be 是英語裏最常用的動詞之一(在英語常用詞表裏排第二,僅次於 the),也是變化最不規則的動詞。它有八個形式:be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being。這些形式來自古英語的幾個不同的詞(bēon、eom 和 is、earon、wesan),所以看起來互不相干,要一個一個記。be 的意思大致是「係」「在」「有(存在)」,但客語沒有一個詞可以和它整個對應。客語把英語一個 be 要做的事分給幾個詞,有時甚至完全不用動詞:
- 說明身份(誰、是甚麼人):be = 係。I am a teacher. = 𠊎係先生。 - 說明地點:be = 在。The book is on the table. = 書在桌仔頂。 - 說明存在:there is / there are = 有。There is a book on the table. = 桌仔頂有一本書。 - 說明性質(形容詞):客語不用動詞,直接說「當+形容詞」。The house is very big. = 該間屋當大。英語一定要有 is。 - 說明年齡和時間:客語不用動詞。She is ten. = 佢十歲。It is Monday morning. = 禮拜一朝晨。 - 進行(progressive):be + 動詞-ing。客語用動詞前的標記,例如四縣腔可說「細人仔到該寫字」。The children are writing.
所以對客語母語者來說,be 最大的困難不是「它是甚麼意思」,而是「甚麼時候一定要說出來」。客語說「該間屋當大」就已經完整,英語卻不能說 ✗ The house very big。反過來,客語的「係」只用於名詞(𠊎係先生),不能用於形容詞和地點,英語的 be 卻三種都用。
be 的形式要看主語(subject)和時間:
- 現在:I am;you are;he / she / it is;we / you / they are - 過去:I / he / she / it was;you / we / they were - 原形(base form):be(will be, to be, must be);過去分詞(past participle):been(has been);-ing 形式:being - 客語的「係」「在」不隨人稱和時間改變:𠊎係、你係、佢係、𠊎兜係(2.1–2.4)。以前、這下、上禮拜這些時間詞才表示時間(2.15、2.27)。
否定在 be 之後加 not:is not,are not,was not;口語用縮寫(contraction):isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't;I am not 只能縮成 I'm not。客語的「毋」放在「係」之前(毋係),英語的 not 卻放在 be 之後(is not)。疑問句把 be 移到主語之前:You are a student. → Are you a student? 不用 do(✗ Do you are a student?)。客語的「你係毋係學生?」、「阿明在哪位?」沒有這種詞序的變化。
來源:be 的八個形式來自四個不同的古英語詞,這叫做不規則形式的「混合」(suppletion):be, been, being 來自 bēon;am, is 來自 eom 和 is;are 來自 earon;was, were 來自 wesan。
重點(Key Takeaways):
- be 有八個形式:be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being;主語決定用 am, is 還是 are - 客語的「係」不變:𠊎係、佢係、𠊎兜係;英語:I am, he is, we are - 名詞:係 = be + a / an:𠊎係先生 = I am a teacher(客語不說「一個」,英語要說 a) - 形容詞:客語沒有動詞(當大);英語一定要有 be(is very big) - 地點:在 = be at / in / on:書在桌仔頂 = The book is on the table - 存在:有 = there is / there are:桌仔頂有一本書 = There is a book on the table - 年齡和時間:佢十歲 = She is ten;禮拜一朝晨 = It is Monday morning - 否定:毋係 = is not;無在 = is not at;英語的 not 在 be 之後 - 疑問:Is she your friend? Where is Ming?(be 在主語之前,不用 do) - 進行:be + -ing:The children are writing - 過去:was / were,看主語決定;客語靠時間詞(以前、上禮拜) - 縮寫:I'm, he's, they're, isn't, aren't, wasn't;口語常用,正式文章少用 - 發音:is /ɪz/、are /ɑː/、was /wɒz/、were /wɜː/;平時讀弱形,回答問題時讀強形(Yes, I am)
The English verb be has eight forms (be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being), and no single Hakka word matches it, because Hakka divides its work among 係 (identity: 𠊎係先生), 在 (location: 書在桌仔頂), 有 (existence: 桌仔頂有一本書) and nothing at all (a predicate adjective: 該間屋當大; age and time: 佢十歲, 禮拜一朝晨). This lesson shows Hakka speakers when English requires a form of be that Hakka leaves unspoken (before an adjective, an age or a time, and with the progressive), how the form follows the subject (I am, he is, they are, he was, they were), how be takes not and moves before the subject in questions, and it warns against the commonest slips: dropping be (✗ The house very big), dropping a / an after it (✗ I am teacher), saying "there has" for there is, and adding do to a question with be.
