← English for Southern Min (Hokkien) Speakers
be 是英語最重要的動詞(verb),在最常用的詞當中排第二位,僅次於 the。它的意思是「是、在、有」:說一個人或一件事物是甚麼(I am a student,我是學生)、怎麼樣(It is cold,誠冷)、在佗位(We are in Taiwan,阮佇臺灣),也說有沒有某樣東西(There is a cat on the table,桌仔頂有一隻貓)。
be 有八個形式:be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being。它們彼此不像,因為在古英語裏來自三個不同的動詞:am / is / are 一組,was / were 一組,be / been / being 一組,後來合成一個動詞。要用哪一個形式,看主語(subject)和時間:I am、he is、they are、I was、we were。
閩南語(臺灣話)裏沒有一個詞能對應 be,而是分成幾種說法:
- 是(sī)用於「身份、種類」:我是學生、伊是醫生、這是我个冊。否定是毋是(m̄-sī):伊毋是醫生。 - 佇(tī)用於「位置」:阮佇臺灣、囡仔佇花園。否定是無佇(bô tī):我無佇厝內。 - 有(ū)用於「存在」:桌仔頂有一隻貓、店內有誠濟人。否定是無(bô):桌仔頂無貓。 - 形容詞前面不用動詞:閩南語的形容詞(adjective)自己就可以做謂語,不需要「是」。今仔日誠冷(kin-á-ji̍t tsiânn líng),這裏的誠(tsiânn)是「很」(very),不是 be 的意思。 - 年齡也不用動詞:我阿兄二十歲(guá a-hiann jī-tsa̍p huè)。
英語對 be 的要求嚴格得多:
- be 不能省略。句子裏沒有別的動詞時,一定要有 be:✗ I student → ✓ I am a student。形容詞前面也要:✗ Cold today → ✓ It is cold today。閩南語的「誠」不能當 be 用,所以最常見的錯誤是把「誠」直譯成 very 而漏掉 is(✗ He very tall)。 - 主語不能省。閩南語可以說「今仔日誠冷」,沒有主語;英語必須說 It is cold today,或 There is a cat。這個 it 和 there 本身沒有意思,只是占位置。 - be 的形式隨主語改變。閩南語的動詞不變(我是、伊是、阮是),英語要在 am / is / are 當中選:✗ We is in Taiwan。 - 時間用 be 的形式表示。閩南語的「是、佇」本身沒有時態,靠時間詞(昨昏、舊年)、矣(ah)、會(ē)、咧(teh)來表示;英語用 was / were、will be、am / is / are + -ing、have been。 - 問句把 be 放到主語前面。閩南語在句尾加「無」(你忝無?),或用「是毋是」,或把疑問詞(佗位)放在原來的位置;英語是 Are you tired?、Where is the market?。 - 否定用 be + not。閩南語要看情況用毋是、無佇、無,英語只有一種:be + not。 - 一個「有」分成兩個。位置和存在用 be(There is a cat),擁有用 have(I have a dog)。閩南語的「有」兩者都能用,所以常見錯誤是 ✗ There have a cat。
重點(Key Takeaways):
- be 的八個形式:be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being - 現在:I am;he / she / it is;we / you / they are - 過去:I / he / she / it was;we / you / they were;將來:will be - 閩南語的形容詞前面不用動詞(誠冷);英語一定要 be:It is cold(✗ It cold) - 身份、職業:be + a / an:He is a doctor(✗ He doctor;✗ He is doctor) - 主語一定要有:It is cold today(✗ Is cold today) - there is + 單數;there are + 複數:There is a cat;There are many people(✗ There have) - you 單數、複數都用 are;閩南語的「你」「恁」英語都是 you - 問句:be 放在主語前面(Are you…? Is it…? Where is…?);否定:be + not - 年齡:I am twenty(✗ I twenty;✗ I have twenty years);問年齡:How old are you? - 感覺:I am hungry / tired / happy(閩南語:腹肚枵、忝、歡喜) - am / is / are + -ing = 正在……(閩南語:咧):I am reading;been 只用在 have / has / had 之後 - 祈使:Be careful! Do not be afraid!(✗ Don't afraid) - 縮寫:I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, they're, isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't;短答不縮寫:Yes, I am.(✗ Yes, I'm.)
