← English for Yue Chinese (Cantonese) Speakers
be 是英語最重要的動詞(verb),在最常用的詞當中排第二位,僅次於 the。它的意思是「是、在、有」:說一個人或一件事物是甚麼(I am a student,我係學生)、怎麼樣(It is cold,好凍)、在哪裏(We are in Hong Kong,我哋喺香港),也說有沒有某樣東西(There is a cat on the table,枱面有一隻貓)。
be 有八個形式:be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being。它們彼此不像,因為在古英語裏來自三個不同的動詞:am / is / are 一組,was / were(來自 wesan)一組,be / been / being(來自 bēon)一組,後來合成一個動詞。要用哪一個形式,看主語(subject)和時間:I am、he is、they are、I was、we were。
粵語裏沒有一個詞能對應 be,而是分成幾種說法:
- 係(hai6)用於「身份、種類」:我係學生、佢係醫生、呢本係我嘅書。否定是唔係(m4 hai6)。 - 喺(hai2)用於「位置」:我哋喺香港、街市喺邊度。否定是唔喺(m4 hai2)。 - 有(jau5)用於「存在」:枱面有一隻貓、渡輪上面有好多人。否定是冇(mou5)。 - 形容詞前面不用動詞:粵語的形容詞(adjective)自己就可以做謂語,不需要「係」。今日好凍(gam1 jat6 hou2 dung3),這裏的好(hou2)是「很」(very),不是 be 的意思。 - 年齡也不用動詞:我哥哥二十歲。
英語對 be 的要求嚴格得多:
- be 不能省略。句子裏沒有別的動詞時,一定要有 be:✗ I student → ✓ I am a student。形容詞前面也要:✗ Cold today → ✓ It is cold today。粵語的「好」不能當 be 用,所以最常見的錯誤是把「好」直譯成 very 而漏掉 is(✗ He very tall)。 - 主語不能省。粵語可以說「今日好凍」,沒有主語;英語必須說 It is cold today,或 There is a cat。這個 it 和 there 本身沒有意思,只是占位置。 - be 的形式隨主語改變。粵語的動詞不變(我係、佢係、佢哋係),英語要在 am / is / are 當中選:✗ We is in Hong Kong。 - 時間用 be 的形式表示。粵語的「係、喺」本身沒有時態,靠時間詞(琴日、舊年)、咗、過、緊、會來表示;英語用 was / were、will be、am / is / are + -ing、have been。 - 問句把 be 放到主語前面。粵語在句尾加「呀」「咩」或用「係唔係」「邊度」;英語是 Are you hungry?、Where is the market?。 - 否定用 be + not。粵語要看情況用唔係、唔喺、冇,英語只有一種:be + not。 - 一個「有」分成兩個。位置和存在用 be(There is a cat),擁有用 have(I have a dog)。粵語的「有」兩者都能用,所以常見錯誤是 ✗ There have a cat。
重點(Key Takeaways):
- be 的八個形式:be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being - 現在:I am;he / she / it is;we / you / they are - 過去:I / he / she / it was;we / you / they were;將來:will be - 粵語的形容詞前面不用動詞(好凍);英語一定要 be:It is cold(✗ It cold) - 身份、職業:be + a / an:He is a doctor(✗ He doctor;✗ He is doctor) - 主語一定要有:It is cold today(✗ Is cold today) - there is + 單數;there are + 複數:There is a cat;There are many people(✗ There have) - you 單數、複數都用 are;粵語的「你」「你哋」英語都是 you - 問句:be 放在主語前面(Are you…? Is it…? Where is…?);否定:be + not - 年齡:I am twenty(✗ I twenty;✗ I have twenty years);問年齡:How old are you? - 感覺:I am hungry / thirsty / tired(粵語:肚餓、口渴、攰) - am / is / are + -ing = 正在……(粵語:緊、喺度):I am reading;been 只用在 have / has / had 之後 - 祈使:Be careful! Do not be afraid!(✗ Don't afraid) - 縮寫:I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, they're, isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't;短答不縮寫:Yes, I am.(✗ Yes, I'm.)
