← Sinau Basa Inggris Bareng-Bareng
"Do" iku kriya (verb) sing nduweni rong tugas gedhe ing basa Inggris:
- Kriya utama: tegese nindakake, nglakoni, nggarap. "I do my homework" = Aku nggarap PRku. "He does the dishes" = Dheweke ngumbah piring. "What do you do?" = Kowe nyambut gawe apa? - Kriya bantu (auxiliary): ora nduweni teges dhewe, nanging mbantu mbentuk pitakon lan ukara ora. "Do you like tea?" = Apa kowe seneng teh? "I don't know" = Aku ora ngerti.
Tugas kapindho iki sing paling angel kanggo wong Jawa. Basa Jawa ora nduweni kriya bantu kaya ngono. Kanggo pitakon cukup nambahi apa ing ngarep utawa ngunggahake swara; kanggo ukara ora cukup nambahi ora sadurunge kriya. Basa Inggris kudu nganggo "do" (utawa "does", "did"): "You like tea?" kena dienggo ing gunem lisan, nanging ing tulisan kudu "Do you like tea?"
Bentuke ana lima:
- do: karo I, you, we, they. "I do", "they do". - does: karo he, she, it. "She does". Aja "she do". - did: wektu kepungkur, kanggo kabeh subyek. "Did you eat?" - done: bentuk katelu (past participle), dienggo sawise have. "I have done my work." - doing: bentuk -ing. "What are you doing?" = Kowe lagi ngapa?
Aturan sing paling penting: sawise do, does lan did, kriya bali menyang bentuk dhasar. "Does she work?", ora "Does she works?". "Did you eat?", ora "Did you ate?". Kriya Jawa ora owah miturut wektu (mangan bisa tegese eat utawa ate), mula tandha wektu kepungkur ing basa Inggris kudu dieling-eling: pitakon lan ukara ora ing wektu kepungkur nganggo "did", lan kriya sawise "did" tetep dhasar.
"Do" lan "make" kerep dicampur. "Do" kanggo tumindak, pegaweyan lan tugas: do homework, do the dishes, do the shopping. "Make" kanggo nggawe barang utawa ngasilake: make a list, make tea, make a mistake. Ing basa Jawa "make" = nggawe; "do" = nindakake, nggarap.
Asal tembung: saka basa Inggris Kuna dōn, sekulawarga karo tembung Jerman tun lan Walanda doen.
Apa tegese "do" ing basa Jawa? Gumantung gawene: nindakake, nggarap, nglakoni (kriya utama); ora ana terjemahane, mung kriya bantu kanggo pitakon lan ukara ora (apa, ora); utawa pancen (yen kanggo nandhesake: "I do like it").
Poin-poin penting:
- "Do" kriya utama: do homework, do the dishes, do the shopping, do your best. Bedakna karo "make": make a list, make a mistake. - Pitakon: Do / Does / Did + subyek + kriya dhasar. "Does she work here?" - Ukara ora: don't / doesn't / didn't + kriya dhasar. "She doesn't drink coffee." - "Does" kanggo he / she / it, lan -s ing kriya ilang: "She works" dadi "Does she work?" lan "She doesn't work". - Aja nganggo "do" karo "be" lan karo "can": "Are you tired?", ora "Do you tired?"; "Can you swim?", ora "Do you can swim?"
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do — bentuk kuwat /duː/; bentuk ringkih /də/ (sadurunge konsonan) utawa /dʊ/ (sadurunge vokal). does — bentuk kuwat /dʌz/; bentuk ringkih /dəz/. did — /dɪd/. done — /dʌn/. doing — /ˈduːɪŋ/. don't — /dəʊnt/ (Inggris Britania), /doʊnt/ (Amerika). doesn't — /ˈdʌzənt/. didn't — /ˈdɪdənt/.