The English verb be is the second most frequent word in the language, and the one that behaves least like the others. It has eight forms (be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being), and the form must agree with the subject and the time: I am, he is, they are, I was, we were. Hokkien has no single word for it. It uses 是 for identity (我是學生), 佇 for place (阮佇臺灣), 有 for existence (桌仔頂有一隻貓), and no verb at all before a quality, because a Hokkien adjective needs none (今仔日誠冷, where 誠 means "very", not "is"). Hokkien speakers therefore tend to leave be out (✗ I student, ✗ He very tall), to leave out the empty subject (✗ Is cold today), to say "There have a cat" because 有 means both "have" and "there is", and to put the question word where Hokkien puts it (✗ The market where?). This lesson shows each use of be (naming, describing, place, there is / there are, age, feelings, be + -ing, questions, negatives, commands and short answers), the eight forms, and the commonest slips.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
2.1 I 我 am 是 a — student 學生
2.2 This 這 is 是 my 我个 book 冊
2.3 He 伊 is 是 a — doctor 醫生
2.4 She 伊 is 是 a — nurse 護士
2.5 It — is — cold 誠冷 today 今仔日
2.6 We 阮 are 佇 in — Taiwan 臺灣
2.7 I 我 am — not 無 at 佇 home 厝內
2.8 Where 佗位 is 佇 the — market 菜市仔
2.9 There — is 有 a 一隻 cat 貓 on 頂 the — table 桌仔
2.10 The — children 囡仔 are 佇 in — the — garden 花園
2.11 My 我 brother 阿兄 is — twenty 二十 years 歲 old —
2.12 Are — you 你 hungry 腹肚枵無
2.13 Last 舊 year 年 we 阮 were 佇 in — Taipei 臺北
2.14 I 我 have — been 佇 here 遮 for — three 三 days 工矣
2.15 It — is — important 誠重要 to — be — kind 對人和氣
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
2.1 I am a student. 我是學生。
2.2 This is my book. 這是我个冊。
2.3 He is a doctor. 伊是醫生。
2.4 She is a nurse. 伊是護士。
2.5 It is cold today. 今仔日誠冷。
2.6 We are in Taiwan. 阮佇臺灣。
2.7 I am not at home. 我無佇厝內。
2.8 Where is the market? 菜市仔佇佗位?
2.9 There is a cat on the table. 桌仔頂有一隻貓。
2.10 The children are in the garden. 囡仔佇花園。
2.11 My brother is twenty years old. 我阿兄二十歲。
2.12 Are you hungry? 你腹肚枵無?
2.13 Last year we were in Taipei. 舊年阮佇臺北。
2.14 I have been here for three days. 我佇遮三工矣。
2.15 It is important to be kind. 對人和氣誠重要。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
2.1 I am a student.
2.2 This is my book.
2.3 He is a doctor.
2.4 She is a nurse.
2.5 It is cold today.
2.6 We are in Taiwan.
2.7 I am not at home.
2.8 Where is the market?
2.9 There is a cat on the table.
2.10 The children are in the garden.
2.11 My brother is twenty years old.
2.12 Are you hungry?
2.13 Last year we were in Taipei.
2.14 I have been here for three days.