The English verb be is the second most frequent word in the language, and the one that behaves least like the others. It has eight forms (be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being), and the form must agree with the subject and the time: I am, he is, they are, I was, we were. Cantonese has no single word for it. It uses 係 for identity (我係學生), 喺 for place (我哋喺香港), 有 for existence (枱面有一隻貓), and no verb at all before a quality, because a Cantonese adjective needs none (今日好凍, where 好 means "very", not "is"). Cantonese speakers therefore tend to leave be out (✗ I student, ✗ He very tall), to leave out the empty subject (✗ Is cold today), to say "There have a cat" because 有 means both "have" and "there is", and to put the question word last as Cantonese does (✗ The market where?). This lesson shows each use of be (naming, describing, place, there is / there are, age, feelings, be + -ing, questions, negatives, commands and short answers), the eight forms, and the commonest slips.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
2.1 I 我 am 係 a — student 學生
2.2 This 呢本 is 係 my 我嘅 book 書
2.3 He 佢 is 係 a — doctor 醫生
2.4 She 佢 is 係 a — nurse 護士
2.5 It — is 好 cold 凍 today 今日
2.6 We 我哋 are 喺 in — Hong-Kong 香港
2.7 I 我 am 喺 not 唔 at — home 屋企
2.8 Where 邊度 is 喺 the — market 街市
2.9 There — is 有 a 一隻 cat 貓 on — the — table 枱面
2.10 The — children 啲細路 are 喺 in — the — garden 花園
2.11 My 我 brother 哥哥 is — twenty 二十 years 歲 old —
2.12 Are — you 你 hungry 肚餓
2.13 Last 舊 year 年 we 我哋 were 喺 in — Guangzhou 廣州
2.14 I 我 have — been 喺 here 呢度 since 由 Monday 星期一開始就
2.15 It — is 好 important 重要 to — be — kind 對人友善
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
2.1 I am a student. 我係學生。
2.2 This is my book. 呢本係我嘅書。
2.3 He is a doctor. 佢係醫生。
2.4 She is a nurse. 佢係護士。
2.5 It is cold today. 今日好凍。
2.6 We are in Hong Kong. 我哋喺香港。
2.7 I am not at home. 我唔喺屋企。
2.8 Where is the market? 街市喺邊度?
2.9 There is a cat on the table. 枱面有一隻貓。
2.10 The children are in the garden. 啲細路喺花園。
2.11 My brother is twenty years old. 我哥哥二十歲。
2.12 Are you hungry? 你肚餓呀?
2.13 Last year we were in Guangzhou. 舊年我哋喺廣州。
2.14 I have been here since Monday. 我由星期一開始就喺呢度。
2.15 It is important to be kind. 對人友善好重要。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
2.1 I am a student.
2.2 This is my book.
2.3 He is a doctor.
2.4 She is a nurse.
2.5 It is cold today.
2.6 We are in Hong Kong.
2.7 I am not at home.
2.8 Where is the market?
2.9 There is a cat on the table.
