← Safari ya Kujifunza Kiingereza
"It" ni kiwakilishi cha nafsi ya tatu kwa kitu, mnyama au wazo. Kiingereza kina maneno matatu ya nafsi ya tatu, umoja: "he" (mwanamume), "she" (mwanamke) na "it" (kila kitu kingine). Kiswahili hakina neno moja linalolingana na "it". Kinasema "it" kwa njia nne:
- kiambishi cha kiima kinacholingana na ngeli ya nomino: mvua inanyesha (i-), mlango umefungwa (u-), gari lilisimama (li-), kitabu kimeanguka (ki-) - kiambishi cha yambwa ndani ya kitenzi: ninakisoma = I read it (10.9); ninaufungua = I am opening it (10.11) - kitenzi ni peke yake, bila neno lolote la "it": Ni mbali = It is far (10.4) - kuna kwa hali ya hewa: Kuna baridi = It is cold (10.8)
Maneno hiyo, hicho, hilo na huo yanaweza kutafsiri "it" mara nyingine ("hiyo ni nini?" = what is that / what is it?), lakini ni vionyeshi, si viwakilishi vya kawaida vya nafsi. Kwa hiyo Kiswahili kinaweza kusema neno moja, Ninakisoma, lakini Kiingereza kinahitaji maneno matatu: "I read it".
Mambo mawili ya kukumbuka:
1. "It" ni neno lilelile kwa kila kitu cha umoja, kwa kiima na kwa yambwa: "It is heavy" (kiima) na "I am opening it" (yambwa). Kiswahili hubadilisha kiambishi kulingana na ngeli: u- kwa mlango, ki- kwa kitabu, li- kwa gari, i- kwa simu. Kwa wingi Kiingereza hutumia "they" na "them": I read it = Ninakisoma; I read them = Ninavisoma. 2. Mara nyingi "it" haimaanishi kitu chochote. Katika "It is raining", "it" haimaanishi kitu chochote; ni kiima cha lazima tu. Kiswahili hakihitaji kiima hicho, kwa hiyo mwanafunzi huacha "it" na kusema "Is raining". Kiingereza hakikubali.
Asili ya neno. "It" linatoka katika Kiingereza cha Kale hit, umbo la jinsia ya kati ya "he". Herufi h- ilipotea katika Kiingereza cha Kati. Umbo "its" ni jipya zaidi kuliko "it".
Neno "it" lina maana gani kwa Kiswahili? "It" ni kitu, mnyama au wazo lililotajwa tayari: kiambishi cha kiima (i-, u-, li-, ki-…) na cha yambwa (-i-, -u-, -li-, -ki-…) kulingana na ngeli. Katika sentensi za hali ya hewa, wakati, umbali na siku hakuna neno la "it" kwa Kiswahili: Ni mbali, Kuna baridi, Ni saa nne.
Mambo Muhimu:
- "It" = kitu, mnyama au wazo (umoja): "It is heavy", "I read it". Kwa mtu, tumia he au she. - Kiswahili kinaonyesha "it" kwa kiambishi cha ngeli; Kiingereza kina neno moja tu: "It is me" = Ni mimi (10.1); "I like it" = Ninalipenda (10.13). - "It" ni lazima katika sentensi za hali ya hewa, saa, siku na umbali: "It is raining" (10.7), "It is Monday" (10.5), "It is far" (10.4). - "It is + kivumishi + to + kitenzi": "It is difficult to learn a language" = Ni vigumu kujifunza lugha (10.10). - "It" huwekwa kabla ya kitenzi (kiima) na baada ya kitenzi (yambwa); si "I it read". "Its" (yake) halina apostrofi; "it's" ni "it is".
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it — /ɪt/. Vokali /ɪ/ ni fupi na legevu: iko kati ya "i" na "e" ya Kiswahili, na haipo katika Kiswahili. "T" ya mwisho ni kali, bila vokali baada yake.