2.15 It is important to be kind.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
以下是 be 的語法規則:
1. 現在式:am / is / are
- I am(縮寫 I'm):我是……/我佇……(2.1, 2.7, 2.14) - you are(you're):「你」和「恁」(lín,你們)英語都是 you,動詞都是 are。閩南語分單數和複數,英語不分(2.12)。 - he is(he's)、she is(she's)、it is(it's):閩南語的「伊」(i)不分男女,英語必須選擇(2.3, 2.4, 2.5)。 - we are(we're)、they are(they're):阮(gún,不包括聽話的人)、咱(lán,包括聽話的人);「他們」閩南語讀 in(2.6)。 - 名詞做主語:單數用 is(My brother is…,2.11),複數用 are(The children are…,2.10)。閩南語的動詞不變,英語要選:✗ We is…、✗ The children is…。 - 兩個名詞用 and 連起來,就是複數:Ming and his grandfather are at the shop(2.17)。
2. 過去式:was / were,將來:will be
- I was、he / she / it was;we / you / they were(2.13:we were in Taipei)。過去式只有兩個形式。 - 閩南語的「佇」本身沒有時態,靠「舊年」(kū-nî)、「昨昏」(tsa-hng)這些時間詞;英語要換成 were。(2.28 Yesterday I was at home) - 將來用 will be,所有主語都一樣:I will be、you will be、they will be(2.30)。閩南語用「會」(ē):阮閣會佇遮。
3. 問句
- 閩南語在句尾加「無」(bô):你腹肚枵無?(2.12)、礤冰好食無?。身份的問句常用「是毋是」(sī-m̄-sī):你是毋是學生?。疑問詞(佗位 tó-uī)放在原來的位置:菜市仔佇佗位? - 英語把 be 放到主語前面:Are you hungry?(2.12)、Is it far?。 - 疑問詞(where, what, who, how)放最前面,然後是 be,然後是主語:Where is the market?(2.8)。閩南語的疑問詞放在句子中間或後面,很容易直譯成 ✗ The market where?、✗ Where the market is?。 - 短答要保留 be:Are you hungry? — Yes, I am. / No, I am not. 閩南語只說「有」「無」、「著」(tio̍h,對),或重複形容詞(枵、無枵)。✗ Yes, I'm.(短答最後的 be 不縮寫。) - 句尾的「是無」(sī--bô)相當於英語的附加問句(tag question):He is a doctor, isn't he?。英語的附加問句要重複 be,並且肯定句配否定、否定句配肯定:She is tired, isn't she? / She isn't tired, is she?。
4. 否定
- be + not:I am not at home(2.7)。縮寫:isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't。I am not 可以寫成 I'm not,不能寫 ✗ I amn't。 - 閩南語要看情況:身份用毋是(伊毋是醫生),位置用無佇(我無佇厝內),存在用無(桌仔頂無貓)。英語只有 be + not:He is not a doctor;I am not at home;There is not a cat(There isn't a cat,或 There are no cats)。 - 英語的 be 否定不用 do:✗ I don't am tired → ✓ I am not tired;✗ He no is a doctor → ✓ He is not a doctor。 - 注意 2.7 的次序:英語是 am not at,閩南語是無佇,「無」放在「佇」前面。
5. be + 名詞(身份、種類)
- I am a student(2.1)、He is a doctor(2.3)、She is a nurse(2.4)、This is my book(2.2)。 - 閩南語的「我是學生」「伊是醫生」不說「一個」,英語的單數職業名詞前面一定要 a / an(見第 1 課):✗ He is doctor → ✓ He is a doctor。 - 說自己從哪裏來:閩南語「我是臺灣人」(guá sī Tâi-uân-lâng),英語最自然的說法是 I am from Taiwan,或 I am Taiwanese。✗ I am Taiwan。
6. be + 形容詞
- 閩南語的形容詞前面不需要動詞:今仔日誠冷(2.5)、對人和氣誠重要(2.15)、礤冰誠冷(2.23)。這裏的「誠」是「很」,不是 be。 - 英語一定要 be:It is cold(2.5)、It is important(2.15)、The shaved ice is cold(2.23)。✗ It cold;✗ The shaved ice cold;✗ He very tall → ✓ He is very tall。 - 光說「伊懸」(i kuân,他高),閩南語常有比較或對比的意思(比別人高),所以日常都說「伊誠懸」,英語則是 He is tall 或 He is very tall。 - 感覺和狀態:I am hungry / tired / ready / sorry(腹肚枵、忝、準備好、歹勢)。英語都是 be + 形容詞,不能用 have:✗ I have hungry。
7. be + 地點