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2.1 I 𠊎 am 係 a — teacher 先生
2.2 You 你 are 係 a — student 學生
2.3 He 佢 is 係 my 𠊎个 friend 朋友
2.4 We 𠊎兜 are 係 Hakka 客家人
2.5 They 佢兜 are 在 at — home 屋下
2.6 The — house 該間屋 is — very 當 big 大
2.7 The — shop 該間店仔 is — very 當 old 舊
2.8 The — book 書 is-not 無在 on — the — table 桌仔頂
2.9 He 佢 is-not 毋係 my 𠊎个 teacher 先生
2.10 Is 係毋係 she 佢 your 你个 friend 朋友 ?
2.11 There — is 有 a 一本 book 書 on — the — table 桌仔頂
2.12 There — are 有 three 三隻 cups 杯仔 on — the — table 桌仔頂
2.13 Grandmother 阿婆 is 在 in — the — shop 該間店仔
2.14 The — children 細人仔 are 到該 writing 寫字
2.15 My 𠊎 grandmother 阿婆 was 以前係 a — teacher 先生, but 毋過 now 這下 she 佢 is-not 毋係 a — teacher 先生
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2.1 I am a teacher. 𠊎係先生。
2.2 You are a student. 你係學生。
2.3 He is my friend. 佢係𠊎个朋友。
2.4 We are Hakka. 𠊎兜係客家人。
2.5 They are at home. 佢兜在屋下。
2.6 The house is very big. 該間屋當大。
2.7 The shop is very old. 該間店仔當舊。
2.8 The book is not on the table. 書無在桌仔頂。
2.9 He is not my teacher. 佢毋係𠊎个先生。
2.10 Is she your friend? 佢係毋係你个朋友?
2.11 There is a book on the table. 桌仔頂有一本書。
2.12 There are three cups on the table. 桌仔頂有三隻杯仔。
2.13 Grandmother is in the shop. 阿婆在該間店仔。
2.14 The children are writing. 細人仔到該寫字。
2.15 My grandmother was a teacher, but now she is not a teacher. 𠊎阿婆以前係先生,毋過這下佢毋係先生。
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2.1 I am a teacher.
2.2 You are a student.
2.3 He is my friend.
2.4 We are Hakka.
2.5 They are at home.
2.6 The house is very big.
2.7 The shop is very old.
2.8 The book is not on the table.
2.9 He is not my teacher.
2.10 Is she your friend?
2.11 There is a book on the table.
2.12 There are three cups on the table.
2.13 Grandmother is in the shop.
2.14 The children are writing.
2.15 My grandmother was a teacher, but now she is not a teacher.
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以下是 be 的語法規則:
1. be 的形式隨主語改變,客語的「係」永遠不變
- 客語:𠊎係(2.1)、你係(2.2)、佢係(2.3)、𠊎兜係(2.4),「係」都是同一個字。 - 英語現在式有三個形式:I am(2.1);he / she / it is(2.3、2.9、2.10);you / we / they are(2.2、2.4、2.5、2.14)。主語是單數名詞時用 is(The house is、2.6),是複數名詞時用 are(The children are、2.14)。 - 過去式有兩個形式:I / he / she / it was(2.15);you / we / they were。注意:you 單數也用 were(You were late)。 - 客語的「佢」不分男女,英語要選 he 或 she:2.10 的 she 就是這樣選的。 - 縮寫:I am → I'm;he is → he's;they are → they're;is not → isn't;are not → aren't;was not → wasn't。口語常用,正式文章少用。I am not 只能縮成 I'm not,沒有 ✗ I amn't。
2. 名詞:係 = be + a / an
- 𠊎係先生 = I am a teacher(2.1);你係學生 = You are a student(2.2)。客語說「𠊎係先生」就已經完整,不說「一個」;英語的可數單數名詞前面一定要有 a / an(見第 1 課):✗ I am teacher。 - 複數不用 a:We are teachers。專有名詞和客家人這類名稱不用 a:We are Hakka(2.4)。 - 屬於誰也用 be:He is my friend(2.3);He is not my teacher(2.9)。已經有 my、your 時,不再加 a 或 the。
3. 形容詞:客語不用動詞,英語一定要有 be
- 客語:該間屋當大(2.6)、該間店仔當舊(2.7)、細人仔當歡喜(2.28)。這些句子裏沒有「係」。 - 英語:The house is very big(2.6)。英語的形容詞不能單獨當謂語:✗ The house very big;✗ The shop very old。 - 「當」= very,放在形容詞之前:is very big, is very old, are very happy。注意:very 不能代替 is。