2.10 The children are in the garden.
2.11 My brother is twenty years old.
2.12 Are you hungry?
2.13 Last year we were in Guangzhou.
2.14 I have been here since Monday.
2.15 It is important to be kind.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
以下是 be 的語法規則:
1. 現在式:am / is / are
- I am(縮寫 I'm):我係……/我喺……(2.1, 2.7, 2.14) - you are(you're):「你」和「你哋」英語都是 you,動詞都是 are。粵語分單數和複數,英語不分(2.12)。 - he is(he's)、she is(she's)、it is(it's):粵語的「佢」不分男女,英語必須選擇(2.3, 2.4, 2.5)。 - we are(we're)、they are(they're):我哋、佢哋(2.6)。 - 名詞做主語:單數用 is(My brother is…,2.11),複數用 are(The children are…,2.10)。粵語的動詞不變,英語要選:✗ We is…、✗ The children is…。 - 兩個名詞用 and 連起來,就是複數:Mei and her grandfather are at the pier(2.17)。
2. 過去式:was / were,將來:will be
- I was、he / she / it was;we / you / they were(2.13:we were in Guangzhou)。過去式只有兩個形式。 - 粵語的「喺」本身沒有時態,靠「舊年」「琴日」這些時間詞;英語要換成 were。(2.22 Yesterday it was rainy) - 將來用 will be,所有主語都一樣:I will be、you will be、they will be(2.28)。粵語用「會」或「就」。
3. 問句
- 粵語在句尾加「呀」,或用「係唔係」「邊度」等詞:你肚餓呀?、街市喺邊度?。「係唔係」是「是不是」:你係唔係學生? - 英語把 be 放到主語前面:Are you hungry?(2.12)、Is it far?。 - 疑問詞(where, what, who, how)放最前面,然後是 be,然後是主語:Where is the market?(2.8)。粵語的疑問詞放在句尾,很容易直譯成 ✗ The market where?、✗ Where the market is?。 - 短答要保留 be:Are you hungry? — Yes, I am. / No, I am not. 粵語只說「係」「唔係」,或重複形容詞(肚餓、唔餓)。✗ Yes, I'm.(短答最後的 be 不縮寫。)
4. 否定
- be + not:I am not at home(2.7)。縮寫:isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't。I am not 可以寫成 I'm not,不能寫 ✗ I amn't。 - 粵語要看情況:身份用唔係(佢唔係醫生),位置用唔喺(我唔喺屋企),存在用冇(枱面冇貓)。英語只有 be + not:He is not a doctor;I am not at home;There is not a cat(There isn't a cat,或 There are no cats)。 - 英語的 be 否定不用 do:✗ I don't am hungry → ✓ I am not hungry;✗ He no is a doctor → ✓ He is not a doctor。 - 注意 2.7 的次序:英語是 am not,粵語是唔喺,「唔」放在「喺」前面。
5. be + 名詞(身份、種類)
- I am a student(2.1)、He is a doctor(2.3)、She is a nurse(2.4)、This is my book(2.2)。 - 粵語的「我係學生」「佢係醫生」不說「一個」,英語的單數職業名詞前面一定要 a / an(見第 1 課):✗ He is doctor → ✓ He is a doctor。 - 說自己從哪裏來:粵語「我係香港人」,英語最自然的說法是 I am from Hong Kong。✗ I am Hong Kong。
6. be + 形容詞
- 粵語的形容詞前面不需要動詞:今日好凍(2.5)、對人友善好重要(2.15)、啲座位好硬(2.24)。這裏的「好」是「很」,不是 be。 - 英語一定要 be:It is cold(2.5)、It is important(2.15)、The seats are hard(2.24)。✗ It cold;✗ The seats hard;✗ He very tall → ✓ He is very tall。 - 光說「佢高」,粵語常有比較的意思(比別人高),所以日常都說「佢好高」,英語則是 He is tall 或 He is very tall。 - 感覺和狀態:I am hungry / thirsty / tired / late / ready / sorry(肚餓、口渴、攰、遲到、準備好、對唔住)。英語都是 be + 形容詞,不能用 have:✗ I have hungry。
7. be + 地點