Swara /d/. Ing basa Inggris, pucuking ilat kena gusi ing mburine untu ndhuwur. Aja nganti ilat nempel ing untu kaya d Jawa ("da"), lan aja ditekuk mundur kaya dh Jawa ("dha"). Latihan: "do – did – does – done – doing".
Ejaan lan swara ora cocog. "Done" ditulis nganggo o, nanging diucapake /dʌn/, kaya "dun", dudu "don" lan dudu "dohn". Vokal /ʌ/ cendhak, santai, lan lambe ora bunder. Padha uga "does" /dʌz/. Bandhingna:
- does /dʌz/ ≠ doze /dəʊz/ (turu sedhela). - done /dʌn/ ≠ don /dɒn/ (jeneng). - do /duː/ ≠ dough /dəʊ/ (adonan roti).
Swara pungkasan. Ing basa Jawa, konsonan sing digetarake (b, d, g) ing pungkasan tembung kadhang dadi atos (p, t, k). Ing basa Inggris "did" kudu /dɪd/ nganggo d ing pungkasan, ora "dit". Ing "does" swara pungkasan /z/, ora /s/.
Kapan nganggo bentuk kuwat lan kapan bentuk ringkih?
- Ing pitakon, "do" ringkih lan cepet: "Do you like tea?" /də ju ˈlaɪk ˈtiː/. Sing kuwat yaiku "like" lan "tea". - Ing wangsulan cendhak lan ing ukara nandhesake, "do" kuwat: "Yes, I DO." /duː/; "I DO like it!" /aɪ ˈduː ˈlaɪk ɪt/. - "Don't" tansah diucapake kebak, supaya ora kecampur karo "do": "I DON'T know."
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15.1 Do apa you kowe like seneng tea teh?
15.2 I aku do nggarap my -ku homework PR
15.3 He dheweke does ngumbah the [–] dishes piring
15.4 I aku don't ora know ngerti
15.5 Did apa you kowe eat wis mangan?
15.6 She dheweke doesn't ora drink ngombe coffee kopi at yen night bengi
15.7 They dheweke kabeh didn't ora come mangkat to [–] school sekolah yesterday wingi
15.8 What apa do [–] you kowe do nyambut gawe?
15.9 Does apa Rina Rina work nyambut gawe in ing Semarang Semarang?
15.10 I aku didn't ora do [–] the [–] shopping blanja because amarga I aku was [–] ill lara
15.11 I aku do pancen like seneng Javanese Jawa food masakan, but nanging I aku don't ora eat mangan it [–] every saben day dina
15.12 What apa did [–] you kowe do ngapa in ing Bali Bali last wingi week minggu?
15.13 I aku have wis done rampung nggarap all kabeh my -ku work gawean, so dadi I aku don't ora need perlu to [–] do nindakake anything apa-apa now saiki
15.14 You kowe live manggon in ing Yogyakarta Yogya, don't ta you [–]?
15.15 Do tindakna what apa you kowe can bisa do koktindakake, and lan don't aja worry kuwatir about bab the [–] rest liyane
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15.1 Do you like tea? Apa kowe seneng teh?
15.2 I do my homework. Aku nggarap PRku.
15.3 He does the dishes. Dheweke ngumbah piring.
15.4 I don't know. Aku ora ngerti.
15.5 Did you eat? Apa kowe wis mangan?
15.6 She doesn't drink coffee at night. Dheweke ora ngombe kopi yen bengi.
15.7 They didn't come to school yesterday. Dheweke kabeh wingi ora mangkat sekolah.
15.8 What do you do? Kowe nyambut gawe apa?
15.9 Does Rina work in Semarang? Apa Rina nyambut gawe ing Semarang?
15.10 I didn't do the shopping because I was ill. Aku ora blanja amarga lara.
15.11 I do like Javanese food, but I don't eat it every day. Aku pancen seneng masakan Jawa, nanging ora mangan saben dina.