- 位置:in Taiwan(2.6)、at home(2.7)、in the garden(2.10)、in Taipei(2.13)。閩南語用「佇」,英語用 be + 介詞(preposition)。「佇」可以同時是 be 和介詞(at / in / on),英語把兩者分成兩個詞:We are in Taiwan。 - home 前面用 at,不用 the:at home(✗ in home、✗ at the home)。同樣:at school、at work、in bed(見第 1 課)。 - 過去:We were in Taipei(2.13)。否定:We were not in Taipei。 - 「佇遮」(tī tsia)是「在這裏」(我佇遮三工矣,2.14;阮閣會佇遮,2.30),英語用 here:I am here。「咧」(teh)表示「正在」(見規則 11):I am reading。
8. There is / There are
- there + be + 名詞:說有某樣東西(2.9, 2.20)。be 要和後面的名詞一致:There is a cat;There are many people(2.20)。✗ There is many people。 - 閩南語用「有」:桌仔頂有一隻貓、店內有誠濟人。英語不用 have:✗ There have a cat;✗ On the table has a cat → ✓ There is a cat on the table。 - 擁有用 have,不用 there is:我有一隻狗 = I have a dog(✗ There is a dog at me)。位置和存在用 be,擁有用 have。 - 已知的事物不用 there is:The cat is on the table(彼隻貓佇桌仔頂);新的事物用 There is a cat on the table(桌仔頂有一隻貓)。 - 否定:There isn't a cat;There are no cats。閩南語:桌仔頂無貓。
9. 空主語 it
- 今仔日誠冷(2.5):閩南語不用主語,英語一定要 It is cold today。✗ Is cold today。 - 天氣、時間、距離用 It:It is hot;It is five o'clock;It is far。 - It + be + 形容詞 + to + 動詞原形:It is important to be kind(2.15)。閩南語把「對人和氣」放在前面當主語;英語把 it 放在前面,to-動詞放在後面。✗ Is important to be kind。
10. 年齡
- 英語用 be:My brother is twenty (years old)(2.11);How old are you? - 閩南語說「我阿兄二十歲」,沒有動詞;問「你幾歲?」(lí kuí huè)。最常見的錯誤是 ✗ He twenty;✗ He has twenty years;✗ How many years are you? → ✓ He is twenty;How old are you?
11. be + -ing;been;being
- am / is / are + -ing = 正在……:I am reading(我咧讀冊 guá teh tha̍k-tsheh)、the children are playing(囡仔咧耍 gín-á teh sńg)。閩南語用「咧」。✗ I reading;✗ I am read。 - was / were + -ing = 當時正在……:I was reading。 - have / has + been(2.14):I have been here for three days。been 只用在 have / has / had 之後:✗ I am been here。閩南語的「三工矣」(sann kang ah)句尾的「矣」表示「已經這樣了」,英語要用 have been 加 for。 - being 可以做名詞用:Being late is bad。「am / are being + 形容詞」表示「這一刻的表現」:You are being kind today(你今仔日特別好心)。
12. 祈使句和動詞原形
- 祈使句用 be(原形):Be careful!(2.24)。否定:Do not be afraid!。閩南語是「細膩咧」「莫驚」(mài kiann);英語不能說 ✗ Don't afraid 或 ✗ No afraid。 - to 和助動詞之後用原形 be:to be(2.15)、will be(2.30)、must be、can be。✗ will is;✗ to is。
13. 縮寫
- I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, they're;isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't。 - 口語和朋友之間的短信用縮寫;正式文件和考試作文最好寫全:I am、it is、is not。短答案的最後不用縮寫:Yes, I am.(✗ Yes, I'm.)
常見錯誤(Common Mistakes):
- ✗ I student. ← ✓ I am a student.(閩南語「我是學生」已經完整,容易漏掉 am 和 a。) - ✗ He doctor. ← ✓ He is a doctor. - ✗ It cold today. / ✗ Cold today. ← ✓ It is cold today.(閩南語的「誠」不是 be。) - ✗ He very tall. ← ✓ He is very tall. - ✗ Is cold today. ← ✓ It is cold today.