4. 地點:在 = be at / in / on
- 𠊎兜在屋下 = They are at home(2.5);阿婆在該間店仔 = Grandmother is in the shop(2.13);阿美在學校 = Mei is at school(2.17)。 - 英語的 be 之後要有介詞(preposition):at, in, on。客語的「在」本身就有「在」的意思;英語要把 be 和 at / in / on 分開說:is in the shop,is at school。 - 否定:客語說「無在」(書無在桌仔頂、阿明無在學校),英語說 is not:The book is not on the table(2.8);Ming is not at school(2.23)。
5. 存在:有 = there is / there are
- 桌仔頂有一本書 = There is a book on the table(2.11)。桌仔頂有三隻杯仔 = There are three cups on the table(2.12)。 - 客語的「有」既是 have,也是「有(存在)」;英語要分開:have 說誰擁有甚麼(I have a dog),there is / are 說某處有甚麼。✗ There has a book。 - there is / are 看後面的名詞:後面是單數或不可數名詞,用 is(There is a book);後面是複數,用 are(There are three cups、2.12、2.22)。there 在這裏不是「那裏」的意思,沒有客語詞與它對應,所以在 A 部分用「—」。
6. 否定:毋係 = is not;無在 = is not at
- 客語:佢毋係𠊎个先生(2.9)。「毋」放在「係」之前。 - 英語:He is not my teacher。not 放在 be 之後。不用 do:✗ He doesn't is my teacher。 - 過去:She was a teacher; she is not a teacher now(2.15)。
7. 疑問:be 移到主語之前
- 客語:佢係毋係你个朋友?(2.10)、阿明在哪位?(2.24)——詞序沒有變。 - 英語:She is your friend. → Is she your friend?(2.10)。疑問詞放在最前面:Where is Ming?(2.24)。 - 不用 do:✗ Do you are a student? ✓ Are you a student? - 簡短回答:Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. 英語回答時重複 be,不說 ✗ Yes, I be。客語回答只要說「係」或「毋係」。
8. 年齡、時間:客語沒有動詞,英語一定要有 be
- 佢十歲 = She is ten(2.18)。英語不說 ✗ She has ten years。 - 禮拜一朝晨 = It is Monday morning(2.16)。客語沒有主語,英語一定要有主語 it。It is Monday morning;It is time;It is hot。
9. 進行:be + 動詞-ing
- 細人仔到該寫字 = The children are writing(2.14)。客語在動詞之前放一個進行標記,例如「到該」(四縣腔常見,也有別的說法),動詞本身不變。 - 英語要用 be 的正確形式,再加動詞的 -ing 形式:are writing, is reading, am going。✗ The children writing;✗ The children are write。
10. 過去:was / were
- 𠊎阿婆以前係先生(2.15);佢上禮拜在學校(2.27)。客語的「係」「在」不變,時間靠「以前」「上禮拜」這些詞表示。 - 英語:My grandmother was a teacher(2.15);He was at school last week(2.27)。主語決定用 was 還是 were。✗ Yesterday he is at school。
11. 其他用法(以後的課會再出現)
- be + 過去分詞 = 被動:The shop is closed。be + to = 安排:We are to meet at six。 - will be, to be, must be:用原形 be。has been, have been:用 been。 - 祈使句(imperative):Be quiet! Be careful!(原形 be,不用 are)。
常見錯誤(Common Mistakes):
- ✗ I teacher. ← ✓ I am a teacher.(客語「𠊎係先生」,英語的 am 不能省。) - ✗ I am teacher. ← ✓ I am a teacher.(漏掉 a。) - ✗ The house very big. ← ✓ The house is very big.(客語「該間屋當大」沒有動詞。) - ✗ They is at home. ← ✓ They are at home.(主語決定 is 或 are。) - ✗ He not is my teacher. ← ✓ He is not my teacher.(not 在 be 之後。) - ✗ Do you are a student? ← ✓ Are you a student? - ✗ She is your friend? ← ✓ Is she your friend?(口語可以用升調問,但書寫和考試要把 is 移到前面。) - ✗ Where Ming is? ← ✓ Where is Ming? - ✗ There has a book on the table. ← ✓ There is a book on the table.(客語「有」= have 和 there is。) - ✗ There is three cups. ← ✓ There are three cups. - ✗ She has ten years. ← ✓ She is ten. - ✗ Is Monday morning. ← ✓ It is Monday morning. - ✗ The children writing. ← ✓ The children are writing. - ✗ Yesterday he is at school. ← ✓ Yesterday he was at school. - ✗ He is no at school. ← ✓ He is not at school.