15.12 What did you do in Bali last week? Kowe ngapa wae ing Bali minggu wingi?
15.13 I have done all my work, so I don't need to do anything now. Aku wis rampung nggarap kabeh gaweanku, dadi saiki aku ora perlu nindakake apa-apa.
15.14 You live in Yogyakarta, don't you? Kowe manggon ing Yogya, ta?
15.15 Do what you can, and don't worry about the rest. Tindakna apa sing bisa koktindakake, lan aja kuwatir bab liyane.
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15.1 Do you like tea?
15.2 I do my homework.
15.3 He does the dishes.
15.4 I don't know.
15.5 Did you eat?
15.6 She doesn't drink coffee at night.
15.7 They didn't come to school yesterday.
15.8 What do you do?
15.9 Does Rina work in Semarang?
15.10 I didn't do the shopping because I was ill.
15.11 I do like Javanese food, but I don't eat it every day.
15.12 What did you do in Bali last week?
15.13 I have done all my work, so I don't need to do anything now.
15.14 You live in Yogyakarta, don't you?
15.15 Do what you can, and don't worry about the rest.
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Iki aturan tata basa kanggo "do" ing basa Inggris:
1. "Do" minangka kriya utama = nindakake, nggarap. Bentuke: I / you / we / they do; he / she / it does. "I do my homework" (15.2), "He does the dishes" (15.3), "do the shopping" (15.10). Ing 15.10 "do the shopping" padha karo siji tembung Jawa, blanja. Mula ing teks interlinear "do" ditandhani [–].
2. "Do" lan "make". Ora ana aturan sing gampang, mula sing kudu dieling-eling yaiku pasangan tembunge. Nganggo "do": do homework, do the dishes, do the shopping, do the washing, do your best, do someone a favour. Nganggo "make": make a list, make tea, make a cake, make a mistake, make a decision. Kesalahan sing kerep: "I make my homework" (sing bener: I do my homework) lan "I do a mistake" (sing bener: I make a mistake).
3. Pitakon ya-ora: Do / Does / Did + subyek + kriya dhasar. "Do you like tea?" (15.1), "Did you eat?" (15.5), "Does Rina work in Semarang?" (15.9). Basa Jawa nganggo apa ing ngarep; basa Inggris nganggo "do" ing ngarep. Ing 15.1, 15.5 lan 15.9 tembung apa ditulis ing ngisor "Do", "Did" lan "Does" amarga apa iku tandha pitakon Jawa, dudu terjemahan "do".
4. Pitakon nganggo what, where, why, how: tembung pitakon + do / does / did + subyek + kriya dhasar. "What do you do?" (15.8), "What did you do in Bali last week?" (15.12). Ukara 15.8 nggunakake "do" kaping pindho: sing kapisan kriya bantu, sing kapindho kriya utama. Pangecualian: yen tembung pitakon dadi subyek, aja nganggo "do": "Who lives here?", ora "Who does live here?"
5. Ukara ora: subyek + don't / doesn't / didn't + kriya dhasar. "I don't know" (15.4), "She doesn't drink coffee at night" (15.6), "They didn't come to school yesterday" (15.7), "I didn't do the shopping" (15.10). Basa Jawa nganggo ora sadurunge kriya. Ing basa Inggris, "ora" kudu dumunung ing "do", dudu ing kriya utama: "I not know" lan "I no know" salah.
6. "Does" lan -s. Yen subyek he / she / it, kriya utama ing wektu saiki nganggo -s: "She drinks coffee". Nanging yen wis ana "does", -s pindhah menyang "does" lan kriya bali dhasar: "She doesn't drink coffee" (15.6), ora "doesn't drinks". Padha ing pitakon: "Does she drink coffee?"
7. "Did" lan wektu kepungkur. "Did" wis nuduhake wektu kepungkur, mula kriya sawise "did" tetep dhasar: "Did you eat?" (15.5), ora "Did you ate?"; "They didn't come" (15.7), ora "didn't came"; "What did you do?" (15.12), ora "What did you did?"