(英語的主語不能省。) - ✗ We is in Taiwan. / ✗ The children is in the garden. ← ✓ We are in Taiwan. / The children are in the garden. - ✗ Where the market is? / ✗ The market where? ← ✓ Where is the market? - ✗ There have a cat on the table. / ✗ On the table has a cat. ← ✓ There is a cat on the table. - ✗ There is many people in the shop. ← ✓ There are many people in the shop. - ✗ He twenty. / ✗ I have twenty years. / ✗ How many years are you? ← ✓ He is twenty. / How old are you? - ✗ I have hungry. / ✗ I hungry. ← ✓ I am hungry. - ✗ I not at home. / ✗ I no am at home. ← ✓ I am not at home. - ✗ I don't am tired. ← ✓ I am not tired. - ✗ We are in home. ← ✓ We are at home. - ✗ I am go to school. ← ✓ I am going to school. - ✗ I am here for three days. ← ✓ I have been here for three days. - ✗ Last year we are in Taipei. ← ✓ Last year we were in Taipei. - ✗ Yes, I'm. ← ✓ Yes, I am. - ✗ Don't afraid. / ✗ No afraid. ← ✓ Do not be afraid.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
- 打招呼。閩南語問「你好無?」(lí hó--bô)或「食飽未?」(tsia̍h-pá--buē),英語是 How are you?,回答 I am fine, thank you. And you? 「食飽未?」是問候,不是真的在問你食飽了沒有,所以不能直譯成 Have you eaten? 回答時漏掉 I am,只說 "Fine, thank you." 也可以,但說全句更完整。 - 自我介紹。My name is Ming. I am from Tainan. I am a student. 三句都有 be。閩南語是「我號做阿明,我是臺南人,我是學生」。第一句閩南語用「號做」,英語說 My name is;第二句閩南語用「是臺南人」,英語用 I am from Tainan。 - 閩南語的書面形式。本課的例句和翻譯用的是臺灣閩南語,漢字依教育部《臺灣閩南語推薦用字》,羅馬字用教育部的臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案(Tâi-lô)。例如「的」在口語中讀 ê,教育部推薦寫作「个」;「在」讀 tī,推薦寫作「佇」;「她、他、它」都是 i,寫作「伊」。在學校和正式文件裏,臺灣通常寫標準書面中文,所以 2.7 的標準書面中文是「我不在家」,閩南語是「我無佇厝內」。兩種寫法都正確,寫作時要看場合。 - 「是」不是 be 的全部。閩南語學習者容易以為「是」就是 be。其實 be 的位置用法是「佇」,存在用法是「有」,形容詞前面甚麼都不用。把每個「是」都譯成 is,也會出錯,因為「是」只管身份和種類。要記住:英語的 be 是一個動詞,閩南語的三個詞(是、佇、有)加上形容詞前面的「空位」,合起來才等於 be。另外,閩南語在形容詞前加「是」是強調(伊是誠懸),不是普通的說法。 - 年齡。閩南語問「你幾歲?」,英語是 How old are you?;回答 I am twenty-five (years old)。 - 「咧」和 be + -ing。閩南語的「咧」(我咧讀冊)和英語的 am reading 相近,但英語一定要有 am / is / are:✗ I reading。 - 縮寫。日常說話和聊天常聽到 I'm, he's, they're, isn't;考試作文和正式文件最好寫 I am, he is, they are, is not。 - 礤冰。礤冰(tshuah-ping)是臺灣天氣熱的時候常吃的冰,教育部辭典的例句是「食一碗礤冰,涼一下」(吃一碗礤冰,涼快一下)。礤冰上面常加紅豆(âng-tāu)一類的配料。故事部分(2.16–2.30)寫的是一個禮拜日下晡,阿明佮阿公佇臺南一間礤冰店。 - 阿公。第 1 課已經說過:英語的 grandfather 在閩南語裏分阿公(a-kong,父親的父親)和外公(guā-kong,母親的父親)。這個故事沿用「阿公」,與第 1 課相同。 - 文學中的 be。"To be, or not to be" 是英語文學裏最有名的句子之一,見 F 部分。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
To 欲 be 存在 or 抑是 not 毋 to 欲 be 存在, that 這 is 是 the — question 問題: Whether 是 'tis 是 nobler 較高尚 in 佇 the — mind 心內 to 欲 suffer 忍受 the — slings 投石索 and 佮 arrows 箭 of 个 outrageous 殘暴 fortune 命運, or 抑是 to 欲 take 提 arms 武器 against 對抗 a 一片 sea 海 of 个 troubles 苦難, and 佮 by 用 opposing 反抗 end 結束 them 彼寡
— William Shakespeare, Hamlet (c. 1600), Act 3, Scene 1, 哈姆雷特獨白的開頭(公有領域)
"To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?"