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- 「係」是客語自己的「是」。 標準書面中文寫「我是老師」,客語寫「𠊎係先生」。臺灣教育部《臺灣客語辭典》四縣腔的例句「𠊎係桃園人,𠊎講个係四縣腔客話」裏,「係」就是這個用法。學校作文寫標準書面中文,客語寫作則用「係」。兩者都是正確的,要看場合。 - 客語的「在」。 辭典裏「在」的意思有三個:表示指示地點,存在(例:人無在),活著(例:還在無)。英語 be 的「地點」和「存在」,客語都可以用「在」;英語表示「活著」要用 alive(He is still alive)。 - 先生和 Mr。 客語的「先生」指老師(見第 1 課),所以「林先生」在客語裏可以是「林老師」。英語的 Mr Lin 只是對一位姓林的男子的客氣稱呼(對女子用 Ms Lin 或 Miss Lin),不管他做甚麼工作;他是老師,要另外說:Mr Lin is our teacher(2.19)。學生對老師說話,一般叫 Mr Lin 或 Ms Lin,不單叫 Teacher。 - 阿美、阿明。 客語的名字常在前面加「阿」。英語的名字不加:Mei, Ming。客語的「阿婆」(祖母)在英語裏是 grandmother,當作稱呼時像名字一樣,不加 the 也不加 my(Grandmother is in the shop,2.13)。 - 縮寫。 英語口語裏,I am, he is, they are 幾乎總是說成 I'm, he's, they're。這不是粗話,而是正常的說法。書寫正式文件時才寫完整形式。強調時也不縮:Yes, I am. - Hakka 是人,也是語言。 客語的「客家人」和「客語」是兩個詞,英語的 Hakka 兩者都是:We are Hakka(2.4)是「我們是客家人」。Hakka 當形容詞:Hakka food(客家菜)。我們說的語言也叫 Hakka:We speak Hakka。 - 時間在客語裏靠詞。 客語的動詞不變,所以「以前係先生」「這下毋係」靠時間詞表示。英語要改 be 的形式:was a teacher, is not a teacher now。客語母語者說英語時,常說 ✗ Yesterday he is at school。每次說到過去,要先想到 was / were。 - 年齡。 英語說年齡可以只說數字:She is ten。完整的是 She is ten years old。不說 ✗ She has ten years。 - 教室裏的 be。 老師問學生在不在,常說 Is everyone here? Where is Ming?;學生回答 He is not here / He is absent。點名時也用 Here! 或 Present!。
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To — be 在, or 抑係 not 無 to — be 在, that 這 is 就係 the — question 問題
— William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1(約 1600 年,公有領域)
"To be, or not to be, that is the question."
「在,抑係無在,這就係問題。」
(這個客語翻譯是為本課逐詞編寫的,並非抄自已出版的譯本。)
這是莎士比亞(William Shakespeare)的戲劇《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)第三幕第一場裏哈姆雷特獨白的第一句,也是英語文學裏最有名的句子之一。哈姆雷特在想:活下去,還是不活。他只用 to be(活著,存在)和 not to be(不存在)這兩個說法,就把問題縮到最小。
這句裏的 be 不是連接名詞和形容詞的「係」,而是它最古老的意思:存在,活著。所以客語要用「在」(辭典裏「在」有「存在」「活著」的意思,例:人無在,還在無),而不是「係」。to be 是不定式(infinitive),原形 be 前面加 to,不隨人稱變化;that is the question 裏的 is 才是連接「that」和「the question」的係。
(引文用的是《哈姆雷特》的通行文字;1603 年的第一四開本(Q1)文字很不同,那是另一個版本,本課不用。)
- To be, or not to be:to + 原形 be,不定式。否定的 not 放在 to 之前:not to be。(D部分,規則 6、11) - or:連接兩個選擇。客語「抑係」,辭典例句「愛買抑毋買」(要買還是不買)和這句的結構一樣。 - that is the question:that 指前面的整個句子;is = 係,連接 that 和 the question;the question 有 the,因為這個問題是唯一的、雙方都知道的(第 1 課)。(D部分,規則 1、2) - 全句只有一個限定動詞(finite verb)is,主語 that 是單數,所以用 is。
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禮拜一朝晨,阿美(Mei)在學校,林先生(Mr Lin)問起阿明(Ming)在哪位。故事用第三人稱和現在式來寫,2.16 至 2.30。