- 位置:in Hong Kong(2.6)、at home(2.7)、in the garden(2.10)、in Guangzhou(2.13)。粵語用「喺」,英語用 be + 介詞(preposition)。「喺」可以同時是 be 和介詞(at / in / on),英語把兩者分成兩個詞:We are in Hong Kong。 - home 前面用 at,不用 the:at home(✗ in home、✗ at the home)。同樣:at school、at work、in bed(見第 1 課)。 - 過去:We were in Guangzhou(2.13)。否定:We were not in Guangzhou。 - 「喺度」(hai2 dou6)既表示「在這裏」(我由星期一開始就喺呢度,2.14;我喺度,2.26),也可以表示「正在」(見規則 11)。英語分開:I am here / I am reading。
8. There is / There are
- there + be + 名詞:說有某樣東西(2.9, 2.23)。be 要和後面的名詞一致:There is a cat;There are many people(2.23)。✗ There is many people。 - 粵語用「有」:枱面有一隻貓、渡輪上面有好多人。英語不用 have:✗ There have a cat;✗ On the table has a cat → ✓ There is a cat on the table。 - 擁有用 have,不用 there is:我有一隻狗 = I have a dog(✗ There is a dog at me)。位置和存在用 be,擁有用 have。 - 已知的事物不用 there is:The cat is on the table(那隻貓喺枱面);新的事物用 There is a cat on the table(枱面有一隻貓)。 - 否定:There isn't a cat;There are no cats。粵語:枱面冇貓。
9. 空主語 it
- 今日好凍(2.5):粵語不用主語,英語一定要 It is cold today。✗ Is cold today。 - 天氣、時間、距離用 It:It is hot;It is five o'clock;It is far。 - It + be + 形容詞 + to + 動詞原形:It is important to be kind(2.15)。粵語把「對人友善」放在前面當主語;英語把 it 放在前面,to-動詞放在後面。✗ Is important to be kind。
10. 年齡
- 英語用 be:My brother is twenty (years old)(2.11);How old are you? - 粵語說「我哥哥二十歲」,沒有動詞;問「你幾多歲?」。最常見的錯誤是 ✗ He twenty;✗ He has twenty years;✗ How many years are you? → ✓ He is twenty;How old are you?
11. be + -ing;been;being
- am / is / are + -ing = 正在……:I am reading(我睇緊書)、they are playing(佢哋玩緊)。粵語用「緊」或「喺度」。✗ I reading;✗ I am read。 - was / were + -ing = 當時正在……:I was reading。 - have / has + been(2.14):I have been here since Monday。been 只用在 have / has / had 之後:✗ I am been here。 - being 可以做名詞用:Being late is bad。「am / are being + 形容詞」表示「這一刻的表現」:You are being kind today(你今日特別好)。
12. 祈使句和動詞原形
- 祈使句用 be(原形):Be careful!(2.25)。否定:Do not be afraid!(2.26)。粵語是「小心啲」「唔好驚」;英語不能說 ✗ Don't afraid 或 ✗ No afraid。 - to 和助動詞之後用原形 be:to be(2.15)、will be(2.28)、must be、can be。✗ will is;✗ to is。
13. 縮寫
- I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, they're;isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't。 - 口語和朋友之間的短信用縮寫;正式文件和考試作文最好寫全:I am、it is、is not。短答案的最後不用縮寫:Yes, I am.(✗ Yes, I'm.)
常見錯誤(Common Mistakes):
- ✗ I student. ← ✓ I am a student.(粵語「我係學生」已經完整,容易漏掉 am 和 a。) - ✗ He doctor. ← ✓ He is a doctor. - ✗ It cold today. / ✗ Cold today. ← ✓ It is cold today.(粵語的「好」不是 be。) - ✗ He very tall. ← ✓ He is very tall. - ✗ Is cold today. ← ✓ It is cold today.