84.14 In in bellīs wars virtūs valor probātur is tested

84.15 Dē about bellīs wars antīquīs ancient scrībimus we write

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

84.1 Rōmānī bellum gerunt. The Romans wage war.

84.2 Hoc bellum longum est. This war is long.

84.3 Dux ad bellum parātus erat. The leader was prepared for war.

84.4 Mīlitēs bellum timeunt. The soldiers fear war.

84.5 Post bellum pāx venit. After war comes peace.

84.6 Bellī perīcula magna sunt. The dangers of war are great.

84.7 Fīnis bellī appropinquat. The end of war approaches.

84.8 Bellō multī pereunt. Many perish by war.

84.9 In bellō fortitūdō laudātur. In war, bravery is praised.

84.10 Cīvēs dē bellō cōgitant. The citizens think about war.

84.11 Bella populum vexant. Wars trouble the people.

84.12 Multa bella gesta sunt. Many wars have been waged.

84.13 Bellōrum causae variae sunt. The causes of wars are various.

84.14 In bellīs virtūs probātur. In wars, valor is tested.

84.15 Dē bellīs antīquīs scrībimus. We write about ancient wars.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

84.1 Rōmānī bellum gerunt.

84.2 Hoc bellum longum est.

84.3 Dux ad bellum parātus erat.

84.4 Mīlitēs bellum timeunt.

84.5 Post bellum pāx venit.

84.6 Bellī perīcula magna sunt.

84.7 Fīnis bellī appropinquat.

84.8 Bellō multī pereunt.

84.9 In bellō fortitūdō laudātur.

84.10 Cīvēs dē bellō cōgitant.

84.11 Bella populum vexant.

84.12 Multa bella gesta sunt.

84.13 Bellōrum causae variae sunt.

84.14 In bellīs virtūs probātur.

84.15 Dē bellīs antīquīs scrībimus.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

For English speakers learning Latin, understanding "bellum" involves several key points: -

Form and Gender: -

Second declension neuter noun -

Nominative and accusative forms are identical -

Plural forms end in -a -

Declension Pattern: Singular: -

Nominative: bellum -

Genitive: bellī -

Dative: bellō -

Accusative: bellum -

Ablative: bellō

Plural: -

Nominative: bella -

Genitive: bellōrum -

Dative: bellīs -

Accusative: bella -

Ablative: bellīs -

Common Uses: -

Subject: bellum longum est -

Direct object: bellum gerunt -

With prepositions: ad bellum, in bellō -

In genitive phrases: fīnis bellī -

Special Constructions: -

bellum gerere = to wage war -

in bellō = during war -

bellō = by means of war (ablative of means)

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Part E (Cultural Context)

For English speakers, understanding "bellum" requires cultural context: -

Roman Military Culture: -

War was central to Roman society -

Military service was required for citizenship -

Wars were both defensive and expansionist -

Religious ceremonies preceded war -

Types of War: -

bellum iūstum (just war) -

bellum cīvīle (civil war) -

bellum sacrum (holy war) -

bellum nāvāle (naval war) -

Christian Perspective: -

Early Church views on war -

Just War theory development -

Peace as divine ideal -

Military saints and martyrs -

Medieval Context: -

Crusades and holy wars -

Feudal warfare -

Church's role in warfare -

Peace of God movement

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Part F (Literary Citation)

From Augustine's "De Civitate Dei" (19.7):

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Part F-A (Interleaved Text)

Sapientēs wise men bellum war ipsum itself malum evil esse to be fatentur admit, sed but sapientiōrēs wiser men sē themselves putant think sī if vel even iniūstum unjust bellum war suscipere to undertake quam than nūllum no bellum war gerere to wage malunt prefer.

Part F-B (Complete Translation)

"Sapientēs bellum ipsum malum esse fatentur, sed sapientiōrēs sē putant sī vel iniūstum bellum suscipere quam nūllum bellum gerere malunt."

The wise admit that war itself is evil, but they think themselves wiser if they prefer to undertake even an unjust war rather than wage no war at all.