2.16 It — is — Monday 禮拜一 morning 朝晨
2.17 Mei 阿美 is 在 at — school 學校
2.18 She 佢 is — ten 十歲
2.19 Her 佢个 teacher 先生 is 係 Mr — Lin 林先生
2.20 The — classroom 該間教室 is — very 當 big 大
2.21 The — desks 該兜書桌 are — very 當 new 新
2.22 There — are 有 twenty 二十個 children 細人仔 in — the — classroom 教室裡肚
2.23 Ming 阿明 is-not 無在 at — school 學校 today 今晡日
2.24 Mr — Lin 林先生 asks 問, "Where 哪位 is 在 Ming 阿明"
2.25 Mei 阿美 says 講, "He 佢 is 在 in — Taipei 臺北 with 摎 his 佢 father 阿爸"
2.26 Mr — Lin 林先生 says 講, "Ming 阿明 is 係 a — good 好 student 學生"
2.27 Mei 阿美 says 講, "He 佢 was 在 at — school 學校 last-week 上禮拜"
2.28 The — children 細人仔 are — very 當 happy 歡喜
2.29 Today's 今晡日个 lesson 課 is 係 English 英語
2.30 Mei 阿美 is — very 當 happy 歡喜
2.16 It is Monday morning. 禮拜一朝晨。
2.17 Mei is at school. 阿美在學校。
2.18 She is ten. 佢十歲。
2.19 Her teacher is Mr Lin. 佢个先生係林先生。
2.20 The classroom is very big. 該間教室當大。
2.21 The desks are very new. 該兜書桌當新。
2.22 There are twenty children in the classroom. 教室裡肚有二十個細人仔。
2.23 Ming is not at school today. 阿明今晡日無在學校。
2.24 Mr Lin asks, "Where is Ming?" 林先生問:「阿明在哪位?」
2.25 Mei says, "He is in Taipei with his father." 阿美講:「佢摎佢阿爸在臺北。」
2.26 Mr Lin says, "Ming is a good student." 林先生講:「阿明係好學生。」
2.27 Mei says, "He was at school last week." 阿美講:「佢上禮拜在學校。」
2.28 The children are very happy. 細人仔當歡喜。
2.29 Today's lesson is English. 今晡日个課係英語。
2.30 Mei is very happy. 阿美當歡喜。
2.16 It is Monday morning.
2.17 Mei is at school.
2.18 She is ten.
2.19 Her teacher is Mr Lin.
2.20 The classroom is very big.
2.21 The desks are very new.
2.22 There are twenty children in the classroom.
2.23 Ming is not at school today.
2.24 Mr Lin asks, "Where is Ming?"
2.25 Mei says, "He is in Taipei with his father."
2.26 Mr Lin says, "Ming is a good student."
2.27 Mei says, "He was at school last week."
2.28 The children are very happy.
2.29 Today's lesson is English.
2.30 Mei is very happy.
故事中 be 的用法:
1. 現在式敍事
- 故事用現在式:is(2.16–2.20、2.23、2.25、2.26、2.29、2.30)、are(2.21、2.22、2.28)。現在式敍事(narrative present)讓故事像正在眼前發生。報告說話的動詞也用現在式:asks(2.24)、says(2.25–2.27)。 - 只有 2.27 用過去式 was,因為「上禮拜」是過去的事。從現在式轉到過去式,用 last week 這類詞標示。
2. 沒有動詞的客語,要補上 be
- 禮拜一朝晨(2.16)= It is Monday morning。客語沒有主語,也沒有動詞;英語要有 it 和 is。 - 佢十歲(2.18)= She is ten。 - 該間教室當大(2.20)、該兜書桌當新(2.21)、細人仔當歡喜(2.28)、阿美當歡喜(2.30)= The classroom is very big;The desks are very new;The children are very happy;Mei is very happy。
3. 單數和複數