8. Wangsulan cendhak: Yes, I do. / No, I don't. / Yes, she does. / No, they didn't. Wangsulan nganggo "do" lan subyek, tanpa kriya utama maneh. Ing basa Jawa wangsulan biasane iya, ora, wis, durung utawa mbaleni kriyane (iya, seneng). Ing basa Inggris, "Yes, I like" ora lumrah; sing lumrah "Yes, I do." Bandhingna Bagian Genre, 15.20, 15.21, 15.23.
9. "Do" kanggo nandhesake. Ing ukara sing tegese ya, "do / does / did" kena ditambahi sadurunge kriya dhasar lan diucapake kuwat: "I do like Javanese food" (15.11) = aku pancen seneng masakan Jawa. Dienggo yen arep nandhesake, utawa mbantah: "You don't like fish." "I do like fish!" Ing ukara tanpa pambantahan, nggunakake kerep banget krasa aneh.
10. Pitakon buntut (tag question). Ukara positif entuk buntut negatif; ukara negatif entuk buntut positif: "You live in Yogyakarta, don't you?" (15.14), "You don't live in Solo, do you?" Buntut nganggo kriya bantu sing padha karo ukara. Yen ukara wis nganggo "is / are / can", buntute uga "isn't it / aren't you / can't you". Basa Jawa: ta, ya ora, to.
11. "Do" ora dienggo karo "be" lan kriya modal (can, will, must). "Are you tired?", ora "Do you tired?" "Can you swim?", ora "Do you can swim?" "She must go", ora "She doesn't must go". Pangecualian sing prasaja: karo "have" kriya utama kena nganggo "do" ("Do you have a pen?"; deleng Lesson 11), lan ing printah ora: "Don't worry" (15.15), "Don't forget" (Genre 15.25).
12. Printah. "Do" ing printah = tindakna: "Do what you can" (15.15). Printah ora = "Don't" + kriya dhasar: "Don't worry" = aja kuwatir. Kanggo ngajak sing sopan: "Do come in!" = monggo mlebu, ayo mlebu wae.
13. "Done" lan "doing". "Done" dienggo sawise have / has: "I have done all my work" (15.13). Ora "I have did" lan ora "I done it yesterday" (sing bener: I did it yesterday). "Doing" dienggo sawise be: "What are you doing?" (Genre 15.16) = kowe lagi ngapa? Aja dicampur karo "What do you do?" (15.8): sing kapisan nakokake apa sing lagi ditindakake saiki, sing kapindho nakokake pegaweyan.
14. "Aku uga" lan "aku uga ora". "I like tea." "So do I." (aku uga). "I don't like coffee." "Neither do I." (aku uga ora). Kriya bantu "do" ngganti kriya utama, lan urutane diwalik: so + do + subyek.
Tandha [–] ing teks interlinear nuduhake yen tembung Inggris kuwi ora nduweni tembung pasangan langsung ing basa Jawa: kriya bantu "do" ing "What do you do?" (15.8) lan "What did you do...?" (15.12), artikel "the" lan "a", kriya "was" lan "to", lan buntut "you" ing 15.14.
Kesalahan sing kerep:
- "Do you can swim?" Sing bener: Can you swim? - "She don't like coffee." Sing bener: She doesn't like coffee. - "Does she works here?" Sing bener: Does she work here? - "Did you went to school?" Sing bener: Did you go to school? - "I not know." utawa "I no know." Sing bener: I don't know. - "What do you doing?" Sing bener: What are you doing? - "Do you tired?" Sing bener: Are you tired? - "I make my homework." Sing bener: I do my homework. - "I done it yesterday." Sing bener: I did it yesterday. - "He do the dishes." Sing bener: He does the dishes.
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"Do" kalebu rong puluh tembung sing paling kerep dienggo ing basa Inggris; ing daftar tembung kursus iki ana ing urutan nomer 15. Meh saben pitakon lan ukara ora ing basa Inggris nganggo "do", "does" utawa "did", mula tembung iki bakal dirungokake lan dienggo ing saben gunem.