- Usiseme "iiti" wala "iti". Maneno ya Kiingereza yanaweza kuishia na konsonanti; hakuna vokali ya ziada baada ya "t". - "It" na "eat" ni maneno mawili tofauti: it /ɪt/ (hiyo), eat /iːt/ (kula). Vokali ya "eat" ni ndefu, kama "ii" katika Kiswahili. - "It" na "eight" pia ni tofauti: eight /eɪt/ (nane). - its /ɪts/ (yake); it's /ɪts/ (= it is); matamshi ni yaleyale, lakini huandikwa tofauti. Usisahau apostrofi katika "it's" = "it is", na usiiweke katika "its" = yake. - itself /ɪtˈself/. Mkazo uko kwenye silabi ya pili. - Katika mazungumzo "it" huungana na neno lililo mbele yake: "Is it far?" /ˈɪz ɪt ˈfɑː/ husikika kama "izit far"; "Pick it up" /ˈpɪk ɪt ʌp/ husikika kama "pickitup"; "What is it?" /ˈwɒt ɪz ɪt/ (Marekani /ˈwʌt ɪz ɪt/). Sema maneno kwa kuyaunganisha, bila kusimama. - "It" mara nyingi haina mkazo: mkazo uko kwenye kitenzi: "I LIKE it", "TURN it off". - "It is" hufupishwa kuwa "it's" katika mazungumzo: "It's raining" /ɪts ˈreɪnɪŋ/.
Tahadhari: usiseme "hit" kwa "it". "It" haina h- mwanzoni; "hit" /hɪt/ ni neno jingine (kupiga).
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10.1 It [–] is ni me mimi
10.2 What nini is ni it [–]
10.3 It [–] is ni true kweli
10.4 It [–] is ni far mbali
10.5 It [–] is ni Monday Jumatatu today leo
10.6 It [–] is ni nine tatu o'clock saa in [–] the [–] morning asubuhi
10.7 It (mvua i-) is (-na-) raining -nyesha (Mvua inanyesha)
10.8 It [–] is kuna cold baridi in [–] the [–] morning asubuhi
10.9 I (ni-) have -na a [–] book kitabu I (ni-) read -na-soma it (-ki-) every kila day siku (Nina kitabu; ninakisoma kila siku)
10.10 It [–] is ni difficult vigumu to learn kujifunza a [–] language lugha
10.11 The [–] door mlango is ni heavy mzito but lakini I (ni-) am opening -na-fungua it (-u-) (Ninaufungua)
10.12 The [–] phone simu rang ililia and (-ka-) I (ni-) answered -jibu it (-i-) (Nikaijibu)
10.13 I (ni-) have -na a [–] car gari I (ni-) like -na-penda it (-li-) very sana much [–] (Ninalipenda sana)
10.14 The [–] cat paka is (a-) drinking -na-kunywa its yake milk maziwa (Paka anakunywa maziwa yake)
10.15 The [–] journey safari is ni long ndefu but lakini it (i-) takes -na-chukua only tu three tatu days siku (inachukua siku tatu tu)
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10.1 It is me. Ni mimi.
10.2 What is it? Ni nini?
10.3 It is true. Ni kweli.
10.4 It is far. Ni mbali.
10.5 It is Monday today. Leo ni Jumatatu.
10.6 It is nine o'clock in the morning. Ni saa tatu asubuhi.
10.7 It is raining. Mvua inanyesha.
10.8 It is cold in the morning. Kuna baridi asubuhi.
10.9 I have a book. I read it every day. Nina kitabu. Ninakisoma kila siku.
10.10 It is difficult to learn a language. Ni vigumu kujifunza lugha.
10.11 The door is heavy, but I am opening it. Mlango ni mzito, lakini ninaufungua.
10.12 The phone rang, and I answered it. Simu ililia, nikaijibu.
10.13 I have a car. I like it very much. Nina gari. Ninalipenda sana.
10.14 The cat is drinking its milk. Paka anakunywa maziwa yake.
10.15 The journey is long, but it takes only three days. Safari ni ndefu, lakini inachukua siku tatu tu.
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10.1 It is me.
10.2 What is it?
10.3 It is true.
10.4 It is far.
10.5 It is Monday today.
10.6 It is nine o'clock in the morning.
10.7 It is raining.
10.8 It is cold in the morning.
10.9 I have a book. I read it every day.
10.10 It is difficult to learn a language.
10.11 The door is heavy, but I am opening it.
10.12 The phone rang, and I answered it.
10.13 I have a car. I like it very much.
10.14 The cat is drinking its milk.
10.15 The journey is long, but it takes only three days.
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Hizi ndizo kanuni za sarufi za "it" katika Kiingereza:
1. "It" ni kwa vitu, wanyama na mawazo; si kwa watu. Kwa mtu, Kiingereza husema "he" au "she". Kiswahili kina neno moja, yeye, kwa "he" na "she", na kiambishi a- kwa kila kiumbe hai, hata mnyama: Paka anakunywa maziwa yake (10.14). Kwa hiyo wanafunzi wa Kiswahili mara nyingi wanachanganya "he" na "she", au husema "it" kwa mtu. Kumbuka: mwanamume = he, mwanamke = she, kitu = it.