- The classroom is(單數,2.20);The desks are(複數,2.21);The children are(複數,2.28)。children 是 child 的不規則複數,用 are。 - There are twenty children(2.22):後面是複數名詞,用 are。對比:There is a book(2.11)。 - 客語的「兜」表示複數(該兜書桌),be 的形式不變;英語的 be 要隨之變成 are。
4. 名詞前面有沒有 a、the
- Mei, Ming, Mr Lin(2.17、2.19、2.23–2.27):人名和稱呼不用 the。 - a good student(2.26):可數單數名詞前面要有 a。客語說「阿明係好學生」,不說「一個」。 - Today's lesson is English(2.29):English 是語言名稱,不用 the,也不用 a。Today's 已經是所有格,不再加 the。
5. 在哪裏
- 阿美在學校(2.17)= Mei is at school。去學校上課,at school 不加 the。 - 阿明在臺北(2.25)= He is in Taipei。城市用 in。教室用 in the classroom(2.22),因為是一個空間。 - 疑問:Where is Ming?(2.24)。疑問詞 where 放在最前面,is 在主語 Ming 之前。✗ Where Ming is? - 否定:Ming is not at school(2.23)。客語的「無在」,英語的 is not。
6. 他、她
- 客語的「佢」在 2.25 和 2.27 指阿明,英語用 he;2.18 指阿美,英語用 she。his father(2.25)= 佢阿爸。 - 他的父親:his father,不加 the。✗ the his father。
7. 詞彙
- teacher = 先生;student = 學生;classroom = 教室;desk = 書桌;school = 學校;lesson = 課。 - Monday = 禮拜一;today = 今晡日;last week = 上禮拜;now = 這下;before = 以前。 - ask = 問;say = 講;father = 阿爸;grandmother = 阿婆;friend = 朋友。 - big = 大;new = 新;old = 舊;happy = 歡喜;good = 好;very = 當。
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- be — /biː/,長元音;been — /biːn/(英式強形),美式常讀 /bɪn/。being — /ˈbiːɪŋ/。 - am — 強形 /æm/(Yes, I am),弱形 /əm/(I am a teacher)。縮寫 I'm — /aɪm/。/æ/ 要把嘴張開,不是客語的 e。 - is — 強形 /ɪz/,弱形 /z/ 或 /s/。結尾是 /z/,帶聲帶振動;客語四縣腔沒有 /z/ 這個音,容易讀成 /s/。練習:s → z → is。縮寫 he's /hiːz/、it's /ɪts/(it 的 t 無聲,所以 's 讀 /s/)、Mei's /meɪz/。 - are — 強形 /ɑː/(美式 /ɑːr/),弱形 /ə/(英式)。they're — /ðeə/(美式 /ðer/)、we're — /wɪə/、you're — /jɔː/ 或 /jʊə/。are 的詞尾是長元音 /ɑː/,不要在後面加輔音。 - was — 強形 /wɒz/(美式 /wʌz/),弱形 /wəz/。were — 強形 /wɜː/(美式 /wɜːr/),弱形 /wə/。 - /w/ — 兩唇向前圓起,舌後部抬起,聲帶振動。客語有 /v/(上齒碰下唇),容易把 was 讀成 /vɒz/。/w/ 不碰牙齒。練習:was → was → was。 - /ð/ — 見第 1 課。they、the、that、there、with 都有 /ð/(with 的 th 在不同讀法裏是 /ð/ 或 /θ/);舌尖輕放在牙齒之間。 - isn't — /ˈɪzənt/;aren't — /ɑːnt/(美式 /ɑːrnt/);wasn't — /ˈwɒzənt/;weren't — /wɜːnt/。否定縮寫裏的 n't 要讀出來,因為 is 和 isn't 的差別就在這裏。 - there is / there are — /ðeər ɪz/、/ðeər ɑː/。口語常讀 /ðeəz/(There's)和 /ðeərə/,以 There's a book 最常見。 - 強形和弱形 — 句子中間,be 通常很輕很短(弱形):She is ten /ʃi z ten/。放在句子最後或回答問題時,be 讀強形:Yes, I am /æm/;Yes, he is /ɪz/。 - 沒有聲調 — 客語四縣腔有六個聲調,但英語的詞沒有聲調。不要給 am、is、are 加上聲調。英語靠重音和語調:疑問句 Is she your friend? 句尾上升;特殊疑問句 Where is Ming? 句尾下降。 - 詞尾輔音 — is /ɪz/ 和 was /wɒz/ 以 /z/ 結尾,are /ɑː/ 以元音結尾。客語的詞尾只有 -p、-t、-k 和 -m、-n、-ng,所以 /z/ 和 -s 要練習:把詞尾的輔音完整地讀出來。
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)