「欲活抑是毋活,這就是問題:佇心內忍受殘暴命運个投石索佮箭,抑是提武器對抗一片苦難个海,用反抗來結束彼寡苦難,佗一種較高尚?」
(這個閩南語翻譯是為本課逐詞編寫的,並非抄自已出版的譯本。)
這是莎士比亞(William Shakespeare)的悲劇《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,約 1600 年)第三幕第一場裏,丹麥王子哈姆雷特獨白的開頭。他在想:是活着承受命運的打擊,還是死去結束一切。
在這裏,be 不是「是」,而是「存在、活着」的意思,to be 後面沒有名詞也沒有形容詞。英語的 be 有兩種用法:連接用法(I am a student,後面一定有補充的詞)和獨立用法(to be = 存在、活着,後面甚麼也不接)。獨白的第一句用的是第二種,把 to be 和 not to be 並列,意思就特別強烈。閩南語要用「活」「存在」這一類詞,沒有一個詞對應 be 本身。
後面的 that is the question 是普通的連接用法:that(主語)+ is(現在式,單數)+ the question(名詞)。'tis 是 it is 的舊式縮寫,Whether 'tis nobler… to suffer 和規則 9 的 It is important to be kind 結構相同:it + be + 形容詞 + to-動詞('tis nobler in the mind to suffer = 在心內忍受較高尚)。
- To be, or not to be:to + 動詞原形 be。to 之後的 be 不改成 am / is / are(D部分,規則 12)。not to be:not 放在 to 之前(✗ to be not)。 - that is the question:that(主語)+ is + the question。the 的用法見第 1 課;be + 名詞見 D部分,規則 5。 - 'tis nobler:'tis = it is;nobler 是 noble 的比較級(較高尚);be + 形容詞(D部分,規則 6、9)。 - to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune:to suffer 是 'tis nobler 的真正主語(to-動詞,放在後面)。of 連接兩個名詞:the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune(命運个投石索佮箭),英語的 of 短語放在名詞後面,閩南語放在前面(命運个箭)。 - or to take arms… and by opposing end them:or 連接兩個選項,to suffer 和 to take arms 是 Whether 的兩個選擇;them 指前面的 troubles。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
禮拜日下晡,阿明(Ming)佮阿公佇臺南一間礤冰店。故事用第三人稱和現在式來寫,加上對話,2.16 至 2.30。
2.16 It 這馬 is 是 Sunday 禮拜日 afternoon 下晡
2.17 Ming 阿明 and 佮 his 伊 grandfather 阿公 are 佇 at — the — shaved-ice 礤冰 shop 店
2.18 The — shop 彼間店 is — small 誠細間, but 毋過 it — is — cool 誠涼
2.19 "It — is — very 誠 hot 熱 today 今仔日," says 講 Ming 阿明
2.20 There — are 有 many 誠濟 people 人 in — the — shop 店內
2.21 "Where 佗位 is 佇 the — menu 菜單," asks 問 Grandfather 阿公
2.22 "It — is 佇 on 頂 the — table 桌仔," says 講 Ming 阿明
2.23 The — shaved-ice 礤冰 is — cold 誠冷, and — the — red-beans 紅豆 are — sweet 誠甜
2.24 "Be — careful 細膩咧, Grandfather 阿公, the — floor 塗跤 is — wet 誠澹," says 講 Ming 阿明
2.25 "Thank-you 多謝, Ming 阿明. You 你 are — kind 誠好心," says 講 Grandfather 阿公
2.26 "Are — you 你 tired 忝無, Grandfather 阿公," asks 問 Ming 阿明
2.27 "No 無, I 我 am — not 無 tired 忝, I 我 am — happy 誠歡喜," says 講 Grandfather 阿公
2.28 "Yesterday 昨昏 I 我 was 佇 at — home 厝內, but 毋過 today 今仔日 I 我 am 佇 here 遮 with 佮 you 你做伙," adds 閣講 Grandfather 阿公
2.29 "Is — the — shaved-ice 礤冰 good 好食無, Grandfather 阿公," asks 問 Ming 阿明
2.30 "Yes 著, it — is — very 誠 good 好食. We 阮 will 會 be 佇 here 遮 again 閣 next 後 Sunday 禮拜日," says 講 Grandfather 阿公
2.16 It is Sunday afternoon. 這馬是禮拜日下晡。
