52.1 First 先 I 我 eat 吃, then 然后 I 我 sleep 睡觉
52.2 Then 然后 she 她 smiled 笑了
52.3 If 如果 you 你 are 是 tired 累了, then 那么 rest 休息
52.4 What 什么 happened 发生了 then 然后
52.5 I 我 was 是 young 年轻 then 那时
52.6 Finish 完成 your 你的 homework 作业, then 然后 watch 看 TV 电视
52.7 Then 这时 I 我 understood 明白了 why 为什么 he 他 left 离开了
52.8 Just 正好 then 那时, the — phone 电话 rang 响了
52.9 See 见 you 你 then 到时候
52.10 Until 直到 then 那时, please 请 stay 留 here 这里
52.11 Since 自从 then 那时, we 我们 have [助动词] been 一直是 friends 朋友
52.12 By 到 then 那时, the — shop 商店 was 已经 closed 关门了
52.13 Well 好 then 那么, what 什么 do [助动词] you 你 want 想 to — do 做
52.14 If 如果 it — rains 下雨 tomorrow 明天, then 那么 we 我们 will 将 stay 待 at 在 home 家
52.15 He 他 opened 打开了 the — box 盒子, looked 看了 inside 里面, and 并且 then 然后 closed 关上了 it 它 again 又
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52.1 First I eat, then I sleep. 我先吃饭，然后睡觉。
52.2 Then she smiled. 然后她笑了。
52.3 If you are tired, then rest. 如果你累了，那就休息吧。
52.4 What happened then? 然后发生了什么？
52.5 I was young then. 那时我很年轻。
52.6 Finish your homework, then watch TV. 先写完作业，再看电视。
52.7 Then I understood why he left. 这时我明白了他为什么离开。
52.8 Just then, the phone rang. 就在这时，电话响了。
52.9 See you then. 到时候见。
52.10 Until then, please stay here. 在那之前，请留在这里。
52.11 Since then, we have been friends. 从那以后，我们一直是朋友。
52.12 By then, the shop was closed. 到那时，商店已经关门了。
52.13 Well then, what do you want to do? 那么，你想做什么？
52.14 If it rains tomorrow, then we will stay at home. 如果明天下雨，那我们就待在家里。
52.15 He opened the box, looked inside, and then closed it again. 他打开盒子，往里看了看，然后又把它关上了。
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52.1 First I eat, then I sleep.
52.2 Then she smiled.
52.3 If you are tired, then rest.
52.4 What happened then?
52.5 I was young then.
52.6 Finish your homework, then watch TV.
52.7 Then I understood why he left.
52.8 Just then, the phone rang.
52.9 See you then.
52.10 Until then, please stay here.
52.11 Since then, we have been friends.
52.12 By then, the shop was closed.
52.13 Well then, what do you want to do?
52.14 If it rains tomorrow, then we will stay at home.
52.15 He opened the box, looked inside, and then closed it again.
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对中文母语者来说，"then"很容易和"然后"画等号。这个对应大体不错，但"then"比"然后"用途更广，用法也更严格。"then"是副词，主要有三个意思：按顺序，是"然后、接着"；表结果，是"那么、那就"；表时间，是"那时、当时"。
A部分中，"—"表示这个词没有单独对应的中文词（如"the"），[助动词]表示助动词。
"then"的位置：
- 句首（引出下一个动作或一个结论）："Then she smiled"（52.2）、"Then I understood why he left"（52.7）。后面可以加逗号，也可以不加 - 句末（表示"那时"）："I was young then"（52.5）、"See you then"（52.9） - 两个动作之间，常和"and"连用："He opened the box, looked inside, and then closed it again"（52.15） - 在"if"从句之后，引出结果："If you are tired, then rest"（52.3） - 主语和动词之间（较正式，多见于书面语）："I then went home"
表顺序的"then"：