2. Neno moja kwa ngeli zote. Kiswahili kina viambishi vingi kulingana na ngeli ya nomino; Kiingereza kina "it" tu kwa kila kitu cha umoja:
- ngeli ya u-: Mlango ni mzito, lakini ninaufungua = The door is heavy, but I am opening it. (10.11) - ngeli ya ki-: Ninakisoma = I read it. (10.9) - ngeli ya li-: Ninalipenda sana = I like it very much. (10.13) - ngeli ya i-: Nikaijibu = I answered it. (10.12); Mvua inanyesha = It is raining. (10.7); inachukua siku tatu = it takes three days. (10.15)
Kwa wingi Kiingereza hubadilisha neno: kitabu → ninakisoma = I read it; vitabu → ninavisoma = I read them. Mlango ni mzito = The door is heavy (It is heavy); milango ni mizito = The doors are heavy (They are heavy).
3. Usiache "it". Kiswahili kinaweza kusema ni peke yake; Kiingereza kinahitaji "it" mbele ya "is":
- It is far. = Ni mbali. (10.4) - It is true. = Ni kweli. (10.3) - It is Monday today. = Leo ni Jumatatu. (10.5)
4. "It" kwa hali ya hewa, saa na siku. Kiswahili husema mvua inanyesha (mvua ni kiima), au kuna baridi (kuna = "there is"). Kiingereza hutumia "it" kama kiima cha lazima:
- It is raining. = Mvua inanyesha. (10.7) - It is cold in the morning. = Kuna baridi asubuhi. (10.8) - What time is it? / It is nine o'clock. = Ni saa ngapi? / Ni saa tatu. (10.6)
Saa za Kiswahili zinahesabiwa kutoka macheo (6 a.m. ya Kiingereza): saa tatu asubuhi ni nine o'clock in the morning; saa nne asubuhi ni ten o'clock. Ongeza au toa sita. Tazama Sehemu E.
5. It + be + kivumishi + to + kitenzi. Kiingereza huanza na "it", kisha sifa, kisha kitenzi cha "to":
- It is difficult to learn a language. = Ni vigumu kujifunza lugha. (10.10) - It is important to drink water. = Ni muhimu kunywa maji. - Siyo: "Is difficult to learn a language."
6. "It" kama yambwa. Kiswahili huweka yambwa ndani ya kitenzi (-ki-, -u-, -i-, -li-); Kiingereza huliweka baada ya kitenzi. Katika vitenzi vya sehemu mbili (phrasal verbs), "it" huja katikati:
- I read it. = Ninakisoma. (10.9) - I answered it. = Nikaijibu. (10.12) - Turn it off. / Pick it up. - Siyo: "Turn off it", "Pick up it".
7. "It is me", "Who is it?". Katika majibu, Kiingereza husema "It is me" (au "It's me"), si "Is me":
- It is me. = Ni mimi. (10.1) - What is it? = Ni nini? (10.2) - Who is it? = Ni nani?
Maswali na majibu mafupi hurudia "it": "Is it far?" — "Yes, it is." au "No, it isn't." Kiswahili husema Ndiyo au Hapana tu. Hapa "it" ni lazima, na jibu halifupishwi: "Yes, it's" si sahihi.
8. Its, it's, itself.
- its = yake / chake / wake (kulingana na ngeli): The cat is drinking its milk. = Paka anakunywa maziwa yake. (10.14) Bila apostrofi. - it's = it is (au it has): It's raining. = Mvua inanyesha. - itself = yenyewe, chenyewe, wenyewe… (kulingana na ngeli): The house itself is old. = Nyumba yenyewe ni ya zamani.
Makosa ya Kawaida:
- "Is raining." Sahihi: It is raining. Kiingereza kinahitaji kiima. - "Is far." Sahihi: It is far. - "I read." (kwa Ninakisoma) Sahihi: I read it. Kiingereza kinahitaji yambwa wazi. - "I it read." Sahihi: I read it. - "Turn off it." Sahihi: Turn it off. - "Is me." Sahihi: It is me. - "The cat drinks it's milk." Sahihi: its milk. "It's" ni "it is". - "Yes, it's." Sahihi: Yes, it is. - "My mother is a teacher. He teaches English." Sahihi: She teaches English. Kiswahili kina yeye kwa wote wawili, lakini Kiingereza hutofautisha.