2.17 Ming and his grandfather are at the shaved-ice shop. 阿明佮伊阿公佇礤冰店。
2.18 The shop is small, but it is cool. 彼間店誠細間,毋過誠涼。
2.19 "It is very hot today," says Ming. 「今仔日誠熱。」阿明講。
2.20 There are many people in the shop. 店內有誠濟人。
2.21 "Where is the menu?" asks Grandfather. 「菜單佇佗位?」阿公問。
2.22 "It is on the table," says Ming. 「佇桌仔頂。」阿明講。
2.23 The shaved ice is cold, and the red beans are sweet. 礤冰誠冷,紅豆誠甜。
2.24 "Be careful, Grandfather; the floor is wet," says Ming. 「阿公,細膩咧,塗跤誠澹。」阿明講。
2.25 "Thank you, Ming. You are kind," says Grandfather. 「多謝,阿明。你誠好心。」阿公講。
2.26 "Are you tired, Grandfather?" asks Ming. 「阿公,你忝無?」阿明問。
2.27 "No, I am not tired; I am happy," says Grandfather. 「無,我無忝,我誠歡喜。」阿公講。
2.28 "Yesterday I was at home, but today I am here with you," adds Grandfather. 「昨昏我佇厝內,毋過今仔日我佇遮佮你做伙。」阿公閣講。
2.29 "Is the shaved ice good, Grandfather?" asks Ming. 「阿公,礤冰好食無?」阿明問。
2.30 "Yes, it is very good. We will be here again next Sunday," says Grandfather. 「著,誠好食。後禮拜日阮閣會佇遮。」阿公講。
2.16 It is Sunday afternoon.
2.17 Ming and his grandfather are at the shaved-ice shop.
2.18 The shop is small, but it is cool.
2.19 "It is very hot today," says Ming.
2.20 There are many people in the shop.
2.21 "Where is the menu?" asks Grandfather.
2.22 "It is on the table," says Ming.
2.23 The shaved ice is cold, and the red beans are sweet.
2.24 "Be careful, Grandfather; the floor is wet," says Ming.
2.25 "Thank you, Ming. You are kind," says Grandfather.
2.26 "Are you tired, Grandfather?" asks Ming.
2.27 "No, I am not tired; I am happy," says Grandfather.
2.28 "Yesterday I was at home, but today I am here with you," adds Grandfather.
2.29 "Is the shaved ice good, Grandfather?" asks Ming.
2.30 "Yes, it is very good. We will be here again next Sunday," says Grandfather.
故事中 be 的用法:
1. 描寫:現在式 is / are
- It is Sunday afternoon(2.16):時間用 It is,閩南語的「這馬是……」沒有對應的主語詞。 - Ming and his grandfather are at the shop(2.17):兩個人是複數,用 are。閩南語的「佇」不變。 - The shop is small(2.18)、The shaved ice is cold(2.23):be + 形容詞。閩南語用「誠」,英語用 is / are。注意單數 shop、shaved ice 用 is,複數 red beans 用 are。 - 2.18 的第二個 is(it is cool)和第一個 is(The shop is small)各有各的主語,兩個子句都要有 be。2.23 的 The shaved ice is cold, and the red beans are sweet 也一樣。
2. 問句和短答
- "Where is the menu?"(2.21):疑問詞 + be + 主語。✗ Where the menu is? - "Are you tired, Grandfather?"(2.26)、"Is the shaved ice good?"(2.29):be 在主語前面。閩南語是「你忝無?」「好食無?」,用句尾的「無」表示問句。 - 2.27 的答案 "No, I am not tired":否定用 am not;閩南語是「無忝」。短答可以只說 No, I am not.(最後的 be 不縮寫)。2.30 的 "Yes, it is very good" 是肯定的答案;閩南語用「著」。