- 英语说"first ... then ..."，中文说"先……然后／再……"（52.1、52.6）。中文常用"再"表示先后，英语仍然用"then" - 中文口语里，"然后"常当口头禅，一连说好几个"然后……然后……"。英语里连说"and then ... and then ..."听起来像小孩子讲故事。可以换成"next"、"after that"、"later"，或者把一句话分成几个短句，不加连接词 - "What happened then?"（52.4）可以是"接下来发生了什么"，也可以是"那时发生了什么"，要看上下文。本课按"接下来"来理解 - "then"是副词，不能像"after"那样引出从句。不说"Then I finished work, I went home"，要说"After I finished work, I went home"，或者"I finished work. Then I went home" - 只用逗号加"then"连接两个句子（52.1、52.6），在口语和说明步骤时很常见。正式写作中改用"and then"，或者用句号分开
表结果的"then"：
- "if ... then ..." 对应中文的"如果……那么／那就……"（52.3、52.14）。"then"可以省略："If you are tired, rest"。保留"then"，语气更像在推理或强调 - "then"在"if"从句的后面，不能放进"if"从句里面。不说"If then you are tired, rest" - 在对话里，"Then ..."放在答话开头，表示根据对方刚说的话下结论："Then you must be Lin"（见下面的文体部分），意思是"那你一定是林了" - "well then"、"okay then" = "那么、好吧"（52.13），用来承接上文，开始说下一件事，或者作出结论
表时间的"then"：
- "then"指前面已经说过的某个时间。可以是过去："I was young then"（52.5）；也可以是将来："See you then"（52.9）。它不能指"现在"（"现在"用"now"） - just then = 就在这时（52.8） - until then = 直到那时、在那之前（52.10） - since then = 从那以后（52.11） - by then = 到那时（52.12） - from then on = 从那时起 - before then = 在那之前 - then and there（也说 there and then）= 当场、当即："I decided there and then" - then again = 话又说回来（补充相反的一面）："It is expensive. Then again, it is very good" - "then"还可以作形容词，只放在名词前，意思是"当时的"："the then president" = 当时的总统。这种用法较正式 - now and then = 偶尔，已在前一课学过。字面上是"此时和彼时"，意思与"那时"无关
"then"与时态：
- "then"本身没有时态，时态由整句决定。习惯用一般现在时（52.1），指令用祈使句（52.6），叙述过去的事用一般过去时（52.2） - 表示"那时"时，指过去用过去时（52.5），指将来用将来时（52.9）
发音：
- "then"读作 /ðen/。开头的 /ð/ 在汉语里没有：舌尖轻轻放在上下牙齿之间，声带要振动。不要读成"zen"（z）或"den"（d） - "then"与"when"、"men"、"pen"、"ten"押韵。结尾是 /n/，舌尖顶住上牙龈，不要拖成"ng" - "then" /ðen/ 和"than" /ðæn/ 只差元音，/æ/ 的嘴张得更大。听写时容易混淆
常见错误：
- "I am taller then you"，想说"我比你高"（比较用"than"，应为"I am taller than you"） - "Then I finished work, I went home"，想说"我下班以后回了家"（应为"After I finished work, I went home"） - "If you are tired, so rest"，用"so"代替"then"（应为"If you are tired, then rest"，或者省掉"then"） - 把"然后"当作口头禅，句句都用"and then" - 用"then"指现在，例如"I am busy then"，想说"我现在很忙"（应为"I am busy now"） - 把"then"读成"zen"或"den"，或者听写时写成"than"
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"then"是日常英语里最常用的小词之一，在说明步骤、讲故事和约定时间时尤其常见。
说明和指路：
- 菜谱、说明书和问路时，英语习惯用"first ... then ... finally ..."把步骤排好："Add the eggs, then stir"（加鸡蛋，然后搅拌）、"Go straight, then turn left"（直走，然后左转） - 步骤很多时，可以用"first"、"then"、"next"、"finally"轮流引出，不必每句都用"then"
讲故事和追问：
- 听别人讲故事时，说"And then?"或"Then what?"（然后呢？）是在请对方讲下去 - 讲故事的人如果每句话都说"and then"，听的人会觉得单调。用"then"、"after that"、"suddenly"等词轮换着说，听起来更自然
约定和告别：
- 约好时间之后，常说"Friday at six? See you then."（星期五六点？到时候见。） - "Until then"（在那之前）是告别时的常用话，也常用在"until then, take care"这样的句子里
语气：
- "Well then"、"Okay then"的语气取决于说话的声调。"Well then, shall we begin?"是平常的话；"Well then, if that is all, I will go"可能显得有些冷淡，意思是"既然如此，我走了" - "Okay then"有时是勉强同意："Okay then, let's do it your way"
成语和习惯说法：
- "That was then, this is now" = 那是过去的事，现在不一样了。美国作家 S. E. 欣顿 (S. E. Hinton) 1971 年的小说，书名就叫《That Was Then, This Is Now》 - "Back then" = 那时候、当年，口语里很常见："Back then, we had no phones" - "Then again" = 话又说回来，谈论利弊时常用 - "There and then" / "then and there" = 当场、当即 - "if ... then ..." 是学校里数学、逻辑和编程的基本句式（"if-then"语句）。日常说话时，"then"经常省掉
书面和口语：