(英語的主語不能省。) - ✗ We is in Hong Kong. / ✗ The children is in the garden. ← ✓ We are in Hong Kong. / The children are in the garden. - ✗ Where the market is? / ✗ The market where? ← ✓ Where is the market? - ✗ There have a cat on the table. / ✗ On the table has a cat. ← ✓ There is a cat on the table. - ✗ There is many people on the ferry. ← ✓ There are many people on the ferry. - ✗ He twenty. / ✗ I have twenty years. / ✗ How many years are you? ← ✓ He is twenty. / How old are you? - ✗ I have hungry. / ✗ I hungry. ← ✓ I am hungry. - ✗ I not at home. / ✗ I no am at home. ← ✓ I am not at home. - ✗ I don't am tired. ← ✓ I am not tired. - ✗ We are in home. ← ✓ We are at home. - ✗ I am go to school. ← ✓ I am going to school. - ✗ I am here since Monday. ← ✓ I have been here since Monday. - ✗ Last year we are in Guangzhou. ← ✓ Last year we were in Guangzhou. - ✗ Yes, I'm. ← ✓ Yes, I am. - ✗ Don't afraid. / ✗ No afraid. ← ✓ Do not be afraid.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
- 打招呼。粵語問「你好嗎?」或「最近點呀?」,英語是 How are you?,回答 I am fine, thank you. And you? 回答時漏掉 I am,只說 "Fine, thank you." 也可以,但說全句更完整。 - 自我介紹。My name is Mei. I am from Hong Kong. I am a student. 三句都有 be。粵語是「我叫阿美,我係香港人,我係學生」。第一句粵語用「叫」,英語說 My name is;第二句粵語用「係香港人」,英語用 I am from Hong Kong。 - 口語書面粵語和標準書面中文。本課的粵語翻譯用口語書面粵語:係、喺、冇、唔、佢、嘅、咗。這是香港人說話、傳訊息和某些專欄、廣告中寫下來的粵語。在學校和正式文件裏,香港通常寫標準書面中文:是、在、沒有、不、他、的、了。例如 2.7 的標準書面中文是「我不在家」,粵語口語是「我唔喺屋企」。兩種寫法都正確,寫作時要看場合。 - 「係」不是 be 的全部。粵語學習者容易以為「係」就是 be。其實 be 的位置用法是「喺」,存在用法是「有」,形容詞前面甚麼都不用。把每個「係」都譯成 is,也會出錯,因為「係」只管身份和種類。要記住:英語的 be 是一個動詞,粵語的三個詞(係、喺、有)加上形容詞前面的「空位」,合起來才等於 be。 - 年齡。粵語問「你幾多歲?」,英語是 How old are you?;回答 I am twenty-five (years old)。 - 「緊」和 be + -ing。粵語的「緊」(睇緊書)和英語的 am reading 相近,但英語一定要有 am / is / are:✗ I reading。 - 縮寫。日常說話和聊天常聽到 I'm, he's, they're, isn't;考試作文和正式文件最好寫 I am, he is, they are, is not。 - 香港的渡輪。天星小輪(tin1 sing1 siu2 leon4,Star Ferry)在維多利亞港兩岸之間來回,歷史已有一百多年,是香港人和遊客都熟悉的交通工具。付車費最方便的是八達通(baat3 daat6 tung1,Octopus card),一張儲值卡,在公共交通和很多商店都可以用。故事部分(2.16–2.30)寫的是一個星期日下午,阿美和公公坐渡輪。 - 公公。第 1 課已經說過:英語的 grandfather 在粵語裏分公公(外祖父)和爺爺(祖父)。這個故事沿用「公公」,與第 1 課相同。 - 文學中的 be。"To be, or not to be" 是英語文學裏最有名的句子之一,見 F 部分。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
To 要 be 存在, or 還是 not 不 to 要 be 存在, that 那 is 是 the — question 問題: Whether 是否 'tis 這是 nobler 更高貴 in 在 the — mind 心裏 to 要 suffer 忍受 the — slings 投石器 and 和 arrows 箭 of 的 outrageous 殘暴的 fortune 命運, or 還是 to 要 take 拿起 arms 武器 against 對抗 a 一片 sea 海 of 的 troubles 苦難, and 並且 by 靠 opposing 反抗 end 結束 them 它們
— William Shakespeare, Hamlet (c. 1600), Act 3, Scene 1, 哈姆雷特獨白的開頭(公有領域)
"To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them."