3. 位置和 there are
- It is on the table(2.22):It 指 menu。位置用 be + on。閩南語「佇桌仔頂」。 - There are many people in the shop(2.20):people 是複數,所以 be 用 are。閩南語「店內有誠濟人」,不能說 ✗ There have many people。 - I am here(2.28)、We will be here(2.30):be + 地點副詞。閩南語的「佇遮」。
4. 過去和將來
- Yesterday I was at home(2.28):過去用 was。閩南語的「昨昏我佇厝內」不用改變。第二個子句回到現在:today I am here。 - We will be here again next Sunday(2.30):will + 原形 be。閩南語用「會」:阮閣會佇遮。
5. 祈使句和否定
- Be careful(2.24):用原形 be,不加主語。閩南語「細膩咧」。 - I am not tired(2.27):平常句子的否定是 am not,不用 do。✗ I don't tired;✗ I no tired。閩南語是「我無忝」。
6. 不用 be 的地方
- 2.19 的 says、2.21 的 asks、2.28 的 adds:這是普通動詞,用一般現在式,主語是第三人稱單數,所以有 -s(says, asks, adds)。這裏不用 be。 - 2.30 的 will be 之中,will 是助動詞,be 是原形,不是 am / is / are。 - 2.25 的 Thank you 是固定說法,沒有 be。You are kind 才有:be + 形容詞。
7. 詞彙
- shaved ice = 礤冰;shop = 店;menu = 菜單;table = 桌仔;floor = 塗跤;red beans = 紅豆。 - hot = 熱;cold = 冷;cool = 涼;sweet = 甜;wet = 澹;small = 細。 - careful = 細膩;kind = 好心;tired = 忝;happy = 歡喜;good(食物)= 好食。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
- be /biː/、been /biːn/(英式;美式常讀 /bɪn/)、being /ˈbiːɪŋ/:長音 /iː/,嘴角拉開。不要讀成短的 "bi"。 - am /æm/、are /ɑː/(美式 /ɑːr/)、is /ɪz/、was /wɒz/(美式 /wʌz/)、were /wɜː/(美式 /wɜːr/):在句子中,這些詞通常讀得輕而短,用弱讀形式:am /əm/、are /ə/、is /z/ 或 /s/、was /wəz/、were /wə/。例如 He is a doctor 讀成 /hiː z ə ˈdɒktə/,重音在 doctor 上。 - 強讀。在句子最後或表示強調時,要讀強讀形式,不縮寫:Yes, I am /æm/.(✗ Yes, I'm.);Where is he? 的 is 輕,Yes, he is /ɪz/. 的 is 重。 - /z/ 和 /s/。is /ɪz/、was /wɒz/ 的結尾是有聲的 /z/,聲帶要振動。閩南語沒有 /z/(Tâi-lô 的 j,例如「熱」joa̍h 的聲母,是 /dz/ 一類的音,不是 /z/),所以學習者常把 is 讀成 /ɪs/,或加上一個元音變成 "izu"。練習:ice /aɪs/ — eyes /aɪz/;bus /bʌs/ — buzz /bʌz/。結尾輔音要清楚地讀完,但不要多加元音。 - /ɪ/ 和 /iː/。is /ɪz/ 的元音短而鬆,和 ease /iːz/ 不同;閩南語的 i(如「伊」i)比較緊,要放鬆一點才是 /ɪ/。對比:it — eat、sit — seat。 - /æ/。am /æm/ 的元音在 /e/(met)和 /a/ 之間,嘴張開,下巴放低;不要讀成 /e/,也不要讀成長的 /ɑː/。結尾 /m/ 閩南語也有(如「心」sim),可以讀得清楚。 - /w/。was /wɒz/、were /wɜː/ 的 /w/:嘴唇圓起來,像閩南語「話」(uē)開頭的 u,再接後面的元音;不要讀成 /v/。 - 縮寫。I'm /aɪm/、you're /jɔː/(或 /jʊə/)、he's /hiːz/、she's /ʃiːz/、it's /ɪts/、we're /wɪə/、they're /ðeə/(與 there、their 同音);isn't /ˈɪznt/、aren't /ɑːnt/、wasn't /ˈwɒznt/、weren't /wɜːnt/。 - th /ð/。they're、there 開頭的 th /ð/:舌尖輕放在上下門牙之間,聲帶振動(見第 1 課)。不要讀成 d 或 z。 - 沒有聲調。閩南語有七個聲調,還有連讀變調,但英語的詞沒有聲調。不要給 am、is、are 加聲調;英語靠的是重音(stress)和語調(intonation)。疑問句 Are you hungry? 重音在 hungry 上,語調在最後上升;閩南語靠句尾的「無」,英語不加。 - 詞尾輔音。閩南語詞尾只有 -p、-t、-k、-h(短促收音)和 -m、-n、-ng。英語的 was /wɒz/、is /ɪz/、aren't /ɑːnt/、isn't /ˈɪznt/ 都有閩南語沒有的詞尾,要練習把它們讀完。
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
---
Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)