- 在正式的书面语里，常用"subsequently"（随后）、"therefore"（因此）、"at that time"（当时）来代替"then" - 在日常对话里，"then"几乎总是比这些词更自然
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出自威廉·莎士比亚《麦克白》第一幕第七场（麦克白的独白，第1至2行）：
If 如果 it 这事 were 是 done 做完 when 当 'tis 它是 done 做完, then 那么 'twere 那就会是 well 好 / It 这事 were 是 done 做完 quickly 迅速地
"If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well It were done quickly:"
散文式翻译（Latinum Institute）："如果事情一做成就了结，那么，快些做成才好。"
这两行是《麦克白》第一幕第七场的开头。邓肯王正在麦克白的城堡里吃晚饭，麦克白却离开了宴席，一个人在城堡的另一处，想着要不要杀死邓肯。一般认为，莎士比亚大约在1606年写成这部戏，剧本收入1623年出版的第一对开本。
这里的"then"是"if ... then"里的"then"，引出结论：如果杀人一做完，一切就结束，那就快点动手。麦克白在这两行里把"done"说了三次，像是在说服自己。但他马上接着说，事情不会这样结束，因为后果会回到作恶的人身上。
同一段独白的后面，"then"又出现了一次，意思不同。麦克白一条一条数出自己不该杀邓肯的理由："First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, / Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, / Who should against his murtherer shut the door, / Not bear the knife myself."（第一，我是他的亲戚，又是他的臣子，这两点都不该做这件事；然后，我是他的主人，应该替他挡住杀他的人，不该自己拿刀。）这里的"then"和"first"配合，表示顺序，和52.1的"First I eat, then I sleep"是同一种用法。所以在同一段话里，既有表结果的"then"，也有表顺序的"then"。
- "If it were done ... then 'twere well"：用"were"表示假设，是虚拟语气。现代英语可以写成"If it were over, then it would be good"。"then"引出结果，现代英语中可以省略 - "'tis"是"it is"的缩写，"'twere"是"it were"的缩写。这是古旧的写法，现代英语用"it's"和"it would be" - "done"是过去分词，"be done"表示"做完、了结"。口语里的"Are you done?"（你做完了吗？）至今还在用 - "well"在这里是形容词，意思是"好、妥当"，"'twere well"就是"那就好了" - "quickly"是副词，修饰"done"
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52.16 Lin 林 found 找到 an 一把 old 旧 key 钥匙 in 在 her 她的 coat 外套, and 并且 then 然后 she 她 remembered 想起了 her 她的 grandfather's 爷爷的 house 房子
52.17 She 她 took 乘 a 一辆 bus 公共汽车 to 到 the — village 村子. Then 然后 she 她 walked 走 up 上 the — hill 山坡
52.18 The — old 旧 house 房子 stood 立 at 在 the — top 山顶. Then 这时 she 她 saw 看见 the — blue 蓝色的 door 门
52.19 She 她 put 放 the — key 钥匙 in 进 the — lock 锁. Then 然后 she 她 turned 转动 it 它 slowly 慢慢地
52.20 The — door 门 opened 开了, and 并且 then 然后 a 一阵 cold 冷 wind 风 came 来 out 出来
52.21 "Who 谁 is 是 there 那里?" called 喊 a 一个 voice 声音. Then 然后 an 一位 old 老 woman 妇人 came 走 out 出来 of 从 the — garden 花园
52.22 "I 我 have 有 the — key 钥匙," said 说 Lin 林. "Then 那么 you 你 must 一定 be 是 Lin 林," said 说 the — woman 妇人. "I 我 am 是 Mrs 太太 Wu 吴"
52.23 "Wait 等 here 这里," said 说 Mrs 太太 Wu 吴. Then 然后 she 她 went 去 into 进 the — kitchen 厨房 and 并且 came 来 back 回 with 带着 a 一个 wooden 木 box 盒子
52.24 Lin 林 opened 打开了 the — box 盒子. At 起 first 初 it 它 looked 看起来 empty 空. Then 然后 she 她 saw 看见 a 一封 letter 信 at 在 the — bottom 底部
52.25 She 她 read 读 the — letter 信 slowly 慢慢地. Then 然后 she 她 read 读 it 它 again 再次
52.26 The — letter 信 said 写道: "I 我 built 建造 this 这座 house 房子 in 在 1960. The — apple 苹果 tree 树 was 是 small 小 then 那时"
52.27 "If 如果 you 你 find 找到 this 这把 key 钥匙, then 那么 the — house 房子 is 是 yours 你的," the — letter 信 said 写道
52.28 Lin 林 smiled 笑了, and 并且 then 然后 she 她 cried 哭了 quietly 悄悄地
52.29 "Well 好 then 那么," she 她 said 说 to 对 Mrs 太太 Wu 吴, "will 能 you 你 show 带 me 我 the — garden 花园?"