"What do you do?" Ing Inggris lan Amerika, pitakon iki dienggo yen wong lagi kenalan, lan tegese "pegaweyanmu apa?" Wangsulane yaiku pegaweyan utawa sekolah: "I'm a teacher", "I work for a bank", "I study at Manchester University." Aja mangsuli "I eat rice" (kejaba arep guyon). Yen arep nakokake apa sing lagi ditindakake, pitakone "What are you doing?"
"Did you eat?" Ing Jawa "Wis mangan?" asring dadi salam, kaya "apa kabar". Ing basa Inggris "Did you eat?" utawa "Have you eaten?" pancen pitakon: sing nakoni pengin ngerti. Salam ing Inggris yaiku "How are you?" lan wangsulane "Fine, thanks. And you?"
"Do you mind...?" Iki cara sing sopan kanggo njaluk idin: "Do you mind if I open the window?" Gatekna: yen setuju, wangsulane "No, not at all" utawa "No, go ahead", amarga tegese "ora, aku ora keberatan". Yen wangsulane "Yes", tegese "aku keberatan". Wong Jawa kerep mangsuli "Yes" kanggo sopan santun, lan iki bisa nggawe bingung.
"How do you do?" Salam resmi sing lawas banget, lan wangsulane padha: "How do you do?" Saiki wong luwih sering ngomong "Nice to meet you."
Giliran lan pegaweyan omah. Ing gunem Genre, Sari lan Bayu bagi-bagi gawean: "I did it yesterday. Today it's your turn." Ing omah sing dienggo bareng, wong Inggris kerep nggawe giliran (a rota) kanggo ngumbah piring, resik-resik lan blanja. Ing Jawa, gotong royong lan tulung-tinulung biasane ora diwiwiti saka daftar, nanging saka kesadaran bareng. Loro-lorone cara sing apik kanggo njaga omah tetep resik.
Ungkapan nganggo "do":
- do your best — nindakake sing paling apik - do me a favour — tulung aku, nulungi aku - Well done! — Apik tenan! Pinter! - That will do — wis cukup - What would I do without you? — Yen ora ana kowe, aku kudu piye? - Nothing doing! — ora bisa, ora entuk (ora resmi) - Do as I say, not as I do — tindakna apa sing dakkandhakake, aja niru sing daktindakake
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Kitab Matius 7:12, King James Version (1611), saka Kotbah ing Gunung. Teks Inggris: King James Bible. Terjemahan Jawa: terjemahan pedagogis Latinum Institute, dudu terjemahan Kitab Suci resmi.
"Therefore mulane all kabeh things bab whatsoever apa wae ye kowe kabeh would kepengin that [–] men wong should kudune do nindakake to marang you kowe kabeh, do tindakna ye kowe kabeh even uga so mangkono to marang them wong-wong kuwi: for amarga this iki is [–] the [–] law angger-angger and lan the [–] prophets para nabi."
"Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets."
"Mulane, apa wae sing kokkarepake supaya ditindakake wong marang kowe, tindakna uga mangkono marang wong-wong kuwi, amarga iki ringkesane Angger-angger lan Kitab Para Nabi." (terjemahan pedagogis Latinum Institute)
Ukara iki dikenal minangka "Golden Rule" (Angger-angger Emas), lan dumunung ing Kotbah ing Gunung ing Injil Matius. Terjemahan King James Version dicetak taun 1611 lan pirang-pirang atus taun dadi basa Inggris sing paling kerep dirungokake ing gereja lan sekolah, mula akeh ukara saka kana sing isih dieling-eling. Gagasan sing meh padha ditemokake ing akeh tradhisi liyane, lan ing budaya Jawa ana ing tepa slira, yaiku ngukur tumindak marang wong liya nganggo rasa awake dhewe.