「存在還是不存在,這就是問題所在:是默默忍受殘暴命運的投石和箭矢,在心裏更高貴呢,還是拿起武器對抗苦難的大海,通過反抗把它們了結?」
(這個中文翻譯是為本課逐詞編寫的,並非抄自已出版的譯本。)
這是莎士比亞(William Shakespeare)的悲劇《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,約 1600 年)第三幕第一場裏,丹麥王子哈姆雷特獨白的開頭。他在想:是活着承受命運的打擊,還是死去結束一切。
在這裏,be 不是「是」,而是「存在、活着」的意思,to be 後面沒有名詞也沒有形容詞。英語的 be 有兩種用法:連接用法(I am a student,後面一定有補充的詞)和獨立用法(to be = 存在、活着,後面甚麼也不接)。獨白的第一句用的是第二種,把 to be 和 not to be 並列,意思就特別強烈。粵語要用「生存」「存在」「活着」這一類詞,沒有一個詞對應 be 本身。
後面的 that is the question 是普通的連接用法:that(主語)+ is(現在式,單數)+ the question(名詞)。'tis 是 it is 的舊式縮寫,Whether 'tis nobler… to suffer 和規則 9 的 It is important to be kind 結構相同:it + be + 形容詞 + to-動詞('tis nobler in the mind to suffer = 在心裏忍受更高貴)。
- To be, or not to be:to + 動詞原形 be。to 之後的 be 不改成 am / is / are(D部分,規則 12)。not to be:not 放在 to 之前(✗ to be not)。 - that is the question:that(主語)+ is + the question。the 的用法見第 1 課;be + 名詞見 D部分,規則 5。 - 'tis nobler:'tis = it is;nobler 是 noble 的比較級(更高貴);be + 形容詞(D部分,規則 6、9)。 - to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune:to suffer 是 'tis nobler 的真正主語(to-動詞,放在後面)。of 連接兩個名詞:the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune(命運的投石和箭),英語的 of 短語放在名詞後面,粵語放在前面(命運嘅箭)。 - or to take arms… and by opposing end them:or 連接兩個選項,to suffer 和 to take arms 是 Whether 的兩個選擇;them 指前面的 troubles。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
星期日下午,阿美(Mei)和公公在碼頭,準備坐渡輪過海。故事用第三人稱和現在式來寫,加上對話,2.16 至 2.30。
2.16 It 而家 is 係 Sunday 星期日 afternoon 下晝
2.17 Mei 阿美 and 同 her 佢 grandfather 公公 are 喺 at — the — pier 碼頭
2.18 The — ferry 艘渡輪 is 係 white 白色 and 同 green 綠色嘅
2.19 "Where 邊度 is 喺 my 我 Octopus-card" 張八達通, Mei 阿美 asks 問
2.20 "It — is 喺 in — your 你 bag" 個袋入面, says 話 Grandfather 公公
2.21 The — harbour 海港 is 好 wide 闊, and — the — water 海面 is 好 calm 平靜
2.22 "Yesterday 琴日 it — was — rainy 落雨, but 不過 today 今日 it — is 好 sunny 天", says 話 Mei 阿美
2.23 There — are 有 many 好多 people 人 on 上面 the — ferry 渡輪
2.24 The — seats 啲座位 are 好 hard 硬, but 不過 the — view 景色 is 好 beautiful 靚
2.25 "Be — careful 小心啲, Grandfather 公公, the — step 個梯級 is 好 wet 濕", says 話 Mei 阿美
2.26 "Do — not 唔好 be — afraid 驚, I 我 am 喺 here 度", says 話 Grandfather 公公
2.27 "I 我 am — not 唔 afraid 驚, Grandfather 公公, the — ferry 渡輪 is 好 safe 安全", says 話 Mei 阿美
2.28 We 我哋 will 就 be 到 in — Central 中環 soon 好快
2.29 "Are — you 你 tired 攰, Grandfather 公公", asks 問 Mei 阿美
2.30 "No —, I 我 am — not 唔 tired 攰, I 我 am 好 happy 開心", says 話 Grandfather 公公
2.16 It is Sunday afternoon. 而家係星期日下晝。
2.17 Mei and her grandfather are at the pier. 阿美同佢公公喺碼頭。
2.18 The ferry is white and green. 艘渡輪係白色同綠色嘅。
2.19 "Where is my Octopus card?" Mei asks. 「我張八達通喺邊度?」阿美問。
2.20 "It is in your bag," says Grandfather. 「喺你個袋入面。」公公話。
2.21 The harbour is wide, and the water is calm. 海港好闊,海面好平靜。
2.22 "Yesterday it was rainy, but today it is sunny," says Mei. 「琴日落雨,不過今日好天。」阿美話。
2.23 There are many people on the ferry. 渡輪上面有好多人。
2.24 The seats are hard, but the view is beautiful. 啲座位好硬,不過景色好靚。
2.25 "Be careful, Grandfather; the step is wet," says Mei. 「公公,小心啲,個梯級好濕。」阿美話。
2.26 "Do not be afraid. I am here," says Grandfather. 「唔好驚,我喺度。」公公話。
2.27 "I am not afraid, Grandfather; the ferry is safe," says Mei. 「公公,我唔驚,渡輪好安全。」阿美話。