Part F-C (Literary Analysis)

Augustine uses "bellum" three times to emphasize the paradox of warfare. The placement shows increasing moral complexity: -

First use: general concept -

Second use: qualified as "unjust" -

Third use: with negative for contrast

Part F-D (Grammatical Notes)

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Accusative infinitive construction: "bellum... malum esse" -

Comparative adjective: "sapientiōrēs" -

Complex conditional structure -

Multiple instances of indirect discourse

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Genre Section: Christian Homily

Part A (Interleaved Text)

84.16 Christus Christ nōbīs to us bellum war spīritāle spiritual ostendit shows

84.17 Hōc this in in bellō war contrā against peccātum sin pugnāmus we fight

84.18 Bellum war bonī of good et and malī evil semper always manet remains

84.19 Bellō in war virtūtum of virtues arma weapons portāmus we carry

84.20 Deus God in in bellō war spīritālī spiritual nōs us adiuvat helps

84.21 Fīdēs faith in in bellō war scūtum shield est is

84.22 Bellī of war spīritālis spiritual victōria victory certā certain est is

84.23 Bellum war contrā against tentatīōnēs temptations difficile difficult est is

84.24 In in bellō war caritās charity numquam never dēficit fails

84.25 Bellum war internum internal cotīdiē daily gerimus we wage

84.26 Bellōrum of wars carnālium carnal fīnis end venit comes

84.27 In in bellīs wars spīritālibus spiritual orātiō prayer fortis strong est is

84.28 Bella wars mundi of world pācem peace animae of soul turbant disturb

84.29 Dē about bellō war iūstō just sanctī saints scrīpsērunt wrote

84.30 Post after bella wars huius of this vitae life pāx peace aeternam eternal inveniēmus we will find

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Part B (Complete Natural Sentences)

84.16 Christus nōbīs bellum spīritāle ostendit. Christ shows us spiritual warfare.

84.17 Hōc in bellō contrā peccātum pugnāmus. In this war we fight against sin.

84.18 Bellum bonī et malī semper manet. The war between good and evil always remains.

84.19 Bellō virtūtum arma portāmus. In war we carry the weapons of virtues.

84.20 Deus in bellō spīritālī nōs adiuvat. God helps us in spiritual warfare.

84.21 Fīdēs in bellō scūtum est. Faith is a shield in war.

84.22 Bellī spīritālis victōria certā est. The victory of spiritual warfare is certain.

84.23 Bellum contrā tentatīōnēs difficile est. The war against temptations is difficult.

84.24 In bellō caritās numquam dēficit. In war, charity never fails.

84.25 Bellum internum cotīdiē gerimus. We wage internal war daily.

84.26 Bellōrum carnālium fīnis venit. The end of carnal wars comes.

84.27 In bellīs spīritālibus orātiō fortis est. In spiritual wars, prayer is strong.

84.28 Bella mundī pācem animae turbant. The wars of the world disturb the peace of the soul.

84.29 Dē bellō iūstō sanctī scrīpsērunt. The saints wrote about just war.

84.30 Post bella huius vitae pācem aeternam inveniēmus. After the wars of this life, we will find eternal peace.

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Part C (Latin Text Only)

84.16 Christus nōbīs bellum spīritāle ostendit.

84.17 Hōc in bellō contrā peccātum pugnāmus.

84.18 Bellum bonī et malī semper manet.

84.19 Bellō virtūtum arma portāmus.

84.20 Deus in bellō spīritālī nōs adiuvat.

84.21 Fīdēs in bellō scūtum est.

84.22 Bellī spīritālis victōria certā est.

84.23 Bellum contrā tentatīōnēs difficile est.

84.24 In bellō caritās numquam dēficit.

84.25 Bellum internum cotīdiē gerimus.

84.26 Bellōrum carnālium fīnis venit.

84.27 In bellīs spīritālibus orātiō fortis est.

84.28 Bella mundī pācem animae turbant.

84.29 Dē bellō iūstō sanctī scrīpsērunt.

84.30 Post bella huius vitae pācem aeternam inveniēmus.

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Part D (Grammar Explanation)

For English speakers learning Christian Latin texts, the word "bellum" takes on additional spiritual meanings: -

Metaphorical Uses: -

bellum spīritāle (spiritual warfare) -

bellum internum (internal struggle) -

bellum contrā peccātum (war against sin) -

Common Constructions in Christian Texts: -

With contrā + accusative: contrā tentatīōnēs -

With adjectives of spirit: spīritāle, internum -

In ablative phrases: in bellō spīritālī -

Special Christian Vocabulary: -

virtūtum arma (weapons of virtues) -

bellum bonī et malī (war of good and evil) -

pāx aeterna (eternal peace) -

Case Usage in Christian Context: -

Ablative of means: bellō (by means of warfare) -

Genitive of possession: bellī spīritālis -

Accusative direct object: bellum gerere -

Ablative of time/circumstance: in bellō

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