52.30 "Of 当 course 然," said 说 Mrs 太太 Wu 吴. "Then 那么, if 如果 you 你 like 愿意, we 我们 can 可以 plant 种 a 一棵 new 新 tree 树"
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52.16 Lin found an old key in her coat, and then she remembered her grandfather's house. 林在外套里找到一把旧钥匙，然后想起了爷爷的房子。
52.17 She took a bus to the village. Then she walked up the hill. 她坐公共汽车到了村子。然后她走上山坡。
52.18 The old house stood at the top. Then she saw the blue door. 老房子立在山顶。这时她看见了那扇蓝色的门。
52.19 She put the key in the lock. Then she turned it slowly. 她把钥匙插进锁里。然后她慢慢地转动钥匙。
52.20 The door opened, and then a cold wind came out. 门开了，然后一阵冷风吹了出来。
52.21 "Who is there?" called a voice. Then an old woman came out of the garden. “谁在那里？”一个声音喊道。然后一位老妇人从花园里走了出来。
52.22 "I have the key," said Lin. "Then you must be Lin," said the woman. "I am Mrs Wu." “我有钥匙，”林说。“那你一定就是林了，”那位妇人说。“我是吴太太。”
52.23 "Wait here," said Mrs Wu. Then she went into the kitchen and came back with a wooden box. “在这里等着，”吴太太说。然后她走进厨房，拿着一个木盒子回来了。
52.24 Lin opened the box. At first it looked empty. Then she saw a letter at the bottom. 林打开盒子。起初它看起来是空的。然后她看见底部有一封信。
52.25 She read the letter slowly. Then she read it again. 她慢慢地读那封信。然后她又读了一遍。
52.26 The letter said: "I built this house in 1960. The apple tree was small then." 信上写道：“我在1960年建了这座房子。那时苹果树还很小。”
52.27 "If you find this key, then the house is yours," the letter said. “如果你找到这把钥匙，那么这座房子就是你的，”信上写道。
52.28 Lin smiled, and then she cried quietly. 林笑了，然后悄悄地哭了。
52.29 "Well then," she said to Mrs Wu, "will you show me the garden?" “那么，”她对吴太太说，“您能带我看看花园吗？”
52.30 "Of course," said Mrs Wu. "Then, if you like, we can plant a new tree." “当然，”吴太太说。“那么，要是你愿意，我们可以种一棵新树。”
52.16 Lin found an old key in her coat, and then she remembered her grandfather's house.
52.17 She took a bus to the village. Then she walked up the hill.
52.18 The old house stood at the top. Then she saw the blue door.
52.19 She put the key in the lock. Then she turned it slowly.
52.20 The door opened, and then a cold wind came out.
52.21 "Who is there?" called a voice. Then an old woman came out of the garden.
52.22 "I have the key," said Lin. "Then you must be Lin," said the woman. "I am Mrs Wu."
52.23 "Wait here," said Mrs Wu. Then she went into the kitchen and came back with a wooden box.
52.24 Lin opened the box. At first it looked empty. Then she saw a letter at the bottom.
52.25 She read the letter slowly. Then she read it again.
52.26 The letter said: "I built this house in 1960. The apple tree was small then."
52.27 "If you find this key, then the house is yours," the letter said.
52.28 Lin smiled, and then she cried quietly.
52.29 "Well then," she said to Mrs Wu, "will you show me the garden?"
52.30 "Of course," said Mrs Wu. "Then, if you like, we can plant a new tree."
"then"在叙述中的用法：
- 在过去时的故事里，"then"放在句首或"and"之后，表示"接着、然后"，把一个动作和下一个动作连起来："She took a bus to the village. Then she walked up the hill"（52.17）。故事里每一步都是新的动作，"then"就是把它们串成一串的线 - "Then she saw the blue door"（52.18）里的"then"是"这时"，表示新的情况在此刻出现，比"然后"更强调"这一刻" - "and then"（52.16、52.20、52.28）连接同一句里的两个动作。"and"和"then"之间不用逗号 - 有时一连串动作里不必每一步都写"then"。52.24 里先用"At first"，再用"then"，比一连串"then"更自然
表结果和表时间的"then"：
- 在对话里，"Then you must be Lin"（52.22）是根据对方刚做的事得出结论：她有钥匙，所以她一定是林。这里的"then"相当于"那么"，不是表顺序 - "If you find this key, then the house is yours"（52.27）是"if ... then ..."，"then"引出结果 - "The apple tree was small then"（52.26）里的"then"放在句末，指前一句提到的1960年，意思是"那时"，用过去时
"well then"和"then"开头的对话：
- "Well then"（52.29）= 那么：林在得知真相以后，用它来转入下一件事 - "Then, if you like, we can plant a new tree"（52.30）：回答以"Then"开头，后面的逗号把"if"从句隔开，意思是"那么，要是你愿意的话……"
动作叙事的特点：
- 动作按先后顺序一件接一件：took（52.17）、put（52.19）、opened（52.21）、read（52.25）。每一步之间的联系由"then"完成 - 对话穿插在动作之间，说话人的标签放在引语后面："said Mrs Wu"、"called a voice"。名字放在后面时，"said Mrs Wu"和"Mrs Wu said"两种都对；代词则说"she said"，不说"said she"
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)