2.28 We will be in Central soon. 我哋好快就到中環。
2.29 "Are you tired, Grandfather?" asks Mei. 「公公,你攰呀?」阿美問。
2.30 "No, I am not tired; I am happy," says Grandfather. 「唔攰,我好開心。」公公話。
2.16 It is Sunday afternoon.
2.17 Mei and her grandfather are at the pier.
2.18 The ferry is white and green.
2.19 "Where is my Octopus card?" Mei asks.
2.20 "It is in your bag," says Grandfather.
2.21 The harbour is wide, and the water is calm.
2.22 "Yesterday it was rainy, but today it is sunny," says Mei.
2.23 There are many people on the ferry.
2.24 The seats are hard, but the view is beautiful.
2.25 "Be careful, Grandfather; the step is wet," says Mei.
2.26 "Do not be afraid. I am here," says Grandfather.
2.27 "I am not afraid, Grandfather; the ferry is safe," says Mei.
2.28 We will be in Central soon.
2.29 "Are you tired, Grandfather?" asks Mei.
2.30 "No, I am not tired; I am happy," says Grandfather.
故事中 be 的用法:
1. 描寫:現在式 is / are
- It is Sunday afternoon(2.16):時間用 It is,沒有粵語的對應主語(而家係……)。 - Mei and her grandfather are at the pier(2.17):兩個人是複數,用 are。粵語的「喺」不變。 - The ferry is white and green(2.18)、The harbour is wide(2.21)、The seats are hard(2.24):be + 形容詞。粵語用「好」,英語用 is / are。注意單數 harbour、ferry 用 is,複數 seats 用 are。 - 2.21 的第二個 is(the water is calm)和第一個 is(The harbour is wide)各有各的主語,兩個子句都要有 be。
2. 問句和短答
- "Where is my Octopus card?"(2.19):疑問詞 + be + 主語。✗ Where my Octopus card is? - "Are you tired, Grandfather?"(2.29):be 在主語前面。粵語是「你攰呀?」,用「呀」表示問句。 - 2.30 的答案 "No, I am not tired":否定用 am not;粵語是「唔攰」。短答可以只說 No, I am not.(最後的 be 不縮寫)。
3. 位置和 there are
- It is in your bag(2.20):It 指 Octopus card。位置用 be + in。粵語「喺你個袋入面」。 - There are many people on the ferry(2.23):people 是複數,所以 be 用 are。粵語「渡輪上面有好多人」,不能說 ✗ There have many people。 - I am here(2.26):be + 地點副詞。粵語的「喺度」。
4. 過去和將來
- Yesterday it was rainy(2.22):過去用 was。粵語的「琴日落雨」不用改變。第二個子句回到現在:today it is sunny。 - We will be in Central soon(2.28):will + 原形 be。粵語用「就」「會」:我哋好快就到中環(也可以說「我哋好快會喺中環」)。
5. 祈使句和否定