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"It" ni neno la kumi katika orodha ya maneno ya kozi hii, na ni mojawapo ya maneno yanayotumika mara nyingi zaidi katika Kiingereza. Linaonekana katika kila aina ya mazungumzo, kwa sababu karibu kila sentensi ya Kiingereza inahitaji kiima.
Saa. Kiingereza huhesabu saa kutoka usiku wa manane; Kiswahili huhesabu kutoka macheo (6 a.m.) na machweo (6 p.m.). Ongeza au toa sita:
- It is seven o'clock in the morning = Ni saa moja asubuhi - It is ten o'clock in the morning = Ni saa nne asubuhi - It is three o'clock in the afternoon = Ni saa tisa alasiri - It is eight o'clock at night = Ni saa mbili usiku
Mwanafunzi akisema "It is saa nne" kwa Kiingereza, msikilizaji atakosea kwa saa sita. Sema "It is ten o'clock", na utumie "in the morning", "in the afternoon" au "at night".
Mazungumzo ya hali ya hewa. Wazungumzaji wa Kiingereza huanza mazungumzo na hali ya hewa: "It's hot today, isn't it?" Swali hilo la mwishoni (tag question) hurudia "it": "It's cold, isn't it?" — "Yes, it is." Kiswahili husema kuna joto, siyo? na jibu Ndiyo. Ni ya adabu na haihitaji jibu refu.
Nafsi ya tatu. Kiswahili hakitofautishi jinsia: yeye ni "he" na "she". Kiingereza huitumia "it" kwa kitu na mnyama, na "he" au "she" kwa mtu. Kumwita mtu "it" kunaonekana kama tusi. Kwa mnyama wa nyumbani anayejulikana (paka, mbwa) wazungumzaji hutumia "he" au "she"; kwa mnyama asiyejulikana, "it".
Misemo. Matumizi mengi ya "it" ni misemo:
- I get it. = Nimeelewa. - Forget it. = Achana nayo. - That's it. = Ndivyo hivyo. - Never mind, it happens. = Si kitu, hutokea.
"IT". Kwa herufi kubwa, IT ni "information technology" (teknolojia ya habari), si kiwakilishi. Mfanyakazi wa IT anatengeneza kompyuta na simu.
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Mwanzo 1:3–4, siku ya kwanza ya uumbaji. Kiingereza: King James Version (1611). Kiswahili: Swahili Union Version (Biblia Takatifu), Mwanzo 1:3–4.
"And [–] God Mungu said akasema (-ka-), Let there be iwe light nuru: and [–] there was ikawa (i-ka-) light nuru. And [–] God Mungu saw akaiona (-ka-i-) the [–] light nuru, that ya kuwa it [–] was ni good njema: and [–] God Mungu divided akatenga (-ka-) the [–] light nuru from na the [–] darkness giza" - Genesis 1:3–4 (KJV)
"And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness." "Mungu akasema, Iwe nuru; ikawa nuru. Mungu akaiona nuru, ya kuwa ni njema; Mungu akatenga nuru na giza." (Mwanzo 1:3–4, SUV)
Katika dondoo hili "it" linatokea mara moja tu: "that it was good". Neno hilo linarejelea "the light", na Kiingereza hakiwezi kuliacha kwa sababu kila kishazi kinahitaji kiima. Kiswahili kinasema ya kuwa ni njema: hakuna neno la "it", kwa kuwa nuru inajulikana tayari na ni inatosha. Lakini Kiswahili kinaonyesha "it" mahali pengine: akaiona nuru, ambapo -i- ni yambwa inayorejelea nuru (nuru inachukua viambishi vya ngeli ya i-), na ikawa nuru, ambapo i- ni kiambishi cha kiima. Kwa hiyo Kiingereza kinatumia neno moja tu, mara moja, na Kiswahili kinaweka "it" ndani ya vitenzi viwili.
Sentensi zote zinaanza na "And" katika KJV, na kila kitenzi cha Kiswahili kina kiambishi -ka- (akasema, ikawa, akaiona, akatenga): ni mfuatano wa matukio, moja baada ya jingine. Lugha hizi mbili zinafanana hapa, na hii ndiyo sababu tafsiri inasikika karibu na maneno ya awali.