Kekuwatane ukara iki ana ing "do" sing diambali: "do to you" ing separo kapisan, "do ye even so to them" ing separo kapindho. Tembung sing padha, mung subyek lan sing nampa ditukar. "Do" ing kene kriya utama kabeh: nindakake. Bandhingna karo Lesson 14: "do something for you" tegese nindakake kanggo kabecikanmu, nanging "do something to you" tegese nindakake sing ana pengaruhe marang kowe, bisa becik bisa ala.
- "ye" = basa Inggris lawas kanggo "you" (subyek, jamak). "Do ye" = "you do". Basa Inggris saiki: "you". - "would that men should do to you" = "supaya wong nindakake marang kowe". "Would" ing kene tegese "arep, kepengin", panganggo lawas. - "whatsoever" = "whatever" saiki. - "even so" = "ing cara sing padha". - "do ye even so to them" ukara printah lawas. Basa Inggris saiki: "do the same to them" utawa "treat them the same way". - Versi modern sing gampang: "Do to others what you want them to do to you." - "do to" + wong = nindakake marang wong kuwi (deleng Bagian D, poin 1).
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15.16 Bayu: What apa are [–] you kowe doing lagi ngapa, Sari Sari?
15.17 Sari: I'm aku [–] making nggawe a [–] list daftar. What apa do [–] we awake dhewe have kudu to [–] do ngapa wae before sadurunge Tom Tom comes teka?
15.18 Bayu: First dhisik we awake dhewe have kudu to [–] do ngumbah the [–] washing-up piring. Look delengen at [–] all akeh banget these iki plates piring-piring!
15.19 Sari: I aku did wis ngumbah it [–] yesterday wingi. Today dina iki it's iku [–] your -mu turn giliran. Do apa you kowe remember kelingan?
15.20 Bayu: Yes iya, I aku do kelingan. All ya right wis, I'll aku bakal do ngumbah it [–]. Does apa Tom Tom eat mangan chicken pitik?
15.21 Sari: Yes iya, he dheweke does mangan. He dheweke doesn't ora like seneng fish iwak, but nanging he dheweke does pancen like seneng chicken pitik
15.22 Bayu: Good apik. Then yen ngono I'll aku bakal cook masak fried goreng chicken pitik. Did apa you kowe do [–] the [–] shopping blanja this iki morning esuk?
15.23 Sari: No durung. I aku didn't [–]. I aku had kuliah two kaping pindho lectures [–], and lan then banjur I aku did nggarap my -ku assignment tugas in ing the [–] library perpustakaan
15.24 Bayu: Don't aja worry kuwatir. I'll aku bakal do ngumbah the [–] washing-up piring first dhisik and banjur then [–] go menyang to [–] the [–] shop toko. What apa do [–] we awake dhewe need butuh?
15.25 Sari: Rice beras, chillies lombok and lan tomatoes tomat. And lan please tulung don't aja forget lali the [–] eggs endhog
15.26 Bayu: OK ya. What apa are [–] you kowe going arep to [–] do ngapa while nalika I'm aku [–] out metu?
15.27 Sari: I'll aku arep tidy resik-resik the [–] room kamar and lan do nggarap my -ku English basa Inggris homework PR. Then mengko we'll kabeh [–] be [–] done wis rampung by jam six enem
15.28 Bayu: Do apa you kowe want gelem some [–] tea teh when yen I aku come wis back bali?
15.29 Sari: Yes iya, please tulung. What apa would [–] I aku do kudu piye without yen ora ana you kowe?
15.30 Bayu: You'd kowe [–] manage mesthi bisa. Right ya wis, I'm aku [–] off mangkat. We'll awake dhewe bakal do nindakake our [–] best sing paling apik, and lan I'm aku [–] sure mesthi Tom Tom will bakal be [–] happy seneng
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15.16 Bayu: What are you doing, Sari? Bayu: Kowe lagi ngapa, Sari?