- Be careful(2.25):用原形 be,不加主語。粵語「小心啲」。 - Do not be afraid(2.26):否定祈使句是 do not + be。✗ Don't afraid;✗ Not be afraid。 - I am not afraid(2.27):平常句子的否定是 am not,不用 do。✗ I don't afraid;✗ I no afraid。粵語是「我唔驚」。
6. 不用 be 的地方
- 2.19 的 asks、2.20 的 says:這是普通動詞,用一般現在式,主語是第三人稱單數,所以有 -s(asks, says)。這裏不用 be。 - 2.28 的 will be 之中,will 是助動詞,be 是原形,不是 am / is / are。
7. 詞彙
- pier = 碼頭;ferry = 渡輪;harbour = 海港;water = 水、海面;seat = 座位;step = 梯級。 - afraid = 驚;careful = 小心;wet = 濕;safe = 安全;calm = 平靜;sunny = 好天;tired = 攰;happy = 開心。 - Octopus card = 八達通;bag = 袋;view = 景色;Central = 中環。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
- be /biː/、been /biːn/(英式;美式常讀 /bɪn/)、being /ˈbiːɪŋ/:長音 /iː/,嘴角拉開。不要讀成短的 "bi"。 - am /æm/、are /ɑː/(美式 /ɑːr/)、is /ɪz/、was /wɒz/(美式 /wʌz/)、were /wɜː/(美式 /wɜːr/):在句子中,這些詞通常讀得輕而短,用弱讀形式:am /əm/、are /ə/、is /z/ 或 /s/、was /wəz/、were /wə/。例如 He is a doctor 讀成 /hiː z ə ˈdɒktə/,重音在 doctor 上。 - 強讀。在句子最後或表示強調時,要讀強讀形式,不縮寫:Yes, I am /æm/.(✗ Yes, I'm.);Where is he? 的 is 輕,Yes, he is /ɪz/. 的 is 重。 - /z/ 和 /s/。is /ɪz/、was /wɒz/ 的結尾是有聲的 /z/,聲帶要振動。粵語沒有 /z/(粵拼的 z 是不送氣的 /ts/),所以學習者常把 is 讀成 /ɪs/,或加上一個元音變成 "izu"。練習:ice /aɪs/ — eyes /aɪz/;bus /bʌs/ — buzz /bʌz/。結尾輔音要清楚地讀完,但不要多加元音。 - /ɪ/ 和 /iː/。is /ɪz/ 的元音短而鬆,和 ease /iːz/ 不同;粵語的 "sik"(識)一類短元音可以幫助你找到 /ɪ/ 的位置。對比:it — eat、sit — seat。 - /æ/。am /æm/ 的元音在 /e/(met)和 /a/ 之間,嘴張開,下巴放低;不要讀成 /e/,也不要讀成長的 /ɑː/。結尾 /m/ 粵語有(如 "sam"),可以讀得清楚。 - /w/。was /wɒz/、were /wɜː/ 的 /w/ 和粵語「窩」(wo1)的聲母一樣,嘴唇圓起來,不要讀成 /v/。 - 縮寫。I'm /aɪm/、you're /jɔː/(或 /jʊə/)、he's /hiːz/、she's /ʃiːz/、it's /ɪts/、we're /wɪə/、they're /ðeə/(與 there、their 同音);isn't /ˈɪznt/、aren't /ɑːnt/、wasn't /ˈwɒznt/、weren't /wɜːnt/。 - th /ð/。they're、there 開頭的 th /ð/:舌尖輕放在上下門牙之間,聲帶振動(見第 1 課)。不要讀成 d 或 z。 - 沒有聲調。粵語有六個聲調,但英語的詞沒有聲調。不要給 am、is、are 加聲調;英語靠的是重音(stress)和語調(intonation)。疑問句 Are you hungry? 重音在 hungry 上,語調在最後上升;粵語靠句尾的「呀」,英語不加。 - 詞尾輔音。粵語詞尾只有 -p、-t、-k(不爆破)和 -m、-n、-ng。英語的 was /wɒz/、is /ɪz/、aren't /ɑːnt/、isn't /ˈɪznt/ 都有粵語沒有的詞尾,要練習把它們讀完。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
---
Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)