- "That it was good": "that" ni kiunganishi (ya kuwa, au kwamba); "it" ni kiima cha kishazi hicho; "was good" = ni njema. Leo tungesema pia "God saw that the light was good". - "Let there be light": hapa "there" haimaanishi mahali; ni kiima cha mfano tu, kama "it" katika "It is raining". Kiswahili kinasema Iwe nuru bila neno la "there". - "Saw" ni wakati uliopita wa "see"; akaiona = a- (yeye) -ka- (mfuatano) -i- (it) -ona (ona). - "Divided … from" = akatenga … na: Kiingereza kinatumia "from"; Kiswahili kinatumia "na" (and/with). - "Njema" ni umbo la ngeli ya i- la "-ema" (good): nuru ni njema. Kwa ngeli nyingine: kitabu kizuri, mlango mzuri.
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10.16 Where wapi is iko my yangu phone simu I (si-) cannot find -pata it (-i-) (Siipati)
10.17 When lini did (-li-) you (u-) last mara ya mwisho see -ona it (-i-) (Uliiona lini mara ya mwisho?)
10.18 I (ni-) had -li-kuwa na it (-yo) in [–] the [–] kitchen jikoni (Nilikuwa nayo jikoni)
10.19 Is je it (i-) -ko on [–] the [–] table mezani (Je, iko mezani?)
10.20 No hapana I (si-) do not see -ona it (-i-) on [–] the [–] table mezani Maybe labda it (i-) is -ko in kwenye the [–] bag mkoba (Siioni mezani; labda iko kwenye mkoba)
10.21 Here hapa it hii is [–] It (i-) was -li-kuwa under chini ya the [–] newspaper gazeti (Hii hapa! Ilikuwa chini ya gazeti)
10.22 Thank you asante It [–] is ni very sana important muhimu to me kwangu
10.23 Is je it (i-) working -na-fanya kazi (Je, inafanya kazi?)
10.24 Yes ndiyo it (i-) is working -na-fanya kazi but lakini it (i-) needs -na-hitaji charge chaji (Ndiyo, inafanya kazi, lakini inahitaji chaji)
10.25 Then basi charge -chaji it (i-) I (ni-) have -na a [–] charger chaja here hapa (Basi ichaji. Nina chaja hapa)
10.26 Thank you asante Baraka Baraka It [–] is ni kind wema of you wako
10.27 It [–] is [si-] nothing kitu It (hu-) happens -tokea to kwa everyone kila mtu (Si kitu. Hutokea kwa kila mtu)
10.28 What ngapi time saa is ni it [–]
10.29 It [–] is ni ten nne o'clock saa in [–] the [–] morning asubuhi Is je it [–] time wakati to (wa) go kwenda
10.30 Yes ndiyo it [–] is [–] Let us (tu-) go -ende (Twende)
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10.16 Neema: "Where is my phone? I cannot find it." Neema: "Simu yangu iko wapi? Siipati."
10.17 Baraka: "When did you last see it?" Baraka: "Uliiona lini mara ya mwisho?"
10.18 Neema: "I had it in the kitchen." Neema: "Nilikuwa nayo jikoni."
10.19 Baraka: "Is it on the table?" Baraka: "Je, iko mezani?"
10.20 Neema: "No, I do not see it on the table. Maybe it is in the bag." Neema: "Hapana, siioni mezani. Labda iko kwenye mkoba."
10.21 Baraka: "Here it is! It was under the newspaper." Baraka: "Hii hapa! Ilikuwa chini ya gazeti."
10.22 Neema: "Thank you. It is very important to me." Neema: "Asante. Ni muhimu sana kwangu."
10.23 Baraka: "Is it working?" Baraka: "Je, inafanya kazi?"
10.24 Neema: "Yes, it is working, but it needs charge." Neema: "Ndiyo, inafanya kazi, lakini inahitaji chaji."
10.25 Baraka: "Then charge it. I have a charger here." Baraka: "Basi ichaji. Nina chaja hapa."
10.26 Neema: "Thank you, Baraka. It is kind of you." Neema: "Asante, Baraka. Ni wema wako."
10.27 Baraka: "It is nothing. It happens to everyone." Baraka: "Si kitu. Hutokea kwa kila mtu."
10.28 Neema: "What time is it?" Neema: "Ni saa ngapi?"
10.29 Baraka: "It is ten o'clock in the morning. Is it time to go?" Baraka: "Ni saa nne asubuhi. Je, ni wakati wa kwenda?"
10.30 Neema: "Yes, it is. Let us go!" Neema: "Ndiyo. Twende!"
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10.16 Neema: "Where is my phone? I cannot find it."