15.17 Sari: I'm making a list. What do we have to do before Tom comes? Sari: Aku lagi nggawe daftar. Sadurunge Tom teka, awake dhewe kudu ngapa wae?
15.18 Bayu: First we have to do the washing-up. Look at all these plates! Bayu: Dhisik, awake dhewe kudu ngumbah piring. Delengen piring-piring iki, akeh banget!
15.19 Sari: I did it yesterday. Today it's your turn. Do you remember? Sari: Wingi aku wis ngumbah. Dina iki giliranmu. Apa kowe kelingan?
15.20 Bayu: Yes, I do. All right, I'll do it. Does Tom eat chicken? Bayu: Iya, kelingan. Ya wis, aku bakal ngumbah. Apa Tom mangan pitik?
15.21 Sari: Yes, he does. He doesn't like fish, but he does like chicken. Sari: Iya, mangan. Dheweke ora seneng iwak, nanging pancen seneng pitik.
15.22 Bayu: Good. Then I'll cook fried chicken. Did you do the shopping this morning? Bayu: Apik. Yen ngono aku bakal masak pitik goreng. Esuk iki kowe wis blanja?
15.23 Sari: No, I didn't. I had two lectures, and then I did my assignment in the library. Sari: Durung. Aku kuliah kaping pindho, banjur nggarap tugasku ing perpustakaan.
15.24 Bayu: Don't worry. I'll do the washing-up first and then go to the shop. What do we need? Bayu: Aja kuwatir. Aku bakal ngumbah piring dhisik, banjur menyang toko. Awake dhewe butuh apa wae?
15.25 Sari: Rice, chillies and tomatoes. And please don't forget the eggs. Sari: Beras, lombok lan tomat. Lan tulung aja lali endhog.
15.26 Bayu: OK. What are you going to do while I'm out? Bayu: Ya. Kowe arep ngapa nalika aku lagi metu?
15.27 Sari: I'll tidy the room and do my English homework. Then we'll be done by six. Sari: Aku arep resik-resik kamar lan nggarap PR basa Inggrisku. Mengko jam enem kabeh wis rampung.
15.28 Bayu: Do you want some tea when I come back? Bayu: Kowe gelem ngombe teh yen aku wis bali?
15.29 Sari: Yes, please. What would I do without you? Sari: Gelem, tulung. Yen ora ana kowe, aku kudu piye?
15.30 Bayu: You'd manage. Right, I'm off. We'll do our best, and I'm sure Tom will be happy. Bayu: Kowe mesthi bisa. Ya wis, aku mangkat. Awake dhewe bakal nindakake sing paling apik, lan Tom mesthi seneng.
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15.16 Bayu: What are you doing, Sari?
15.17 Sari: I'm making a list. What do we have to do before Tom comes?
15.18 Bayu: First we have to do the washing-up. Look at all these plates!
15.19 Sari: I did it yesterday. Today it's your turn. Do you remember?
15.20 Bayu: Yes, I do. All right, I'll do it. Does Tom eat chicken?
15.21 Sari: Yes, he does. He doesn't like fish, but he does like chicken.
15.22 Bayu: Good. Then I'll cook fried chicken. Did you do the shopping this morning?
15.23 Sari: No, I didn't. I had two lectures, and then I did my assignment in the library.
15.24 Bayu: Don't worry. I'll do the washing-up first and then go to the shop. What do we need?
15.25 Sari: Rice, chillies and tomatoes. And please don't forget the eggs.
15.26 Bayu: OK. What are you going to do while I'm out?
15.27 Sari: I'll tidy the room and do my English homework. Then we'll be done by six.
15.28 Bayu: Do you want some tea when I come back?
15.29 Sari: Yes, please. What would I do without you?
15.30 Bayu: You'd manage. Right, I'm off. We'll do our best, and I'm sure Tom will be happy.
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Sari lan Bayu, mahasiswa Jawa ing Manchester sing wis kita tepungi ing Lesson 14, lagi nyiapake omah kanggo rawuhe kancane, Tom, wong Inggris. Ing guneman iki "do" katon ing kabeh gawene:
- "Do" kriya utama: "do the washing-up" (15.18, 15.24), "I'll do it" (15.20), "do the shopping" (15.22), "I did my assignment" (15.23), "do my English homework" (15.27), "We'll do our best" (15.30). Gatekna "washing-up" = ngumbah piring (Inggris Britania); ing Amerika luwih umum "do the dishes". - "Do" / "does" / "did" kriya bantu ing pitakon: "What do we have to do...?" (15.17), "Do you remember?" (15.19), "Does Tom eat chicken?" (15.20), "Did you do the shopping...?" (15.22), "What do we need?" (15.24), "Do you want some tea...?" (15.28). Ing 15.17 ana "do" loro: sing kapisan kriya bantu, sing kapindho kriya utama. Ing 15.22 "Did you do" uga: "did" kriya bantu, "do" kriya utama. - "Do" ing wangsulan cendhak: "Yes, I do" (15.20), "Yes, he does" (15.21), "No, I didn't" (15.23). Kriya utama ora diambali. - "Don't" lan "doesn't": "He doesn't like fish" (15.21), "Don't worry" (15.24), "please don't forget the eggs" (15.25). "I didn't" ing 15.23 kriya utama wis dibuwang amarga wis ngerti saka pitakon: "No, I didn't [do the shopping]." - "Do" kanggo nandhesake: "he does like chicken" (15.21). "Does" diucapake kuwat. Ukara "doesn't like fish, but does like chicken" nandhesake bedane. - "Doing" lan "done": "What are you doing?" (15.16) = lagi ngapa. "We'll be done by six" (15.27) = awake dhewe wis rampung jam enem. "Done" ing kene tegese "rampung", dudu mung bentuk katelu saka "do". - "Did" lan wektu kepungkur: "I did it yesterday" (15.19), "I had two lectures" (15.23). "Did" minangka kriya bantu mung ana ing pitakon lan ukara ora; ing ukara positif kriyane dhewe sing owah dadi bentuk kepungkur (had, did). - "What would I do without you?" (15.29). Ukara sing lumrah kanggo matur nuwun kanthi anget: "would" + "do" = kriya utama, tegese "aku kudu piye". - Ing 15.16 lan 15.26 "doing" lan "going to do" nuduhake rencana lan kegiatan sing lagi lumaku. Bandhingna karo pitakon pegaweyan "What do you do?" (15.8). - Tembung "tidy" (15.27) = resik-resik, nata. "The shop" (15.24) = toko, lan "the shopping" (15.22) = blanja: "go to the shop" lan "do the shopping" ora padha.
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- do /duː/ lan does /dʌz/ ora padha swarane, sanajan ditulis meh padha. "Does" ora diucapake "do-es" lan ora "dos". Latihan: "do – does – did – done – doing". - done /dʌn/: ditulis o, diucapake /ʌ/. Bandhingna "gone" /gɒn/ lan "one" /wʌn/. - Ing tengah ukara "do" ringkih /də/: "What do we need?" /wɒt də wi niːd/. Ing wangsulan cendhak kuwat: "Yes, I do." /duː/. - "Don't" ditulis nganggo apostrof (') ing panggonan o sing ilang: do not → don't, does not → doesn't, did not → didn't. Ing tulisan resmi kena ditulis lengkap. - "Washing-up" ditulis nganggo tandha hubung (-); "do the washing-up" kriya + tembung benda. - "Do" ditulis cilik kajaba ing wiwitan ukara, kaya ing 15.1, 15.15, 15.19 lan 15.28. - Ing pungkasan pitakon ya-ora, swara munggah: "Do you like tea? ↗". Ing pitakon nganggo what, where, why, swara biasane mudhun: "What do you do? ↘".
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)