10.17 Baraka: "When did you last see it?"
10.18 Neema: "I had it in the kitchen."
10.19 Baraka: "Is it on the table?"
10.20 Neema: "No, I do not see it on the table. Maybe it is in the bag."
10.21 Baraka: "Here it is! It was under the newspaper."
10.22 Neema: "Thank you. It is very important to me."
10.23 Baraka: "Is it working?"
10.24 Neema: "Yes, it is working, but it needs charge."
10.25 Baraka: "Then charge it. I have a charger here."
10.26 Neema: "Thank you, Baraka. It is kind of you."
10.27 Baraka: "It is nothing. It happens to everyone."
10.28 Neema: "What time is it?"
10.29 Baraka: "It is ten o'clock in the morning. Is it time to go?"
10.30 Neema: "Yes, it is. Let us go!"
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Mazungumzo haya yanaonyesha "it" katika kazi zake zote:
- "It" kama yambwa: "I cannot find it" = Siipati (10.16); "When did you last see it?" = Uliiona lini mara ya mwisho? (10.17); "I do not see it" = Siioni (10.20); "Then charge it" = Basi ichaji (10.25). Katika Kiswahili -i- iko ndani ya kitenzi; katika Kiingereza "it" huja baada ya kitenzi. Simu ni ngeli ya i-, kwa hiyo yambwa ni -i- kila mahali. - "It" kama kiima kinachorudia kitu: "It was under the newspaper" = Ilikuwa chini ya gazeti (10.21); "Is it working?" = Je, inafanya kazi? (10.23); "It needs charge" = inahitaji chaji (10.24). Kiswahili kina i- ndani ya kitenzi; Kiingereza kina "it" mbele ya kitenzi. - "It" baada ya "had": "I had it in the kitchen" = Nilikuwa nayo jikoni (10.18). Kiswahili hutumia na + -yo (nayo); Kiingereza kina "had it". - "It" kama kiima bandia: "It is very important to me" = Ni muhimu sana kwangu (10.22); "It is kind of you" = Ni wema wako (10.26); "It is nothing" = Si kitu (10.27); "It happens to everyone" = Hutokea kwa kila mtu (10.27). Kiswahili hakina neno la "it" katika mifano hii; hutumia ni, si au hu- (hu- ni kiambishi cha mazoea, bila kiambishi cha kiima). - Saa: "What time is it?" = Ni saa ngapi? (10.28); "It is ten o'clock in the morning" = Ni saa nne asubuhi (10.29). Kiingereza huhesabu kutoka usiku wa manane: ten o'clock = saa nne asubuhi. - "It" katika swali na jibu fupi: "Is it time to go?" (10.29) — "Yes, it is." (10.30). Kiswahili hujibu Ndiyo tu; Kiingereza hurudia "it is".
"Here it is!" Kiswahili husema Hii hapa! (hii = this, hapa = here). Kiingereza husema "Here it is!" na si "Here is!" Neno "it" hubaki mbele ya "is".
"Charge". "Charge" ni nomino (chaji) na kitenzi (kuchaji). "It needs charge" = inahitaji chaji (10.24). "Charger" = chaja (10.25), kifaa cha kuchaji.
Kuandika mazungumzo. Maneno ya kila mzungumzaji huwekwa ndani ya alama za kunukuu, baada ya jina lake na nukta mbili.
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- Katika "Where is my phone? I cannot find it." /ˈweər ɪz maɪ ˈfəʊn | aɪ ˈkænɒt ˈfaɪnd ɪt/ mkazo uko kwenye "where", "phone" na "find"; "it" ni dhaifu. - "Is it" na "pick it up" huungana: /ˈɪzɪt/, /ˈpɪkɪtʌp/. Sema "izit", usiseme "is — it" kwa kusimama. - "It's" /ɪts/ na "its" /ɪts/ hutamkwa sawa; huandikwa tofauti: "It's raining" (it is); "The cat drinks its milk" (yake). Usiandike "it's" kwa yake. - "It" na "eat" /iːt/ na "eight" /eɪt/ ni maneno matatu tofauti: /ɪt/, /iːt/, /eɪt/. - "It" huandikwa kwa herufi ndogo isipokuwa mwanzoni mwa sentensi: "It is raining"; "I read it". Kwa herufi kubwa, "IT" ni "information technology". - Majina ya watu huanza na herufi kubwa katika lugha zote mbili: Neema, Baraka. - "O'clock" ina apostrofi: "ten o'clock", si "ten oclock".
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Course Index: [latinum.substack.com/p/index](https://latinum.substack.com/p/index)